wow-inequalities/03-supplementary_data/lib.bib

@techreport{[Anonymous]2019,
  title = {Research on Multimorbidity in Primary Care. {{Selected}} Abstracts from the {{EGPRN}} Meeting in {{Tampere}}, {{Finland}}, 9-12 {{May}} 2019 {{All}} Abstracts of the Conference Can Be Found at the {{EGPRN}} Website: Www.Egprn.Org/Page/Conference-Abstracts},
  author = {[Anonymous]},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GENERAL PRACTICE},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {164--175},
  issn = {1381-4788},
  doi = {10.1080/13814788.2019.1643166},
  abstract = {Current primary care in Finland is based on the Primary Health Care Act (1972), which addressed numerous new tasks to all municipalities. All of them had to find a new health centre organization, which provides a wide range of health services, including prevention and public health promotion. Multiple tasks require multiprofessional staff, and thus, the Finnish health centre personnel consisted not only of GPs but of public health nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, psychologists, social workers, dentists, etc. During the next decade, there have been some changes but the idea of multiprofessional structure has remained. According to the QUALICOPC study (2012) Finnish GPs are still co-located with several other healthcare professionals compared to most of the European countries; even compared to other Nordic countries which otherwise have many similarities in their primary healthcare. During the last 10 or 15 years, healthcare providers and researchers have recognized a new challenge: our current systems do not meet the needs of patients with multiple health and social problems-and the proportion of these patients is increasing all the time as the population is getting older. One could suppose that preconditions of handling multimorbidity would be excellent in multiprofessional surroundings like ours, but actually, a person with multiple problems is a challenge there, too. Multiprofessional organization in primary care does not guarantee proper care of patients with multiple diseases, if we do not acknowledge the challenge and revise our systems. We have to develop new ways of collaboration and new models of integrated care. The problematic part is secondary care, which is organized with logic of one medical speciality per visit. In Tampere University Hospital district, we have created a care pathway model, which defines the roles of primary healthcare and secondary care. Nationwide, we have recently started to prepare national guidelines for the care of patients with multimorbidity. What we need more in the future is more research on new practices and models. Background: Most patients with antihypertensive medication do not achieve their blood pressure (BP) target. Several barriers to successful hypertension treatment are well identified but we need novel ways of addressing them. Research question: Can using a checklist improve the quality of care in the initiation of new antihypertensive medication? Methods: This non-blinded, cluster-randomized, controlled study was conducted in eight primary care study centres in central Finland, randomized to function as either intervention (n = 4) or control sites (n = 4). We included patients aged 30-75 years who were prescribed antihypertensive medication for the first time. Initiation of medication in the intervention group was carried out with a nine-item checklist, filled in together by the treating physician and the patient. The treating physician managed hypertension treatment in the control group without a study-specific protocol. Results: In total, 119 patients were included in the study, of which 118 were included in the analysis (n = 59 in the control group, n = 59 in the intervention group). When initiating medication, an adequate BP target was set for 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients in the control group and for 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the intervention group. Shortly after the appointment, only 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients in the control group were able to remember the adequate BP target, compared with 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the intervention group. The use of the checklist was also related to more regular agreement on the next follow-up appointment (64\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the control group vs 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the intervention group). Conclusion: Even highly motivated new hypertensive patients in Finnish primary care have significant gaps in their treatment-related skills. The use of a checklist for initiation of antihypertensive medication was related to substantial improvement in these skills. Based on our findings, the use of a checklist might be a practical tool for clinicians initiating new antihypertensive medications. Background: Immediate feedback is underused in the French medical education curriculum, specifically with video-recorded consultation. Research question: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the interest in this teaching method as a training and assessment tool in the learning process of general practitioner (GP) trainees. Methods: During the period November 2017 to October 2018, trainees in ambulatory training courses collected quantitative data about recording consultations with a video camera: numbers of recordings, feedback, patients' participation refusals, and information about the learning process and competencies. The trainees' level of satisfaction was measured by means of a questionnaire at the end of their traineeship. Results: Sixty-seven trainees were recruited and 44 of them 65.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% actively participated in the study; 607 video recordings and 243 feedback with trainers were performed. Few patients (18.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) refused the video-recording. Most trainees considered video recording with immediate feedback to be a relevant learning tool. It made it possible for the participants to observe their difficulties and their achievements. \textbackslash textasciigraveRelation, communication, patient-centred care' was the most built competency, non-verbal communication, in particular. Time was the main limiting factor of this teaching method. Most trainees were in favour of its generalization in their university course. Conclusion: Video recording with immediate feedback in real-time consultation needs to be adapted to training areas and depends on time and logistics. This teaching method seems to be useful in the development of communication skills. It could lift the barriers of the trainer's physical presence near GP trainees during immediate feedback in real-time consultation. It could help trainees to build their competencies while enhancing the place of immediate feedback in the general practice curriculum. It could also constitute an additional tool for the certification of GP trainees. Background: Perinatal depression has been associated with psychiatric morbidity in mothers and their offspring. This study assessed the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptoms in a large population of women and investigated associations of these symptoms with demographic and clinical factors. Research question: Which factors (including sociodemographic, medical, lifestyle, and laboratory test) are associated with perinatal depression? Methods: All members of Maccabi Health Services who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during 2015-2016 were included in the study. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for associations of sociodemographic, medical, lifestyle, and laboratory test factors with perinatal depressive symptoms, according to a score {$>$}10 on the EPDS. Results: Of 27 912 women who filled the EPDS, 2029 (7.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were classified as having peripartum depression. In a logistic regression analysis, the use of antidepressant medications, particularly for a period greater than three months, Arab background, current or past smoking, a diagnosis of chronic diabetes and age under 25 years were all associated with increased ORs for perinatal depression; while Orthodox Jewish affiliation, residence in the periphery and higher haemoglobin level were associated with lower ORs. Incidences of depression were 17.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% in women with a history of antidepressant medication, 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women with diabetes, and 11.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% among current smokers. Conclusion: Several demographic, medical, and lifetime factors were found to be substantially more prevalent among women with symptoms of perinatal depression than those without. Encouraging women to complete the EPDS during and following pregnancy may help identify women in need of support. Background: Regulating the quality and effectiveness of the work of general practitioners is essential for a sound healthcare system. In the Republic of Macedonia this is regulated by the Health Insurance Fund through a system of penalties/sanctions. Research question: The goal of this study is to evaluate the types and effectiveness of the sanctions used on primary care practitioners. Methods: This is a quantitative research study for which we used an anonymous survey with 18 questions. This survey was distributed to 443 randomly selected general practitioners from different parts of Macedonia and 438 of them responded. For the quantitative data, we used the Pearson's chi-squared test, correlation and descriptive statistics. Part of the survey is qualitative, consisting of comments and opinions of the general practitioners. Results: From the participants, 336 were female and 102 were male. The doctors' gender was not associated with sanctioning. Most general practitioners were in the age categories of 30-39 and 40-49 years. The participants' age had a significant influence on sanctioning-older doctors were sanctioned more frequently. Out of 438 participants, 33.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% were specialists in family medicine and 66.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% general practitioners. Specialists in family medicine were sanctioned significantly more frequently than general practitioners. Doctors that worked in the hospital or 19 km from the nearest hospital were significantly more frequently sanctioned. The three most common reasons for sanctions were financial consumption of prescriptions and referrals above the agreed amount, higher rate of sick leaves and/or justification of sick leaves and unrealized preventative goals or education. \textbackslash textasciigraveFinancial sanction by scale' was the most common type of sanction: 49.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants. Doctors who followed the guidelines, but who were exposed to violence were sanctioned significantly more frequently. Conclusion: We can observe that age, speciality, the distance of the workplace from the nearest hospital and violence influence sanctioning. Background: Biases are major barriers to external validity of studies, reducing evidence. Among these biases, the definition and the reality of the Hawthorne effect (HE) (or observation bias) remains controversial. According to McCambridge in a review from 2013, the Hawthorne effect is a behaviour change occurring when the subject is being observed during a scientific study. This effect would be multifactorial, and he suggests the term \textbackslash textasciigraveeffects of research participation.' However, the reviewed studies were conflicting and evidence is sparse. Research question: We updated McCambridge's review to actualize the definition of the HE. Methods: McCambridge's most recent article dated back to January 3, 2012. We focused on the articles published between January 1, 2012 and August 10, 2018 searching Medline. We used the sole keyword \textbackslash textasciigraveHawthorne Effect.' The search was filtered based on the dates, the availability of an abstract and the languages English and French. We included articles defining or evaluating the HE. Articles citing the effect without defining it or irrelevant to the topic were excluded. Two independent readers searched and analysed the articles. Discrepancies were solved by consensus. Results: Out of 106 articles, 42 articles were included. All the articles acknowledged an observation bias, considered as significant or not, depending on the population (education, literacy), the methods and the variable of interest. It was a psychological change, limited in time. The HE was defined as a change of behaviour related to direct or indirect observation of the subjects or the investigators, to their previous selection and commitment in the study (written agreement) and to social desirability. Despite observations, articles were conflicting. Some do confirm the existence of the HE, others deny it. Meta-analysis is ongoing. Conclusion: No formal consensus regarding the definition of the effect has been reached so far. However, the authors agree on its implication as an experimental artefact. Background: Polypharmacy and multimorbidity are on the rise. Consequently, general practitioners (GPs) treat an increasing number of multimorbid patients with polypharmacy. To limit negative health outcomes, GPs should search for inappropriate medication intake in such patients. However, systematic medication reviews are time-consuming. Recent eHealth tools, such as the \textbackslash textasciigravesystematic tool to reduce inappropriate prescribing' (STRIP) assistant, provide an opportunity for GPs to get support when conducting such medication reviews. Research question: Can the STRIP assistant as electronic decision support help GPs to optimize medication appropriateness in older, multimorbid patients with polypharmacy? Methods: This cluster randomized controlled trial is conducted in 40 Swiss GP practices, each recruiting 8-10 patients aged {$>$}= 65 years, with {$>$}= 3 chronic conditions and {$>$}= 5 chronic medications (320 patients in total). We compare the effectiveness of using the STRIP assistant for optimizing medication appropriateness to usual care. The STRIP assistant is based on the STOPP/START criteria (version 2) and, for this trial, it is implemented in the Swiss eHealth setting where some GPs already share routine medical data from their electronic medical records in a research database (FIRE). Patients are followed-up for 12 months and the change in medication appropriateness is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes are the numbers of falls and fractures, quality of life, health economic parameters, patients' willingness to deprescribe as well as implementation barriers and enablers for GPs when using the STRIP assistant. Results: Patient recruitment started in December 2018. This presentation focuses on the study protocol and the challenges faced when testing this new software in Swiss primary care. Conclusion: Finding out whether the STRIP assistant is an effective tool and beneficial for older and multimorbid patients, who are usually excluded from trials, will have an impact on the coordination of chronic care for multimorbid patients in Swiss primary care in this new eHealth environment. Background: Workplace violence (WPV) towards healthcare staff is becoming a common problem in different healthcare settings worldwide. Moreover, the prevalence is 16 times higher than in other professions. How often it happened towards young doctors working as general practitioners (GPs) at the beginning of their careers has been rarely studied. Research question: To investigate the frequency and forms of WPV, experienced by the young Croatian GPs from their patients, and violence reporting pattern to the competent institutions. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out on 74 GP residents, during their postgraduate study in family medicine in May 2018. A specially designed anonymous questionnaire, developed by Association of Family Physicians of South Eastern Europe, was used to investigate the prevalence and forms of WPV, the narrative description of the traumatic event itself and the process of reporting it. Results: The response rate was 91.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, female 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%, the median of years working as a GP was 3.5 years. Most of the residents were working in an urban practice (63\textbackslash textbackslash\%), others in the rural and the suburban once (27\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%). All GP residents experienced patients' and caregivers' violent behaviour directed towards them. High-intensity violence (e.g. physical violence, sexual harassment) was experienced by 44\textbackslash textbackslash\%, middle intensity (e.g. intimidation, visual sexual harassment) by 84\textbackslash textbackslash\% while all residents experienced verbal violence. Only 13.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% residents reported WPV to the competent institutions. Most of GP residents reported the appearance of the new form of violence: the one over the internet. Conclusion: The high prevalence of all types of violence towards young Croatian doctors is worrisome, as is the fact that violent acts are seldom reported to the competent institutions. Those alarming facts could become a threat to GPs career choosing. Background: About 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients adhere to chronic therapy in France. Improving adherence should improve their care. Identifying the patient's difficulties in taking medication is complex for the physician, because there is no gold standard for measuring adherence to medications. How can the general practitioner in his/her practice identify patient compliance? Research question: Analyse studies that develop or validate scales used to estimate adherence in primary care. Methods: A systematic review of the literature from PubMed, the Cochrane Library and PsycINFO databases. The search terms used were the MeSH terms (or adapted to the database's vocabulary): questionnaire, compliance and primary care. All articles were retained whatever the language of writing. Selection criteria were: assessment of the development, validation or reliability of one or more compliance scales; taking place in primary care. One reviewer screened titles, which included the term adherence then abstracts and full text. Only articles evaluating the development, validity or reliability of a primary care adherence rating scale were included in analysis. Results: In total 1022 articles were selected and 18 articles were included. Seventeen adherence scales were identified in primary care, most of which targeted a single pathology, especially hypertension. The most cited scale is the MMAS Morisky medication adherence scale. Three scales were developed for patients with multiple chronic diseases. One scale was developed for patients older than 65 years-the Strathclyde compliance risk assessment tool (SCRAT)-and two scales were developed for adult patients whatever their age-the instrument developed by Sidorkiewicz et al., and the DAMS, diagnostic adherence to medication scale. Conclusion: Two scales have been developed and validated in primary care to assess patient adherence with multiple chronic diseases: the DAMS and the instrument developed by Sidorkiewicz et al. A simple, reliable, reproducible primary care scale would assess the impact of actions developed to improve adherence: motivational interviewing, patient therapeutic education, and the ASALeE protocol. Background: Multimorbidity prevalence increases with age while declining quality of life (QoL) is one of its major consequences. Research question: The study aims to: (1) Assess the relationship between increasing number of diseases and QoL. (2) Identify the most frequently occurring patterns of diseases and how they relate to QoL. (3) Observe how these associations differ across different European countries and regions. Methods: Cross-sectional data analysis performed on wave six of the population-based survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE) (n = 68 231). Data were collected in 2015 among population 50+ years old in 17 European countries and Israel. Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions. Conditions were self-declared and identified through an open-end questionnaire containing 17 prelisted conditions plus conditions added by participants. Control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure questionnaire (CASP-12v) was used to evaluate QoL. Association between increasing number of diseases and QoL was assessed with linear regression. Factor analysis is being conducted to identify patterns of diseases to evaluate their impact on QoL further. Multilevel analysis will take into account differences between countries and regions. Confounding was searched with directed acyclic graph (DAG) method and included age, sex, education, socio-economic status, behavioural habits, social support and healthcare parameters. Results: Participants (49.09\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had two or more diseases. Maximum number of diseases per person was 13, mean number was 1.9. Unadjusted preliminary analysis showed that on average QoL decreases by -1.27 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: -1.29, -1.24) with each added new condition across Europe. The decline appears to be the steepest in Spain, -1.61 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: -1.71, -1.51), and the least so in Israel, -0.67 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: -0.82, -0.52). Conclusion: Ongoing analysis will identify disease patterns, which may have the highest impact on QoL, as well as to elucidate the role of confounders in the relationship between increasing number of diseases and disease patterns with QoL. Background: The burden and preventive potential of disease is typically estimated for each non-communicable disease (NCD) separately but NCDs often co-occur, which hampers reliable quantification of their overall burden and joint preventive potential in the population. Research questions: What is the lifetime risk of developing any NCD? Which multimorbidity clusters of NCDs cause the greatest burden? To what extent do three key shared risk factors, namely smoking, hypertension and being overweight, influence this risk, life-expectancy and NCD-multimorbidity? Methods: Between 1990 and 2012 we followed NCD-free participants aged {$>$}= 45 years at baseline from the Dutch prospective Rotterdam study for incidents of stroke, heart disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. We quantified (co-)occurrence and remaining lifetime risk of NCDs in a competing risk framework, and studied the effects of smoking, hypertension, and being overweight on lifetime risk and life expectancy. Results: During follow-up of 9061 participants, 814 participants were diagnosed with stroke, 1571 with heart disease, 625 with diabetes, 1004 with chronic respiratory disease, 1538 with cancer, and 1065 with neurodegenerative disease. Among those, 1563 participants (33.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were diagnosed with multiple diseases. The lifetime risk of any NCD from the age of 45 onwards was 94.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 92.9-95.1) for men and 92.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 91.8-93.8) for women. Absence of shared risk factors was associated with a 9.0-year delay (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 6.3-11.6) in the age at onset of any NCD. Furthermore, overall life expectancy for participants without risk factors was 6.0 years (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 5.7-7.9) longer than those with these risk factors. Participants without these risk factors spent 21.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their remaining lifetime with NCDs, compared to 31.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% for those with risk factors. Conclusion: Nine out of 10 individuals aged 45 years and older will develop at least one NCD during their remaining lifetime. A third was diagnosed with multiple NCDs during follow-up. Absence of three common shared risk factors related to compression of morbidity of NCDs. Background: This study examined if using electronic reminders increases the rate of diagnosis recordings in the patient chart system following visits to a general practitioner (GP). The impact of electronic reminders was studied in the primary care of a Finnish city. Research question: How effective is the reminder of the information system in improving the diagnostic level of primary care? Which is better and how: financial incentives or reminders? Methods: This was an observational retrospective study based on a before-and-after design and was carried out by installing an electronic reminder in the computerized patient chart system to improve the recording of diagnoses during GP visits. The quality of the recorded diagnoses was observed before and after the intervention. The effect of this intervention on the recording of diagnoses was also studied. Results: Before intervention, the level of recording diagnoses was about 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the primary care units. After four years, the recording rate had risen to 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% (p {$<$} 0.001). The rate of change in the recording of diagnoses was highest during the first year of intervention. In the present study, most of the visits concerned mild respiratory infections, elevated blood pressure, low back pain and type II diabetes. Conclusion: An electronic reminder improved the recording of diagnoses during the visits to GPs. The present intervention produced data, which reflects the distribution of diagnoses in real clinical life in primary care and thus provides valid data about the public. Background: Child abuse is widespread, occurs in all cultures and communities and remains undiscovered in 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the cases. In total, 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of reported child abuse concerns emotional ill-treatment. In the Netherlands, at least 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% (118 000) of children are victims of child abuse resulting in 50 deaths each year. Only 1-3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of abuse cases are reported by general practitioners (GPs) to the Child Protective Services agency (CPS). To explain this low reporting rate, we examined GPs' experiences with child abuse. Research question: How does the suspicion of child abuse arise in GPs' diagnostic reasoning? How do they act upon their suspicion and what kind of barriers do they experience in their management? Methods: In total 26 GPs (16 female) participated in four focus groups. We used purposive sampling to include GPs with different levels of experience in rural and urban areas spread over the Netherlands. We used NVivo for thematic content analysis. Results: Suspected child abuse arose based on common triggers and a gut feeling that \textbackslash textasciigravesomething is wrong here'. GPs acted upon their suspicion by gathering more data by history taking and physical examination. They often found it challenging to decide whether a child was abused because parents, despite their good intentions, may lack parenting skills and differ in their norms and values. GPs reported clear signs of sexual abuse and physical violence to CPS. However, in less clear-cut cases they followed-up and built a supporting network around the family. Most GPs highly valued the patient-doctor relationship while recognizing the risk of pushing boundaries. Conclusion: A low child abuse reporting rate by GPs to CPS does not mean a low detection rate. GPs use patients' trust in their doctor to improve a child's situation by involving other professionals. Background: The number of people suffering from multiple chronic conditions, multimorbidity, is rising. For society, multimorbidity is known to increase healthcare expenses through more frequent contacts, especially with the primary sector. For the individual, an increasing number of medical conditions are associated with lower quality of life (QoL). However, there is no statistically validated condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for the assessment of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. A validated PROM is essential in order to measure effect in intervention studies for this patient group. Research question: (1) To identify items covering QoL among patients with multimorbidity in a Danish context. (2) To develop and validate a PROM for assessment of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. (3) To utilize the final PROM in a large group of patients with multimorbidity to measure their QoL when living with different combinations and severity of multimorbidity. Methods: Phase 1: qualitative individual and focus group interviews with patients with multimorbidity to identify relevant QoL items. Phase 2: validation of the items through a draft questionnaire sent by email to around 200-400 patients with multimorbidity. Phase 3: psychometric validation of the draft questionnaire securing items with the highest possible measurement quality. Phase 4: assessment of QoL among approximately 2000 patients with multimorbidity from the Danish Lolland-Falster study. Results: There are no results yet. Currently, the interview guide is under development. Conclusion: Despite the rising number of patients with multimorbidity and the known inverse relationship between a patient's number of medical conditions and their quality of life, there is no statistically validated condition-specific PROM for assessment of QoL among this group. Our aim is that this project's developed and validated PROM will be used in future intervention studies as a valid measure of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. Background: Through a systematic review of the literature and qualitative research across Europe, the European General Practitioners Research Network (EGPRN) has designed and validated a comprehensive definition of multimorbidity. It is a concept considering all the biopsychosocial conditions of a patient. This concept encompasses more than 50 variables and is consequently difficult to use in primary care. Consideration of adverse outcomes (such as death or acute hospitalization) could help to distinguish which variables could be risk factors of decompensation within the definition of multimorbidity. Research question: Which criteria in the EGPRN concept of multimorbidity could detect outpatients at risk of death or acute hospitalization (i.e. decompensation) in a primary care cohort at 24-months of follow-up? Methods: Primary care outpatients (131) answering to EGPRN's multimorbidity definition were included by GPs, during two periods of inclusion in 2014 and 2015. At 24 months follow-up, the status \textbackslash textasciigravedecompensation' or \textbackslash textasciigravenothing to report' was collected. A logistic regression following a Cox model was performed to achieve the survival analysis and to identify potential risk factors. Results: At 24 months follow-up, 120 patients were analysed. Three different clusters were identified. Forty-four patients, representing 36.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population, had either died or been hospitalized more than seven consecutive days. Two variables were significantly associated with decompensation: Number of GPs encounters per year (HR: 1.06; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 1.03-1.10, p {$<$}0.001), and total number of diseases (HR: 1.12; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 1.03-1.33; P = 0.039). Conclusion: To prevent death or acute hospitalization in multimorbid outpatients, GPs may be alert to those with high rates of GP encounters or a high number of illnesses. These results are consistent with others in medical literature. Background: A study of casual versus causal comorbidity in family medicine in three practice populations from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Research question: (1) What is the observed comorbidity of the 20 most common episodes of care in three countries? (2) How much of the observed comorbidity is likely to be casual versus causal? Methods: Participating family doctors (FDs) in the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia recorded details of all patient contacts in an episode of care structure using electronic medical records based on the International Classification of Primary Care, collecting data on all elements of the doctor-patient encounter, including the diagnostic labels (episode of care labels, EoCs). Comorbidity was measured using the odds ratio of both conditions being incident or rest-prevalent in the same patient in one-year data frames, as against not. Results: Comorbidity in family practice expressed as odds ratios between the 41 most prevalent (joint top 20) episode titles in the three populations. Specific associations were explored in different age groups to observe the changes in odds ratios with increasing age as a surrogate for a temporal or biological gradient. Conclusion: After applying accepted criteria for testing the causality of associations, it is reasonable to conclude that most of the observed primary care comorbidity is casual. It would be incorrect to assume causal relationships between co-occurring diseases in family medicine, even if such a relationship might be plausible or consistent with current conceptualizations of the causation of disease. Most observed comorbidity in primary care is the result of increasing illness diversity. Background: The concept of therapeutic alliance emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century and came from psychoanalysis. This notion was then extended to the somatic field and aims to replace the paternalistic model in the doctor-patient relationship. The EGPRN TATA group selected the WAI SR as the most reliable and reproducible scale to assess therapeutic alliance. To use it within Europe, it was necessary to translate it into most European languages. The following study aimed to assess the linguistic homogeneity of five of these translations. Research question: Are the translations of the WAI SR homogeneous between Spain, Poland, Slovenia, France and Italy? Methods: Forward-backward translations were achieved in five participating countries (Spain, Poland, France, Slovenia and Italy). Using a Delphi procedure, a global homogeneity check was then performed by comparing the five backward translations during a physical meeting involving GP teachers/researchers from many European countries; the heterogeneity of the participants' origins was a token of reliability. Results: In the assessment of the five translations, 107 experts participated. A consensus was obtained in one to two Delphi rounds for each. During the \textbackslash textasciigravehomogeneity check,' some discrepancies were noted with the original version and were discussed with the local teams. This last stage permitted to highlight cultural discrepancies and real translation issues and to correct if needed. Conclusion: Five homogeneous versions of the WAI SR are now available in five European languages. They will be helpful to evaluate therapeutic alliance at different levels: for GPs in daily practice, for students during the initial and continuous training, and for further research in these five countries. Background: The patient enablement instrument (PEI) is an established patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that reflects the quality of a GP appointment. It is a six-item questionnaire, addressed to the patient immediately after a consultation. Research question: The study aimed to evaluate whether a single-item measure (the Q1), based on the PEI, or a single question extracted from the PEI itself (the Q2) could replace the PEI when measuring patient enablement among Finnish healthcare centre patients. Methods: The study design included (1) a pilot study with brief interviews with the respondents, (2) a questionnaire study before and after a single appointment with a GP, and (3) a telephone interview two weeks after the appointment. The correlations between the measures were examined. The sensitivity, specificity and both positive and negative predictive values for the Q1 and the Q2 were calculated, with different PEI score cut-off points. Results: Altogether 483 patients with completed PEIs were included in the analyses. The correlations between the PEI and the Q1 or the Q2 were 0.48 and 0.84, respectively. Both the Q1 and the Q2 had high sensitivity and negative predictive value in relation to patients with lower enablement scores. The reliability coefficients were 0.24 for the Q1 and 0.76 for the Q2. Conclusion: The Q2 seems to be a valid and reliable way to measure patient enablement. The Q1 seems to be less correlated with the PEI, but it also has high negative predictive value in relation to low enablement scores. Multimorbidity challenges existing healthcare organization and research, which remains disease and single-condition focused. Basic science approaches to multimorbidity have the potential to identify important shared mechanisms by which diseases we currently think of as distinct might arise, but there is a pressing need for more applied and health services research to understand better and manage multimorbidity now. There are several recent clinical guidelines, which make recommendations for managing multimorbidity or related issues for patients such as polypharmacy and frailty. However, the evidence base underpinning these recommendations is often weak, and these guidelines, therefore, also help define a research agenda. A key problem for researchers and health services is that multimorbidity is very heterogeneous, in that \textbackslash textasciigraveintermittent low back pain plus mild eczema' presents very different challenges to researchers and health services compared to \textbackslash textasciigraveactive psychosis plus severe heart failure'. Identifying important but tractable research questions is therefore not always straightforward. This presentation will identify important gaps in the evidence, and illustrate how they might be filled. The focus will be on two areas where there is consensus that better evidence is needed to inform care design and delivery: (1) organizational interventions to implement more coordinated and holistic care; and (2) interventions to improve medicines management in people with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. These illustrate both the potential for imaginative research, but also the scale. Background: The accumulation of multiple chronic diseases (multimorbidity) and multiple prescribed medications (polypharmacy) over time may influence the extent to which an individual maintains health and well-being in later life. Research question: This research aims to describe the patterns (sequence and timing) of multimorbidity and polypharmacy that accumulate over time among primary healthcare patients in Canada. Methods: Data are derived from the Canadian primary care sentinel surveillance network (CPCSSN) electronic medical record (EMR) database that holds {$>$}= 1 million longitudinal, de-identified records. Multimorbidity will be identified with 20 categories, cut-off points of {$>$}= 2 and {$>$}= 3 chronic conditions and the International Classification of Disease (ICD) classification system. Polypharmacy will be identified using the cut-off points of {$>$}= 5 and {$>$}= 10 medication classes and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Analyses will be conducted using Java and Stata 14.2 software. Results: The prevalence of chronic diseases and prescribed medications will be presented, as well as the patterns that are observed among adults and older adults in Canada. The most frequent patterns (combinations and permutations) of multimorbidity and polypharmacy will be presented, stratified by sex and age category. The relationships with other factors, such as the presence of frailty, disability or increased health service use, will be examined. As well, the methodological challenges to identifying the presence and sequence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in national, longitudinal data will be discussed. Conclusion: This research will explore the profiles of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in mid- and late-life using a national, longitudinal database. These findings can be used strategically to inform healthcare delivery and to contribute to the understanding of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the international literature. Reducing the burden of prescribed medications and the harms of polypharmacy are key tasks within the context of multimorbidity. Background: Multimorbidity and polypharmacy have become the norm for general practitioners (GPs). Ideally, GPs search for inappropriate medication and, if necessary, deprescribe. However, it remains challenging to deprescribe given time constraints and little backup from guidelines. Furthermore, barriers and enablers to deprescribing among patients have to be accounted for. Research question: To identify barriers and enablers to deprescribing in older patients with polypharmacy. Methods: We surveyed among patients {$>$}70 years with multimorbidity ({$>$}2 chronic conditions) and polypharmacy ({$>$}4 regular medicines). We invited Swiss GPs to recruit eligible patients, each of whom completed a paper-based survey on demography, medications and chronic conditions. We applied the revised patients' attitudes towards deprescribing (rPATD) questionnaire and added 12 additional questions and two open questions to assess barriers and enablers towards deprescribing. Results: We analysed the first 221 responses received so far and full results will be presented at the conference. Participants were 79.3 years in mean (SD 5.8) and 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% female. Thirty-one percent lived alone, and 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% prepared their medication themselves, all others required help. Seventy-six percent of participants took 5-9 regular medicines and 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% took {$>$}= 10 up to 22 medicines. Participants (76\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were willing to deprescribe one or more of their medicines and 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not have any negative experience with deprescribing. Age and gender were not associated with their willingness to deprescribe. Important barriers to deprescribing were satisfaction with drugs (96\textbackslash textbackslash\%), long-term drugs (56\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and noticing positive effects when taking them (92\textbackslash textbackslash\%). When it comes to deprescribing, 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants wanted as much information as possible on their medicines. Having a good relationship with their GP was a further key factor to them (85\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion: Most older adults are willing to deprescribe. They would like to be informed about their medicines and want to discuss deprescribing to achieve shared decision-making with the GP they trust. Background: With growing populations of patients with multimorbidity, general practitioners need insight into which patients in their practice are most in need for person-centred integrated care ('high-need' patients). Using data from electronic primary care medical records to automatically create a list of possible \textbackslash textasciigravehigh need' patients could be a quick and easy first step to assist GPs in identifying these patients. Research question: Can \textbackslash textasciigravehigh need' patients with multimorbidity be identified automatically from their primary care medical records? Methods: Pseudonymized medical records of patients with multimorbidity ({$>$}= 2 chronic diseases) were analysed. Data was derived from the Nivel primary care database, a large registry containing data routinely recorded in electronic health records. This includes data on healthcare use, health problems and treatment. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict outcomes (frequent contact with the general practice, ER visits and unplanned hospital admissions). Predictors were age, sex, healthcare use in the previous year, morbidity and medication use. Results: In total, 245 065 patients with multimorbidity were identified, of which 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% were above the age of 65 and 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% female. More than 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% had five GP contacts in the previous year and 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% used five or more different medications. Frequent contact with the general practice could be reliably predicted using only the number of contacts in the previous year (AUC: 0.82). Adding all other predictors (including specific chronic conditions) only improved the predictive value of the model marginally (AUC: 0.84). Identifying patients with a high risk for ER visits and unplanned hospital admissions proved more difficult (AUC: 0.67 and 0.70, respectively). Conclusion: \textbackslash textasciigraveHigh need' patients with multimorbidity can be automatically selected from primary care medical records using only the number of contacts with the general practice in the previous year. Composing a list of these patients can help GPs to identify those eligible for person-centred integrated care. Background: Chronic diseases usually have a long duration and slow progression and, as a result, they tend to aggregate in multimorbidity patterns (MPs) during the life course and/or due to shared underlying pathophysiological pathways. Knowledge of how MPs progress over time is necessary to develop effective prevention management strategies. Research question: What are the most likely MPs over time? Which longitudinal shifts from one pattern to another occur during follow-up? Methods: A prospective longitudinal study based on electronic health records was conducted during 2012-2016 in Catalonia, Spain. For people aged {$>$}= 65 years, we extracted data on demographics and diagnostic codes for chronic diseases (ICD-10). Machine-learning techniques were applied for the identification of disease clusters using fuzzy c-means analysis to obtain initial clusters. To estimate longitudinal MPs and their progression for each individual a hidden Markov model was fitted, estimating: (1) the transition probability matrix between clusters; (2) the initial cluster probability; (3) the most likely trajectory for each individual. The prevalence of disease in each cluster, observed/expected ratios (O/E ratios) and disease exclusivity was determined for each MP. Criteria used to designate cluster: O/E ratio {$>$}= 2. Results: In total, 916 619 individuals were included. Ten MPs were identified. The cluster including the most prevalent diseases was designated non-specific (42.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of individuals). The remaining nine clusters included the following anatomical systems: ophthalmologic and mental diseases (19.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), osteometabolic (7.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), cardio-circulatory (6.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and others. Most patients, minimum 59.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, remained in the same cluster during the study period. The highest transitions to the mortality state were observed in the cardio-circulatory (37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and nervous (31.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) MPs. Conclusion: Ten significant longitudinal MPs were found. The application of sophisticated statistical techniques ideally suited the study of the MPs and allowed for characterization over time. This method is useful to establish a probabilistic evolution of MPs. Background: Quality of life is an essential theme for quantitative surveys in primary care. Treatments and procedures need to be assessed on whether they change patients' quality of life. This has led to the creation of evaluation scales. The purpose of this study was to determine reproducibility and efficiency of 11 previously selected quality of life scales (selected with a systematic review) for the general population. Research question: What is the best possible reproducible and efficient quality of life scale for the general population? Methods: The search was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 in PubMed and Cochrane databases, according to the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) protocol. The inclusion criteria were the psychometric qualities for each of the 11 scales studied. Articles dealing with subpopulations or those not written in IMRAD format were excluded. The collected values were reproducibility and efficiency. Results: Out of 206, 46 selected articles were included. Cronbach's alpha by domain and Pearson's coefficient were the most analysed psychometrics. No valid efficiency data was obtained. The internal consistency was over 0.7 for the SF-36, SF12v2 and EQ-5D scales. The Pearson coefficient was over 0.4 for the SF36v2, SF-12 and SF-12v2 scales. The Cohen's kappa ranged from 0.4 to 0.80 for the EQ-5D questionnaire. Conclusion: No scale is fully validated. Reproducibility values were incomplete (Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's most expressed). No efficiency data was found. The most validated scales are the SF family and the EQ-5D. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of these limitations when choosing a quality of life scale. They should return to the scales' designs to choose the one that underlines the type of quality of life they want to assess as no external validity is available. Background: Previous studies have shown an increased rate of infection among patients with diabetes; however, it is unclear from these studies if the level of HbA1c is correlated with infection. Research question: This study aimed to examine the association between glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes patients and the incidence of infections. Methods: An HMO database was used to identify all DM patients. The first HbA1c test during the period of the study was selected for each patient; then an infection diagnosis was searched in the 60 days that followed the test. We compared the HbA1c test results that were followed by an infection to those that were not. After applying exclusion criteria: having cancer, receiving immunosuppressive medication, undergoing dialysis treatment, anaemia less than 9 mg\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and G6PD deficiency, there remained 33 637 patients in the cohort. The study period was October 2014 to September 2017. The following information was collected: age, gender, socio-economic index, BMI, use of hypoglycaemic and steroid medication in the 90 days before infection, and comorbid conditions (IHD, PVD, CVA, CCF, asthma, COPD, Parkinson's disease, dementia, CRF). Results: In total, 804 patients had an infection within 60 days following an HbA1c test. For cellulitis, cholecystitis, herpes zoster, pneumonia and sinusitis the HbA1c was higher than those patients that had no infection (for cellulitis 7.603 vs 7.243). When factored into logistic regression analysis, we found that other chronic diseases increased the risk of infection between 29 and 60\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Each increase of a gram of HbA1c increased the risk by 8.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Use of steroids in the 90 days before the infection increases the chance of infection by 734\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Conclusion: Increasing HbA1c and comorbidity both increase the risk of infection among type 2 diabetics but use of oral or injectable steroids is a much more significant risk factor.},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{[Anonymous]2021,
  title = {International {{Symposium}} on {{Reproductive Health}}: Overcoming Barriers for Research in Reproduction {{Abstracts}}},
  author = {[Anonymous]},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSTETRICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& GYNECOLOGY},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {733--777},
  issn = {0390-6663},
  doi = {10.31083/j.ceog.2021.03.0511},
  abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests that parental health, even before conception, may affect offspring development. Stressful environments during critical periods of growth and development that include preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood could cause long-term effects that may impact offspring's health. These environmental factors may include maternal and paternal metabolic and endocrine health, exposure to endocrine disruptors, pollutants, environmental stressors and chemicals, and also the use of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), among others. Periconceptional and prenatal care are crucial to improving infants' development and health and preventing adult diseases, such as diabetes, neurocognitive, and other multifactorial and complex disorders. Although increasing attention has been given to prenatal care management in the last years, there are still disparities among nations in terms of access to healthcare and also controversial results in many aspects, and unresolved issues. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised new questions regarding reproduction, pregnancy and childhood development care. In particular, in Latin America, socioeconomic inequalities in primary health system access make these societies vulnerable in terms of gestational care. Moreover, although antenatal care is more accessible in developed countries, there is still a need to comprehend the impact of different environmental cues on human health and development and improve the possible medical interventions and public policy management. To address the above-mentioned topics, the International Symposium on Reproductive Health 2021 (ISRH2021) was proposed by a group of early-career scientists from Argentina, as a free one-day symposium with different roundtable sessions, including: -Maternal-fetal interface -Maternal effects on pregnancy and offspring health -ARTs effects on embryo and offspring development -Paternal effects on fertility and offspring health The virtual format provided a networking space between Early-Career and experienced researchers from home, anywhere in the world. This not only allowed to join experts from Latin-American and developed countries but also allowed a wider global audience to attend, including those who may not be able to travel for a face-to-face meeting. The economic barrier is a common problem in Latin America and developing countries as the low incomes affect the possibility of attending international meetings. Moreover, as ECRs are the academic members with lower salaries, they are usually the most affected. The spirit of this symposium was to create possibilities for worldwide participation at all career stages. During the ISRH2021, each session consisted of two Senior talks of invited international researchers and two short talks of early-career researchers (ECRs), which were selected based on their abstract quality. Also, a poster session was held. To generate different opportunities for interaction between Senior and ECRs, several short talks were also held, followed by a debate. Among the topics discussed were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveWomen in Science and Gender Discrepancy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveFrom basic research to public policies\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveECRs Resources\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCareer Paths\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Listed below we present the abstract of the works presented at the ISRH 2021 meeting.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Abeysinghe2016,
  title = {Housing {{Prices}}, {{Graduates}}, and {{Income Inequality}}: {{The Case}} of {{Singapore}}},
  author = {Abeysinghe, Tilak and Hao, Wong Yan},
  editor = {Hill, H and Menon, J},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {MANAGING GLOBALIZATION IN THE ASIAN CENTURY: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF PREMA-CHANDRA ATHUKORALA},
  pages = {221--239},
  abstract = {Globalization is often blamed for widening income gaps. However, there could be country specific causes of income inequality that could be addressed by domestic policy interventions. This chapter studies whether escalating housing prices have contributed to the growing income gap in Singapore. Housing price escalations involve a substantial income redistribution away from home buyers for owner occupation to property developers, rental property owners, and financiers. This effect is largely reflected in nonlabour earnings. Even with household labour income data, we find that rising private property prices have a small but statistically significant effect on income inequality, measured by the percentile ratio P90/P10. Unexpectedly, the most robust variable that explains this income ratio is the share of resident graduates in total employment. This variable shows an inverted U effect on income inequality. A similar inverted U effect is found with a productivity ratio variable used to measure the effect of globalization.},
  isbn = {978-981-47-6227-4; 978-981-47-6228-1; 978-981-47-6230-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Aboueid2018,
  title = {Current {{Weight Management Approaches Used}} by {{Primary Care Providers}} in {{Six Multidisciplinary Healthcare Settings}} in {{Ontario}}},
  author = {Aboueid, Stephanie and Jasinska, Monika and Bourgeault, Ivy and Giroux, Isabelle},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING RESEARCH},
  volume = {50},
  number = {4},
  pages = {169--178},
  issn = {0844-5621},
  doi = {10.1177/0844562118769229},
  abstract = {Background: Obesity management in primary care has been suboptimal due to lack of access to allied health professionals, time, and resources. Purpose: To understand the weight management approaches used by primary care providers working in team-based settings and how they assess the most suitable approach for a patient. Methods: A total of 20 primary care providers (13 nurse practitioners and 7 family physicians) working in 6 multidisciplinary clinics in Ontario were interviewed. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded using NVivo qualitative software. Conventional content analysis was used to inductively elucidate codes, which were then clustered into categories. Results: A referral to on-site programming was the most frequent weight management approach used. The pharmacological approach was underutilized due to adverse side effects and cost to patients. Primary care providers assessed the most suitable weight management approach based on patients': preference, level of motivation, income status and access to resources, body mass index and comorbidities, and previous weight loss attempts. Primary care providers perceived that referring to health professionals and educational resources were the approaches preferred by patients. Conclusions: The team-based nature of these clinics allowed for referrals to various on-site professionals and/or programs. Some barriers to pursuing weight management avenues with patients were patient dependent.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canadian health services,Multiprofessional practice,obesity,primary care,qualitative approaches}
}

@article{Abraido-Lanza2015,
  title = {Breast {{Cancer Screening Among Dominican Latinas}}: {{A Closer Look}} at {{Fatalism}} and {{Other Social}} and {{Cultural Factors}}},
  author = {{Abraido-Lanza}, Ana F. and Martins, Mariana Cunha and Shelton, Rachel C. and Florez, Karen R.},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH EDUCATION \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& BEHAVIOR},
  volume = {42},
  number = {5},
  pages = {633--641},
  issn = {1090-1981},
  doi = {10.1177/1090198115580975},
  abstract = {With the marked increase of the Latino population in the United States during the past 20 years, there has been growing interest in the social, cultural, and structural factors that may impede breast cancer screening among Latino women, especially among those subgroups that have been understudied. Acculturation and fatalism are central cultural constructs in these growing fields of research. However, there is great debate on the extent to which acculturation and fatalism affect breast cancer screening among Latinas relative to other social or structural factors or logistical barriers. Moreover, little theoretical work specifies or tests pathways between social, structural, and cultural determinants of screening. This study tests a theoretical model of social and structural (socioeconomic status and access to health care) and cultural factors (acculturation and fatalism) as correlates of mammography screening among Dominican Latinas, a group that has been understudied. The study expands prior work by examining other factors identified as potential impediments to mammography screening, specifically psychosocial (e.g., embarrassment, pain) and logistical (e.g., not knowing how to get a mammogram, cost) barriers. Interview-administered surveys were conducted with 318 Latinas from the Dominican Republic aged 40 years or older. Fatalistic beliefs were not associated with mammogram screening. Greater acculturation assessed as language use was associated with decreased screening. The strongest predictor of decreased screening was perceived barriers. Results highlight the importance of assessing various self-reported psychosocial and logistical barriers to screening. Possible avenues for screening interventions include intensifying public health campaigns and use of personalized messages to address barriers to screening. Results add to a limited body of research on Dominicans, who constitute the fifth largest Latino group in the United States.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {acculturation,breast cancer screening,fatalism,Latinos,mammography}
}

@book{Acholonu2015,
  title = {Uncovering Barriers to Participation through Mapping Citywide Computing Opportunities in {{Chicago What}} Do We Mean by Access?},
  author = {Acholonu, Ugochi and Pingrey, Katie and Pinkard, Nichole and Martin, Caitlin K.},
  editor = {Barnes, T and Thiruvathukal, {\relax GK} and Boyer, K and Forbes, J and Payton, J},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {2015 RESEARCH IN EQUITY AND SUSTAINED PARTICIPATION IN ENGINEERING, COMPUTING, AND TECHNOLOGY (RESPECT)},
  abstract = {Unequal access to quality learning opportunities is a key issue that shapes who is able to participate in computing relevant communities and jobs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. Although many educators, government officials, and business professionals acknowledge the need to provide computer science education to all youth, access to computing opportunities is still limited \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2]. Understanding the current state of available learning opportunities is an initial step in addressing gaps, barriers, and unequal access. In this poster we present our in-progress mapping of the computer science ecosystem in the city of Chicago. As we present the landscape we ask: How accessible are the educational opportunities for youth in Chicago, particularly youth who are traditionally underrepresented in computing careers. The barriers to participation revealed through our mapping process include transportation, the time schedules of programs, and the lack of opportunities for elementary youth. Our findings suggest that in order to broaden participation in computing there is a need to 1) increase the number of local computing opportunities, and 2) to create opportunities that acknowledge the realities facing low-income and working class households, realities that include child care constraints, rigid work schedules, and limited disposable income.},
  isbn = {978-1-5090-0151-4},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Research on Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering Computing and Technology, Charlotte, NC, AUG 13-14, 2015}
}

@article{Acosta2023,
  title = {Examining {{Recipient}} and {{Provider Perceptions}} of {{Mental Health Treatments}} and {{Written Exposure Therapy}} for {{Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With}} a {{Spanish-Speaking Sample}}},
  author = {Acosta, Laura M. and Canchila, M. Natalia Acosta and Reyes, Sara L. and Holland, Kathryn J. and Holt, Natalie R. and Andrews III, Arthur R.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {157--169},
  issn = {1541-1559},
  doi = {10.1037/ser0000621},
  abstract = {Treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often evidence high rates of dropout, ranging from 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 40\textbackslash textbackslash\%, among English-speaking samples. Written Exposure Therapy (WET), a novel manualized treatment for PTSD, evidences lower dropout rates and noninferiority to CPT, one of the most efficacious interventions for PTSD. Spanish-speaking Latinxs often experience greater dropout and barriers to care. WET appears promising for this population, but acceptability and perceived barriers to WET have not been examined among Spanish-speaking Latinxs. The present study assessed perceptions and acceptability of a Spanish-language version of WET among Spanish-speaking Latinxs who scored greater than 45 on the Spanish-language version of the PCL-IV, indicating likely PTSD (n = 20) and providers (n = 12). Participants completed a mixed-methods interview regarding reasons they/clients would not want to receive the treatment, why they/clients would want to receive the treatment, potential solutions for any identified barriers, and reasons for not seeking mental health services generally. Providers, but not potential recipients, identified low literacy as a barrier for WET. Providers and potential recipients identified time as a barrier to WET and other mental health services, but the time reduction was perceived as a potential facilitator of WET. Results also suggest no specific cultural barriers were identified for WET (e.g., provider cultural competency) and that Spanish WET may reduce time-related barriers and is perceived as effective and acceptable among Spanish-speaking Latinxs. Additional work is needed to expand the reach of the intervention, given that mental health services were often perceived as untrustworthy. Impact Statement This study suggests that a Spanish-language adaptation of Written Exposure Therapy, a novel manualized treatment for PTSD symptoms, may be effective in reducing some structural barriers that Spanish-speaking Latinx populations encounter when using mental health services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mental health treatments,posttraumatic stress disorder,Spanish-speaking populations,written exposure therapy}
}

@article{Addabbo2020,
  title = {{{ACTING FOR GENDER EQUALITY}}: {{EVIDENCE}}, {{GAPS AND PROSPECTS FOR REAL CHANGE IN ECONOMIC POLICY}}},
  author = {Addabbo, Tindara and {Gunluk-Senesen}, Gulay and O'Hagan, Angela},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {POLITICA ECONOMICA},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {277--294},
  issn = {1120-9496},
  doi = {10.1429/100367},
  abstract = {Gender inequality in the access to the labour market and income distribution has increased as a consequence of the economic impacts of the global pandemic due to the higher presence of women employed in the economic sectors most vulnerable to lockdown and shutdown and with the least opportunity to continue to work remotely or from home. The risk of receiving lower income protection is higher for women due to their more discontinuous working profile and their higher presence in precarious jobs. Gender distribution of unpaid care and domestic work load is persistently unequal. Blindness on the gender impact of public policies designed in the emergence of first wave of the pandemic had the effect of deepening pre-existing gender inequalities showing that integration of gender analysis dissipates as the policy process develops leading to the evaporation of gender equality in economic policy making. Actions acknowledging the roots of gender inequalities together with the implementation of gender mainstreaming at all levels of economic policies are needed to revert this trend and to lead to a more gender equal society.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Adesanya2022,
  title = {Impact of the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic on Expectant and New Parents' Experience of Pregnancy, Childbirth, Breast Feeding, Parental Responsiveness and Sensitivity, and Bonding and Attunement in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Evidence},
  author = {Adesanya, Adenike Motunrayo and Barrett, Simon and Moffat, Malcolm and Aquino, Maria Raisa Jessica and Nicholson, Wendy and Turner, Gillian and Cook, Emma and Tyndall, Sarah and Rankin, Judith},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {12},
  number = {12},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066963},
  abstract = {ObjectivesTo review the evidence on how pregnancy, birth experience, breast feeding, parental responsiveness and sensitivity, and bonding and attunement were impacted by COVID-19.MethodsWe searched eight literature databases and websites of relevant UK-based organisations. The review focused on evidence during pregnancy and the early years (0-5 years). Studies of any study design published in English from 1 March 2020 to 15 March 2021 and conducted in high-income countries were included. Screening and data extraction were undertaken in duplicate. Evidence was synthesised using a narrative approach. Study quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.ResultsThe search yielded 9776 publications, of which 26 met our inclusion criteria. Significant knowledge gaps on how COVID-19 affected pregnancy and breast feeding limited healthcare providers' ability to provide consistent evidence-based information and care at the start of the pandemic. There was an enduring sense of loss about loved ones being restricted from taking part in key moments. Parents were concerned about the limitations of virtual healthcare provision. Some parents reported more opportunities for responsive breast feeding and improved parent-infant bonding due to reduced social and work pressures. Women from minoritised ethnic groups were less likely to continue breast feeding and attributed this to a lack of face-to-face support.ConclusionsThe evidence suggests that new and expectant families have been both negatively and positively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions. The impacts on parents' opportunities to bond with their young children and to be attuned to their needs were felt unequally. It is important that emergency response policies consider the mother and the partner as a family unit when making changes to the delivery of maternal and child health and care services, so as to mitigate the impact on the family and existing health inequalities.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021236769.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {PERINATOLOGY,PUBLIC HEALTH,QUALITATIVE RESEARCH}
}

@article{Adesoye2020,
  title = {Food Insecurity Status of the Working Poor Households in South West {{Nigeria}}},
  author = {Adesoye, Oluwatimilehin Peter and Adepoju, Abimbola Oluyemisi},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {47},
  number = {5},
  pages = {581--597},
  issn = {0306-8293},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSE-09-2019-0589},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach International Labour Organisation poverty line, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale as well as the Ordered Logit model were used to identify the factors influencing the food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria. Findings The study revealed that more than half of the respondents were working poor households, with more than four-fifths of them being food insecure. Income irregularity, savings and level of education had major roles to play in the food insecurity status of working poor households. Social implications Employment has always been considered as a route out of poverty and food insecurity. However, the intensity of poverty among working households should be considered in the design and development of policy and programmes, targeted towards workers. Laws should protect the right of workers against non-payment of salaries, advantages of family planning should be emphasised, social security allowance should be provided to serve as an alternative source of income during emergencies and more investment made in education. Originality/value This paper attempts to bridge the knowledge gap in the empirical link between employment, poverty and food insecurity. Particularly, its application to the working households. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ IJSE-09-2019-0589},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Adkins2021,
  title = {Class in the 21st Century: {{Asset}} Inflation and the New Logic of Inequality},
  author = {Adkins, Lisa and Cooper, Melinda and Konings, Martijn},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A-ECONOMY AND SPACE},
  volume = {53},
  number = {3},
  pages = {548--572},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1177/0308518X19873673},
  abstract = {What becomes of class when residential property prices in major cities around the world accrue more income in a year than the average wage worker? This paper investigates the dynamic of combined wage disinflation and asset price inflation as a key to understanding the growth of inequality in recent decades. Taking the city of Sydney, Australia, as exemplary of a dynamic that has unfolded across the Anglo-American economies, it explains how residential property was constructed as a financial asset and how government policies helped to generate the phenomenal house price inflation and unequal capital gains of recent years. Proceeding in close conversation with Thomas Piketty's work on inequality and recent sociological contributions to the question of class, we argue that employment and wage-based taxonomies of class are no longer adequate for understanding a process of stratification in which capital gains, capital income and intergenerational transfers are preeminent. We conclude the paper by outlining a new asset-based class taxonomy which we intend to specify further in subsequent work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asset inequality,capital gains,class,House price inflation,intergenerational transfers}
}

@article{Afesorgbor2022,
  title = {Chinese {{Import Competition}} and {{Gendered Labor Market Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Ethiopian Firm-Level Data}}},
  author = {Afesorgbor, Sylvanus Kwaku and Acquah, Ruby Elorm and Ayele, Yohannes},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ECONOMIES},
  issn = {0963-8024},
  doi = {10.1093/jae/ejac026},
  abstract = {In this paper, we analyse the relationship between Chinese import competition and gendered labor market outcomes within the context of a developing country. To do this, we merge a rich manufacturing firm-level panel data set from Ethiopia with trade data covering the years 1997-2010. Thus, we map out the effect of trade shocks from import surges on labor force participation and compensation, decomposed by gender. Results from the study show that rising import competition from China had a heterogeneous effect on female and male labor market outcomes. Import competition from China is associated with a negative and statistically significant effect on female employment, but not male employment. Looking at workers' occupation, we find that for production workers import competition is adversely related with female employment outcomes while there is no statistically significant association with employment of administrative workers. For wage inequality, male wages in general are negatively associated with import competition, while we found no effect on female wages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,employment,Ethiopia,gender,import competition,wages}
}

@article{Afulani2020,
  title = {Providers' Perceptions of Communication and Women's Autonomy during Childbirth: A Mixed Methods Study in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Afulani, Patience A. and Buback, Laura and Kelly, Ann Marie and Kirumbi, Leah and Cohen, Craig R. and Lyndon, Audrey},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12978-020-0909-0},
  abstract = {Background Effective communication and respect for women's autonomy are critical components of person-centered care. Yet, there is limited evidence in low-resource settings on providers' perceptions of the importance and extent of communication and women's autonomy during childbirth. Similarly, few studies have assessed the potential barriers to effective communication and maintenance of women's autonomy during childbirth. We sought to bridge these gaps. Methods Data are from a mixed-methods study in Migori County in Western Kenya with 49 maternity providers (32 clinical and 17 non-clinical). Providers were asked structured questions on various aspects of communication and autonomy followed by open ended questions on why certain practices were performed or not. We conducted descriptive analysis of the quantitative data and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Results Despite acknowledging the importance of various aspects of communication and women's autonomy, providers reported incidences of poor communication and lack of respect for women's autonomy: 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents reported that providers never introduce themselves to women and 38\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported that women are never able to be in the birthing position of their choice. Also, 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% of providers reported that they did not always explain why they are doing exams or procedures and 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported that women were not always asked for permission before exams or procedures. The reasons for lack of communication and autonomy fall under three themes with several sub-themes: (1) work environment-perceived lack of time, language barriers, stress and burnout, and facility culture; (2) provider knowledge, intentions, and assumptions-inadequate provider knowledge and skill, forgetfulness and unconscious behaviors, self-protection and comfort, and assumptions about women's knowledge and expectations; and (3) women's ability to demand or command effective communication and respect for their autonomy-women's lack of participation, women's empowerment and provider bias. Conclusions Most providers recognize the importance of various aspects of communication and women's autonomy, but they fail to provide it for various reasons. To improve communication and autonomy, we need to address the different factors that negatively affect providers' interactions with women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Agadjanian2020,
  title = {Continuities in {{Transition}}: {{Ethnicity}}, {{Language}} and {{Labour Market Inequalities}} in {{Kyrgyzstan}}},
  author = {Agadjanian, Victor and Oh, Byeongdon},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {51},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1579--1612},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/dech.12611},
  abstract = {Ethno-racial and linguistic boundaries have major implications for socio-economic well-being throughout the world, yet their specific effects vary greatly across contexts. The countries that were once part of the Soviet Union have seen dramatic transformations yet also exhibited remarkable continuities from the socialist era. This article contributes to cross-national evidence on the roots and expressions of ethno-racial socio-economic inequalities and on nation building and nationalism in the post-Soviet context. It uses data from two identically designed nationally representative surveys conducted in Kyrgyzstan in 2011 and 2017 to investigate patterns and trends in ethnic and linguistic disparities in employment by occupational type and economic sector and in earnings among men and women. The authors find that despite government policies to promote the advancement of the nation's titular majority, Kyrgyz, and to encourage the use of its language, the ethno-linguistic economic inequalities inherited from the Soviet era - privileged positions of the European-origin minority and of Russian-speaking Kyrgyz - were still potently present in the earlier survey. While variations in types of occupation and employment sectors tended to diminish between the two surveys, the ethno-linguistic differences in earnings remained very pronounced, even after controlling for other factors. The authors relate these findings to the extant scholarship and reflect on their implications for our understanding of post-socialist transitions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Agaku2022,
  title = {Geographic, {{Occupational}}, and {{Sociodemographic Variations}} in {{Uptake}} of {{COVID-19 Booster Doses Among Fully Vaccinated US Adults}}, {{December}} 1, 2021, to {{January}} 10, 2022},
  author = {Agaku, Israel T. and Adeoye, Caleb and Long, Theodore G.},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JAMA NETWORK OPEN},
  volume = {5},
  number = {8},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27680},
  abstract = {IMPORTANCE COVID-19 booster vaccine can strengthen waning immunity and widen the range of immunity against new variants. OBJECTIVE To describe geographic, occupational, and sociodemographic variations in uptake of COVID-19 booster doses among fully vaccinated US adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional survey study used data from the Household Pulse Survey conducted from December 1, 2021, to January 10, 2022. Household Pulse Survey is an online, probability-based survey conducted by the US Census Bureau and is designed to yield estimates nationally, by state, and across selected metropolitan areas. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Receipt of a booster dose was defined as taking 2 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines with the first one being the Johnson and Johnson (Janssen) vaccine, or taking 3 or more doses of any of the other COVID-19 vaccines. Weighted prevalence estimates (percentages) were computed overall and among subgroups. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) were calculated in a multivariable Poisson regression model to explore correlates of receiving a booster dose among those fully vaccinated. RESULTS A total of 135 821 adults completed the survey. Overall, 51.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female and 41.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were aged 18 to 44 years (mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD] age, 48.07 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace17.18] years). Of fully vaccinated adults, the percentage who reported being boosted was 48.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (state-specific range, from 39.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Mississippi to 66.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Vermont). Nationally, the proportion of boosted adults was highest among non-Hispanic Asian individuals (54.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those aged 65 years or older (71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those with a doctoral, professional, or master's degree (68.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those who were married with no children in the household (61.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those with annual household income of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar200 000 or higher (69.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those enrolled in Medicare (70.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and those working in hospitals (60.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or in deathcare facilities (eg, funeral homes; 60.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conversely, only one-third of those who ever received a diagnosis of COVID-19, were enrolled in Medicaid, working in pharmacies, with less than a high school education, and aged 18 to 24 years old were boosted. Multivariable analysis of pooled national data revealed that compared with those who did not work outside their home, the likelihood of being boosted was higher among adults working in hospitals (APR, 1.23; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI. 1.17-1.30). ambulatory health care centers (APR, 1.16; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.09-1.24), and social service settings (APR, 1.08; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.01-1.15), whereas lower likelihood was seen among those working in food or beverage stores (APR, 0.85; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.74-0.96) and the agriculture, forestry, fishing, or hunting industries (APR, 0.83; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.72-0.97). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest continuing disparities in receipt of booster vaccine doses among US adults. Targeted efforts at populations with low uptake may be needed to improve booster vaccine coverage in the US.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Agenor2004,
  title = {Macroeconomic Adjustment and the Poor: {{Analytical}} Issues and Cross-Country Evidence},
  author = {Agenor, {\relax PR}},
  year = {2004},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {351--408},
  issn = {0950-0804},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0950-0804.2004.00225.x},
  abstract = {This paper studies the links between macroeconomic adjustment and poverty. The first part summarizes some of the recent evidence on poverty in the developing world. The second reviews the various channels through which macroeconomic policies affect the poor, whereas the third is devoted to the specific role of the labor market. It presents an analytical framework that captures some of the main features of the urban labor market in developing countries and studies the effects of fiscal adjustment on wages, employment, and poverty. The fourth part presents cross-country regressions linking various macroeconomic and structural variables to poverty. Higher levels and growth rates of per capita income, higher rates of real exchange rate depreciation, better health conditions, and a greater degree of commercial openness lower poverty, whereas inflation, greater income inequality, and macroeconomic volatility tend to increase it. Moreover, the impact of growth on poverty appears to be asymmetric; it seems to result from a significant relationship between episodes of increasing poverty and negative growth rates.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/R88I2N34/Agenor_2004_Macroeconomic adjustment and the poor.pdf}
}

@article{Agenor2007,
  title = {Labor Market Reforms, Growth, and Unemployment in Labor-Exporting Countries in the {{Middle East}} and {{North Africa}}},
  author = {Agenor, Pierre-Richard and Nabli, Mustapha K. and Yousef, Tarik and Jensen, Henning Tarp},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {277--309},
  issn = {0161-8938},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpolmod.2006.07.007},
  abstract = {A general equilibrium model is used to study the impact of labor market policies on growth, employment, urban inequality, and rural welfare in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Various experiments are conducted, such as a reduction in payroll taxation, cuts in public sector wages and employment, and a reduction in trade unions' bargaining power. We find that overseas employment may, under certain circumstances, substitute for domestic informal sector employment as the main buffer in labor market adjustment. In addition, we argue that to foster broad-based welfare-enhancing job creation in the region, labor market reforms must take account of general equilibrium effects, including crowding-in effects on private investment and variations in income remittances and international migration patterns. Finally, we argue that labor market reforms should be viewed as a component of a more comprehensive program of structural reforms aimed at spurring growth and employment. (c) 2006 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,growth,IMMPA,labor market reforms,MENA,unemployment rate}
}

@article{Agudelo-Suarez2009,
  title = {Discrimination, Work and Health in Immigrant Populations in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Agudelo-Suarez}, Andres and {Gil-Gonzalez}, Diana and {Ronda-Perez}, Elena and Porthe, Victoria and {Paramio-Perez}, Gema and Garcia, Ana M. and Gari, Aitana},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {68},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1866--1874},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.046},
  abstract = {One of the most important social phenomena in the global context is the flow of immigration from developing countries, motivated by economic and employment related issues. Discrimination can be approached as a health risk factor within the immigrant population's working environment, especially for those immigrants at greater risk from social exclusion and marginalisation. The aim of this study is to research perceptions of discrimination and the specific relationship between discrimination in the workplace and health among Spain's immigrant population. A qualitative study was performed by means of 84 interviews and 12 focus groups held with immigrant workers in five cities in Spain receiving a large influx of immigrants (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Alicante and Huelva), covering representative immigrant communities in Spain (Romanians, Moroccans, Ecuadorians, Colombians and Sub-Saharan Africans). Discourse narrative content analysis was performed using pre-established categories and gradually incorporating other emerging categories from the immigrant interviewees themselves. The participants reported instances of discrimination in their community and working life, characterised by experiences of racism, mistreatment and precarious working conditions in comparison to the Spanish-born population. They also talked about limitations in terms of accessible occupations (mainly construction, the hotel and restaurant trade, domestic service and agriculture), and described major difficulties accessing other types of work (for example public administration). They also identified political and legal structural barriers related with social institutions. Experiences of discrimination can affect their mental health and are decisive factors regarding access to healthcare services. Our results suggest the need to adopt integration policies in both the countries of origin and the host country, to acknowledge labour and social rights, and to conduct further research into individual and social factors that affect the health of the immigrant populations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Immigration,Racism,Spain,Working conditions}
}

@article{Aguilera2002,
  title = {The Impact of Social Capital on Labor Force Participation: {{Evidence}} from the 2000 {{Social Capital Benchmark Survey}}},
  author = {Aguilera, {\relax MB}},
  year = {2002},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {83},
  number = {3},
  pages = {853--874},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  doi = {10.1111/1540-6237.00118},
  abstract = {Objectives. Few studies apply the concept of social capital to labor force participation. In this research, I study the relationship between friendship networks and labor force participation as represented by employment and hours worked. Methods. I test five hypotheses representing social capital with network structure, network quality, and network diversity using nationally representative data from the 2000 Social Capital Benchmark Survey. Since this survey enables comparisons across racial/ethnic and gender groups, I am also able to specify how social capital interacts with race/ethnicity and gender to influence labor force participation, while controlling for other prominent theoretical concerns such as human capital theory. Results. I find that friendship networks are generally positively related with increased labor force participation. Further, I find significant social capital differences based on race/ethnicity and gender. Conclusions. I illustrate that social capital can be applied across a broader racial/ethnic/gender spectrum. The findings suggest that programs that attempt to bring valuable labor market information to individuals and communities lacking employment-related information are likely to be effective in reducing inequality, especially if combined with programs for developing human capital.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ahiadorme2022,
  title = {Monetary Policy Transmission and Income Inequality in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {Ahiadorme, Johnson Worlanyo},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ECONOMIC CHANGE AND RESTRUCTURING},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1555--1585},
  issn = {1573-9414},
  doi = {10.1007/s10644-021-09358-0},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates the monetary policy transmission and income inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. We find procyclical response of income inequality to unanticipated monetary easing in the last two decades. Countercyclical monetary measures may have been efficient, but they have been dis-equalising as well. Taking cognisance of the explanations of the earnings heterogeneity channel, this evidence signals high concentration of assets and resources, limited employment of labour and limited distributive capacity of the state in SSA countries. Economic outturns may have favoured chiefly, the top of the distribution-entrepreneurs and their profit margin. Three main channels distinguish the transmission of standard and non-standard monetary measures: the reaction in the stock market, the response of the exchange rate and the fiscal response. The evidence demonstrates that the fiscal reaction to monetary policy action is important to the overall transmission of monetary policy to macroeconomic aggregates. Instructively, we find that the inflation cost of countercyclical monetary measures is comparatively less severe for standard monetary measures than non-standard monetary actions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Distributive channels,Income inequality,Monetary policy}
}

@book{Ahmad2016,
  title = {Quality of {{Life Sandwich Generation}}: {{A Review}} of the {{Literature}}},
  author = {Ahmad, Mumtaz Bte and Maon, Siti Noorsuriani Bt and Mansor, Mohammad Naqiuddin Md and Daud, Norzaidi Mohd},
  editor = {Soliman, {\relax KS}},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {VISION 2020: INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY, AND COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH, 2016, VOLS I - VII},
  abstract = {The sandwich generation is referring to the people raising their children while having to care for their aging parents at the same time. This trend is increasing in numbers in recent years. A dual breadwinner paradigm resulted from the economic change which requires most families to have two incomes for their economic viability. Besides that, this working people also need to taking care their parent or parent in law due to lack of preparation of elderly age. This group of people is classified as \textbackslash textasciigravesandwich generation'.Nowadays, between 1 out of 8 households with aged 30 or older is classified as dual-earner or sandwiched generation couples. The impact from multiple caregiving duties is inequalities in psychological, physical, employment, and financial outcomes of the family institution. It is possible that multi-generational caregiving responsibilities will continue to rise for the children of baby boomers as life expectancies continue to go up. People continue to have children later in life, and continue to support those children to older ages. The review of literature shows positive and negative benefits for the caregivers. Policy and clinical supports must be put into place to facilitate the highly necessary and valuable caregiving responsibilities of this population. In addition, the outcomes of the present study will spur the economic development and assist the development of health promoting programs in accordance to the local context. Besides that, it also provides guidelines to policy maker and health professionals in maintaining quality healthy lifestyles of the nation. Policy, health, and research implications are included.},
  isbn = {978-0-9860419-8-3},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Quality of Life,Sandwich Generation,Social Support,Work-life Conflict},
  note = {28th International Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Seville, SPAIN, NOV 09-10, 2016}
}

@article{Ahmad2017,
  title = {Expanding the Meaning of \textbackslash textasciigravebeing a Peer Leader': Qualitative Findings from a {{Canadian}} Community-Based Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Programme},
  author = {Ahmad, Farah and Ferrari, Manuela and Moravac, Catherine and Lofters, Aisha and Dunn, Sheila},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {630--640},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.12352},
  abstract = {Engagement of community members to act as peer workers is a key feature of many community-centred health promotion programmes. However, little is known about their experiences beyond the commonly reported themes of fulfilment through helping people in need and improvement of personal confidence, self-esteem and self-care. This gap in the literature is of particular interest given increasing involvement of peer workers in community-centred programmes addressing health disparities, such as uptake of cancer screening. This paper aims to explore experiences of the peer leaders who worked for the Cancer Awareness: Ready for Education and Screening (CARES) project to promote awareness, knowledge, and uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening among under-/never-screened women who belonged to ethnic minority, recent immigrant and low-income communities in Toronto, Canada. In 2013, three focus groups were conducted with 14 peer leaders to explore their experiences. All were immigrant women between 30 and 50 years of age. All discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used situational maps and analysis to create a visual representation of the data, and to investigate peer leaders experiences. Situational analysis was chosen to bring to light dominant and also silent underlying aspects which define the meaning of being a peer leader. The first level of analysis identified main themes that characterised peer leaders' experience: (i) Helping others (women, friends and family) and themselves by improved self-confidence, self-awareness and self-care and (ii) Redefining professional and social positions through their project activities leading to professional development and networking. The second level of analysis explored the redefining process and identified some peer leaders' negotiations in relation to knowledge (science vs. myth), beliefs (fear vs. assurance) and boundaries (private vs. work). Adding to the literature on the peer workers' experience, the findings are discussed in relation to empowerment of peer workers, training implications and theoretical contributions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breast cancer,cervical cancer,health promotion,lay worker,peer worker,screening}
}

@article{Ahmed2020,
  title = {Impact of the Societal Response to {{COVID-19}} on Access to Healthcare for Non-{{COVID-19}} Health Issues in Slum Communities of {{Bangladesh}}, {{Kenya}}, {{Nigeria}} and {{Pakistan}}: Results of Pre-{{COVID}} and {{COVID-19}} Lockdown Stakeholder Engagements},
  author = {Ahmed, Syed A. K. Shifat and Ajisola, Motunrayo and Azeem, Kehkashan and Bakibinga, Pauline and Chen, Yen-Fu and Choudhury, Nazratun Nayeem and Fayehun, Olufunke and Griffiths, Frances and Harris, Bronwyn and Kibe, Peter and Lilford, Richard J. and Omigbodun, Akinyinka and Rizvi, Narjis and Sartori, Jo and Smith, Simon and Watson I, Samuel and Wilson, Ria and Yeboah, Godwin and Aujla, Navneet and Azam, Syed Iqbal and Diggle, Peter J. and Gill, Paramjit and Iqbal, Romaina and Kabaria, Caroline and Kisia, Lyagamula and Kyobutungi, Catherine and Madan, Jason J. and Mberu, Blessing and Mohamed, Shukri F. and Nazish, Ahsana and Odubanjo, Oladoyin and Osuh, Mary E. and Owoaje, Eme and Oyebode, Oyinlola and {Porto de Albuquerque}, Joao and Rahman, Omar and Tabani, Komal and Taiwo, Olalekan John and Tregonning, Grant and Uthman, Olalekan A. and Yusuf, Rita and Collaborative, Improving Hlth Slums},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMJ GLOBAL HEALTH},
  volume = {5},
  number = {8},
  issn = {2059-7908},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003042},
  abstract = {Introduction With COVID-19, there is urgency for policymakers to understand and respond to the health needs of slum communities. Lockdowns for pandemic control have health, social and economic consequences. We consider access to healthcare before and during COVID-19 with those working and living in slum communities. Methods In seven slums in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan, we explored stakeholder perspectives and experiences of healthcare access for non-COVID-19 conditions in two periods: pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 lockdowns. Results Between March 2018 and May 2020, we engaged with 860 community leaders, residents, health workers and local authority representatives. Perceived common illnesses in all sites included respiratory, gastric, waterborne and mosquitoborne illnesses and hypertension. Pre-COVID, stakeholders described various preventive, diagnostic and treatment services, including well-used antenatal and immunisation programmes and some screening for hypertension, tuberculosis, HIV and vectorborne disease. In all sites, pharmacists and patent medicine vendors were key providers of treatment and advice for minor illnesses. Mental health services and those addressing gender-based violence were perceived to be limited or unavailable. With COVID-19, a reduction in access to healthcare services was reported in all sites, including preventive services. Cost of healthcare increased while household income reduced. Residents had difficulty reaching healthcare facilities. Fear of being diagnosed with COVID-19 discouraged healthcare seeking. Alleviators included provision of healthcare by phone, pharmacists/drug vendors extending credit and residents receiving philanthropic or government support; these were inconsistent and inadequate. Conclusion Slum residents' ability to seek healthcare for non-COVID-19 conditions has been reduced during lockdowns. To encourage healthcare seeking, clear communication is needed about what is available and whether infection control is in place. Policymakers need to ensure that costs do not escalate and unfairly disadvantage slum communities. Remote consulting to reduce face-to-face contact and provision of mental health and gender-based violence services should be considered.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ahn2010,
  title = {Explaining Cross-Racial Differences in Teenage Labor Force Participation: {{Results}} from a Two-Sided Matching Model},
  author = {Ahn, Tom and Arcidiacono, Peter and Murphy, Alvin and Swinton, Omari},
  year = {2010},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMETRICS},
  volume = {156},
  number = {1},
  pages = {201--211},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.09.017},
  abstract = {White teenagers are substantially more likely to search for employment than black teenagers. This differential occurs despite the fact that, conditional on race, individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to search. While the racial wage gap is small, the unemployment rate for black teenagers is substantially higher than that of white teenagers. We develop a two-sided search model where firms are partially able to search on demographics. Model estimates reveal that firms are more able to target their search on race than on age. Employment and wage outcome differences explain half of the racial gap in labor force participation rates. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Racial employment gap,Racial wage gap,Search}
}

@article{Ahnland2020,
  title = {The Wage Share and Government Job Creation in {{Sweden}}, 1900-2016},
  author = {Ahnland, Lars},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {LABOR HISTORY},
  volume = {61},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {228--246},
  issn = {0023-656X},
  doi = {10.1080/0023656X.2020.1731732},
  abstract = {This investigation explores the long-run relationship between the wage share in the non-construction private sector and government efforts to create jobs in public services and construction of infrastructure and houses, in Sweden in 1900 to 2016. In the present article, it is argued that the creation of employment with generous wages by the Swedish government has increased the bargaining power of workers outside of these sectors, thus raising the wage share, up to about 1980. Correspondingly, retrenchment from such policy has been detrimental for the wage share in recent decades. This argument is supported by the results of cointegration tests, estimation of long-run and short-run, speed of adjustment, coefficients, as well as by Impulse-response functions. While government consumption is often found to be an important determinant for the wage share, earlier research has neglected the full labor market effect of government job creation associated with an expansion of the welfare state. Sweden is an ideal case for studying the impact of welfare policy on the wage share, since it has been one of the most extensive welfare states and simultaneously has been one of the most egalitarian countries in the world.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ahrens2014,
  title = {Envy, Guilt, and the {{Phillips}} Curve},
  author = {Ahrens, Steffen and Snower, Dennis J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {69--84},
  issn = {0167-2681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.015},
  abstract = {We incorporate inequality aversion into an otherwise standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic equilibrium model with Calvo wage contracts and positive inflation. Workers with relatively low incomes experience envy, whereas those with relatively high incomes experience guilt. The former seek to raise their income and the latter seek to reduce it. The greater the inflation rate, the greater the degree of wage dispersion under Calvo wage contracts, and thus the greater the degree of envy and guilt experienced by the workers. Since the envy effect is stronger than the guilt effect, according to the available empirical evidence, a rise in the inflation rate leads workers to supply more labor over the contract period, generating a significant positive long-run relation between inflation and output (and employment), for low inflation rates. Provided that wage adjustments are costly, this tradeoff remains significant even once the degree of wage stickiness adjusts to the inflation rate. This Phillips curve relation, together with an inefficient zero-inflation steady state, provides a rationale for a positive long-run inflation rate. Given standard calibrations, optimal monetary policy is associated with a long-run inflation rate around 2\textbackslash textbackslash\%. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Fairness,Inequality aversion,Inflation,Long-run Phillips curve}
}

@article{Ahrens2019,
  title = {Theorizing the Impact of Fairness Perceptions on the Demand for Redistribution},
  author = {Ahrens, Leo},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {POLITICAL RESEARCH EXCHANGE},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1080/2474736X.2019.1617639},
  abstract = {Prior research shows that fairness judgements regarding the income distribution have a substantive impact on redistribution preferences. Those who perceive incomes as unfair demand more redistribution. However, the association is undertheorized in previous studies. This article adds to the literature by offering a comprehensive theoretical explanation of why incomes are perceived as unfair and how this influences the demand for redistribution. Based on equity theory from social psychology, it is argued that individuals develop a preference for redistribution if they consider their own income and incomes in general to be disproportional to relevant exchanged inputs. They assess proportionality by using social comparisons with observable reference groups such as colleagues, family members or other labour market participants. Multilevel models with survey data from 39 diverse countries support this theory. Individuals who perceive their own income as disproportional in comparison to their efforts and those who perceive incomes in general as disproportional demand more redistribution. These findings have several implications for research on political economy and social policy. Most importantly, they explain the inconclusive results of empirical tests of rational choice theories such as the median-voter hypothesis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fairness,income distribution,Redistribution,social policy}
}

@article{Aitken2019,
  title = {Measuring {{Welfare Beyond GDP}}},
  author = {Aitken, Andrew},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {NATIONAL INSTITUTE ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {249},
  number = {1},
  pages = {R3-R16},
  issn = {0027-9501},
  doi = {10.1177/002795011924900110},
  abstract = {Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is often treated as shorthand for national economic well-being, even though it was never intended to be; it is a measure of (some) of the marketable output of the economy. This paper reviews several developments in measuring welfare beyond GDP that were recently presented at the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE) annual conference in May 2019. The papers discussed fall into three broad areas. First, a significant amount of work has focused on incorporating information about the distribution of income, consumption and wealth in the national accounts. Second, the effects of digitisation and the growth of the internet highlight the potential value in measuring time use as a measure of welfare. Third, the digital revolution has spawned many new, often \textbackslash textasciigravefree' goods, the welfare consequences of which are difficult to measure. Other areas, such as government services, are also difficult to measure. Measuring economic welfare properly matters because it affects the decisions made by government and society. GDP does a reasonable job of measuring the marketable output of the economy (which remains important for some policies), but it should be downgraded; more attention should be given to measures that reflect both objective and subjective measures of well-being, and measures that better reflect the heterogeneity of peoples' experiences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {digital economy,economic measurement,GDP,inequality,time use,welfare}
}

@article{Aitken2023,
  title = {Time to Change? {{Promoting}} Mobility at Older Ages to Support Longer Working Lives},
  author = {Aitken, Andrew and Singh, Shruti},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ECONOMICS OF AGEING},
  volume = {24},
  issn = {2212-828X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100437},
  abstract = {Extending working lives has been a major priority across the OECD to mitigate the adverse effects of population ageing and declines in the working-age population. Despite significant increases in labour force participation rates of older workers aged 55-64, a key challenge facing policymakers is to promote retention and job-to-job mobility of older workers. Job stability (as measured by job tenure) is falling across many OECD countries and older workers are less likely to change jobs than their younger counterparts. While there is no optimal level of job mobility or length of job tenure - and there are costs and benefits for workers and firms to both - structural changes such as technological change will exacerbate the need for mobility and flexibility at middle and older ages. At the same time, low retention rates and persistently high-long-term unemployment rates among this group illustrate greater need for employers and governments to do more to support older workers to keep their jobs. Achieving this will require a comprehensive approach by all stakeholders including better management of age-diverse workforces in the workplace, removing institutional barriers to continued employment and improving the employability of workers throughout their working lives by, for example, promoting better op-portunities for lifelong learning and improving job quality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Job mobility,Job quality,Population ageing,Workforce retention}
}

@article{Akakpo2023,
  title = {High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotype Distribution among Women Living with {{HIV}}; Implication for Cervical Cancer Prevention in a Resource Limited Setting},
  author = {Akakpo, Patrick Kafui and {Ken-Amoah}, Sebastian and Enyan, Nancy Innocentia Ebu and Agyare, Elizabeth and Salia, Emmanuel and Baidoo, Ibrahim and {Derkyi-Kwarteng}, Leonard and Asare, Matthew and Adjei, George and Addo, Stephen Ayisi and {Obiri-Yeboah}, Dorcas},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND CANCER},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1750-9378},
  doi = {10.1186/s13027-023-00513-y},
  abstract = {BackgroundFor women living with HIV (WLHIV), the burden of persistent HPV infection, cervical pre-cancerous lesions and cancer have been demonstrated to be higher than among HIV-negative women. As Ghana and other lower-middle-income countries (LMIC) work toward developing national cervical cancer programmes, it is essential that local scientific evidence be provided to guide policy decisions, especially for such special populations. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of high-risk HPV genotype and related factors among WLHIV and its implication for the prevention of cervical cancer prevention efforts.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital in Ghana. WLHIV, aged 25-65 years, who met the eligibility criteria were recruited through a simple random sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather socio-demographic, behavioural, clinical and other pertinent information. The AmpFire HPV detection system (Atila BioSystem, Mointain View, CA was used to detect 15 high-risk HPV genotypes from self-collected cervico-vaginal samples. The data collected were exported to STATA 16.0 for statistical analysis.ResultsIn all, 330 study participants, with mean age of 47.2 years (SD +/- 10.7), were involved. Most (69.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 188/272) had HIV viral loads {$<$} 1000 copies/ml and 41.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 136) had ever heard of cervical screening. The overall hr-HPV prevalence was 42.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 141, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 37.4-48.1) and the five commonest hr-HPV types among screen positives were HPV59 (50.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), HPV18 (30.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), HPV35 (26.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), HPV58 (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and HPV45 (14.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most infected women (60.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 85) had multiple hr-HPV infections, with about 57.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 81) having 2-5 h-HPV types, while 2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 4) had more than five hr-HPV types. A total of 37.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 53) had HPV16 and/or18, while 66.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 93) had the hr-HPV genotypes covered by the nonavalent vaccine. Women with HIV viral load {$>$}= 1000copies/ml (AOR = 5.58, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.89-10.78, p {$<$} 0.001) had a higher likelihood of being co-infected.ConclusionThis study found out that the prevalence of hr-HPV still remains high in women with HIV, with a notable occurrence of multiple infections and infection with genotypes 16 and/or18. Additionally, an association was established between hr-HPV and infection HIV viral load.. Therefore, comprehensive HIV care for these women should include awareness of cervical cancer, consideration of vaccination and implementation of screening and follow-up protocols. National programmes in LMIC, such as Ghana, should consider using HPV-based screen-triage-treat approach with partial genotyping.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cervical cancer,Ghana,HIV,HPV,Resource-limited settings,Screening}
}

@article{Akobeng2020,
  title = {Harnessing Foreign Aid for the Poor: Role of Institutional Democracy},
  author = {Akobeng, Eric},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {47},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1689--1710},
  issn = {0144-3585},
  doi = {10.1108/JES-05-2019-0225},
  abstract = {Purpose This paper examines the relationship between foreign aid, institutional democracy and poverty. The paper explores the direct effect of foreign aid on poverty and quantifies the facilitating role of democracy in harnessing foreign aid for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach The paper attempts to address the endogenous relationship between foreign aid and poverty by employing the two-stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS-IV) estimator by using GDP per capita of the top five Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries sending foreign aid to SSA countries scaled by the inverse of the land area of the SSA countries to stimulate an exogenous variation in foreign aid and its components. The initial level of democracy is interacted with the senders' GDP per capita to also instrument for the interaction terms of democracy, foreign aid and its components. Findings The results suggest that foreign aid reduces poverty and different components of foreign aid have different effects on poverty. In particular, multilateral source and grant type seem to be more significant in reducing poverty than bilateral source and loan type. The study further reveals that democratic attributes of free expression, institutional constraints on the executive, guarantee of civil liberties to citizens and political participation reinforce the poverty-reducing effects of aggregate foreign aid and its components after controlling for mean household income, GDP per capita and inequality. Research limitations/implications The methodological concern related to modeling the effects of foreign aid on poverty is endogeneity bias. To estimate the relationship between foreign aid, democracy and poverty in SSA, this paper relies on a 2SLS-IV estimator with GDP per capita of the top five aid-sending OECD countries scaled by the inverse of land area of the SSA countries as an external instrument for foreign aid. The use of the five top OECD's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) countries is due to the availability of foreign aid data for these countries. However, non-OECD-DAC countries such as China and South Africa may be important source of foreign aid to some SSA countries. Practical implications The findings further suggest that the marginal effect of foreign aid in reducing poverty is increasing with the level of institutional democracy. In other words, foreign aid contributes more to poverty reduction in countries with democratic dispensation. This investigation has vital implications for future foreign aid policy, because it alerts policymakers that the effectiveness of foreign aid can be strengthened by considering the type and source of aid. Foreign aid and quality political institution may serve as an important mix toward the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and the Africa Union Agenda 2063. Social implications As the global economy faces economic and social challenges, SSA may not be able to depend heavily on foreign partners to finance the region's budget. There is the need for African governments to also come out with innovative ways to mobilize own resources to develop and confront some of the economic challenges to achieve the required reduction in poverty. This is a vision that every country in Africa must work toward. Africa must think of new ways of generating wealth internally for development so as to complement foreign aid flows and also build strong foundation for welfare improvement, self-reliance and sustainable development. Originality/value This existing literature does not consider how democracy enhances the foreign aid and poverty relationship. The existing literature does not explore how democracy enhances grants, loans, multilateral and bilateral aid effectiveness in reducing poverty. This paper provides the first-hand evidence of how institutional democracy enhances the poverty-reducing effects of foreign aid and its components. The paper uses exogenous variation in foreign aid to quantify the direct effect of foreign aid and its components on poverty.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Akter2019,
  title = {Barriers to Quality of Work Life among {{Bangladeshi}} Nurses: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Akter, N. and Akter, M. K. and Turale, S.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW},
  volume = {66},
  number = {3},
  pages = {396--403},
  issn = {0020-8132},
  doi = {10.1111/inr.12540},
  abstract = {Aim To explore and provide understanding of the barriers to quality of work life among registered nurses in Bangladesh. Background Globally, there is growing interest in the working environments of nurses, especially at a time of nursing shortages and with the focus on safety and care quality in health systems. In a low socio-economic country like Bangladesh, nurses struggle in a grossly underfunded healthcare system to deliver care to the people but no studies have been conducted on their quality of work life. Methods This qualitative descriptive study was conducted at three Bangladeshi tertiary hospitals in May 2015-January 2016. Three focus group discussions were held with 30 registered nurses exploring their perceived barriers to quality of work life. Data were analysed with content analysis. Findings Seven barriers to their work-life arose: heavy workloads; lack of government accommodation and transportation; poor health status; lack of support from nursing supervisors; lack of promotion opportunities; incomplete hospital policies and procedures; and lack of night shift and risk allowances. Discussion Participants described many issues and barriers impacting on their work-life. They perceived little reward for their hard work, felt that their health suffered from their working conditions and described a low QWL. Conclusion and policy implications Findings provide information for nursing and health policymakers and leaders to reduce barriers to improve work-life quality among nurses that can contribute better to quality of nursing care, and nursing retention and satisfaction. Work policies and practices, and funding and other resources need to be scrutinized to ensure better working conditions for Bangladeshi nurses. Limitations Interviews were conducted with nurses only in tertiary hospitals in the Bangladeshi capital, and understanding of barriers to work-life quality of nurses in other health settings and regions needs to be explored.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bangladesh,Barriers,Nurses,Qualitative Descriptive,Quality of Life,Quality of Work,Tertiary Hospitals,Working Environment}
}

@article{Al-Soleiti2021,
  title = {Barriers and Opportunities for Refugee Mental Health Services: Clinician Recommendations from {{Jordan}}},
  author = {{Al-Soleiti}, Majd and Abu Adi, Mahmoud and Nashwan, Ayat and {Rafla-Yuan}, Eric},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {2054-4251},
  doi = {10.1017/gmh.2021.36},
  abstract = {Background Jordan has received more than three million refugees from bordering countries during times of conflict, including over 600 000 Syrian refugees between 2011 and 2021. Amidst this humanitarian crisis, a new mental health system for Syrian refugees has developed in Jordan, with most clinical services administered through non-governmental organizations. Prior studies have identified increased risk of psychiatric disorders in refugee populations and significant barriers for Syrian refugees seeking mental health treatment, but few have reviewed the organization or ability of local systems to meet the needs of this refugee population. Methods Qualitative interviews of mental health professionals working with refugees in Jordan were conducted and thematically analyzed to assess efficacy and organizational dynamics. Results Interviewees described barriers to care inherent in many refugee settings, including financial limitations, shortages of mental health professionals, disparate geographic accessibility, stigma, and limited or absent screening protocols. Additional barriers not previously described in Jordan were identified, including clinician burnout, organizational metrics restricting services, insufficient visibility of services, and security restrictions. Advantages of the Jordanian system were also identified, including a receptive sociopolitical response fostering coordination and collaboration, open-door policies for accessing care, the presence of community and grassroots approaches, and improvements to health care infrastructure benefiting the local populace. Conclusions These findings highlight opportunities and pitfalls for program development in Jordan and other middle- and low-income countries. Leveraging clinician input can promote health system efficacy and improve mental health outcomes for refugee patients.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers to care,conflict,displacement,health policy,refugee camps,Refugee mental health}
}

@article{Al-Waqfi2012,
  title = {Of Private Sector Fear and Prejudice {{The}} Case of Young Citizens in an Oil-Rich {{Arabian Gulf}} Economy},
  author = {{Al-Waqfi}, Mohammed A. and Forstenlechner, Ingo},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {PERSONNEL REVIEW},
  volume = {41},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {609--629},
  issn = {0048-3486},
  doi = {10.1108/00483481211249139},
  abstract = {Purpose - The uncompromising preference of citizens for public sector employment throughout the Middle East is not new. However, with the recent saturation of the public sector job market and demographic pressures, it has grown to become a problem of unpredictable economic and social consequences. This paper aims to explore the factors determining career choice behaviour and the underlying career expectations and perceptions of young citizens in one Middle Eastern country, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the preference for public sector employment is not only very strong, but is also perceived as increasingly problematic. Design/methodology/approach - Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 60 UAE citizens in the age group of 18-23. Findings - The authors explore and discuss cognitive, social, and institutional factors that influence the job-seeking behaviour of young Emiratis and lead to negative attitudes towards the private sector. They further suggest potential causes of the very low private sector employment levels among UAE citizens and discuss their implications for policy makers. The authors argue for two main approaches: first, a focus on training and orientation of young citizens to enable them to confidently pursue job opportunities in the private sector. This may also include ways for providing young UAE citizens with private sector exposure, as 98 per cent of the national workforce is currently working in the public sector and a lot of what young UAE citizens think they know about the private sector is not founded in reality. Second, interventions to address structural and institutional challenges hindering employment of citizens including gaps in employment conditions and remuneration levels for citizens between the public and private employment sectors. Originality/value - While much previous research in this field has focused on the perceptions of employers, this is the first paper to actually explore the perceptions of those at the centre of the discussion young UAE citizens themselves.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Al-Zyoud2018,
  title = {Trends and Dynamics of Inequality in {{Alberta}}},
  author = {{Al-Zyoud}, Hussein and Islam, Shahidul and Leblanc, Carolyn},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {182--202},
  issn = {1030-1763},
  doi = {10.1080/10301763.2018.1520678},
  abstract = {The gender wage gap has been a subject of conversation for decades. Over the past 30years, many authors have examined the gender wage gap and income inequality in Canada, but few have investigated the unique circumstances which impact the various regions of the nation. Using the Canadian Labour Force Survey data for the period 1976-2004, this study examines the trends in earnings of males and females in Alberta, Canada by investigating the impact of differences in productivity, education, age, and industry on the gender wage gap. Previous literature suggests that differences in labour force participation rate, education level, skill achievement, age, and type of industry are the key variables for explaining gender income differences in employment. These variables are investigated using a linear regression to determine impact on the gender wage gap. Results suggest that the gender wage gap increases due to differing productivity levels and increases in relation to changes in employment participation of females aged 25-44years. Two interesting results were identified from the data of this study. Specifically, an increase of women in the goods producing industry reduced the gender wage gap for that population; while, an increase of women in the service industry resulted in an increase of the gender wage gap. These findings are significant for understanding how legislation regarding wage, work week, and social benefits impact the gender wage gap.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alberta,gender wage gap,industry,productivity}
}

@article{Alajajian2022,
  title = {Mixed-{{Methods Implementation Study}} of a {{Home Garden Intervention}} in {{Rural Guatemala Using}} the {{RE-AIM Framework}}},
  author = {Alajajian, Stephen and Abril, Andrea Guzman and Proano V, Gabriela and Jimenez, Elizabeth Yakes and Rohloff, Peter},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS},
  volume = {122},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1363--1374},
  issn = {2212-2672},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jand.2022.03.005},
  abstract = {Background Home gardening is a strategy to improve nutrition and food security. More information is needed about optimizing gardens in different contexts. Objective The aim was to identify implementation barriers and facilitators for a home gardening intervention in rural Guatemala and inform future larger-scale interventions in the region. Design A mixed-methods implementation study using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework was conducted from January 2019 to July 2020. Participants/setting Families (n = 70) in rural Guatemala participated in the intervention. Staff (n = 4), families (n = 6), and community stakeholders (n = 3) participated in interviews or focus groups. Intervention Participating households received seeds and seedlings for 16 crops, garden construction materials, agronomist-delivered education and assistance, and a standard-of-care nutrition program. Main outcome measures Implementation data were collected from program records and observations, participant surveys, and interviews and focus groups. Crop count and nutritional functional diversity of home gardens were assessed. Statistical analyses performed Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative outcomes. Qualitative data were double-coded and organized into overarching themes. Results Reach: Ninety percent of eligible households participated. Child nutritional eligibility criteria was a barrier to reach. Effectiveness: Participants and stakeholders felt the intervention improved access to diverse foods. Cultivated crops increased an average of five species (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI], 4-6) at 6 months, although not all were consumed. Adoption: The main community adoption barrier was water sourcing for garden irrigation.Implementation: Raised beds were the most common gardening method, with good adoption of agricultural best practices. Gray water filters and flexible implementation were important for participation. Maintenance: Crops failure rates were low. Seed availability was a sustainability challenge. Direct costs were 763 USD per household. Conclusions Interest and engagement with a home garden intervention in Guatemala were high. Gaps between garden production and consumption, access to water, and seed sourcing should be addressed in future work.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Alamgir2021,
  title = {Farm Income, Inequality, and Poverty among Farm Families of a Flood-Prone Area in {{Bangladesh}}: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment},
  author = {Alamgir, Md. Shah and Furuya, Jun and Kobayashi, Shintaro and Mostafiz, Rubaiya Binte and Ahmed, Md. Rashid},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {GEOJOURNAL},
  volume = {86},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2861--2885},
  issn = {0343-2521},
  doi = {10.1007/s10708-020-10231-2},
  abstract = {This paper examines the farm income differences, income inequality of farm households, parameters of income variability that ascertain vulnerability levels, and cost-income variability of agricultural crops in four districts of Mymensingh division in Bangladesh. Six hundred farm households from Mymensingh division were used as the source of data for the current study. The results of the analysis show that per capita income difference is significant in farm household among the districts, and agricultural income variation play an important role in per capita income. Higher income from agriculture contributed lower income inequality in the districts, even though employment income is dominant in most of the districts and highest income inequality is found in Netrokona district. Rice is the leading crop in most of districts, except Mymensingh where income share of other crops is high in the total agricultural income. Remittance income shows the higher income inequality among the districts that are lowest in employment and then agriculture. Agriculture is a primary contributor of inducing income disparity of farm households. In this context, we found that the key variation of agricultural income comes fromamanHYV andboroHYV rice crops. The cost and income of these rice crops was largely calculated based on the enhanced yields, higher irrigation, and chemical fertilizer and hired labor use per hectare land. By using the lognormal distribution under two scenarios (baseline, yield loss), we estimated the poverty rates resulted from the yield loss of rice production due to potential climate change impact in different districts. The unexpected yield loss of rice by climate change impact leads to the projection that poverty rates in Jamalpur and Netrokona districts would increase. It is, therefore, recommended that proper management of agricultural farms, crop diversification, and appropriate technology interventions are necessary to reduce income inequality and losses of farm income from climate change impact.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Farm income,Inequality,Poverty}
}

@article{AlAzzawi2019,
  title = {Household Asset Wealth and Female Labor Supply in {{MENA}}},
  author = {AlAzzawi, Shireen and Hlasny, Vladimir},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {QUARTERLY REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE},
  volume = {73},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {3--13},
  issn = {1062-9769},
  doi = {10.1016/j.qref.2019.08.002},
  abstract = {Female labor force participation rates in the Middle East and North Africa are low compared to other world regions. This study contributes to the literature explaining this phenomenon in Egypt (1998, 2006, 2012), Jordan (2010, 2016) and Tunisia (2014) by referring to women's unearned incomes, whether in the form of household wealth, the presence of male earners in the household, or total male monthly income. We estimate probability models of women's labor force participation, for the entire sample and, recognizing the role of wealth, by household wealth quintile. We find that the higher the wealth index of a woman's household, the less likely the woman is to participate in the labor force. This result holds even when the presence of a male wage worker in the household is accounted for, and when male income is included. The degree of regional wealth inequality also has bearing on women's labor force participation, but the results differ between Egypt, on the one hand, and Jordan and Tunisia, on the other hand. The magnitudes of the substitution and income effects on women's labor force participation vary by country and survey wave, and particularly between women in different wealth quintiles. (C) 2019 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asset-based wealth,Female employment,Labor force participation,MENA,Wealth inequality}
}

@article{Albelda2001,
  title = {Welfare-to-Work, Farewell to Families? {{US}} Welfare Reform and Work/Family Debates},
  author = {Albelda, R},
  year = {2001},
  month = mar,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {119--135},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545700110048092},
  abstract = {There are large research, policy, and economic gaps between the ways US researchers and policy makers address the work/family bind amongst middle-class professionals and poor lone mothers. This is clearly seen in US welfare reform, an important piece of work/family legislation in the 1990s. The new rules make the work/family binds worse for low-income mothers and do not alleviate poverty. With its clear expectation that poor mothers be employed the legislation opens up new avenues to revamp low-wage work for breadwinners and to socialize the costs of caring for family. Closing the literature gap my help to close the policy gap, which, in turn, would promote more income equality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {families,family policies,inequality,welfare,work and family}
}

@article{Albertini2017,
  title = {Unequal {{Inequalities}}: {{The Stratification}} of the {{Use}} of {{Formal Care Among Older Europeans}}},
  author = {Albertini, Marco and Pavolini, Emmanuele},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {72},
  number = {3},
  pages = {510--521},
  issn = {1079-5014},
  doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbv038},
  abstract = {Objectives: The general aim of the article is to incorporate the stratification perspective into the study of (long-term) care systems. In particular, 3 issues are investigated: the extents to which (a) personal and family resources influence the likelihood of using formal care in later life; (b) the unequal access to formal care is mediated by differences in the availability of informal support; (c) the relationship between individuals' resources and the use of formal care in old age varies across care regimes and is related to the institutional design of long-term care policies. Method: Data from Waves 1 and 2 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for 4 countries: Denmark, Germany, France, and Italy, and population aged at least 65 (N = 9,824) were used. Population-averaged logit models were used. Results: Logit models revealed that in terms of access to formal care: an individual's educational level plays a limited role; family networks function similarly across the countries studied; in general, financial wealth does not have a significant effect; there is a positive relation between income and the use of formal care in Germany and Italy, and no significant relation in France and Denmark; home ownership has a negative effect in Germany and Denmark. On accounting for informal care, inequality associated with individuals' economic resources remains substantially unaltered. Discussion: The study shows that care systems based on services provision grant higher access to formal care and create lower inequalities. Moreover, countries where cash-for-care programs and family responsibilities are more important register inequalities in the use of formal care. Access to informal care does not mediate the distribution of formal care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aging,Care regimes,Europe,Formal care,Inequality,Long-term care}
}

@article{Alderson2022,
  title = {Parental Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: {{Learning}} from Remote and Hybrid Working to Influence Future Support},
  author = {Alderson, Hayley and Barrett, Simon and Addison, Michelle and Burns, Samantha and Cooling, Victoria and Hackett, Simon and Kaner, Eileen and McGovern, William and Smart, Deborah and McGovern, Ruth},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {1745-5057},
  doi = {10.1177/17455057221129399},
  abstract = {Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated intimate partner violence and abuse. Incidents of intimate partner violence and abuse have increased as a result of household tensions due to enforced coexistence (multiple national lockdowns and working from home practices), economic stress related to loss of income, the disruption of social and protective networks and the decreased access to support services. This study aimed to understand how female survivors of parental intimate partner violence and abuse have experienced the adapted multi-agency response to intimate partner violence and abuse during the pandemic and consider learning from remote and hybrid working to influence future support. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Data collection took place between March and September 2021. In total, 17 female survivors of intimate partner violence and abuse took part in the project; we conducted the semi-structured interviews via telephone (n = 9) and conducted an online focus group (n =8). Results: Findings identified that services for those experiencing intimate partner violence and abuse need to be innovative, flexible and adaptable and \textbackslash textasciigravereach out' to survivors rather than waiting for survivors to \textbackslash textasciigravereach in' and ask for support. Findings show that the digital space highlights \textbackslash textasciigravemissed opportunities' for engagement with both professionals and peers and the potential for digital poverty is a key implication, which risks entrenching existing inequalities. Conclusion: In-depth consideration needs to be given to the design, delivery and evaluation of online interventions and provision of support to improve access and acceptability of services, maximize their effectiveness and to support the safety of survivors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,intimate partner violence and abuse,lived experience,parents,qualitative}
}

@article{Aldous1998,
  title = {Fathering over Time: {{What}} Makes the Difference?},
  author = {Aldous, J and Mulligan, {\relax GM} and Bjarnason, T},
  year = {1998},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {60},
  number = {4},
  pages = {809--820},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.2307/353626},
  abstract = {This article examines how much fathers participate in child care, an important component of domestic duties, and factors related to it. It has the advantage of longitudinal data, so that it is possible to look at changes in fathers' participation and factors affecting changes and continuities over time. The data come from the 1987-1988 and 1992-1993 National Surveys of Families and Households. The sample is restricted to White, two-parent families with at least one child younger than 5 years of age at the time of the first survey. The analyses control for the number of children and the gender of the child for whom there is fathering information. Based on prior theories and research, the study variables related to fathers' child care include performance of household tasks, their marital quality, gender tale ideologies, perceptions of the fairness of the division of domestic label; and the mothers' childcare hours. The labor-force variables are the husbands' and wives' hours of paid employment, as well as the earned incomes of husbands and wives. The findings indicate that hours on the job keep some men from active fathering, but if they begin taking care of young children, a continuing pattern is established. Mothers' child-care hours are positively related to fathers' child care, and fathers do more with sons. The discussion places the findings in theoretical context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child care,childrearing,fathering,parenting,paternal involvement},
  note = {34th Seminar of the Committee-on-Family-Research of the International-Sociological-Association, ISRAEL, MAY 19, 1997}
}

@article{Alexander2013,
  title = {Protocol for a Prospective, Controlled Study of Assertive and Timely Reperfusion for Patients with {{ST-segment}} Elevation Myocardial Infarction in {{Tamil Nadu}}: The {{TN-STEMI}} Programme},
  author = {Alexander, Thomas and Victor, Suma M. and Mullasari, Ajit S. and Veerasekar, Ganesh and Subramaniam, Kala and Nallamothu, Brahmajee K. and Investigators, TN-STEMI Programme},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {3},
  number = {12},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003850},
  abstract = {Introduction: Over the past two decades, India has witnessed a staggering increase in the incidence and mortality of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Indians have higher rates of STEMI and younger populations that suffer from it when compared with developed countries. Yet, the recommended reperfusion therapy with fibrinolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention is available only to a minority of patients. This gap in care is a result of financial barriers, limited healthcare infrastructure and poor knowledge and accessibility of acute medical services for a majority of its population. Methods and analysis: This is a prospective, multicentre, \textbackslash textasciigravepretest/post-test' quasi-experimental, community-based study. This programme will use a \textbackslash textasciigravehub-and-spoke' model of an integrated healthcare network based on clusters of primary-care health clinics, small hospitals and large tertiary-care facilities. It is an \textbackslash textasciigraveall-comers' study which will enrol consecutive patients presenting with STEMI to the participating hospitals. The primary objectives of the study is to improve the use of reperfusion therapy and reduce the time from first medical contact to device or drug in STEMI patients; and to increase the rates of early invasive risk stratification with coronary angiography within 3-24 h of fibrinolytic therapy in eligible patients through changes in process of care. Outcomes will be measured with statistical comparison made before and after implementing the TN-STEMI programme. The estimated sample size is based on the Kovai Erode Pilot study, which provided an initial work on establishing this type of programme in South India. It will be adequately powered at 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% with a superiority margin of 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% if 36 patients are enrolled per cluster or 108 patients in three clusters. Thus, the enrolment period of 9 months will result in a sample size of 1500 patients. Ethics: This study will be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the current Declaration of Helsinki and \textbackslash textasciigraveethical guidelines for biomedical research on human participants' as laid down by the Indian Council for Medical Research. All participating hospitals will still obtain local ethics committee approval of the study protocol and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Dissemination and results: Our findings will be reported through scientific publications, research conferences and public policy venues aimed at state and local governments in India. If successful, this model can be extended to other areas of India as well as serve as a model of STEMI systems of care for low-income and middle-income countries across the world.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Alfa-Wali2017,
  title = {Practice, Training and Safety of Laparoscopic Surgery in Low and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {{Alfa-Wali}, Maryam and Osaghae, Samuel},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13--18},
  issn = {1948-9366},
  doi = {10.4240/wjgs.v9.i1.13},
  abstract = {Surgical management of diseases is recognised as a major unmet need in low and middle-income countries ( LMICs). Laparoscopic surgery has been present since the 1980s and offers the benefit of minimising the morbidity and potential mortality associated with laparotomies. Laparotomies are often carried out in LMICs for diagnosis and management, due to lack of radiological investigative and intervention options. The use of laparoscopy for diagnosis and treatment is globally variable, with high-income countries using laparoscopy routinely compared with LMICs. The specific advantages of minimally invasive surgery such as lower surgical site infections and earlier return to work are of great benefit for patients in LMICs, as time lost not working could result in a family not being able to sustain themselves. Laparoscopic surgery and training is not cheap. Cost is a major barrier to healthcare access for a significant population in LMICs. Therefore, cost is usually seen as a major barrier for laparoscopic surgery to be integrated into routine practice in LMICs. The aim of this review is to focus on the practice, training and safety of laparoscopic surgery in LMICs. In addition it highlights the barriers to progress in adopting laparoscopic surgery in LMICs and how to address them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Global surgery,Laparoscopic surgery,Laparoscopic training,Laparoscopy,Low and middle-income countries,Minimally invasive surgery,Patient safety}
}

@article{Alfaro-Serrano2021,
  title = {Interventions to Promote Technology Adoption in Firms: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  author = {{Alfaro-Serrano}, David and Balantrapu, Tanay and Chaurey, Ritam and Goicoechea, Ana and Verhoogen, Eric},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  doi = {10.1002/cl2.1181},
  abstract = {Background The adoption of improved technologies is generally associated with better economic performance and development. Despite its desirable effects, the process of technology adoption can be quite slow and market failures and other frictions may impede adoption. Interventions in market processes may be necessary to promote the adoption of beneficial technologies. This review systematically identifies and summarizes the evidence on the effects of interventions that shape the incentives of firms to adopt new technologies. Following Foster and Rosenzweig, technology is defined as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe relationship between inputs and outputs,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and technology adoption as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe use of new mappings between input and outputs and the corresponding allocations of inputs that exploit the new mappings.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The review focuses on studies that include direct evidence on technology adoption, broadly defined, as an outcome. The term intervention refers broadly to sources of exogenous variation that shape firms' incentives to adopt new technologies, including public policies, interventions carried out by private institutions (such as NGOs), experimental manipulations implemented by academic researchers trying to understand technology adoption, and natural experiments. Objective The objective of this review is to answer the following research questions: To what extent do interventions affect technology adoption in firms? To what extent does technology adoption affect profits, employment, productivity, and yields? Are these effects heterogeneous across sectors, firm size, countries, workers' skill level, or workers' gender? 1.2.3. Selection Criteria To be included, papers had to meet the inclusion criteria described in detail in Section 3.1 which is grouped into four categories: (1) Participants, (2) Interventions, (3) Methodology, and (4) Outcomes. Regarding participants, our focus was on firms, and we omitted studies at the country or region level. In terms of interventions, we included studies that analyzed a source of exogenous variation in incentives for firms to adopt new technologies and estimated their effects. Thus, we left out studies that only looked at correlates of technology adoption, without a credible strategy to establish causality, and only included studies that used experimental or quasi-experimental methods. Regarding outcomes, papers were included only if they estimated effects of interventions (broadly defined) on technology adoption, although we also considered other firm outcomes as secondary outcomes in studies that reported them. Search Methods The first step in selecting the studies to be included in the systematic review was to identify a set of candidate papers. This set included both published and unpublished studies. To look for candidate papers, we implemented an electronic search and, in a subsequent step, a manual search. The electronic search involved running a keyword search on the most commonly used databases for published and unpublished academic studies in the broad topic area. The words and their Boolean combinations were carefully chosen (more details in Section 3.2). The selected papers were initially screened on title and abstract. If papers passed this screen, they were screened on full text. Those studies that met the stated criteria were then selected for analysis. The manual search component involved asking for references from experts and searching references cited by papers selected through the electronic search. These additional papers were screened based on title and abstract and the remaining were screened on full text. If they met the criteria they were added to the list of selected studies. Data Collection and Analysis For the selected studies, the relevant estimates of effects and their associated standard errors (SEs) were entered into an Excel spreadsheet along with other related information such as sample size, variable type, and duration for flow variables. Other information such as authors, year of publication, and country and/or region where the study was implemented was also included in the spreadsheet. Once the data were entered for each of the selected studies, the information on sample size, effect size and SE of the effect size was used to compute the standardized effect size for each study to make the results comparable across studies. For those studies for which relevant data were not reported, we contacted the authors by email and incorporated the information they provided. Forest plots were then generated and within-study pooled average treatment effects were computed by outcome variable. In addition, an assessment of reporting on potential biases was conducted including (1) reporting on key aspects of selection bias and confounding, (2) reporting on spillovers of interventions to comparison groups, (3) reporting of SEs, and (4) reporting on Hawthorne effects and the collection of retrospective data. Results The electronic and manual searches resulted in 42,462 candidate papers. Of these, 80 studies were ultimately selected for the review after screenings to apply the selection criteria. Relevant data were extracted for analysis from these 80 studies. Overall, 1108 regression coefficients across various interventions and outcomes were included in the analysis, representing a total of 4,762,755 firms. Even though the search methods included both high-income and developing countries, only 1 of the 80 studies included in the analysis was in a high-income country, while the remaining 79 were in developing countries. We discuss the results in two parts, looking at firms in manufacturing and services separately from firms (i.e., farms) in agriculture. In each case, we consider both technology adoption and other firm outcomes. Authors' Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that some interventions led to positive impacts on technology adoption among firms across manufacturing, services, and agriculture sectors, but given the wide variation in the time periods, contexts, and study methodologies, the results are hard to generalize. The effects of these interventions on other firm performance measures such as farm yields, firm profits, productivity, and employment were mixed. Policy-makers must be careful in interpreting these results as a given intervention may not work equally well across contexts and may need to be adjusted to each specific regional context. There is great need for more research on the barriers to technology adoption by firms in developing countries and interventions that may help alleviate these obstacles. One major implication for researchers from our review is that there is a need to carefully measure technology adoption.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Ali2012,
  title = {Re-Engineering of {{ICT Engineering Education}}},
  author = {Ali, Asha and Aliyar, Liyamol},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING EDUCATION: INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND FUTURE TRENDS (AICERA)},
  abstract = {From the unique \textbackslash textasciigraveGurukula' style of teaching prevailed during the Vedic period, education as on date has evolved to the most modern concept of e-learning. The method of imparting knowledge through coexistence of teacher and students in ancient times has been transformed to such an extent where the direct physical interaction between students and teacher is not at all required. However, it is a fact that we are still accustomed to the traditional way of classroom teaching, memory checking tests, compulsory attendance etc. even in our post graduate level of technical education. Teaching pattern followed in high school level is followed in the same intensity even at engineering colleges. It is well known that science and mathematics are important tools of engineering programme but they are not themselves sufficient for one's success as an engineer. As world's dependence on technology is increasing tremendously, the need of the hour is to mould engineering graduates with adequate skills and will power required to explore and exploit the new opportunities of the world and thereby to contribute successfully towards the social and economic prosperity of our country. This paper makes a humble attempt to uncover the limitations of current engineering education and also tries to put forward some proactive measures to attain the desired results. It is a fact that the technological advancement we had made is not used up to the full potential in the field of education. The factors that restrain engineering colleges from doing so may be listed as financial constraints, lack of professionalism, method of \textbackslash textasciigraveresult-oriented' teaching rather than knowledge based teaching and shortage of skilled teaching manpower. Serious exploration of the following areas will be required to overcome some of the above deficiencies felt in the current engineering education: 1. Thrust on Research \textbackslash textbackslash\& Development 2. Entrepreneurship development programmes 3. Social informatics 4. Electronic Technology 5. Industry-oriented education and Institute -industry interface The judgement regarding the intellectual capability of technical professionals can be done on the basis of research work carried out in their respective countries. For every one lakh people, there are 150 researchers in India while the same is 3800 in US. Number of patents per one million is approximated as one in India where as it is 289 in US. Today's engineers in the computer and IT field are well settled with their jobs after graduation. Due to the high salary and lucrative facilities offered by various IT companies, fields like research, teaching etc. are ignored by youth. One of the reasons for above backwardness is the lack of orientation given in the field of research during their graduation. A remarkable progress can surely be made if they are given motivation in pursuing career in the filed of research and teaching during their graduation. Availability of highly skilled and research-oriented teaching faculty is a necessity for inculcating the flair of research to fresh engineers. Thrust on research should be assured for assignments and project work carried out by the engineers during their course of study. Research-oriented learning makes our youth capable of out-of-the-box thinking and therefore innovative ideas will be generated even at student level. As a result, teaching faculty will also be equally benefited. Tomorrow's success is highly guaranteed for those engineering professionals who can address the entrepreneurial requirements and balance them with the specialized technological competencies. The skills and knowledge required to become a successful entrepreneur is not given due importance in the current engineering curriculum. Presently, entrepreneurship is taught only in business schools, but now the situation demands the same to be incorporated sufficiently in engineering curriculum. This will help an engineer to develop business skills along with technical skills so that opportunities can be efficiently transformed into workable business models. Social informatics relates to the interaction between society and information-communication technologies (ICT). Addition of social informatics to engineering curriculum will help IT professionals to increase their accountability in social, cultural, political, economical, legal and ethical areas where their technical competencies will be applied. The other advantage is the extension of learning process beyond the classroom to the society and developing a sense of caring for others. We are now blessed with the latest networking technologies like Internet, Intranet, Cloud computing, Wi-fi etc. It is with concern to mention that most of the engineering colleges had made use of the above technologies for improving their administrative efficiency and not for bettering academic efficiency of students. Educational institutions should embrace latest networking technologies in developing new learning platform. Since jobs become more and more insecure and mid life career changes are frequent, lifelong learning is becoming an essential requirement for engineering professionals. This situation can be effectively utilised by engineering colleges for conducting virtual classrooms for practising engineers that can yield financial advantage for teaching faculty and college as well. It is often said that engineering may be the only professional course largely taught by non-practitioners. Hence institute-industry interface, can very well compensate the missing link of industrial exposure. Industries today demand teamwork from fresh recruited engineers whereas teamwork is given less priority in the current engineering curriculum. Industry being the end user of engineering graduates, restructuring of the curriculum in line with industrial demands may also be tried out. Adaptability to industrial environment is a main factor for the successful discharge of an engineer's responsibilities. Universities must recognise the fact that industry is their main client and hence students must be given ample opportunities to interact with industries. Industry-oriented learning for engineering students is almost like a \textbackslash textasciigravegive and take policy' since both industries as well as students is equally benefited. India had made a remarkable progress in recent years especially in the service sector. Global community is well aware of our mettle in IT and BPO industries. The unique advantage we are having is the pool of skilled manpower, which we would need to grow consistently in order to sustain our competitive edge in current market scenario. Now we have to aim for an equilibrium in which we should focus equally on R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D sector along with BPO. More than 200 companies listed in the fortune 500 companies had already established their R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D facilities in India. To accelerate India's growth as a hub for R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D, availability of employable engineers with passion for research is utmost essential. This requires additional infrastructure and faculty requirement as well as radical changes in current technical education system. The stage is now set for industry experts, academia think tanks and top brass of government policy makers to review the existing engineering education and to initiate debate and discussions to enhance the quality of education. It is presumed that this paper will be an eye opener for the above purpose. This paper discusses the different challenges faced by the engineering education systems and suggestions based on various alternative strategies are discussed which can easily be incorporated into the engineering curricula; the introduction of which makes the system complete in all meaning.},
  isbn = {978-1-4673-2267-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Engineering Education,Entrepreneurship,Industrial oriented teaching and learning,Industry-Institute Interface,Research,Social Informatics},
  note = {IEEE International Conference on Engineering Education - Innovative Practices and Future Trends (AICERA), Amal Jyothi Coll Engn, Kottayam, INDIA, JUL 19-21, 2012}
}

@article{Ali2022,
  title = {Women's Employment in {{Gilgit-Baltistan}}: A Contested Terrain},
  author = {Ali, Rabia and Bashir, Iffat},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL STUDIES},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {233--245},
  issn = {2050-103X},
  doi = {10.1504/IJHRCS.2022.123682},
  abstract = {This paper aims to explore the attitudes of men towards women's employment in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan. Data was collected through a survey from men belonging to different backgrounds and experiences including professionals working in NGOs, government officers, businessmen, and university students. The data illustrates that despite high literacy rates for women and an increase in labour participation of women in Gilgit City, men do not favour women's work, especially in male-dominated professions. Interestingly though, men disapproved of their own sisters/wives/relatives working along with men in certain professions yet they readily accepted the idea of having women colleagues at work. Nevertheless, women's work in private spaces and their contribution to familial responsibilities were acknowledged. Women's employment was believed to involve challenges and barriers including harassment, low wages, and slow promotions. The outcomes of women's work were perceived to be positive and to be leading towards better health conditions and empowerment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {attitude,conflict,family,Gilgit-Pakistan,women,workplace}
}

@article{Alili2018,
  title = {Did {{FDI}} Increase Wage Inequality in Transition Economies?},
  author = {Alili, Merita Zulfiu and Adnett, Nick},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {45},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1283--1304},
  issn = {0306-8293},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSE-09-2017-0373},
  abstract = {Purpose The last two decades have been characterised by a rise in income and wage inequality in a wide range of countries, including European transition countries. The rise in globalisation is one major factor explaining this increasing wage inequality. International trade and FDI have increased significantly since the beginning of transition and the purpose of this paper is to focus on whether FDI plays an important role in explaining the pattern of wage inequality in selected transition countries. Design/methodology/approach A cross-country empirical investigation has been conducted using two alternative measures of wage inequality: the Gini coefficient and the Theil index. Several model specifications and estimation strategies have been employed to obtain consistent estimates and to check for the robustness of the results. Findings The results indicate that a rising share of inward FDI in gross domestic product (GDP) increased wage inequality in transition economies, though its overall effect was relatively small. Considering the long run, there is no clear evidence of a concave relationship between FDI and wage inequality, which may be a consequence of the relatively low levels of FDI in many transition countries. Practical implications Inwards FDI has made a small contribution to increasing wage inequality in European transition economies. However, its overall beneficial effects on labour markets in these countries suggest that rather than restricting FDI governments should target increasing the supply of skilled labour. Originality/value This new empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that an increased inward FDI stock as a share of GDP increases wage inequality in transition economies, however, this relationship is a complex one. Differences in average wages, wage differentials, employment shares of skilled workers and relative size of the foreign-owned sector are all likely to be important for the behaviour of wage inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Foreign direct investment,Transition economies,Wage inequality}
}

@article{Alinaghi2020,
  title = {The {{Redistributive Effects}} of a {{Minimum Wage Increase}} in {{New Zealand}}: {{A Microsimulation Analysis}}},
  author = {Alinaghi, Nazila and Creedy, John and Gemmell, Norman},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {517--538},
  issn = {0004-9018},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-8462.12381},
  abstract = {This paper examines the potential effects on inequality and poverty of a minimum wage increase, based on a microsimulation model that captures the details of household composition and the income tax and welfare benefit system and allows for labour supply responses. Results suggest that, largely due to the composition of household incomes, a policy of increasing the minimum wage has a relatively small effect on the inequality of income per adult equivalent person, and a money metric utility measure, using several inequality indices. Hence, the minimum wage policy does not appear to be particularly well targeted, largely due to many low wage earners being secondary earners in higher income households, while many low income households have no wage earners at all. These results are reinforced when allowing for wage spillovers further up the wage distribution. Nevertheless, a minimum wage increase can have a more substantial effect on some poverty measures for sole parents in employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Allaire2005,
  title = {Employment and Satisfaction Outcomes from a Job Retention Intervention Delivered to Persons with Chronic Diseases},
  author = {Allaire, {\relax SH} and Niu, {\relax JB} and LaValley, {\relax MP}},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {100--109},
  issn = {0034-3552},
  doi = {10.1177/00343552050480020401},
  abstract = {Job retention services are recommended for people with chronic diseases based on their high risk for work disability. This randomized trial tested the effectiveness of a job retention intervention in a sample of employed persons with rheumatic diseases at risk for work disability. One hundred and twenty-two experimental participants received the job retention intervention, and 120 controls received written materials. Employment status was assessed at 6-month intervals up to 48 months after enrollment. Main outcomes were time to job loss and satisfaction with the experimental and control interventions. The log-rank test was used to detect a difference between the groups in time to job loss. Between-group differences in satisfaction scores were analyzed using Wilcoxon tests. Job loss was delayed in experimental participants compared with controls, p = 0.03. Satisfaction scores for the job retention intervention were substantially higher than those for the written materials, p {$<$} 0.0001. Job retention intervention has the potential to reduce the high rates of chronic disease-associated job loss.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Allard2022,
  title = {Indian Female Migrants Face Greater Barriers to Post-{{Covid}} Recovery than Males: {{Evidence}} from a Panel Study},
  author = {Allard, Jenna and Jagnani, Maulik and Neggers, Yusuf and Pande, Rohini and Schaner, Simone and Moore, Charity Troyer},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ECLINICALMEDICINE},
  volume = {53},
  doi = {10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101631},
  abstract = {Background India's abrupt nationwide Covid-19 lockdown internally displaced millions of migrant workers, who returned to distant rural homes. Documenting their labour market reintegration is a critical aspect of understanding the economic costs of the pandemic for India's poor. In a country marked by low and declining female labour force participation, identifying gender gaps in labour market reintegration - as a marker of both women's vulnerability at times of crisis and setbacks in women's agency - is especially important. Yet most studies of pandemic -displaced internal migrants in India are small, rely on highly selected convenience samples, and lack a gender focus. Methods Beginning in April 2020 we enrolled roughly 4,600 displaced migrants who had, during the lockdown, returned to two of India's poorest states into a cohort observational study which tracked enrolees through July 2021. Survey respondents were randomly selected from the states' official databases of return migrants, with sampling stratified by state and gender. 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of enrolees (3950) were working prior to the pandemic. Our difference-in-means analysis uses three survey waves conducted in July to August 2020, January to March 2021, and June to July 2021. Our analysis focuses on a balanced panel of 1780 previously working enrolees (the 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents present in the first wave that also participated in the subsequent two survey rounds). Primary outcomes of interest include labour market re-entry, earnings, and measures of vulnerability by gender. Findings Before the March 2020 national lockdown, 98\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace97,99]) of workers were employed in the non-agricultural sector. In July 2020, one month after the end of the lockdown, incomes plummet, with both genders earning roughly 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their pre-pandemic incomes. 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace45,49]) were employed in agriculture and 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace35,39]) were unemployed. Remigration is critical to regaining income - by January 2021, male re-migrants report earnings on par with their pre-pandemic incomes, while men remaining in rural areas earn only 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace19,27]) of their pre-pandemic income. Remigration benefits women to a lesser extent - female re-migrants regain no more than 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace57,73]) of their pre-pandemic income at any point. Yet men and women struggle to remigrate throughout - by July 2021, no more than 63\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace60,66]) of men and 55\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace51,59]) of women had left their home villages since returning. Gender gaps in income recovery largely reflect higher rates of unemployment among women, both among those remaining in rural areas (9 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace6,13]) higher than men across waves) and among those who remigrate (13 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace9,17]) higher than men across waves). As a result, we observe gender gaps in well-being: relative to male counterparts, women across waves were 7 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace4,10]) more likely to report reduced consumption of essential goods and fared 6 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace4,7]) worse on a food insecurity index. Interpretation Displaced migrants of both genders experienced persistent hardships for over a year after the initial pandemic lockdown. Women fare worse, driven by both lower rates of remigration and lower rates of labour market re-entry both inside and outside home villages. Some women drop out of the labour force entirely, but most unem-ployed report seeking or being available to work. In short, pandemic-induced labour market displacement has far-reaching, long-term consequences for migrant workers, especially women. Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Covid-19 pandemic,Domestic migrants,food insecurity,India,labour markets,panel}
}

@article{Allel2021,
  title = {Healthy Retirement Begins at School: Educational Differences in the Health Outcomes of Early Transitions into Retirement},
  author = {Allel, Kasim and Leon, Ana Sofia and Staudinger, Ursula M. and Calvo, Esteban},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {137--157},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X19000928},
  abstract = {The literature on socio-economic variations in the association between retirement timing and health is inconclusive and largely limited to the moderating role of occupation. By selecting the sample case of Mexico where a sizeable number of older adults have no or very little formal education, this study allows the moderating role of education to be tested properly. Drawing on panel data for 2,430 individuals age 50 and over from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and combining propensity score matching models with fixed-effects regressions, this article investigates differences in the health effects of retirement timing between older adults with varying years of education. Subjective health is measured using a self-reported assessment of respondents' overall health and physical health as a reverse count of doctor-diagnosed chronic diseases. The results indicate that early transitions into retirement are associated with worse health outcomes, but education fully compensates for the detrimental association with subjective and physical health, while adjusting for baseline health, demographics and socio-economic characteristics. In conclusion, formal education during childhood and adolescence is associated with a long-term protective effect on health. It attenuates negative health consequences of early retirement transitions. Policies and programmes promoting healthy and active ageing would benefit from considering the influence of formal education in shaping older adults' health after the transition into retirement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chronic disease,developing countries,education,employment,lifecourse,retirement,self-reported health,work}
}

@article{Allen2022,
  title = {Inequalities of Extreme Commuting across {{Canada}}},
  author = {Allen, Jeff and Palm, Matthew and {Tiznado-Aitken}, Ignacio and Farber, Steven},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {42--52},
  issn = {2214-367X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2022.05.005},
  abstract = {There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact mental health and well-being. An \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveextreme commuter \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave is a worker who has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in Canada. We use a 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n = 4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016 across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the workforce had commute times exceeding 60 mi-nutes. However, this rate of extreme commuting was 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for low-income households, 13.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for immigrants, and 13.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Black Canadians and 14.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,Commuting,Extreme commuting,Immigration,Race,Social inequalities}
}

@article{Aloe2023,
  title = {Time and {{Income Poverty Measurement}}. {{An Ongoing Debate}} on the {{Inclusion}} of {{Time}} in {{Poverty Assessment}}},
  author = {Aloe, Erica},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-023-03144-3},
  abstract = {This article aspires to foster the debate around the methods for measuring time and income poverty. In the last fifteen years a few studies (Dorn et al. in RIW, 2023; Harvey and Mukhopadhyay in SIR 82, 57-77, 2007; Bardasi and Wodon in FE 16, 45-78, 2010; Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939383, 2011; Merz and Rathjen in RIW 60, 450-479, 2014) attempted to measure multidimensional deprivation including time poverty in the definition. Some of them (Bardasi \textbackslash textbackslash\& Wodon in FE 16, 45-78, 2010; Harvey \textbackslash textbackslash\& Mukhopadhyay in SIR 82, 57-77, 2007; Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.1939383, 2011) put unpaid work-and, therefore, gender inequalities in the division of work-at the center. Despite the fact that the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) was first presented more than a decade ago (Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939383, 2011), the measure was always employed in reports and never empirically discussed in an academic article. Here I want to fill this gap in the debate by comparing the LIMTIP to the other measures and by applying it to a new case- Italy-furthering the exploration around the linkages between gendered time allocation, employment patterns and household wellbeing in a country characterized by an extraordinary low women's participation in the labor market and an equally extraordinary wide gender gap in unpaid care and domestic work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Gender,Household,LIMTIP,Poverty,Time use}
}

@article{Alrimawi2019,
  title = {Palestinian {{Nurses}}' and {{Doctors}}' {{Perceptions}} and {{Practices Regarding}} the {{Prevention}} of {{Injuries}} to {{Children}} in the {{Home}}: {{An Explorative Qualitative Study}}},
  author = {Alrimawi, Intima and Hall, Carol and Watson, Michael Craig},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {COMPREHENSIVE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT NURSING-BUILDING EVIDENCE FOR PRACTICE},
  volume = {42},
  number = {3},
  pages = {172--189},
  issn = {2469-4193},
  doi = {10.1080/24694193.2018.1446058},
  abstract = {Unintentional injuries are a growing global public health problem that causes mortality, morbidity, and disability among children. These injuries are common among under-fives and form a significant burden on healthcare systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Nurses and doctors have a major role to play in the prevention of home injuries, as expressed in many international reports. In Palestine, there is a paucity of research in this area. Therefore, this study aims to explore nurses' and doctors' perceptions and practices regarding the prevention of home injuries among children aged under-five years. A qualitative approach was followed, whereby semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 24 nurses and doctors who worked with children in a primary health care setting. The derived data were analyzed using thematic analysis. This study found that most of the nurses and doctors who were interviewed reported positive attitudes toward working on this topic; the majority of them attempted to work on injury prevention. Nevertheless, they needed further support to fulfil this potential role, as they faced many barriers in their daily practice in this area. Policy makers could potentially take advantage of this attitude and support them by providing training, resources, and time for them to implement this role.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Doctors' perceptions,doctors' practice,home injuries,nurses' perceptions,nurses' practice,qualitative,unintentional injuries}
}

@article{Alsoof2023,
  title = {County {{Rurality}} Is {{Associated}} with {{Increased Tumor Size}} and {{Decreased Survival}} in {{Patients}} with {{Ewing Sarcoma}}},
  author = {Alsoof, Daniel and Kasthuri, Viknesh and Homer, Alexander and Glueck, Jacob and McDonald, Christopher L. and Kuris, Eren O. and Daniels, Alan H.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {ORTHOPEDIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {2035-8237},
  doi = {10.52965/001c.74118},
  abstract = {Background Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. Prior studies investigated the association between rurality and outcomes, although there is a paucity of literature focusing on ES. Objective This study aims to determine whether ES patients in rural areas are subject to adverse outcomes. Methods This study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A Poisson regression model was used with controls for race, sex, median county income, and age to determine the association between rurality and tumor size. A multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Model was utilized, controlling for age, race, gender, income, and tumor size. Results There were 868 patients eligible for analysis, with a mean age of 14.14 years. Of these patients, 97 lived in rural counties (11.18\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Metropolitan areas had a 9.50\textbackslash textbackslash\% smaller tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001), compared to non-metropolitan counties. Patients of Black race had a 14.32\textbackslash textbackslash\% larger tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001), and male sex was associated with a 15.34\textbackslash textbackslash\% larger tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001). The Cox Proportional Hazard model estimated that metropolitan areas had a 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower risk of death over time, compared to non-metropolitan areas (HR: 0.64, p {$<$}= 0.04). Conclusion Patients in metropolitan areas had a smaller tumor size at time of diagnosis and had a more favorable survival rate for cancer-specific mortality compared to patients residing in rural areas. Further work is needed to examine interventions to reduce this discrepancy and investigate the effect of extremely rural and urban settings and why racial disparities occur.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Alspaugh2021,
  title = {Universal {{Health Care}} for the {{United States}}: {{A Primer}} for {{Health Care Providers}}},
  author = {Alspaugh, Amy and Lanshaw, Nikki and Kriebs, Jan and Van Hoover, Cheri},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MIDWIFERY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {441--451},
  issn = {1526-9523},
  doi = {10.1111/jmwh.13233},
  abstract = {The United States is one of a very few high-income countries that does not guarantee every person the right to health care. Residents of the United States pay more out-of-pocket for increasingly worse outcomes. People of color, those who have lower incomes, and those who live in rural areas have less access to health care and are therefore at even greater risk for poor health. Universal health care, a term for various models of health care systems that provide care for every resident of a given country, will help move the United States toward higher quality, more affordable, and more equitable care. This article defines a reproductive justice and human rights foundation for universal health care, explores how health insurance has worked historically in the United States, identifies the economic reasons for implementing universal health care, and discusses international models that could be used domestically.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cost and cost-effectiveness of health care,health equity,health policy,universal health care}
}

@article{Altieri2016,
  title = {Achieving Development and Mitigation Objectives through a Decarbonization Development Pathway in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Altieri, Katye E. and Trollip, Hilton and Caetano, Tara and Hughes, Alison and Merven, Bruno and Winkler, Harald},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {CLIMATE POLICY},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {S78-S91},
  issn = {1469-3062},
  doi = {10.1080/14693062.2016.1150250},
  abstract = {Achieving the international 2 degrees C limit climate policy requires stringent reductions in GHG emissions by mid-century, with some countries simultaneously facing development-related challenges. South Africa is a middle-income developing country with high rates of unemployment and high levels of poverty, as well as an emissions-intensive economy. South Africa takes into account an assessment of what a fair contribution to reducing global emissions might be, and is committed to a \textbackslash textasciigravepeak, plateau and decline' emissions trajectory with absolute emissions specified for 2025 and 2030, while noting the need to address development imperatives. This work utilizes an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model (e-SAGE) linked to an energy-system optimization model (TIMES) to explore improving development metrics within a 14 GtCO(2)e cumulative energy sector carbon constraint through to 2050 for South Africa. The electricity sector decarbonizes by retiring coal-fired power plants or replacing with concentrated solar power, solar photovoltaics and wind generation. Industry and tertiary-sector growth remains strong throughout the time period, with reduced energy intensity via fuel-switching and efficiency improvements. From 2010 to 2050, the model results in the unemployment rate decreasing from 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 12\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and the percentage of people living below the poverty line decreasing from 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 18\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Total energy GHG emissions were reduced by 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% and per capita emissions decreased by 62\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Policy relevance Lower poverty and inequality are goals that cannot be subordinated to lower GHG emissions. Policy documents in South Africa outline objectives such as reducing poverty and inequality with a key focus on education and employment. In its climate policy and Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), South Africa is committed to a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory. As in many developing countries, these policy goals require major transformations in the energy system while simultaneously increasing affordable access to safe and convenient energy services for those living in energy poverty. The modelled scenario in this work focuses on employment and poverty reduction under a carbon constraint, a novel combination with results that can provide information for a holistic climate and development policy framework. This study has focused on the long term, which is important in generating clear policy signals for the necessary large-scale investments.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {development pathways,economic models,employment,energy models,GHG reductions,mitigation scenarios}
}

@article{Altman2023,
  title = {Sick {{Days}}: {{Logical Versus Survey Identification}} of the {{Foreign-Born Population}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Altman, Claire E. and Bachmeier, James D. and Spence, Cody and Hamilton, Christal},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {395--420},
  issn = {0197-9183},
  doi = {10.1177/01979183221084333},
  abstract = {The self-reported number of workdays missed due to injury or illness, or sick days, is a reliable measure of health among working-aged adults. Although sick days is a relatively underexplored health-related outcome in migration studies, it can provide a multidimensional understanding of immigrant wellbeing and integration. Current understandings of the association between migration status and sick days are limited for two reasons. First, in the United States, few nationally representative surveys collect migration status information. Second, researchers lack consensus on the most reliable approach for assigning migration status. We use the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine sick days and draw comparisons between two methods for assigning migration status-a logical approach and a survey approach. The logical method assigns migration status to foreign-born respondents based on characteristics such as government employment or welfare receipt, while the survey approach relies on self-reported survey responses. Sick days among immigrants was correlated with and predicted by other health conditions available in the SIPP. Comparisons of sick days by migration status vary based on migration assignment approach. Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) reported more sick days than non-LPRs and appear less healthy when migration status is assigned using the logical approach. The logical approach also produced a gap in sick days between LPRs and non-LPRs that is not replicated in the survey approach. The results demonstrate that if migration status is not measured directly in the data, interpretation of migration status effects should proceed cautiously.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {immigration,legal status,measurement,sick days,SIPP}
}

@article{Alvaredo2013,
  title = {The {{Top}} 1 {{Percent}} in {{International}} and {{Historical Perspective}}},
  author = {Alvaredo, Facundo and Atkinson, Anthony B. and Piketty, Thomas and Saez, Emmanuel},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {3--20},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.27.3.3},
  abstract = {The top 1 percent income share has more than doubled in the United States over the last 30 years, drawing much public attention in recent years. While other English-speaking countries have also experienced sharp increases in the top 1 percent income share, many high-income countries such as Japan, France, or Germany have seen much less increase in top income shares. Hence, the explanation cannot rely solely on forces common to advanced countries, such as the impact of new technologies and globalization on the supply and demand for skills. Moreover, the explanations have to accommodate the falls in top income shares earlier in the twentieth century experienced in virtually all high-income countries. We highlight four main factors. The first is the impact of tax policy, which has varied over time and differs across countries. Top tax rates have moved in the opposite direction from top income shares. The effects of top rate cuts can operate in conjunction with other mechanisms. The second factor is a richer view of the labor market, where we contrast the standard supply-side model with one where pay is determined by bargaining and the reactions to top rate cuts may lead simply to a redistribution of surplus. Indeed, top rate cuts may lead managerial energies to be diverted to increasing their remuneration at the expense of enterprise growth and employment. The third factor is capital income. Overall, private wealth (relative to income) has followed a U-shaped path over time, particularly in Europe, where inherited wealth is, in Europe if not in the United States, making a return. The fourth, little investigated, element is the correlation between earned income and capital income, which has substantially increased in recent decades in the United States.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Alvarez2018,
  title = {Human Capital and Earnings in Eighteenth-Century {{Castile}}},
  author = {Alvarez, Begona and Ramos Palencia, Fernando},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {105--133},
  issn = {0014-4983},
  doi = {10.1016/j.eeh.2017.10.005},
  abstract = {Using the Ensenada Cadastre, a unique database on Castilian households circa 1750, this paper provides new evidence on the relationship between human capital and male labor earnings in eighteenth-century Spain. Human capital is proxied by individual indicators of basic skills (literacy and numeracy) and of occupational skills. We employ a Mincerian regression approach and find a positive and statistically significant association between skills and average earnings. Although we cannot reliably assess causality in the observed relationship, these findings are robust to conditioning on household composition, job characteristics, and place of residence. Nonetheless, further testing indicates that the earnings gradient associated with literacy is driven mainly by unobservable variables (e.g., ability, family background) that explain both the worker's acquisition of this skill and his earnings. The estimated associations are stronger for urban than for rural workers and are highly heterogeneous across activity sectors. Our analysis reveals that workers with higher skills were not only better remunerated in their main occupation but also more likely to diversify their earnings through \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveby-employment\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Finally, quantile regression analysis indicates that earnings disparities between workers with different skills were much smaller at the lower than the upper end of the earnings distribution. This evidence suggests that, in pre-industrial Castile, human capital may have contributed to inequality of earnings. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Individual earnings,Literacy,Numeracy,Occupational skills,Pre-industrial Spain,Skill premia}
}

@article{Ameh2023,
  title = {Realigning {{Global Health Realities Towards Children}}'s {{Surgery}}: {{Progress}} and {{Possibilities}}},
  author = {Ameh, Emmanuel A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY},
  volume = {58},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1039--1047},
  issn = {0022-3468},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.02.006},
  abstract = {Despite the high population of children, increasing surgical disease burden and shortage of pediatric surgeons, as well as limited infrastructure, children's surgical care in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been neglected for decades. This has contributed to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality, long term disabilities and economic loss to families. The work of the global initiative for children's surgery (GICS) has raised the profile and visibility of children's surgery in the global health space. This has been achieved a philosophy of inclusiveness, LMIC participation, focus on LMIC needs and high income country (HIC) support, and driven by implementation to change on the ground situations. Children's operating rooms are being installed to strengthen infrastructure and children's surgery is being gradually included in national surgical plans to provide the policy framework to support children's surgical care. In Nigeria, pediatric surgery workforce has increased from 35 in 2003 to 127 in 2002, but the density remains low at 0.14 per 100,000 population {$<$}15 years. Education and training have been strengthened with the publication of a pediatric surgery textbook for Africa and creation of a Pan Africa pediatric surgery e-learning platform. However, financing children's surgery in LMICs remains a barrier as many families are at risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditure. The success of these efforts provides encouraging examples of what can be collectively achieve by appropriate and mutually beneficial global north-south collaborations. Pediatric surgeons need to commit their time, knowledge and skills, as well as experience and voices to strengthen children's surgery globally to impact more lives, for the overall good of more.(c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children,Global health,Infrastructure,Progress,Surgery,Workforce}
}

@article{Amick2000,
  title = {A Review of Health-Related Work Outcome Measures and Their Uses, and Recommended Measures},
  author = {Amick, {\relax BC} and Lerner, D and Rogers, {\relax WH} and Rooney, T and Katz, {\relax JN}},
  year = {2000},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SPINE},
  volume = {25},
  number = {24},
  pages = {3152--3160},
  issn = {0362-2436},
  doi = {10.1097/00007632-200012150-00010},
  abstract = {Despite the growing recognition that work can contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders,(1,8) there are almost no data on whether and how physicians investigate the contribution of work to patients' health status or the influence of health status on work performance. This is particularly true of primary care, where much of the medical care for patients with work-related low back pain is provided.(51) As more patients with musculoskeletal injuries show up in primary care settings, it will become important to document health-related work outcomes and incorporate into practice outcome tools that enable the physician to obtain a quick and accurate accounting of needed information about patients' work. Health-related work outcomes relate to a person's labor market status: Is a person working or not working? How well is he or she working? Did the person return to a job of pay and skill comparable to the preinjury job? Outcomes can incorporate time: How long has a person been out of work? How many hours, days, or weeks has a person been reported absent? Is the person working full- or part-time? How many hours does the person perform at full effectiveness? Finally, health-related work outcomes can capture the interplay between a person's health status and work role performance: How difficult is it for a person with a given health status to perform work activities? Typically, health-related work outcomes have not specifically referred to unpaid work activities, such as volunteer work or household labor. The authors support the importance of capturing both paid and unpaid work outcomes, but in this article, paid work is the focus. Multiple publications in the literature contribute conceptually and methodologically to the health-related work outcomes field. These range from industrial psychology and labor economics to health services research, epidemiology, and pharmacoeconomics. In this paper, a window into health-related work outcomes research is created by considering the reasons for measuring these outcomes and briefly reviewing and illustrating several classes of measures. The advantages and limitations of each measure will be discussed, as the authors draw examples from own work. Although prior work has focused on upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, the general principles for using health-related work outcomes are similar for researchers studying back injuries and disorders. In addition, a new work-related health outcome tool for measuring successful return to work (RTW) is discussed to illustrate a new class of measures, Hereafter, health-related work outcomes as are referred to as work outcomes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Amuedo-Dorantes2021,
  title = {The Role of Non-Contributory Pensions on Internal Mobility in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Amuedo-Dorantes}, Catalina and Borra, Cristina},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {70},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101980},
  abstract = {Spain is one of the Southern European nations characterized by very low inter-provincial mobility rates despite large inter-regional unemployment rate differences. We examine whether non-contributory pensions - an increasingly important component of many welfare systems, have curtailed the internal migration of younger cohorts over the past three decades. Using changes in the number of beneficiaries brought about by a policy reform in 1991, we show that old-age non-contributory pensions are associated with reduced internal migration of 25-to-35 year old men and women with less human capital. The effects do not appear to be driven by intergenerational reciprocity or quid pro quo exchanges, and do not extend to other types of pensions, hinting on systematic employment barriers faced by younger, less educated, or unexperienced men and women from lower income households qualifying for these pensions. The ability to rely on the support from older family members residing nearby might provide a lifeline but, simultaneously, curtail their propensity to out-migrate.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inter-vivo support,Internal migration,Non-contributory pensions,Spain}
}

@article{Anang2023,
  title = {The Influence of Off-Farm Work on Farm Income among Smallholder Farm Households in Northern {{Ghana}}},
  author = {Anang, Benjamin Tetteh and Apedo, Clever Kwasi},
  year = {2023},
  month = dec,
  journal = {COGENT ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2332-2039},
  doi = {10.1080/23322039.2023.2196861},
  abstract = {Income diversification is an essential livelihood strategy among small-scale farmers in low-income countries. Through income diversification, farmers can potentially invest off-farm earnings into their farm business to enhance productivity and income from farming. Conversely, working off-farm can lead to a labour-loss effect which can reduce farm performance. This study therefore assesses the effect of off-farm work (OFW) on farm income using data from 486 smallholder farmers in northern Ghana. An endogenous treatment regression model was used to assess the effect of diversifying income sources on farm income. The results showed that involvement in OFW enhanced farm income per acre by GH c Other factors that enhanced farm income included years of formal education and access to extension services and input subsidy. Farmer group membership and household size however reduced farm income. The farm sector can therefore take advantage of the positive linkage with the non-farm sector to improve farm income levels of farmers. In this light, government's rural industrialization policy should seek to provide more job opportunities outside the farm sector to enable smallholder farmers to take advantage of such opportunities to improve income from on-farm activities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {endogenous treatment regression model,farm income,northern Ghana,off-farm work}
}

@article{Andersen2015,
  title = {The Effect of Breast Cancer on Personal Income Three Years after Diagnosis by Cancer Stage and Education: A Register-Based Cohort Study among {{Danish}} Females},
  author = {Andersen, Ingelise and Kolodziejczyk, Christophe and Thielen, Karsten and Heinesen, Eskil and Diderichsen, Finn},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-1387-0},
  abstract = {Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between stage of incident breast cancer (BC) and personal income three years after diagnosis. The analysis further considered whether the association differed among educational groups. Methods: The study was based on information from Danish nationwide registers. A total of 7,372 women aged 30-60 years diagnosed with BC, 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% with metastasis, were compared to 213,276 controls. Generalised linear models were used to estimate the effect of a cancer diagnosis on personal gross income three years after diagnosis, stratified by education and stage of cancer. The models were adjusted for income two years prior to cancer diagnosis and demographic, geographic and co-morbidity covariates. Results: Adjusting for income two years prior to cancer diagnosis and other baseline covariates (see above), cancer had a minor effect on personal income three years after diagnosis. The effect of metastatic BC was a statistically significant reduction in income three years after diagnosis of -3.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -4.8;-2.0), -2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -4.3;-1.3) and -4.1 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.9;-2.3) among further, vocational and low educated women, respectively. The corresponding estimates for the effect of localised BC were -2.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -3.8; -1.2), -1.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -3.0; -0.2) and -1.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -3.7; 0.3); the latter estimate (for the low-educated) was not statistically different from zero. We found no statistically significant educational gradient in the effect of cancer stage on income. Conclusions: In a Danish context, the very small negative effect of BC on personal income may be explained by different types of compensation in low- and high-income groups. The public income transfers are equal for all income groups and cover a relatively high compensation among low- income groups. However, high-income groups additionally receive pay-outs from private pension and insurance schemes, which typically provide higher coverage for high-income workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breast cancer,Income,Inequality,Longitudinal}
}

@article{Andersen2018,
  title = {Can a Cash Transfer to Families Change Fertility Behaviour?},
  author = {Andersen, Synove N. and Drange, Nina and {lappegard}, Trude},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {897--928},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.33},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE This paper assesses the much-disputed relationship between family policy and fertility, and cash transfers and fertility in particular. METHODS We take advantage of a cash-for-care (CFC) policy introduced in Norway in 1998, and compare the subsequent fertility behaviour of eligible and ineligible mothers over a four-year period. We estimate linear models assessing both the occurrence and timing of second births, relying on a rich set of covariates and a sensitivity analysis to ensure the robustness of our results. RESULTS Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results show that CFC-eligible mothers had a slower progression to second births and lower short-term fertility. The patterns differ between different groups of mothers, and the decline in subsequent childbearing is only statistically significant among mothers with upper secondary (but not higher) education and part-time or full-time employment. We find no increase in short-term fertility in any group of mothers, and suggest that this pattern may be driven by an interaction between the CFC benefit and the already established Norwegian parental leave scheme. CONTRIBUTION The paper demonstrates how policy changes may indeed be associated with changes in fertility behaviour, and that this association may run in theoretically unexpected directions when a given policy is implemented in a wider policy framework. Moreover, it demonstrates how eligible parents may differ in their response to policies depending on the policy's income effect and the parents' opportunity costs of childbearing.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Andrea2022,
  title = {Beyond {{Hours Worked}} and {{Dollars Earned}}: {{Multidimensional EQ}}, {{Retirement Trajectories}} and {{Health}} in {{Later Life}}},
  author = {Andrea, Sarah B. and {Eisenberg-Guyot}, Jerzy and Oddo, Vanessa M. and Peckham, Trevor and Jacoby, Daniel and Hajat, Anjum},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {WORK AGING AND RETIREMENT},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--73},
  issn = {2054-4642},
  doi = {10.1093/workar/waab012},
  abstract = {The working lives of Americans have become less stable over the past several decades and older adults may be particularly vulnerable to these changes in employment quality (EQ). We aimed to develop a multidimensional indicator of EQ among older adults and identify EQ and retirement trajectories in the United States. Using longitudinal data on employment stability, material rewards, workers' rights, working-time arrangements, unionization, and interpersonal power relations from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we used principal component analysis to construct an EQ score. Then, we used sequence analysis to identify late-career EQ trajectories (age 50-70 years; N = 11,958 respondents), overall and by sociodemographics (race, gender, educational attainment, marital status). We subsequently examined the sociodemographic, employment, and health profiles of these trajectories. We identified 10 EQ trajectories; the most prevalent trajectories were Minimally Attached and Wealthy (13.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and Good EQ to Well-off Retirement (13.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), however, 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents were classified into suboptimal trajectories. Those in suboptimal trajectories were disproportionately women, people of color, and less-educated. Individuals in the Poor EQ to Delayed and Poor Retirement and Unattached and Poor dusters self-reported the greatest prevalence of poor health and depression, while individuals in the Wealthy Business Owners and Great EQ to Well-off Retirement clusters self-reported the lowest prevalence of poor health and depression at baseline. Trajectories were substantially constrained for women of color. Although our study demonstrates EQ is inequitably distributed in later life, labor organizing and policy change may afford opportunities to improve EQ and retirement among marginalized populations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Andres2021,
  title = {Gender, Education, and Labour Market Participation across the Life Course: {{A Canada}}/{{Germany}} Comparison},
  author = {Andres, Lesley and Lauterbach, Wolfgang and Jongbloed, Janine and Huemme, Hartwig},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFELONG EDUCATION},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {170--189},
  issn = {0260-1370},
  doi = {10.1080/02601370.2021.1924302},
  abstract = {In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of \textbackslash textasciigravetime,' \textbackslash textasciigravenormative patterns,' \textbackslash textasciigraveorder and disorder,' and \textbackslash textasciigravediscontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the Paths on Life's Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences - and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. \textbackslash textasciigraveNormative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by \textbackslash textasciigravedisordered' and \textbackslash textasciigravediscontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Comparative life course trajectories,education,gender,income,labour market inequality,work}
}

@article{Andualem2013,
  title = {Information Needs and Seeking Behaviour among Health Professionals Working at Public Hospital and Health Centres in {{Bahir Dar}}, {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Andualem, Mulusew and Kebede, Gashaw and Kumie, Abera},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-13-534},
  abstract = {Background: Universal access to information for health professionals is a need to achieve \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealth for all strategy.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace A large proportion of the population including health professionals have limited access to health information in resource limited countries. The aim of this study is to assess information needs among Ethiopian health professionals. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative study design complemented with qualitative method was conducted among 350 health care workers in Feburary26-June5/2012. Pretested self-administered questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect data on different variables. Data entry and data analysis were done using Epi-Info version 3.5.1 and by SPSS version19, respectively. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were applied to describe study objectives and identify the determinants of information seeking behaviours respectively. Odds ratio with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI was used to assess the association between a factor and an outcome variable. Results: The majority of the respondents acknowledged the need of health information to their routine activities. About 54.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents lacked access to health information. Only 42.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents have access to internet sources. Important barriers to access information were geographical, organizational, personal, economic, educational status and time. About 58.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents accessed information by referring their hard copies and asking senior staff. Age, sex, income, computer literacy and access, patient size, work experience and working site were significantly associated with information needs and seeking behaviour. Conclusions: The health information seeking behaviour of health professional was significant. The heaklth facilities had neither informationcenter such as library, nor internet facilities. Conducting training on managing health information, accessing computer and improving infrastructures are important interventions to facilitate evidence based descions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Information,Information need,Information seeking behaviour,Information source}
}

@article{Angulo-Guerrero2023,
  title = {Labor Market Regulation and Gendered Entrepreneurship: A Cross-National Perspective},
  author = {{Angulo-Guerrero}, Maria J. and {Barcena-Martin}, Elena and {Medina-Claros}, Samuel and {Perez-Moreno}, Salvador},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0921-898X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-023-00776-0},
  abstract = {Plain English SummaryOur analysis reveals that the application of labor regulation, apparently formulated in a gender-neutral manner, might lead to gender differences in entrepreneurial activity, especially in developing countries. We find that the link between labor market regulation and entrepreneurship tend to weaken for men and women as the country's level of economic development increases, becoming negligible in high-income countries. However, in developing countries more flexible labor regulation is closely related to lower female early-stage entrepreneurial activity. This is because women's greater opportunity costs and risk aversion, along with gender biases that usually characterize labor markets in numerous developing economies, might prevent them from taking advantage of their capabilities and opportunities for new ventures. Consequently, improving labor regulation in these countries in aspects such as minimum wages, laws inhibiting layoffs, severity requirements, and restraints on hiring and hours worked might be particularly advisable in terms of female entrepreneurship, rather than the traditional prescription of increasing labor flexibility suggested by the liberal paradigm. This research examines the extent to which labor regulatory context matters for entrepreneurial activity under a gender perspective, using institutional economics and feminist theories as the analytical framework. We conduct a panel data analysis for 86 countries during the period 2004-2018 by differentiating between high-income and developing economies. Our findings highlight that while the links between labor regulation and entrepreneurial activity seem negligible in high-income economies, in developing economies labor flexibility is closely associated with female entrepreneurship. However, unlike the market-oriented view on the positive association between labor market flexibility and entrepreneurship, our results point out that in these economies more flexible labor regulation is related to lower early-stage female entrepreneurial activity, even though this relationship tends to vanish as the level of economic development of the country increases. This study contributes theoretically, helping to advance the analysis of gender differences in entrepreneurial activity from an institutional approach, and practically, providing evidence to policy makers on possible gender differences in the application of country-level labor market regulation in terms of entrepreneurial activity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-country analysis,Entrepreneurship,Gender,Labor market regulation}
}

@article{Anjoy2023,
  title = {Hierarchical {{Bayes Measurement Error Small Area Model}} for {{Estimation}} of {{Disaggregated Level Workers Mobility Pattern}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Anjoy, Priyanka},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {339--361},
  issn = {0971-1554},
  doi = {10.1007/s40953-023-00338-x},
  abstract = {Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is the major source of data on various labour force indicators in India at annual or quarterly basis which is on the field since 2017-18. It has strategically reformed the previous quinquennial Employment and Unemployment Survey of National Statistical Office, India. Mobility pattern of workers, basically in terms of commuting is one of the key information contained therein which essentially entails the workplace characteristics of the workforce. In this article PLFS 2017-18 and 2018-19 data is analysed which depicts state-wise large disparities in the commuting behaviour of workers, whereas most of the workers are out-commuting from rural areas. The potential reason behind is the rapid pace of urbanization and associated improved transportation facilities as well as search for stable non-farm employment opportunities by the rural workforce. Further, the planning of urbanization or creation of employment opportunities at rural places in each state requires within-state regional or disaggregated level information of workplaces, spatial concentration of works and workers. To pursue that, disaggregated level analysis of commuting pattern of workers is done using small area estimation approach. In particular, this article describes hierarchical Bayes (HB) measurement error (ME) small area model for binary variable of interest indicating whether individual in the workforce is commuting or not. The HBME model has been implemented to obtain district level rural commuters proportions in Uttar Pradesh state of India. This state specifically tops amongst the states in the number of rural commuters. A spatial map has been generated for visual inspection of disparity in commuting behaviour of workers, also such map is useful to the policy makers and administration for framing decentralized level plans or strategies eyeing stable mobility behaviour to persuade improvement in employment rate.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Commuting,Periodic Labour Force Survey,Small area estimation,Spatial map}
}

@article{Anselmi2020,
  title = {Pay for {{Performance}}: {{A Reflection}} on {{How}} a {{Global Perspective Could Enhance Policy}} and {{Research}}},
  author = {Anselmi, Laura and Borghi, Josephine and Brown, Garrett Wallace and Fichera, Eleonora and Hanson, Kara and Kadungure, Artwell and Kovacs, Roxanne and Kristensen, Soren Rud and Singh, Neha S. and Sutton, Matt},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {9},
  number = {9},
  pages = {365--369},
  doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2020.23},
  abstract = {Pay-for-performance (P4P) is the provision of financial incentives to healthcare providers based on pre-specified performance targets. P4P has been used as a policy tool to improve healthcare provision globally. However, researchers tend to cluster into those working on high or lowand middle-income countries (LMICs), with still limited knowledge exchange, potentially constraining opportunities for learning from across income settings. We reflect here on some commonalities and differences in the design of P4P schemes, research questions, methods and data across income settings. We highlight how a global perspective on knowledge synthesis could lead to innovations and further knowledge advancement.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Apotsos2019,
  title = {Mapping Relative Social Vulnerability in Six Mostly Urban Municipalities in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Apotsos, Alex},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {APPLIED GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {105},
  pages = {86--101},
  issn = {0143-6228},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.02.012},
  abstract = {Urban decision-makers in South Africa face growing challenges related to rapidly expanding populations and a changing climate. To help target limited resources, municipalities have begun to conduct climate change vulnerability assessments. Many of these assessments take a holistic approach that combines both physical hazard exposure and the underlying socio-economic conditions that predispose populations to harm (i.e., social vulnerability). Given the increasing use of socio-economic conditions in climate change vulnerability analyses, this paper seeks to explore two key research questions: 1) can the spatial distribution of relative social vulnerability be estimated in six mostly urban South African municipalities, and if so, 2) how sensitive are the results to a range of subjective methodological choices often required when implementing this type of analysis. Here, social vulnerability is estimated using socio-economic and demographic data from the 2001 and 2011 South African censuses. In all six municipalities, social vulnerability varies spatially, driven primarily by differences in income, assets, wealth, employment and education, and secondarily by differences in access to services and demographics. Even though social vulnerability is estimated from a wide array of population characteristics, the spatial distribution is surprising similar to that of the percent of working-age individuals making less than 800 rand per month. Areas with high percentages of previously disadvantaged, extended family, and informal households tend to display relatively higher levels of social vulnerability. In fact, demographics (e.g., race, language, age) are often highly correlated with other characteristics that have direct ties to social vulnerability (e.g., income, employment, education). The spatial patterns of relative social vulnerability are similar in 2001 and 2011. However, there is some evidence social vulnerability is relatively lower in 2011. While the choice of input data and aggregation method can affect the spatial distribution of social vulnerability, the general spatial patterns appear to be fairly robust across a number of subjective choices related to methodological and aggregation approach, spatial resolution, and input data.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Mapping,Social vulnerability,South Africa,Urban municipalities}
}

@article{Appelbaum2011,
  title = {Macroeconomic Policy, Labour Market Institutions and Employment Outcomes},
  author = {Appelbaum, Eileen},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {596--610},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017011419711},
  abstract = {The increase in income inequality and household debt of middle- and lower-income households in the USA over several decades led to increasingly fragile financial institutions and set the stage for the most serious recession in the last 60 years. The proximate cause of the economic crisis was the collapse of the housing bubble that caused both the recession that began at the end of 2007 and the financial crisis that erupted in 2008. The drop in GDP in the USA, while steep, was not more severe than in most of the other OECD countries and the macroeconomic policy response was better. Yet the increase in the US unemployment rate was among the steepest. This article examines this failure of US labour market institutions to respond to these policy initiatives and the implications of the analysis for economic policy.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Apunyo2022,
  title = {Interventions to Increase Youth Employment: {{An}} Evidence and Gap Map},
  author = {Apunyo, Robert and White, Howard and Otike, Caroline and Katairo, Thomas and Puerto, Sussana and Gardiner, Drew and Kinengyere, Alison Annet and Eyers, John and Saran, Ashrita and Obuku, Ekwaro A.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1002/cl2.1216},
  abstract = {Background Globally, 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the youth are not in education, employment or training (NEET). Moreover, this persistent problem has been exacerbated by the shock of Covid-19 pandemic. More youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are likely unemployed than those from better off backgrounds. Thus, the need for increased use of evidence in the design and implementation of youth employment interventions to increase effectiveness and sustainability of interventions and outcomes. Evidence and gap maps (EGMs) can promote evidence-based decision making by guiding policy makers, development partners and researchers to areas with good bodies of evidence and those with little or no evidence. The scope of the Youth Employment EGM is global. The map covers all youth aged 15-35 years. The three broad intervention categories included in the EGM are: strengthening training and education systems, enhancing labour market and, transforming financial sector markets. There are five outcome categories: education and skills; entrepreneurship; employment; welfare and economic outcomes. The EGM contains impact evaluations of interventions implemented to increase youth employment and systematic reviews of such single studies, published or made available between 2000 and 2019. Objectives The primary objective was to catalogue impact evaluations and systematic reviews on youth employment interventions to improve discoverability of evidence by decision makers, development patterners and researchers, so as to promote evidence-based decision making in programming and implementation of youth employment initiatives. Search Methods Twenty databases and websites were searched using a validated search strategy. Additional searches included searching within 21 systematic reviews, snowballing 20 most recent studies and citation tracking of 10 most recent studies included in the EGM. Selection Criteria The study selection criteria followed the PICOS approach of population, intervention, relevant comparison groups, outcomes and study design. Additional criterion is; study publication or availability period of between 2000 and 2021. Only impact evaluations and systematic reviews that included impact evaluations were selected. Data Collection and Analysis A total of 14,511 studies were uploaded in EPPI Reviewer 4 software, upon which 399 were selected using the criteria provided above. Coding of data took place in EPPI Reviewer basing on predefined codes. The unit of analysis for the report is individual studies where every entry represents a combination of interventions and outcomes. Main Results Overall, 399 studies (21 systematic reviews and 378 impact evaluations) are included in the EGM. Impact evaluations (n = 378) are much more than the systematic reviews (n = 21). Most impact evaluations are experimental studies (n = 177), followed by non-experimental matching (n = 167) and other regression designs (n = 35). Experimental studies were mostly conducted in both Lower-income countries and Lower Middle Income countries while non-experimental study designs are the most common in both High Income and Upper Middle Income countries. Most evidence is from low quality impact evaluations (71.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) while majority of systematic reviews (71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of 21) are of medium and high quality rating. The area saturated with most evidence is the intervention category of \textbackslash textasciigravetraining', while the underrepresented are three main intervention sub-categories: information services; decent work policies and; entrepreneurship promotion and financing. Older youth, youth in fragility, conflict and violence contexts, or humanitarian settings, or ethnic minorities or those with criminal backgrounds are least studied. Conclusions The Youth Employment EGM identifies trends in evidence notably the following: Most evidence is from high-income countries, an indication of the relationship between a country's income status and research productivity. The most common study designs are experimental. Most of the evidence is of low quality. This finding serves to alert researchers, practitioners and policy makers that more rigorous work is needed to inform youth employment interventions. Blending of interventions is practiced. While this could be an indication that blended intervention could be offering better outcomes, this remains an area with a research gap.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ara2019,
  title = {Globalisation and {{Gender Inequality}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Labour Market}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Ara, Shamim},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {93--120},
  issn = {0971-1554},
  doi = {10.1007/s40953-018-0118-7},
  abstract = {This paper examines quantitative and qualitative dimensions of employment issues in India from gender lens. Inequality in quantitative aspects have been analysed gender gap in work participation, composition and structure of employment. The study finds that female work participation in India has declined sharply despite faster economic growth and improvement in female literacy outcomes. The magnitude of decline is sharper in case of illiterate, women from less privileged class and rural backgrounds. Similarly, even after two decades of economic reform, female workers are highly concentrated in low productive, less remunerative and unpaid family labour category of self employment activities. Considering the qualitative dimension of jobs, the paper finds that the condition of female workers are more vulnerable as they are highly concentrated in informal sector and informal jobs with no employment security, no social security, and are being paid relatively lower wages compared to male workers in most of the sub-sector. The paper argues for an urgent policy intervention to ensure access to decent jobs and to provide protection to these vulnerably placed women workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {C83,C87,C88,Economic reform,Gender inequality,Informalisation,J1,J31,Job market segmentation,Quality of jobs,Wage inequality}
}

@article{Aragao2021,
  title = {How Do Mothers Work? {{Kin}} Coresidence and Mothers' Work in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Aragao, Carolina and Villanueva, Aida},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {917--956},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.30},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND While the employment of mothers has received considerable scholarly attention, the potential role of coresidence with kin for fostering mothers' work remains underdeveloped. OBJECTIVE We assess the relationship between kin coresidence, as well as the gender and employment status of kin on mothers' employment, and hours of work. Further, we compare Brazil and Peru, two South American, upper-middle-income countries with divergent patterns of household structure. METHODS Using nationally representative surveys from Brazil and Peru, we estimate linear probability models and Tobit regressions predicting mothers' employment and hours of work. RESULTS We find a positive association between kin coresidence and mothers' work outcomes. This association differs by the gender and employment status of kin. Our findings show the association between kin coresidence is stronger in Peru than in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS Scholarly work has shown that mothers shoulder most of the unpaid family work, imposing constraints on their opportunities in the labor markets. Coresident kin can help ease these diverging demands. Our results also suggest that the social norms that shape household arrangements may also influence support provided by coresident relatives.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Arai2015,
  title = {The Educational Upgrading of {{Japanese}} Youth, 1982-2007: {{Are}} All {{Japanese}} Youth Ready for Structural Reforms?},
  author = {Arai, Yoichi and Ichimura, Hidehiko and Kawaguchi, Daiji},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES},
  volume = {37},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {100--126},
  issn = {0889-1583},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jjie.2015.04.002},
  abstract = {Are all Japanese youth ready for the structural reforms proposed as a supply-side policy of Abenomics? To answer this question, we assess how well Japanese youth have coped with the labor market's long-term structural changes, induced primarily by deepening interdependence with emerging economies and rapid technological progress over the last three decades. We examine the role of educational upgrading on the labor-market outcomes of youth between the ages of 25 and 29, using six waves of micro data from the Employment Status Survey spanning from 1982 to 2007. The analysis demonstrates that the demand growth for skilled labor relative to unskilled labor has been met by the educational upgrading of youth through the expansion of tertiary education, including education in vocational schools. Youth left behind the trend of educational upgrading, however, have suffered significantly from decreasing employment opportunities and deteriorated working conditions. National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Roppongi 7-22-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8677, Japan; Graduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Naka 2-1, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8601, Japan. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Japan,Tertiary education,Youth employment}
}

@article{Arango-Lasprilla2022,
  title = {Employment Probability Trajectories in Hispanics over the 10 Years after Traumatic Brain Injury: {{A}} Model Systems Study},
  author = {{Arango-Lasprilla}, Juan Carlos and Watson, Jack D. and Rodriguez, Miriam J. and {Ramos-Usuga}, Daniela and Mascialino, Guido and Perrin, Paul B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {NEUROREHABILITATION},
  volume = {51},
  number = {3},
  pages = {397--405},
  issn = {1053-8135},
  doi = {10.3233/NRE-220066},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has found that Hispanics with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have reduced functional outcomes compared to non-Hispanic Whites, including lower probabilities of post-injury employment. However, previous studies were cross-sectional, combined racial/ethnic minority groups, and did not examine the factors that predict return to work of Hispanics longitudinally. OBJECTIVE: To determine the demographic and injury-related predictors of employment probability trajectories during the first 10 years after TBI. METHODS: 1,346 Hispanics in the TBI Model Systems Database were included. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine baseline predictors of employment probability trajectories across this time period. RESULTS: Employment probability demonstrated a quadratic movement over time, with an initial increase followed by a plateau or slight decrease. Hispanics with TBI had higher employment probability trajectories if they had been younger at the time of injury, spent less time in posttraumatic amnesia, had greater years of education, had been employed at the time of injury, had higher annual earnings at the time of injury, and had experienced a non-violent mechanism of injury. CONCLUSION: Culturally adapted treatment programs with a focus on early intervention incorporating vocational rehabilitation and employment programs for Hispanics with TBI who present with these risk factors are needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,Hispanics,rehabilitation,TBI}
}

@article{Arcas2016,
  title = {Gender Differences in the Duration of Non-Work-Related Sickness Absence Episodes Due to Musculoskeletal Disorders},
  author = {Arcas, M. Marta and Delclos, George L. and {Tora-Rocamora}, Isabel and Martinez, Jose Miguel and Benavides, Fernando G.},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {70},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1065--1073},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech-2014-204331},
  abstract = {Background There is wide evidence that women present longer duration of sickness absence (SA) than men. Musculoskeletal disorders are influenced by gender due to the sexual division of work. Methods 354 432 episodes of non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders, which were registered in Catalonia between 2005 and 2008, were selected. The outcome variable was the duration of SA. Frailty survival models, stratified by sex and adjusted for explanatory variables (age, employment status, case management, economic activity and repeated episode), were fitted to study the association between each variable and the duration of SA, obtaining HRs. Results Women presented longer SA episodes than men in all variable categories. A trend from shorter to longer duration of SA with increasing age was observed in men, whereas in women, it had a fluctuating pattern. Analysing most frequent diagnostic subgroups from the sample, only \textbackslash textasciigravenon-specific lumbago' and \textbackslash textasciigravesciatic lumbago' showed these age patterns. Frailty survival models applied to these 2 subgroups confirmed the described age patterns in SA duration. Conclusions Women have longer non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders than men. However, while men have longer absences as their age increases, in women some older groups have shorter absences than younger ones. These findings could be explained by gender differences in the interaction between paid work and family demands. Our results highlight the need for continued research on SA from a gender perspective, in order to improve management of SA in terms of clinical practice and public policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Argento2019,
  title = {Preventing Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Infections ({{STBBIs}}) among Sex Workers: A Critical Review of the Evidence on Determinants and Interventions in High-Income Countries},
  author = {Argento, Elena and Goldenberg, Shira and Shannon, Kate},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES},
  volume = {19},
  doi = {10.1186/s12879-019-3694-z},
  abstract = {BackgroundAcross diverse regions globally, sex workers continue to face a disproportionate burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs). Evidence suggests that behavioural and biomedical interventions are only moderately successful in reducing STBBIs at the population level, leading to calls for increased structural and community-led interventions. Given that structural approaches to mitigating STBBI risk beyond HIV among sex workers in high-income settings remain poorly understood, this critical review aimed to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the global research and literature on determinants of HIV and other STBBIs and promising intervention practices for sex workers of all genders in high-income countries.MethodsWe searched for publications over the last decade (January 2005-March 2016) among sex workers (cis women, cis men, and trans individuals). Data obtained from quantitative peer-reviewed studies were triangulated with publicly available reports and qualitative/ethnographic research where quantitative evidence was limited.ResultsResearch demonstrates consistent evidence of the direct and indirect impacts of structural factors (e.g., violence, stigma, criminalization, poor working conditions) on increasing risk for STBBIs among sex workers, further compounded by individual and interpersonal factors (e.g., mental health, substance use, unprotected sex). Sub-optimal access to health and STBBI prevention services remains concerning. Full decriminalization of sex work has been shown to have the largest potential to avert new infections in sex work, through reducing workplace violence and increasing access to safer workspaces. Promising practices and strategies that should be scaled-up and evaluated to prevent STBBIs are highlighted.ConclusionsThe high burden of STBBIs among sex workers across high-income settings is of major concern. This review uniquely contributes to our understanding of multilevel factors that potentiate and mitigate STBBI risk for sex workers of all genders. Research suggests that multipronged structural and community-led approaches are paramount to addressing STBBI burden, and are necessary to realizing health and human rights for sex workers. Given the heterogeneity of sex worker populations, and distinct vulnerabilities faced by cis men and trans sex workers, further research utilizing mixed-methods should be implemented to delineate the intersections of risk and ameliorate critical health inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {High-income countries,HIV prevention,Risk environment,Sex workers,STBBI,Structural interventions}
}

@article{Ari2022,
  title = {Fairness and {{Inclusion}} for {{Users}} of {{Surface Transport-An Exploratory Thematic Study}} for {{Irish Users}}},
  author = {Ari, Ajeni and Leva, Maria Chiara and D'Arcy, Lorraine and Kinahan, Mary},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {11},
  doi = {10.3390/su14116480},
  abstract = {This paper explores the conditions of public transport with respect to user accessibility, design of infrastructure, and safety from a gendered perspective. Our investigation aims to understand the factors that direct a citizen's choice of whether or not to use public transport. Our discussion is focused on gender disparities among user experiences, so we confine our focus to that of women's perspectives and their experiences with public transport use. A framework for our discussion was formed with consideration of the theoretical aspects of fairness, justice, and gender in transport, as well as user statistics. We identified several spaces where public transport policy planning and implementation may be improved in order to balance gender disparity of access, safety, and security across the gender divide. (We acknowledge that both distinct and interchangeable definitions of safety and security exist. In this work, we err to the latter, while also recognising from user-based qualitative data that safety concerns are not limited to infrastructure, but also relate to other unwanted sources of physical, mental, or emotional harm experienced within the transport system.) Primary among these was the necessity of both the acknowledgment and appreciation of the issues disproportionately experienced by women. A one-size-fits-all approach was found to ill-recognise the societal minutiae of constant caring responsibilities, income limitations, ability/disability, or the effects of past negative experiences faced by women. We conclude that improvements may be achieved by targeting and meeting actual, not just perceived need.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accessibility,fairness,gender,justice,public transport (PT),safety and security,women}
}

@article{Ariansen2014,
  title = {Age, Occupational Class and Sickness Absence during Pregnancy: A Retrospective Analysis Study of the {{Norwegian}} Population Registry},
  author = {Ariansen, Anja M. S.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004381},
  abstract = {Objective: Western women increasingly delay having children to advance their career, and pregnancy is considered to be riskier among older women. In Norway, this development surprisingly coincides with increased sickness absence among young pregnant women, rather than their older counterparts. This paper tests the hypothesis that young pregnant women have a higher number of sick days because this age group includes a higher proportion of working class women, who are more prone to sickness absence. Design: A zero-inflated Poisson regression was conducted on the Norwegian population registry. Participants: All pregnant employees giving birth in 2004-2008 were included in the study. A total number of 216 541 pregnancies were observed among 180 483 women. Outcome measure: Number of sick days. Results: Although the association between age and number of sick days was U-shaped, pregnant women in their early 20s had a higher number of sick days than those in their mid-40s. This was particularly the case for pregnant women with previous births. In this group, 20-year-olds had 12.6 more sick days than 45-year-olds; this age difference was reduced to 6.3 after control for class. Among women undergoing their first pregnancy, 20-year-olds initially had 1.2 more sick days than 45-year-olds, but control for class altered this age difference. After control for class, 45-year-old first-time pregnant women had 2.9 more sick days than 20-year-olds with corresponding characteristics. Conclusions: The negative association between age and sickness absence was partly due to younger age groups including more working class women, who were more prone to sickness absence. Young pregnant women's needs for job adjustments should not be underestimated.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Arksey2005,
  title = {Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework},
  shorttitle = {Scoping Studies},
  author = {Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa},
  year = {2005},
  month = feb,
  journal = {International Journal of Social Research Methodology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--32},
  issn = {1364-5579, 1464-5300},
  doi = {10/bqnqnb},
  urldate = {2023-09-29},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {scoping\_review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RV4IJ7ZL/Arksey_O'Malley_2005_Scoping studies.pdf}
}

@article{Armiento2018,
  title = {The {{Sustainable Welfare Index}}: {{Towards}} a {{Threshold Effect}} for {{Italy}}},
  author = {Armiento, Mirko},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {296--309},
  issn = {0921-8009},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.06.014},
  abstract = {GDP, as a key parameter for macro-economic policy, has long been criticized. One of the better known monetary alternatives to GDP is the ISEW, a synthetic proxy of sustainable welfare. Theoretical and methodological limitations of this indicator have been identified and several refinements or extensions proposed, GPI for example. Building on these approaches, this article presents a new composite flow-oriented indicator directly comparable with GDP. The proposed Sustainable Welfare Index (SWI) is calculated for the Italian case over the 1960-2014 period. The estimate of SWI over an extended period of fifty-four years, provides evidence for a previously undetected \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethreshold effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in Italy by means of a flow-oriented indicator - unlike GDP, SWI per capita stops increasing in 1991. Empirical results show that the level of sustainable welfare in Italy stops growing mainly because of a rise in income inequality, a decline in non-paid domestic work and a worsening of the net fixed capital formation and net international investment position.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Armstrong2004,
  title = {United {{States}} Coronary Mortality Trends and Community Services Associated with Occupational Structure, among Blacks and Whites, 1984-1998},
  author = {Armstrong, {\relax DL} and Strogatz, D and Wang, R},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {58},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2349--2361},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.030},
  abstract = {This paper examines the association between US county occupational structure, services availability, prevalence of risk factors, and coronary mortality rates by sex and race, for 1984 1998. The 3137 US counties were classified into five occupational structure categories; counties with the lowest percentages of the labor force in managerial, professional, and technical occupations were classified in category I (5-16\textbackslash textbackslash\%), counties with the highest percentages were in category V (32-59\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Directly age-adjusted coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates, for aged 35-64 years, (from vital statistics and Census data), per-capita services (County Business Patterns), and the prevalence of CHD risk factors (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Surveys data) were calculated for each occupational structure category. CHD mortality rates and the prevalence of risk factors were inversely monotonically associated with occupational structure categories for white men and women but not among black men and women. Numbers of producer services for banking, business credit, overall business services and personnel/employment services were 2-12 times greater in category V versus I counties. Consumer services such as fruit/vegetable markets, fitness facilities, doctor offices and social services were 1.6-3 times greater in category V versus I counties. Residential racial segregation scores remained high in most areas despite declines during 1980-1990; occupational segregation by race and gender were shown indicating continued institutional racism. An ecological model for conceptualizing communities and health and the overall influence of state and national occupational structure is discussed; intervention strategies such as decreased wage disparities and \textbackslash textasciigraveliving wage' standards and development is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community health,coronary heart disease,social class,US counties}
}

@article{Arnaud2021,
  title = {Determinants of Participation and Quality of Life of Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy: Longitudinal Approach and Comparison with the General Population - {{SPARCLE}} 3 Study Protocol},
  author = {Arnaud, Catherine and Duffaut, Carine and Fauconnier, Jerome and Schmidt, Silke and Himmelmann, Kate and Marcelli, Marco and Pennington, Lindsay and Alvarelhao, Joaquim and Cytera, Chirine and Rapp, Marion and Ehlinger, Virginie and Thyen, Ute},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC NEUROLOGY},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12883-021-02263-z},
  abstract = {Background Effective inclusion in society for young people with disabilities is increasingly seen as generating opportunities for self-development, and improving well-being. However, significant barriers remain in the vast majority of activities meaningful for young adults. Research argues that various personal (disabilities, health) and environmental (access to the resources needed, accessible environment, discrimination, lack of personal economic independence) factors contribute to limited participation. However, previous studies conducted in young people with cerebral palsy (CP) mainly investigated the transition period to adulthood, and did not fully consider the whole range of impairment severity profiles or environmental barriers. In this study, we will use the follow-up of the SPARCLE cohort and a comparison group from the general population (1) to investigate the impact of the environment on participation and quality of life of young adults with CP, (2) to determine predictors of a successful young adulthood in educational, professional, health and social fields, (3) to compare quality of life and frequency of participation in social, work and recreational activities with the general population, (4) to document on participation and quality of life in those with severe disabilities. Methods The SPARCLE3 study has a combined longitudinal and cross-sectional design. Young adults with CP aged 22 to 27 years in 6 European regions previously enrolled in the SPARCLE cohort or newly recruited will be invited to self-complete a comprehensive set of questionnaires exploring participation (daily life and discretionary activities), health-related quality of life, body function, personal factors (health, personal resources), and contextual factors (availability of needed environmental items, family environment, services provision) during home visits supervised by trained researchers. Proxy-reports or adapted questionnaires will be used for those with the most severe impairments. The recruitment of a large group from the general population (online survey) will enable to identify life areas where the discrepancies between young people with CP and their able-bodied peers are the most significant. Discussion This study will help identify to what extent disabilities and barriers in environment negatively affect participation and quality of life, and how previous valued experiences during childhood or adolescence might modulate these effects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adulthood,Cerebral palsy,Employment,Health care,Participation,Quality of life}
}

@article{Aronsson2015,
  title = {Gender Norms, Work Hours, and Corrective Taxation},
  author = {Aronsson, Thomas and Granlund, David},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {33--39},
  issn = {2214-8043},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socec.2015.03.001},
  abstract = {This paper deals with optimal income taxation based on a household model, where men and women allocate their time between market work and household production, and where households differ depending on which spouse has the comparative advantage in market work. The purpose is to analyze the tax policy implications of gender norms represented by a market work norm for men and household work norm for women. We show how the optimal (corrective) tax policy depends on the definition of social norms, the preferences for obeying these norms, and whether men or women have the comparative advantage in market work. Two extreme results are that (i) corrective taxation should not be used at all if the norms are based on the mean value of market work and household work, respectively, given that all households have the same preferences, and (ii) only the majority household type should be taxed at the margin if the norms are instead based on the modal value. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Household production,Optimal taxation,Social norms}
}

@article{Arora2023,
  title = {A Macro Analysis of Gender Segregation and Job Quality in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Arora, Diksha and Braunstein, Elissa and Seguino, Stephanie},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {164},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106153},
  abstract = {Latin America has seen vast improvements in gender educational and health equality. Favorable supplyside conditions, however, have not translated into greater gender economic equality, a process that also depends on structural economic change and global macroeconomic conditions. In this paper, we assess the role of a variety of macro-level policies and structures in influencing trends in women's access to high-quality jobs for a sample of 15 countries in Latin America over the period 1990-2018. Using micro-level data, we first evaluate women's relative share of good jobs, defined in terms of women's weekly earnings in an industry or occupation relative to the national median wage. Further, we econometrically estimate the association between a variety of macro-level variables and the relative quality of women's jobs. Results indicate that the most significant and robust positive correlate of women's relative access to good jobs is public social spending as a share of GDP. Other important macro-covariates include measures of labor market regulation, monetary and fiscal policy, and macroeconomic structure and global orientation, including financial openness. The results suggest that macro-level structures and policies related to globalization that hamper the achievement of greater gender equality can be offset by appropriately targeted government policies.(c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender job segregation,Gender wage inequality,Latin America,Macroeconomic policy,Structural change}
}

@article{Arrazola2023,
  title = {Discrimination in Access to Employment for Graduates with Disabilities: Proposals for Improvement},
  author = {Arrazola, Maria and {de Hevia}, Jose and Perrote, Irene and {Sanchez-Larrion}, Raul},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  issn = {0968-7599},
  doi = {10.1080/09687599.2023.2227332},
  abstract = {Although the number of graduates with disabilities is increasing worldwide, few studies have examined their transition to employment. This study analysed the difficulties they find in their labour insertion compared with their peers without disabilities and offers proposals to improve their employability. We used a representative sample of Spanish graduates, with and without disabilities. Our results showed that the main problem for graduates with disabilities is their access to the labour market. There is, however, no evidence of differences in the quality of employment between graduates with and without disabilities. We found that the difficulties in accessing employment among graduates with disabilities are related to discriminatory institutional factors in the labour market. Therefore, it is important to implement policies focused on the removal of institutional barriers that may prevent employers from hiring graduates with disabilities. Our results provide empirical evidence for policies that can improve their employability. Points of interestIn recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of people with disabilities enrolled in higher education programs.This study compares the employability and job quality of Spanish university graduates with and without disabilities.The results showed that Spanish graduates with disabilities struggle to find work. However, once employed, their jobs are of similar quality to those without disabilities.This research proves that differences in employability between graduates with and without disabilities are mainly due to discriminatory factors and not differences in skills.Evidence shows that providing employment support and personalised job search assistance can aid in removing discrimination against graduates with disabilities. Promoting temporary, part-time, or self-employment for graduates with disabilities can also ease their access to the labour market by adapting employment to their special needs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,employment,Graduates with disabilities,job mismatch,quality of employment,wages}
}

@article{Artazcoz2004,
  title = {Women, Family Demands and Health: The Importance of Employment Status and Socio-Economic Position},
  author = {Artazcoz, L and Borrell, C and Benach, J and Cortes, I and Rohlfs, I},
  year = {2004},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {59},
  number = {2},
  pages = {263--274},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.029},
  abstract = {Although it is generally assumed that women engaged in paid work have better health than full-time homemakers, little is known about the situation in Southern European countries like Spain or about differences in the impact of family demands by employment status or the potential interaction with educational level. The objectives of this study are to analyse whether inequalities in health exist among housewives and employed women, and to assess whether the relationship between family demands and health differs by employment status. Additionally, for both objectives we examine the potential different patterns by educational level. The data have been taken from the 1994 Catalonian Health Survey (Spain). The sample was drawn from all women aged 25-64 years who were employed or full-time homemakers and married or cohabiting. Four health indicators (self-perceived health status, limiting long-standing illness, chronic conditions and mental health) and two health related behaviours (hours of sleeping and leisure-time physical activity) were analysed. Family demands were measured through household size, living with children under 15 and living with elderly. Overall, female workers had a better health status than housewives, although this pattern was more consistent for women of low educational level. Conversely, the health related behaviours analysed were less favourable for workers, mainly for those of low educational level. Among workers of low educational level, family demands showed a negative effect in most health indicators and health related behaviours, but had little or no negative association at all in workers of high educational level or in full-time homemakers. Moreover, among women of low educational level, both workers and housewives, living with elderly had showed a negative association with poor health status and health related behaviours. These results emphasise the need of considering the interaction between family demands, employment status and educational level in analysing the impact of family demands on women's health as well as in designing family policies and programmes of women's health promotion. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family characteristics,inequalities,Spain,women's health,work}
}

@article{Artazcoz2014,
  title = {Combining Employment and Family in {{Europe}}: The Role of Family Policies in Health},
  author = {Artazcoz, Lucia and Cortes, Imma and {Puig-Barrachina}, Vanessa and Benavides, Fernando G. and {Escriba-Agueir}, Vicenta and Borrell, Carme},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4},
  pages = {649--655},
  issn = {1101-1262},
  doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckt170},
  abstract = {Objectives: The objectives of this study were: (i) to analyse the relationship between health status and paid working hours and household composition in the EU-27, and (ii) to examine whether patterns of association differ as a function of family policy typologies and gender. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 5th European Working Conditions Survey of 2010. The sample included married or cohabiting employees aged 25-64 years from the EU-27 (10,482 men and 8,882 women). The dependent variables were self-perceived health status and psychological well-being. Results: Irrespective of differences in family policy typologies between countries, working long hours was more common among men, and part-time work was more common among women. In Continental and Southern European countries, employment and family demands were associated with poor health status in both sexes, but more consistently among women. In Anglo-Saxon countries, the association was mainly limited to men. Finally, in Nordic and Eastern European countries, employment and family demands were largely unassociated with poor health outcomes in both sexes. Conclusions: The combination of employment and family demands is largely unassociated with health status in countries with dual-earner family policy models, but is associated with poorer health outcomes in countries with market-oriented models, mainly among men. This association is more consistent among women in countries with traditional models, where males are the breadwinners and females are responsible for domestic and care work.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{ArteroLopez2021,
  title = {{Financial evaluation of a Universal Basic Income in Andalusia}},
  author = {Artero Lopez, Jesus and {Gomez-Alvarez Diaz}, Rosario and Patino Rodriguez, David},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {120},
  pages = {129--164},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {Nowadays, multiple debates exist in academic area and public opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI). This is an unconditional, nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship, and obligation-free (Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). UBI can be received with other public benefits in kind (education, health, etc.) or in-cash, and therefore does not predict the Welfare State reduction. In addition, the right is strictly applied to the individual and the extension of the right to the family unit is not possible. Finally, its enjoyment does not imply any type of work or other compensation. Philosophical, political and economic justifications of UBI are of various kinds, although we can indicate three of them. It is a tool to reduce poverty and income inequality (Atkinson, 1993, Smith, 2014). Likewise, individuals are only free to be able to self-govern their private life and participate in public life when they possess the material means that allow them not to depend on others to live, being RBU a public policy that guarantees this fundamental right (Domenech and Bertomeu, 2005 Petit, 2013, Van Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). Finally, UBI could compensate the initial unequal starting situation of individuals in society; that is, it serves to reduce inequality in the initial endowment of assets and resources obtained without there being a clear reciprocity in terms of productive activity previously carried out (Birnbaum, 2016). In this way, it is implemented as a mechanism to create equal opportunities (Rawls, 1971, Dworking, 1985, Roemer, 1998). But this purpose is not new, the first academic argument arises in the work of Paine in 1797, and he called citizen income (Cunliffe and Erreygers, 2004), which is reformulated by economists of great prestige on the XX century (Meade, 1938, Friedman, 1962, Tobin, Pechman and Mieszkowski, 1967). Later, Van der Veen and Van Parijs (1986), reopen the debate on their applicability in a context with high unemployment, being precursors of economic viability research for different territories: Europe (Callan and Sutherland, 1997), national contexts (Atkinson, 1995, Torry, 2015, Colombino et al., 2010) or local communities (Boffey, 2015). Already in the 21st century, the UBI has taken on greater relevance due to its translation into the political discussion, including the international arena (OECD, 2017). This interest has been propitiated by several events: the growth of inequality worldwide, which has also affected Spain and Andalusia (Piketty, 2014, Stiglitz, 2015, Milanovic, 2011, Ayala, 2016), technological advances and their effects on employment (Atkinson, 2015, World Economic Forum, 2016) and the evaluations of its real implementation in different contexts. These empirical estudies are showed it capacity to reduce inequality without generating disincentives to work as in the case of: Alaska (Goldsmith, 2010); Namibia (Haarmann and Haarmann, 2015); California (Altman, 2016) Utrech or Maastrich (BIEN, 2015), among others. Several studies about UBI viability and its impact on inequality for Spain have been carried out (Arcarons, Raventos and Torrens, 2014b, Oliver and Spadaro, 2004) as well as for the Basque Country and Catalonia (Arcarons et al., 2014a, 2005). In addition, different legislative initiatives have been promoted at the regional and state levels to support measures of this type (Martinez, 2008), although they have not prospered. In our work, we draw the economic viability of the UBI in Andalusia, an autonomous region of Spain. The funding proposal is based on replacing redundant economic benefits and an income tax reform in 2010. This year is significant because correspond al period of economic crisis, and there is not extra fiscal revenues from cicle economic. The first step affect the monetary assistance benefits. All of them are means-tested transfers, whose individual amount is not higher than UBI disappear and their total budget allocation is used to finance the reform. There are two benefits that exceed the amount of RBU granted to each individual, such as contributory pensions and unemployment benefits. In those cases, individuals continue to receive the amount that exceeds the UBI. The second step is a IRPF reform. All deductions are eliminated, the existence of an exempt minimum equal to the amount of the UBI and application of a linear rate of 49.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%. We model a micro-simulation using a sample of individual respondents and non-respondents settlements of income tax from Institute of Fiscal Studies for 2010; as well as the information provided by different public administrations on the amounts of means-tested transfers. Our results show the reform makes affordable the financial viability of UBI in Andalusia. We evaluate two schemes for a population of 8,370,975 habitants in Andalusia in 2010. In the first, all residents receive 7.500 euros per month and the total budget is 62.782,31 millions of euros. In the second, children under 18 years old recieve 1.500 euros per month and the budget is 52.884,22 millons of euros. The first scheme generates a deficit estimated at 8,377.6 millions of euros. Conversely, the second scheme creates a surplus equal to 1,520.63 millions of euros. This surplus could allow to reduce the marginal tax or to increase the UBI, for example. Regarding their redistributive impacts are remarkable. The first scheme results show that the population among the first and the seventh deciles are winners, and three last deciles are losers. In the second scheme the winners are all population of two first deciles, more than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% population among the third and the seventh deciles, and less than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% for the rest of deciles. Effective tax rates are not quite different in both schemes. The effective tax rates in the first scheme are negative until fourth decile, are minor until sixth decile, and tenth decile put up 34,52\textbackslash textbackslash\% effective tax. The indicators of inequality, concentration and progressivity show a large redistributive impact of the reform. When comparing the situation before and after the reform (gross income ex ante vs. net income ex post plus RBU), the Gini Index decreases by 23 percentage points in scheme one, and 19 percentage points in scheme two. This result is underestimating the total redistributive impact of the measure, since the population outside the microsimulation is not included in the analysis, as it is exempt from the current IRPF, which is a great beneficiary of the reform. The study provides solid evidence of financial viability of the hypothetical implementation in Andalusia of taxtransfer reforms embodying some version of a basic income policy. The reform shows great effectiveness as a measure to reduce inequality. However, the subsequent economic implications (impact on the labor market, poverty, etc.), social (criterion of justice, principle of reciprocity) or politic (conflict and pressure from interest groups) confirm the need of complementary studies, in order to be raised in the political agenda. In addition, RBU could serve as an instrument to obtain information about certain individuals and groups, that due to their personal or group characteristics, do not access the current subsidy system: lack of information, misunderstanding of adminstrative procedures, and other types of barriers they limit their request. Together, better social inclusion results would be obtained. Finally, the digital age is generating great economic and social changes. In this context, a RBU could play a decisive role, as an instrument of correction of technological unemployment, avoiding the increase of inequality and increasing equal opportunities. The fiscal viability calculation of RBU facilitates the way to further debates that provide useful information to design the political agenda.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Andalusia,Direct taxation,Financial viability,Micro-simulation,Redistributive effect,Universal basic income}
}

@article{Artner2020,
  title = {Workfare {{Society}} in {{Action}} - the {{Hungarian Labour Market}} and {{Social Conditions}} in {{European Comparison}}},
  author = {Artner, Annamaria},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {109--128},
  issn = {1582-8271},
  abstract = {This paper aims at investigating the achievements of Hungary's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework-based society\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Based on statistical data, it examines the characteristics of the Hungarian labour market and the development of social indicators over the past decade in comparison with the European Union and the Central and Eastern European member states. As there are improving tendencies during recent years on a regional level, the relatively good employment situation of Hungary cannot be considered as an outlier. While the Hungarian labour market conditions have been improved to some extent, some characteristics, like the level of wages and productivity are rather lagging behind the regional average. Due to policy changes since 2010, the social protection of the most vulnerable declines and, concerning the increase of income inequalities, Hungary is a regional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveleader\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The article concludes that in order for such a social welfare regime to help social inclusion and serve social equality, a reconfiguration of the economic, as well as political governance, is needed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Arun2020,
  title = {Integrated Social and Health Care Services among Societies in Transition: {{Insights}} from {{Turkey}}},
  author = {Arun, Ozgur and Holdsworth, Jason K.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGING STUDIES},
  volume = {53},
  issn = {0890-4065},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100850},
  abstract = {Societies experiencing rapid demographic transition may expect to face challenges such as accelerated population aging and increasing care-related needs. Decentralization of welfare states and resultant fragmentation of services is gaining increasing attention. In this study, we offer suggestions of how developing countries might move from fragmentation to integration of social and health care services. Using the Health Survey of Turkey (HST-2012) data with 15,000 households of populations' age 15 and older, we explore challenges to integrating social and health care service strategies in Turkey. Findings include inequities in material and service accessibility between rural and urban settings. Increasing numbers of older widowed women, especially in rural environments, will require direct income assistance over the coming decades. Additional findings include the need for primary and preventative health care services for middle age groups and strategies to address both unemployment among younger generations and barriers to work force participation for women. In conclusion, among rapid transition societies, it will take time to resolve decentralization-related regional inequalities in social and health services. Therefore, information and communications technologies (ICT) should be employed from an intersectionality perspective to more quickly bridge the services integration - regional inequalities gap in Turkey and possibly other societies in transition.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Asai2023,
  title = {Temporary Work Contracts and Female Labor Market Outcomes},
  author = {Asai, Yukiko and Koustas, Dmitri K.},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {208},
  pages = {1--20},
  issn = {0167-2681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2023.02.003},
  abstract = {How does initial placement in a temporary work contract affect workers' subsequent la-bor market outcomes? We study a unique set of natural experiments: In the mid-1990s, the Japanese airline industry implemented a new hiring policy using temporary employ-ment contracts. The policy was later reversed in the mid-2010s. Examining the universe of employment records from one of Japan's major airlines as well as government surveys to compare outcomes for cohorts of flight attendants hired just before to those hired just af-ter these changes in industry policy, we find that workers starting on temporary contracts were less likely to remain with the firm over time and are less likely to have children within 10 years after starting the job. These findings do not appear to be the result of selection on observables.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Fertility,Gender gap,Temporary contracts,Turnover}
}

@article{Asaleye2021,
  title = {Trade Openness Channels and Labour Market Performance: Evidence from {{Nigeria}}},
  author = {Asaleye, Abiola John and Ogunjobi, Joseph Olufemi and Ezenwoke, Omotola Adedoyin},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {48},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1589--1607},
  issn = {0306-8293},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSE-06-2018-0320},
  abstract = {Purpose The implications of trade on developing economies have generated substantial debates with most studies focussed on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopenness in the policy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Hence, the purpose of this study is to focus on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopenness in practice\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Design/methodology/approach This study uses two models and employed the vector error correction model and structural vector autoregression, first, to examine the sectoral effects; second, to investigate the efficacy of neoclassical and new trade theories; and third, to analyse the effect of trade openness shock on Nigerian labour market performance. Findings The results of the first model showed that trade openness has an adverse effect on employment and wages in both the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Likewise, the study concludes that the new trade theory explains trade's behaviour on employment and wages in Nigeria. The second model showed that the effect of error shock from trade openness affected wages more than employment. Research limitations/implications The study ignores the distributional effects due to unavailability of data. Practical implications The study suggested, amongst others, the need for policies mix on the labour market via a coherent set of initiatives in other to increase the competitiveness of Nigeria in the international market. Originality/value Most studies focussed on openness in policy through the channels identified in the literature. However, this study investigates these channels in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopenness in practice\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and investigates trade theories' efficacy on manufacturing and agricultural sectors in Nigeria, which has been neglected in the literature.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {C3,Employment,F6,J21,J64,Nigeria,Trade openness,VAR,Wages}
}

@article{Asgeirsdottir2009,
  title = {Alcohol and Labor Supply: The Case of {{Iceland}}},
  author = {Asgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey and McGeary, Kerry Anne},
  year = {2009},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {455--465},
  issn = {1618-7598},
  doi = {10.1007/s10198-009-0159-0},
  abstract = {At a time when the government of Iceland is considering privatization of alcohol sales and a reduction of its governmental fees, it is timely to estimate the potential effects of this policy change. Given that the privatization of sales coupled with a tax reduction should lead to a decrease in the unit price of alcohol, one would expect the quantity consumed to increase. While it is of interest to project the impact of the proposed bill on the market for alcohol, another important consideration is the impact that increased alcohol consumption and, more specifically, probable alcohol misuse would have on other markets in Iceland. The only available study on this subject using Icelandic data yields surprising results. Tmasson et al. (Scand J Public Health 32:47-52, 2004) unexpectedly found no effect of probable alcohol abuse on sick leave. A logical next step would be to examine the effect of probable alcohol abuse on other important labor-market outcomes. Nationally representative survey data from 2002 allow for an analysis of probable misuse of alcohol and labor-supply choices. Labor-supply choices are considered with reference to possible effects of policies already in force, as well as proposed changes to current policies. Contrary to intuition, but in agreement with the previously mentioned Icelandic study, the adverse effects of probable misuse of alcohol on employment status or hours worked are not confirmed within this sample. The reasons for the results are unclear, although some suggestions are hypothesized. Currently, data to test those theories convincingly are not available.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alcohol,Employment,Hours worked,Iceland,Labor supply}
}

@article{Ashford2020,
  title = {Addressing {{Inequality}}: {{The First Step Beyond COVID-19}} and {{Towards Sustainability}}},
  author = {Ashford, Nicholas A. and Hall, Ralph P. and {Arango-Quiroga}, Johan and Metaxas, Kyriakos A. and Showalter, Amy L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {13},
  doi = {10.3390/su12135404},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond to the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social systems that inhibited their ability to respond comprehensively to the pandemic. These same weaknesses have also undermined efforts to advance equality and sustainability. This paper explores over 30 interventions across the following nine categories of change that hold the potential to address inequality, provide all citizens with access to essential goods and services, and advance progress towards sustainability: (1) Income and wealth transfers to facilitate an equitable increase in purchasing power/disposable income; (2) broadening worker and citizen ownership of the means of production and supply of services, allowing corporate profit-taking to be more equitably distributed; (3) changes in the supply of essential goods and services for more citizens; (4) changes in the demand for more sustainable goods and services desired by people; (5) stabilizing and securing employment and the workforce; (6) reducing the disproportionate power of corporations and the very wealthy on the market and political system through the expansion and enforcement of antitrust law such that the dominance of a few firms in critical sectors no longer prevails; (7) government provision of essential goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, food, and mobility; (8) a reallocation of government spending between military operations and domestic social needs; and (9) suspending or restructuring debt from emerging and developing countries. Any interventions that focus on growing the economy must also be accompanied by those that offset the resulting compromises to health, safety, and the environment from increasing unsustainable consumption. This paper compares and identifies the interventions that should be considered as an important foundational first step in moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and towards sustainability. In this regard, it provides a comprehensive set of strategies that could advance progress towards a component of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 to reduce inequality within countries. However, the candidate interventions are also contrasted with all 17 SDGs to reveal potential problem areas/tradeoffs that may need careful attention.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Aspachs2022,
  title = {Real-Time Inequality and the Welfare State in Motion: Evidence from {{COVID-19}} in {{Spain}}},
  author = {Aspachs, Oriol and Durante, Ruben and Graziano, Alberto and Mestres, Josep and Montalvo, Jose G. and {Reynal-Querol}, Marta},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ECONOMIC POLICY},
  volume = {37},
  number = {109, SI},
  pages = {165--199},
  issn = {0266-4658},
  doi = {10.1093/epolic/eiac008},
  abstract = {G. Montalvo and Marta Reynal-Querol?{$>$}Official statistics on economic inequality are only available at low frequency and with considerable delay. This makes it challenging to assess the impact on inequality of fast-unfolding crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, and to rapidly evaluate and tailor policy responses. We propose a new methodology to track income inequality at high frequency using anonymized data from bank records for over three million account holders in Spain. Using this approach, we analyse how inequality evolved between February and November 2020 (compared to the same months of 2019). We first show that the wage distribution in our data matches very closely that from official labour surveys. We then document that, in the absence of government intervention, inequality would have increased dramatically, mainly due to job losses and wage cuts experienced by low-wage workers. The increase in pre-transfer inequality was especially pronounced among the young and the foreign-born, and in regions more dependent on services. Public transfers and unemployment insurance schemes were effective at providing a safety net to the most affected segments of the population and at offsetting most of the increase in inequality. Increased inequality is primarily driven by differential changes in employment rate. Indeed, using individual-level regressions, we find that, over the course of the pandemic, the probability of being employed decreased drastically for workers in the lower part of the pre-COVID wage distribution, young cohorts and foreign-born.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {D63,E24,J31}
}

@article{Assari2018,
  title = {Unequal {{Gain}} of {{Equal Resources}} across {{Racial Groups}}},
  author = {Assari, Shervin},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {10.15171/ijhpm.2017.90},
  abstract = {The health effects of economic resources (eg, education, employment, and living place) and psychological assets (eg, self-efficacy, perceived control over life, anger control, and emotions) are well-known. This article summarizes the results of a growing body of evidence documenting Blacks' diminished return, defined as a systematically smaller health gain from economic resources and psychological assets for Blacks in comparison to Whites. Due to structural barriers that Blacks face in their daily lives, the very same resources and assets generate smaller health gain for Blacks compared to Whites. Even in the presence of equal access resources and assets, such unequal health gain constantly generates a racial health gap between Blacks and Whites in the United States. In this paper, a number of public policies are recommended based on these findings. First and foremost, public policies should not merely focus on equalizing access to resources and assets, but also reduce the societal and structural barriers that hinder Blacks. Policy solutions should aim to reduce various manifestations of structural racism including but not limited to differential pay, residential segregation, lower quality of education, and crime in Black and urban communities. As income was not found to follow the same pattern demonstrated for other resources and assets (ie, income generated similar decline in risk of mortality for Whites and Blacks), policies that enforce equal income and increase minimum wage for marginalized populations are essential. Improving quality of education of youth and employability of young adults will enable Blacks to compete for high paying jobs. Policies that reduce racism and discrimination in the labor market are also needed. Without such policies, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate the sustained racial health gap in the United States.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health Policy,Public Policy,Racial Health Disparities,Racism,Structural Barriers}
}

@article{Assoc2023,
  title = {Support {{Decent Work}} for {{All}} as a {{Public Health Goal}} in the {{United States}}. ({{APHA Policy Statement Number}} 20223, {{Adopted November}} 2022)},
  author = {Assoc, Amer Public Hlth},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {NEW SOLUTIONS-A JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {60--71},
  issn = {1048-2911},
  doi = {10.1177/10482911231167089},
  abstract = {This policy promotes decent work as a U.S. public health goal through a comprehensive approach that builds upon existing APHA policy statements and addresses statement gaps. The International Labour Organization defines decent work as work that is \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveproductive, delivers a fair income, provides security in the workplace and social protection for workers and their families, offers prospects for personal development and encourages social interaction, gives people the freedom to express their concerns and organize and participate in the decisions affecting their lives and guarantees equal opportunities and equal treatment for all across the entire lifespan.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The World Health Organization has emphasized that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealth and employment are inextricably linked\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealth inequities attributable to employment can be reduced by promoting safe, healthy and secure work.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Here evidence is presented linking decent work and health and action steps are proposed to help achieve decent work for all and, thus, improve public health. In the United States, inadequacies in labor laws, structural racism, failed immigration policies, ageism, and other factors have increased income inequality and stressful and hazardous working conditions and reduced opportunities for decent work, adversely affecting workers' health and ability to sustain themselves and their families. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these failures through higher mortality rates among essential and low-wage workers, who were disproportionately people of color. This policy statement provides a strategic umbrella of tactics for just, equitable, and healthy economic development of decent work and proposes research partnerships to develop, implement, measure, and evaluate decent work in the United States.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mental health,paid leave,unions,wages,workplace safety}
}

@article{Asweto2016,
  title = {Integration of Community Health Workers into Health Systems in Developing Countries: {{Opportunities}} and Challenges},
  author = {Asweto, Collins Otieno and Alzain, Mohamed Ali and Andrea, Sebastian and Alexander, Rachel and Wang, Wei},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FAMILY MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--45},
  issn = {2305-6983},
  doi = {10.15212/FMCH.2016.0102},
  abstract = {Background: Developing countries have the potential to reach vulnerable and underserved populations marginalized by the country's health care systems by way of community health workers (CHWs). It is imperative that health care systems focus on improving access to quality continuous primary care through the use of CHWs while paying attention to the factors that impact on CHWs and their effectiveness. Objective: To explore the possible opportunities and challenges of integrating CHWs into the health care systems of developing countries. Methods: Six databases were examined for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that included the integration of CHWs, their motivation and supervision, and CHW policy making and implementation in developing countries. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria and were double read to extract data relevant to the context of CHW programs. Thematic coding was conducted and evidence on the main categories of contextual factors influencing integration of CHWs into the health system was synthesized. Results: CHWs are an effective and appropriate element of a health care team and can assist in addressing health disparities and social determinants of health. Important facilitators of integration of CHWs into health care teams are support from other health workers and inclusion of CHWs in case management meetings. Sustainable integration of CHWs into the health care system requires the formulation and implementation of polices that support their work, as well as financial and nonfinancial incentives, motivation, collaborative and supportive supervision, and a manageable workload. Conclusions: For sustainable integration of CHWs into health care systems, high-performing health systems with sound governance, adequate financing, well-organized service delivery, and adequate supplies and equipment are essential. Similarly, competent communities could contribute to better CHW performance through sound governance of community resources, promotion of inclusiveness and cohesion, engagement in participatory decision making, and mobilization of local resources for community welfare.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community health workers,developing countries,health care systems and policy,supportive supervision}
}

@article{Atasoy2017,
  title = {Female {{Labour Force Participation}} in {{Turkey}}: {{The Role}} of {{Traditionalism}}},
  author = {Atasoy, Burak Sencer},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH},
  volume = {29},
  number = {4},
  pages = {675--706},
  issn = {0957-8811},
  doi = {10.1057/s41287-016-0013-z},
  abstract = {Turkey witnessed a remarkable transformation over the last century. However, the female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) stagnated around 30 per cent, well below the OECD average. In this study, the determinants of female labour force participation are analysed with a special focus on the effects of traditionalism. Using probit and multinomial logit models as well instrumental variable approach, the effects of traditional norms for 3 sectors and 5 job statuses are estimated. Widely used determinants in the literature such as own education, fertility and maternity conditions are found significant with expected signs where own education has the biggest impact on labour force participation and employment. Finally, it is found that women who were raised under a traditional culture have a lower probability to participate to labour force and find jobs. These detrimental effects are stronger in services sector and among regular/waged workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {development,growth,inequality,labour,poverty}
}

@article{Atasoy2021,
  title = {Information {{Technology Skills}} and {{Labor Market Outcomes}} for {{Workers}}},
  author = {Atasoy, Hilal and Banker, Rajiv D. and Pavlou, Paul A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {437--461},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  doi = {10.1287/isre.2020.0975},
  abstract = {Job erosion is a major concern globally, especially given the COVID-19 pandemic. Unemployment and low wages remain pressing societal challenges in the wake of increased automation, more so for traditionally disadvantaged groups in the labor market, such as women, minorities, and the elderly. However, workers who possess relevant information technology (IT) skills might have an edge in an increasingly digital economy. In this study, we examine the role of IT skills in labor market outcomes for workers. We leverage a household IT use survey from an emerging economy that captures detailed, individual-level data on IT skills and IT use, which are also integrated with household labor force survey data on workers' wages, occupations, and industries between 2007 and 2015. We find that basic IT skills increase employment probability, and these employment effects can be explained by both increased labor force participation and a higher probability of transitioning from unemployment to employment, after accounting for the decision to participate in the workforce. Advanced IT skills are not significantly associated with higher employment, conditioning on basic IT skills. However, having advanced IT skills helps workers to earn higher wages and incrementally increases the probability that they are employed in higher-paid jobs. Interestingly, the effects of basic IT skills on employment are significantly larger for the female and older workforce that typically has a higher preference for flexible work options. Additionally, IT skills complement occupations that have a higher share of nonroutine tasks that cannot be performed by predefined rules. These results emphasize the importance of providing necessary IT access and basic IT training to traditionally socially disadvantaged groups to reduce the IT skills gap and close the digital divide. We contribute to the literature by providing evidence on the role of different IT skills in the entire labor force across multiple occupations and demographics, going beyond IT professionals and employed workers who have predominantly been studied in the information systems literature. We discuss implications for the future of work and education and public policy for designing IT training policies for workers, students, and organizations to stimulate employment for workers with higher wages, particularly in developing economies and for traditionally disadvantaged segments of the workforce, such as women and the elderly, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,employment,general-purpose skills,IT skills,labor force participation,wages}
}

@article{Atasu-Topcuoglu2022,
  title = {Gender Inequality, the Welfare State, Disability, and Distorted Commodification of Care in {{Turkey}}},
  author = {{Atasu-Topcuoglu}, Reyhan},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {61--87},
  issn = {0896-6346},
  doi = {10.1017/npt.2020.35},
  abstract = {Reforming care regimes to cover the care deficit and enhancing the marketization of care to promote individualism and gender equality have been on the European agenda since the 1990s. However, both implementation and results have been path-dependent. This study first underlines some specificities in the Turkish case-namely, the limited welfare state, a large shadow economy, gender roles, patriarchal backlash, Islamization, and neoliberalism, all of which receive little treatment in the welfare state literature. It then analyzes how these specificities interact in the construction of the care regime in Turkey, conceptualizing the outcome as distorted commodification of care-namely, the continuing ambiguity of care services despite these activities producing precarity and positional suffering for caregivers and recipients. Finally, the study provides concrete examples from the less studied topic of long-term disability care. It presents a perspective on Turkey that foregrounds the connections between gendered care imagery and case-specific qualities of the commodification of care shaped by the long-standing shadow economy, the outsourcing of disability services to for-profit private companies, and the introduction of the cash-for-care policy. The study analyzes the outcomes of distorted commodification of care under these conditions in Turkey vis-a-vis visibility, valuation of work, working conditions, and gender inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Atinga2018,
  title = {Ghana's Community-Based Primary Health Care: {{Why}} Women and Children Are \textbackslash textasciigravedisadvantaged' by Its Implementation},
  author = {Atinga, Roger A. and Agyepong, Irene Akua and Esena, Reuben K.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {201},
  pages = {27--34},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.001},
  abstract = {Policy analysis on why women and children in low- and middle-income settings are still disadvantaged by access to appropriate care despite Primary Health Care (PHC) programmes implementation is limited. Drawing on the street-level bureaucracy theory, we explored how and why frontline providers (FLP) actions on their own and in interaction with health system factors shape Ghana's community-based PHC implementation to the disadvantage of women and children accessing and using health services. This was a qualitative study conducted in 4 communities drawn from rural and urban districts of the Upper West region. Data were collected from 8 focus group discussions with community informants, 73 in-depth interviews with clients, 13 in-depth interviews with district health managers and FLP, and observations. Data were recorded, transcribed and coded deductively and inductively for themes with the aid of Nvivo 11 software. Findings showed that apart from FLP frequent lateness to, and absenteeism from work, that affected care seeking for children, their exercise of discretionary power in determining children who deserve care over others had ripple effects: families experienced financial hardships in seeking alternative care for children, and avoided that by managing symptoms with care provided in non-traditional spaces. FLP adverse behaviours were driven by weak implementation structures embedded in the district health systems. Basic obstetric facilities such as labour room, infusion stand, and beds for deliveries, detention and palpation were lacking prompting FLP to cope by conducting deliveries using a patchwork of improvised delivery methods which worked out to encourage unassisted home deliveries. Perceived poor conditions of service weakened FLP commitment to quality maternal and child care delivery. Findings suggest the need for strategies to induce behaviour change in FLP, strengthen district administrative structures, and improve on the supply chain and logistics system to address gaps in CHPS maternal and child care delivery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children,CHPS,Frontline provider,Ghana,Implementation,PHC,Street bureaucrats,Women}
}

@article{Attanasio2004,
  title = {Trade Reforms and Wage Inequality in {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Attanasio, O and Goldberg, {\relax PK} and Pavcnik, N},
  year = {2004},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS},
  volume = {74},
  number = {2},
  pages = {331--366},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.07.001},
  abstract = {We investigate the effects of the drastic tariff reductions of the 1980s and 1990s in Colombia on the wage distribution. We identify three main channels through which the wage distribution was affected: increasing returns to college education, changes in industry wages that hurt sectors with initially lower wages and a higher fraction of unskilled workers, and shifts of the labor force towards the informal sector that typically pays lower wages and offers no benefits. Our results suggest that trade policy played a role in each of the above cases. The increase in the skill premium was primarily driven by skilled-biased technological change; however, our evidence suggests that this change may have been in part motivated by the tariff reductions and the increased foreign competition to which the trade reform exposed domestic producers. With respect to industry wages, we find that wage premiums decreased by more in sectors that experienced larger tariff cuts. Finally, we find some evidence that the increase in the size of the informal sector is related to increased foreign competition-sectors with larger tariff cuts and more trade exposure, as measured by the size of their imports, experience a greater increase in informality, though this effect is concentrated in the years prior to the labor market reform. Nevertheless, increasing returns to education, and changes in industry premiums and informality alone cannot fully explain the increase in wage inequality we observe over this period. This suggests that overall the effect of the trade reforms on the wage distribution may have been small. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Colombia,trade reforms,wage inequality}
}

@article{Audrey2014,
  title = {Dying to Get out: Young Drivers, Safety and Social Inequity},
  author = {Audrey, S. and Langford, R.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INJURY PREVENTION},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1353-8047},
  doi = {10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040756},
  abstract = {Objective Deaths and serious injuries among young drivers are an important public health concern. Road safety researchers and policy makers tend to focus on strategies to restrict the driving activities of young people. Other social research suggests the disadvantages experienced by young people in socially deprived groups are exacerbated by not having a driving licence or owning a car. In this qualitative study, we consider the views of young people from less affluent backgrounds in the south-west of England who took part in a brief intervention to encourage them to delay gaining a driving licence and car ownership. Methods Between September 2011 and January 2012, a researcher observed four training sessions involving 173 young people. Postintervention, digitally recorded focus groups were conducted at three venues involving 23 randomly selected young people. Data from the focus group transcripts were sorted into charts in relation to key research questions and scrutinised using constant comparison. Results These young people believed the ability to drive, and car ownership, could increase their independence, improve access to further education, widen their employment opportunities, and enable them to contribute to family or household responsibilities. Conclusions We argue there is a potential conflict between some strategies seeking to promote young driver safety and the impact this may have on equity and social disadvantage. Interdisciplinary work is required between professionals and researchers in transport, road safety, public health and social equity. Government policies should include low-cost, safe, reliable and attractive transport alternatives for young people in more deprived communities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Auguste2022,
  title = {The {{Precarity}} of {{Self-Employment}} among {{Low-}} and {{Moderate-Income Households}}},
  author = {Auguste, Daniel and Roll, Stephen and Despard, Mathieu},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soab171},
  abstract = {Many people in the United States have achieved economic stability through self-employment and are often seen as embracing the entrepreneurial spirit and seizing opportunity. Yet, research also suggests that self-employment may be precarious for many people in the lower socioeconomic strata. Drawing on a unique dataset that combines longitudinal survey data with administrative tax data for a sample of low- and moderate-income (LMI) workers, we bring new evidence to bear on this debate by examining the link between self-employment and economic insecurity. Overall, our results show that self-employment is associated with greater economic insecurity among LMI workers compared with wage-and-salary employment. For instance, compared with their wage-and-salary counterparts, the self-employed have 78, 168, and 287 percent greater odds of having an income below basic expenses, and experiencing an unexpected income decline and high levels of income volatility, respectively. We also find that differences in financial endowment and access to health insurance are key drivers in explaining the relationship between employment type and economic insecurity, as being able to access \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2,000 in an emergency greatly lowers the odds of budgetary constraint, whereas lack of health insurance increases those odds. These findings suggest that formal work arrangements with wages and benefits offered by an employer promotes greater economic stability among LMI workers compared with informal work arrangements via self-employment. We discuss implications of these results for future research and policy initiatives seeking to promote economic wellbeing through entrepreneurship.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Aum2021,
  title = {Inequality of Fear and Self-Quarantine: {{Is}} There a Trade-off between {{GDP}} and Public Health?},
  author = {Aum, Sangmin and Lee, Sang Yoon (Tim) and Shin, Yongseok},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {194},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104354},
  abstract = {We construct a quantitative model of an economy hit by a pandemic. People choose occupations and make work-from-home decisions to maximize income and minimize their fear of infection. Occupations differ by wage, infection risk, and the productivity loss when working from home. The model is calibrated to South Korea (SK) and the United Kingdom (UK) to compare SK's intensive testing and quarantine policy against UK's lockdown. We find that SK's policies would have worked equally well in the UK, dramatically reducing both deaths and GDP losses. The key contrast between UK's lockdown and SK's policies was not in the intensity of testing, but weak restrictions on the activity of many (UK) versus strict restrictions on a targeted few (SK). Lockdowns themselves may not present a clear tradeoff between GDP and public health either. A premature lifting of the lockdown raises GDP temporarily, but infections rise over time and people voluntarily choose to work from home for fear of infection, generating a W-shaped recession. Finally, we find that low-skill workers and self-employed always lose the most from both the pandemic itself and containment policies. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Economic inequality,Quarantine,SIR model,Testing}
}

@article{Autor2013,
  title = {The {{China Syndrome}}: {{Local Labor Market Effects}} of {{Import Competition}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Autor, David H. and Dorn, David and Hanson, Gordon H.},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {103},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2121--2168},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.6.2121},
  abstract = {We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house import-competing manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Autor2016,
  title = {The {{China Shock}}: {{Learning}} from {{Labor-Market Adjustment}} to {{Large Changes}} in {{Trade}}},
  author = {Autor, David H. and Dorn, David and Hanson, Gordon H.},
  editor = {Aghion, P and Rey, H},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECONOMICS, VOL 8},
  series = {Annual {{Review}} of {{Economics}}},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {205--240},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015041},
  abstract = {China's emergence as a great economic power has induced an epochal shift in patterns of world trade. Simultaneously, it has challenged much of the received empirical wisdom about how labor markets adjust to trade shocks. Alongside the heralded consumer benefits of expanded trade are substantial adjustment costs and distributional consequences. These impacts are most visible in the local labor markets in which the industries exposed to foreign competition are concentrated. Adjustment in local labor markets is remarkably slow, with wages and labor-force participation rates remaining depressed and unemployment rates remaining elevated for at least a full decade after the China trade shock commences. Exposed workers experience greater job churning and reduced lifetime income. At the national level, employment has fallen in the US industries more exposed to import competition, as expected, but offsetting employment gains in other industries have yet to materialize. Better understanding when and where trade is costly, and how and why it may be beneficial, is a key item on the research agenda for trade and labor economists.},
  isbn = {978-0-8243-4608-9},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {globalization,inequality,labor-market adjustment,local labor markets}
}

@article{Avalos2010,
  title = {{{MIGRATION}}, {{UNEMPLOYMENT}}, {{AND WAGES}}: {{THE CASE OF THE CALIFORNIA SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY}}},
  author = {Avalos, Antonio},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {123--135},
  issn = {1074-3529},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00159.x},
  abstract = {The California San Joaquin Valley labor market appears to be at odds with basic economic principles in the sense that despite higher unemployment rates and lower wages, it has continually attracted an influx of in-migrants, domestic and international. By examining county-level data for the last two decades, the analysis in this paper is built around two main questions. First, in what proportion does local employment growth reduce local unemployment, increase labor force participation and attract outsiders who will likely take the newly created jobs? Second, to what extent regional migration rates respond to regional relative wages and unemployment differentials? Both questions aim to gain a better understanding of the San Joanquin Valley labor market and the migrants' decisions to move there, which might shed light in the design and implementation of development policies aimed at reducing unemployment. Results provide evidence that market forces alone are insufficient to correct regional unemployment disparities. Three main findings are offered. First, in-migrants workers fill most of the newly created jobs. Second, migration seems unresponsive to the unemployment level but responsive to changes in farm income. Third, migration is sensitive to government-based benefits, property crime rates and housing prices. (JEL R11, R23, R58).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Avdic2015,
  title = {Working While Studying? {{Student}} Aid Design and Socioeconomic Achievement Disparities in Higher Education},
  author = {Avdic, Daniel and Gartell, Marie},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {26--40},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2015.01.002},
  abstract = {We analyze the relation between student academic achievement and labor supply by exploiting institutional variation derived from a Swedish public financial aid reform which altered the relative cost of financing college education through taking up student loans and engaging in market work, respectively. Applying detailed administrative data we estimate relative changes in earnings and academic credits attributed to the intervention for students from different social backgrounds. Results show that the reform increased relative earnings and decreased relative study pace for students from a lower socioeconomic background. These effects appear to have been driven by students more financially constrained by the previous system. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education policy,Financial aid reform,Socioeconomic inequality,Spillover effect,Student labour supply,Time-to-graduation}
}

@article{Aveling2016,
  title = {Obstacles to Implementation of an Intervention to Improve Surgical Services in an {{Ethiopian}} Hospital: A Qualitative Study of an International Health Partnership Project},
  author = {Aveling, Emma-Louise and Zegeye, Desalegn Tegabu and Silverman, Michael},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {1472-6963},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-016-1639-4},
  abstract = {Background: Access to safe surgical care represents a critical gap in healthcare delivery and development in many low-and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Quality improvement (QI) initiatives at hospital level may contribute to closing this gap. Many such quality improvement initiatives are carried out through international health partnerships. Better understanding of how to optimise quality improvement in low-income settings is needed, including through partnership-based approaches. Drawing on a process evaluation of an intervention to improve surgical services in an Ethiopian hospital, this paper offers lessons to help meet this need. Methods: We conducted a qualitative process evaluation of a quality improvement project which aimed to improve access to surgical services in an Ethiopian referral hospital through better management. Data was collected longitudinally and included: 66 in-depth interviews with surgical staff and project team members; observation (135 h) in the surgery department and of project meetings; project-related documentation. Thematic analysis, guided by theoretical constructs, focused on identifying obstacles to implementation. Results: The project largely failed to achieve its goals. Key barriers related to project design, partnership working and the implementation context, and included: confusion over project objectives and project and partner roles and responsibilities; logistical challenges concerning overseas visits; difficulties in communication; gaps between the time and authority team members had and that needed to implement and engage other staff; limited strategies for addressing adaptive-as opposed to technical-challenges; effects of hierarchy and resource scarcity on QI efforts. While many of the obstacles identified are common to diverse settings, our findings highlight ways in which some features of low-income country contexts amplify these common challenges. Conclusion: We identify lessons for optimising the design and planning of quality improvement interventions within such challenging healthcare contexts, with specific reference to international partnership-based approaches. These include: the need for a funded lead-in phase to clarify and agree goals, roles, mutual expectations and communication strategies; explicitly incorporating adaptive, as well as technical, solutions; transparent management of resources and opportunities; leadership which takes account of both formal and informal power structures; and articulating links between project goals and wider organisational interests.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethiopia,Partnership,Patient safety,Quality improvement,Surgery}
}

@article{Avram2022,
  title = {Do Taxes and Transfers Reduce Gender Income Inequality? {{Evidence}} from Eight {{European}} Welfare States},
  author = {Avram, Silvia and Popova, Daria},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {102},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102644},
  abstract = {We examine how taxes and transfers affect the incomes of men and women. Using micro simulation and intra-household income splitting rules, we measure the differences in the level and composition of individual disposable income by gender in eight European countries covering various welfare regime types. We quantify the extent to which taxes and transfers can counterbalance the gender gap in earnings, as well as which policy instruments contribute most to reducing the gender income gap. We find that with the exception of old-age public pensions, all taxes and transfers significantly reduce gender income inequality but cannot compensate for high gender earnings gaps. Our findings suggest that gender income equality is more likely to be achieved by promoting the universal/dual breadwinner model, whereby women's labour force participation and wages are on a par with men. To achieve this, men will likely need to work less and care more.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Europe,Gender inequality,Income distribution,Social policy,Welfare state}
}

@article{Ayala2014,
  title = {Blessed Art Thou among Women: Male Nursing Students and Gender Inequalities in {{Chile}}},
  author = {Ayala, Ricardo A. and Holmqvist, Moira T. and Messing, Helga B. and Browne, Rodrigo F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {NURSE EDUCATION TODAY},
  volume = {34},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1480--1484},
  issn = {0260-6917},
  doi = {10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.022},
  abstract = {Background: The evolution of nursing education into an academic curriculum and the growing interest of men in nursing have been significant landmarks in the development of a \textbackslash textasciigravefemale' occupation. Chilean nursing is considered as the leading example of nursing education in Latin America, demanding a five-year training on a full-time university programme. The consequences of education, however, are assumed as more egalitarian opportunities, disregarding the latent replication of structures that perpetuate inequalities. Objective: To comprehend the socialisation of male nursing students and its relation with their masculine identity and the construction of inequalities in nursing education. Methods: We draw upon interviews undertaken with beginner and advanced nursing students from a Chilean university. Approval was obtained from the relevant Ethics Committee. The data were organised to allow the development of concepts by using the Grounded Theory approach. Results: The analysis uncovers paradoxical results of nursing education and its ineffectiveness in preventing gender-based inequalities. The interest in empowering nursing politically may lead to favour an increasing number of men entering nursing in ways that facilitate male students' progress. Furthermore, there exist discourses of compassion that feed consideration for male students, engendering in the process the prospect of professional success and the gravitation into strategic positions in the employment market. These are mechanisms that reproduce earlier gender-based inequalities in nursing. Conclusions: In the light of the social reproduction theory, the academisation of Chilean nursing seems to be built upon historical gender asymmetries. Although the interest of men in embracing a career in nursing may have a meaningful resonance with the transformation of contemporary society, this process needs a judicious examination in order to protect academic integrity and, ultimately, prevent the reproduction of those inequalities in question. This analysis offers a perspective for understanding social patterns embedded in the practice of nursing education in Chile and elsewhere. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,Male nursing student,Nursing education,Nursing students,Qualitative study,Social inequality,Sociology}
}

@article{Ayalew2021,
  title = {The {{Health}} of {{Children}} in {{Immigrant Families}}: {{Key Drivers}} and {{Research Gaps Through}} an {{Equity Lens}}},
  author = {Ayalew, Betlihem and {Dawson-Hahn}, Elizabeth and Cholera, Rushina and Falusi, Olanrewaju and Haro, Tamar Magarik and {Montoya-Williams}, Diana and Linton, Julie M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ACADEMIC PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {21},
  number = {5},
  pages = {777--792},
  issn = {1876-2859},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The United States benefits economically and socially from the diverse skill-set and innovative contributions of immigrants. By applying a socioecological framework with an equity lens, we aim to provide an overview of the health of children in immigrant families (CIF) in the United States, identify gaps in related research, and suggest future areas of focus to advance health equity. METHODS: The literature review consisted of identifying academic and gray literature using a MeSH Database, Clinical Queries, and relevant keywords in 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and BrowZine). Search terms were selected with goals of: 1) conceptualizing a model of key drivers of health for CIF; 2) describing and classifying key drivers of health for CIF; and 3) identifying knowledge gaps. RESULTS: The initial search produced 1120 results which were screened for relevance using a meta-narrative approach. Of these, 224 papers were selected, categorized by topic, and reviewed in collaboration with the authors. Key topic areas included patient and family outcomes, institutional and community environments, the impact of public policy, and opportunities for research. Key inequities were identified in health outcomes; access to quality health care, housing, education, employment opportunities; immigration policies; and inclusion in and funding for research. Important resiliency factors for CIF included strong family connections and social networks. CONCLUSIONS: Broad structural inequities contribute to poor health outcomes among immigrant families. While resiliency factors exist, research on the impact of certain important drivers of health, such as structural and cultural racism, is missing regarding this population. More work is needed to inform the development and optimization of programs and policies aimed at improving outcomes for CIF. However, research should incorporate expertise from within immigrant communities. Finally, interventions to improve outcomes for CIF should be considered in the context of the socioecological model which informs the upstream and downstream drivers of health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {children in immigrant families,health equity,immigration policy,prefers language other than English,socioecological model}
}

@article{Ayllon2019,
  title = {Youth Earnings and Labour Market Volatility in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Ayllon, Sara and Ramos, Xavier},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {158},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--113},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/ilr.12131},
  abstract = {The authors provide new evidence on youth earnings and labour market volatility, including flows into and out of employment, across Europe during the Great Recession. EU-SILC data for the period 2004-13 reveal large disparities in volatility levels and trends across European countries. As expected, the Great Recession increased youth labour market volatility, offsetting the trends observed over the previous years of economic prosperity. A variance decomposition exercise points to greater exposure to worker turnover in southern Europe. Fixed effects regression on labour market institutions relates higher unemployment benefits and more stringent employment protection legislation to lower earnings and labour market volatility.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic recession,Europe,labour market,trend,wages,youth employment}
}

@article{Ayon2020,
  title = {Latinx {{Undocumented Older Adults}}, {{Health Needs}} and {{Access}} to {{Healthcare}}},
  author = {Ayon, Cecilia and Ramos Santiago, Jonathan and Lopez Torres, Andrea Sthepania},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF IMMIGRANT AND MINORITY HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5},
  pages = {996--1009},
  issn = {1557-1912},
  doi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00966-7},
  abstract = {An estimated 10.5 million undocumented immigrants reside in the U.S.; 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% are 55 and older. Undocumented older adults do not qualify for Medicaid or Social Security benefits even though many pay taxes. The study examines undocumented older adults' perceptions on their health status and their experiences in accessing health care. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used to facilitate dialogue with undocumented older adults (N = 30) ages 55-63 (M = 61.67, SD = 5.50). Most of the participants were Mexican (n = 26, 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and had lived in the U.S. on average 21 years (SD = 8.78). A constant comparative approach was used while completing initial, focused, and axial coding. Participants were classified into a five-group typology that captures the intersection of perceived health status/need and access to health care; (1) High need, with access to care; (2) High need, with ambiguous access; (3) Undiagnosed need, with no access; (4) Perceived healthy status, with no access; (5) Healthy status, with access to care. Participants who reported high health needs experienced a range of chronic and degenerative health conditions. Participants accessed care by paying-out-of-pocket (between \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar100 and 300/visit for consultation, lab work, and medications). High need participants with ambiguous access have been able to access care through permanently residing under color of law status or Medically Indigent Services Programs; access is uncertain given their undocumented status and changes in policies. Participants faced multiple barriers to accessing health care-mainly high cost and documentation status. Limited access to care leads to several detrimental consequences such as debilitated health, emotional burden, and economic insecurity. Older undocumented adults are a vulnerable population that experience great health needs. The high cost for health care and limited access to care takes a toll on undocumented older adults. The findings highlight many opportunities for policy advocacy and practice with older undocumented adults.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Azarpazhooh2015,
  title = {Treatment {{Preferences}} for {{Toothache}} among {{Working Poor Canadians}}},
  author = {Azarpazhooh, Amir and Quinonez, Carlos},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS},
  volume = {41},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1985--1990},
  issn = {0099-2399},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.025},
  abstract = {Introduction: Working poor (WP) Canadians are those who work {$>$}= 20 hours/week, are not full-time students, and have annual family incomes {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar34,300. They have unique vulnerabilities and face significant barriers to accessing dental care because they rarely receive. employment-based dental benefits and are ineligible for publicly funded dental programs. This research aimed to understand whether WP Canadians would prefer extraction rather than tooth restoration and preservation when they have toothache. Methods: A cross-sectional stratified sampling study design and telephone survey methodology was used to collect data from a nationally representative sample of 1049 WP individuals aged 18-64 years. A pretested questionnaire included sociodemographic and self-reported oral health questions and asked participants to select their preference for maintaining versus extracting an aching tooth. By using bivariate and logistic regression analyses, we applied the Gelberg-Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to understand what influences treatment preferences among this population (P {$<$}= .05). Results: The majority of participants (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%) preferred to save and fill an aching tooth rather than take it out. Those who were older, partially dentate, reported a history of oral pain, had their last dental visit more than 3 years ago, or who only visited the dentist when in pain were significantly more likely to opt for tooth extraction. Conclusions: The majority of WP Canadians value preserving their natural dentition. Effective dental care service delivery in both private and public settings requires an understanding of the possible factors that influence WP persons' preferences for essential treatment modalities in dentistry.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Apical periodontitis,decision making,patient preference,working poor}
}

@article{Azzollini2023,
  title = {From Gender Equality to Household Earnings Equality: {{The}} Role of Women's Labour Market Outcomes across {{OECD}} Countries},
  author = {Azzollini, Leo and Breen, Richard and Nolan, Brian},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {86},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100823},
  abstract = {We assess the impact that full gender equality in the labour market would have on earnings inequality between households, and then decompose that impact by looking separately at the roles played by gender gaps in employment, hours, and pay. We do this by applying a reweighting method to LIS data for 22 OECD countries, across North America, Europe, and Australia. We find that full equality in earnings and employment between women and men would reduce household earnings inequality considerably, with the most substantial reductions coming from closing the gender gap in employment as opposed to closing the gaps in pay and hours worked. A 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% counterfactual decrease in the gender employment gap (relative to the country baseline) is associated with an average 0.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% decline in the Gini for household earnings inequality. Reducing the gender employment gap is thus the pathway through which greater gender equality may most strongly mitigate overall earnings inequality among households: these two key goals for contemporary societies can be pursued simultaneously.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Counterfactuals,Earnings inequality,Gender equality,Labour market,Reweighting}
}

@article{Baba2013,
  title = {Language {{Policy}} in {{Practice}}: {{Re-bordering}} the {{Nation}}},
  author = {Baba, Marietta L. and {Dahl-Jorgensen}, Carla},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION},
  volume = {51},
  number = {2},
  pages = {60--76},
  issn = {0020-7985},
  doi = {10.1111/imig.12048},
  abstract = {We present findings from an anthropological field study on the role of language and language policy in migration from Poland to Norway, and the larger implications for emerging language and immigration policy in Europe. Initial fieldwork in Norway found that Polish workers without knowledge of the Norwegian language struggled to secure employment in the formal economy. The 2008 financial crisis intensified competition in the labour market and underscored fluency in Norwegian as a means of discriminating among workers. Comparative case studies of language schools revealed that these organizations are active participants in channeling Polish migrants' movements into a segmented labour market, often in ways that involve cooperation between private companies and the State. We frame the Norwegian case within the larger context of Europe and the trend there toward favoring integration over multiculturalism. The emergence of restrictive language policies in Europe may be interpreted as a legally and culturally acceptable means for discouraging access to rights associated with permanent residency or citizenship by work migrants from CEE countries, while at the same time permitting them access to the labour market for temporary work. The long-term consequences of such policies for European society are uncertain.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Babikian2023,
  title = {Social {{Enterprises}} and {{Transition}} to {{Employment}} for {{People Labeled}} with {{Intellectual}} and {{Developmental Disabilities}}},
  author = {Babikian, V. Armineh and Hamdani, Yani},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {40--46},
  doi = {10.1007/s40474-023-00267-7},
  abstract = {Purpose of Review To explore transition to employment and social enterprise (SE) models for people labeled with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), assess the benefits and drawbacks of SEs, and discuss the potential implications for realizing the United Nations Convention on the Rights for Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in international contexts. Recent Findings Although the UNCRPD promotes employment as a human right, people labeled with IDD continue to experience barriers to labor market participation. Sheltered workshops and supported employment are common paths to employment. SEs are alternatives that are driven by a mission or cause that benefits the community. Summary SEs can address issues of unemployment and social exclusion of people with IDD. Drawbacks include limited transition to paid positions, lack of public awareness of their purpose, and unclear implementation guidelines. SEs can help in contexts where disability services are less developed, provide opportunities to challenge negative perceptions of disability, and promote inclusion and access to employment for people labeled with IDD.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability rights,Employment,Inclusion,Intellectual and developmental disabilities,International development,Social enterprises}
}

@article{Backes-Gellner2014,
  title = {Part-{{Time Employment-Boon}} to {{Women}} but {{Bane}} to {{Men}}? {{New Insights}} on {{Employer-Provided Training}}},
  author = {{Backes-Gellner}, Uschi and Oswald, Yvonne and Sartore, Simone Tuor},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {KYKLOS},
  volume = {67},
  number = {4},
  pages = {463--481},
  issn = {0023-5962},
  doi = {10.1111/kykl.12063},
  abstract = {Although previous literature has found substantial differences between female and male workers in almost all labor market outcomes, the question of whether training participation differs between female and male part-time workers has been neglected. This article provides a novel examination of whether the part-time training gap is gender-dependent. Using a Swiss dataset, we find that men engaged in part-time employment suffer from a serious training disadvantage in comparison to men working full-time and that this effect is not found for women. Thus, in countries where part-time participation levels differ significantly between men and women, part-time employment is a bane to men but not to women. Women, however, pay the price merely by virtue of being female.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Backhaus2023,
  title = {Can a Federal Minimum Wage Alleviate Poverty and Income Inequality? {{Ex-post}} and Simulation Evidence from {{Germany}}},
  author = {Backhaus, Teresa and Mueller, Kai-Uwe},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {216--232},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/09589287221144233},
  abstract = {Minimum wages are increasingly discussed as an instrument against (in-work) poverty and income inequality in Europe. Just recently the German government opted for a substantial ad-hoc increase of the minimum-wage level to euro12 per hour mentioning poverty prevention as an explicit goal. We use the introduction of the federal minimum wage in Germany in 2015 to study its redistributive impact on disposable household incomes. Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel we analyse changes in poverty and income inequality investigating different mechanisms of the transmission from individual gross wage-rates to disposable household incomes. We find that the minimum wage is an inadequate tool for income redistribution because it does not target poor households. Individuals affected by the minimum wage are not primarily in households at the bottom of the income distribution but are spread across it. Consequently, welfare dependence decreases only marginally. The withdrawal of transfers or employment effects cannot explain the limited effect on poverty. Complementary simulations show that neither full compliance nor a markedly higher level of euro12 per hour can render the minimum wage more effective in reducing poverty.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {in-work poverty,income distribution,inequality,Minimum wage,tax-transfer simulation}
}

@article{Backman2021,
  title = {The Occupational Trajectories and Outcomes of Forced Migrants in {{Sweden}}. {{Entrepreneurship}}, Employment or Persistent Inactivity?},
  author = {Backman, Mikaela and Lopez, Esteban and Rowe, Francisco},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {963--983},
  issn = {0921-898X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-019-00312-z},
  abstract = {The current surge in forced migration to Europe is probably the largest and most complex since the Second World War. As population aging accelerates and fertility falls below replacement level, immigration may be seen as a key component of human capital to address labor and skill shortages. Receiving countries are, however, hesitant about the contribution that forced migrants can make to the local economy. Coupled with increasing pressure on welfare services, they are associated with increased job competition and crime. Underutilization of immigrants' skills is, however, a waste of resources that countries can scarcely afford. Understanding the labor market integration process of forced migrants is thus critical to develop policies that unleash their full skills potential and ultimately foster local economic productivity. While prior studies have examined the employment and salary outcomes of these immigrants at a particular point in time post-migration, they have failed to capture the temporal dynamics and complexity of this process. Drawing on administrative data from Sweden, we examine the occupational pathways of forced migrants using sequence analysis from their arrival in 1991 through to 2013. Findings reveal polarized pathways of long-term labor market integration with over one-third of refugees experiencing a successful labor market integration pathway and an equally large share facing a less fruitful employment outcomes. Our findings suggest education provision is key to promote a more successful integration into the local labor market by reducing barriers of cultural proximity and increasing the occurrence of entrepreneurship activity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Entrepreneurship,Forced migration,Labor market outcomes,Longitudinal occupational trajectories,Sequence analysis,Sweden}
}

@article{Baert2018,
  title = {Does Size Matter? {{Hiring}} Discrimination and Firm Size},
  author = {Baert, Stijn and De Meyer, Ann-Sofie and Moerman, Yentl and Omey, Eddy},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {550--566},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-09-2017-0239},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the association between firm size and hiring discrimination against women, ethnic minorities and older job candidates. Design/methodology/approach The authors merge field experimental measures on unequal treatment with firm-level data. The resulting data enable the authors to assess whether discrimination varies by indicators of firm size, keeping other firm characteristics constant. Findings In contrast with the theoretical expectations, the authors find no evidence for an association between firm size and hiring discrimination. On the other hand, the authors do find suggestive evidence for hiring discrimination being lower in respect of public or non-profit firms (compared to commercial firms). Social implications To effectively combat hiring discrimination, one needs to understand its driving factors. In other words, to design adequate policy actions, targeted to the right employers in the right way, one has to gain insight into when individuals are discriminated in particular, i.e. into the moderators of labour market discrimination. In this study, the authors focus on firm size as a moderator of hiring discrimination. Originality/value Former contributions investigated this association within the context of ethnic discrimination only and included hardly any controls for other firm-level drivers of discrimination. The authors are the first to study the heterogeneity in discrimination by firm size with respect to multiple discrimination grounds and control for additional firm characteristics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Age,Discrimination,Ethnicity,Firm size,Gender,Hiring}
}

@article{Bahry2002,
  title = {Ethnicity and Equality in Post-Communist Economic Transition: {{Evidence}} from {{Russia}}'s Republics},
  author = {Bahry, D},
  year = {2002},
  month = jul,
  journal = {EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES},
  volume = {54},
  number = {5},
  pages = {673--699},
  issn = {0966-8136},
  doi = {10.1080/09668130220147001},
  abstract = {SINCE THE FALL OF COMMUNISM, the social impact of economic transition has become ever more visible. Efforts to marketise and privatise have redrawn class boundaries, undermined traditional job guarantees and eroded the old social safety net. The result is a wider gap between rich and poor, especially in post-Soviet states.' For ethnically diverse societies, as in Russia, the transition also implies a restructuring of the old cultural division of labour (CDL)-the distribution of occupations and rewards among ethnic groups. 2 The Soviet commitment to affirmative action policies for non-Russian regions and their resident minorities unraveled along with the USSR. And without central controls over employment and wages, education and investment, the federal government has far fewer levers to impose quotas or to push industrial and urban development into minority areas. Yet how the advent of the market actually plays out among the Russian Federation's different nationalities is far from clear. Given the old CDL, with non-Russians typically concentrated in less developed ethnic homelands and in lower-paying sectors, the economic transition might well reinforce old disparities. On the other hand, dramatic devolution has given eponymous groups new powers to shape the local economy. Expanded home rule for titular nationalities could thus reward the in-group at the expense of local Russian residents. The question, then, is who bears the burden of economic dislocation and who benefits from new economic opportunities. Do titular groups reap a disproportionate share of the pain or gain under home rule? Equally important, how do subjective assessments of equality mesh with the actual distribution of burdens and benefits? This article explores the connections between ethnicity and economic transition in three republics of Russia-Tatarstan, North Ossetia and Sakha (Yakutia). Tatarstan and Sakha have been leaders in the quest for expanded republic rights, garnering some of the most dramatic concessions from the federal government during the period of \textbackslash textasciigravehigh sovereignty' (1991-99). Both republics won control over substantial shares of hard currency trade in local resouices (oil in Tatarstan, and diamonds, gold, oil and gas, among other things, in Sakha). They have had the most discretion over local resources and arguably the most leeway of any Russian regions in allocating rewards to local constituents. If home rule does afford privileges for titular nationalities, it should do so in these two regions. North Ossetia, in contrast, has been far less of a pioneer on issues of federal relations. Lacking the resource endowments of a Tatarstan or a Sakha, and surrounded by conflicts in the North Caucasus, it had less to gain from pressing Moscow for greater autonomy. The local agenda has instead been dominated by disputes with neighbouring regions. And these have in many ways reinforced local dependence on MOSCOW.(3) The focus here is on the experience of economic transition among the two major nationalities in each region, titular and Russians, who make up over four-fifths of the population in each case. The following section addresses the dimensions of inequality in post-communist Russia, the likely effects on the two major ethnic groups in each republic and the potential impact of home rule. The article then presents empirical evidence on the degree of inequality in experience with economic transition in the late 1990s, and on individual perceptions of bias.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baiman2014,
  title = {Unequal {{Exchange}} and the {{Rentier Economy}}},
  author = {Baiman, Ron},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {REVIEW OF RADICAL POLITICAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {46},
  number = {4},
  pages = {536--557},
  issn = {0486-6134},
  doi = {10.1177/0486613413511404},
  abstract = {Detailed analysis of BEA methodology and data strongly suggests that U.S. GDP is overvalued on the output side. The ability to generate income without producing real value-added output is a key characteristic of a rentier economy. Broader indicators include a massive increase in financial activity and finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE), declining manufacturing share, declining real investment in plant and equipment, increased outsourcing of production and rising trade deficits, declining employment and real wage growth, rising profits, growing inequality, and increasing aggregate demand dependency on private (household and business) and public sector debt. Based on these indicators, relative to other advanced countries like Germany, the U.S. has since the mid-1970's increasingly become a rentier economy. Grafting a schematic rentier economy onto a simple free trade unequal exchange model from Baiman (2006) highlights the labor exchange, inequality, and efficiency characteristics of rentier United States, unequal exchange (German), and developing country (China), economies. Reviving the U.S. economy and restoring full employment will require a public policy induced reallocation of resources away from rentier activity back to productive high-value added unequal exchange production.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {E01,E11,E12,F16,F41,federal deficit,full employment,J21,national income and product accounts,rentier economy,trade deficit,unequal exchange}
}

@article{Bainbridge2018,
  title = {Job {{Seekers}} with {{Musculoskeletal}} or {{Sensory Disabilities}}: {{Barriers}} and {{Facilitators}} of {{Job Search}}},
  author = {Bainbridge, Hugh T. J. and Fujimoto, Yuka},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {82--98},
  issn = {1045-3172},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-8551.12266},
  abstract = {Drawing on interviews with job seekers and expert informants, we outline a model of the job search experience of people with disabilities. This model specifies the sequence of events involved in the pursuit of paid work and the contextual features that inhibit or facilitate job search attitudes, behaviours, intermediate search outcomes and employment outcomes. By contrasting the experiences of job seekers with musculoskeletal and sensory disabilities, and outlining the influence of major stakeholders in the form of employment agencies and family members, our model provides the basis for a more nuanced understanding of the job search process. Finally, we recommend points of intervention that are grounded in data for improving job search outcomes for people with disabilities in general, and for job seekers with musculoskeletal or sensory disabilities specifically.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baizan2016,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Gender Policies}} on {{Fertility}}: {{The Moderating Role}} of {{Education}} and {{Normative Context}}},
  author = {Baizan, Pau and Arpino, Bruno and Eric Delclos, Carlos},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--30},
  issn = {0168-6577},
  doi = {10.1007/s10680-015-9356-y},
  abstract = {In this paper, we aim to assess the extent to which individual-level completed fertility varies across contexts characterized by policies supporting different gender division of labor models. We examine key labor market and care policies that shape gender relations in households and in the public domain. We also consider the role of gender norms, which can act as both a moderator and a confounding factor for policy effects. We hypothesize that, by facilitating role compatibility and reducing the gendered costs of childrearing, policies that support gender equality lead to an increase in fertility levels and to a reduction in fertility differentials by the level of education. Using individual-level data from the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions for 16 countries, combined with country-level data, we analyze completed fertility through multilevel Poisson's models. We find that the national level of childcare coverage is positively associated with fertility. Family allowances, prevalence of women's part-time employment and length of paid leaves were also found to be positively associated with completed fertility, though the associations were not statistically significant. These variables show a significant positive pattern according to education. A high number of average working hours for men are negatively associated with completed fertility and show a strong negative pattern by educational level. The prevalence of gender-egalitarian norms is highly predictive of fertility levels, yet we found no consistent evidence of a weaker association of gender-equality policies in countries where egalitarian values are less prevalent.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Europe,Fertility,Gender division of labor,Gender inequality,Gender norms,Gender policies}
}

@article{Baker1999,
  title = {Does Employment Improve the Health of Lone Mothers?},
  author = {Baker, D and North, K and Team, ALSPAC Study},
  year = {1999},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121--131},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00104-5},
  abstract = {In Britain the government is currently proposing legislation that will encourage welfare recipients to gain employment. A central tenet of this \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare to work' policy is that employment will not only reduce the poverty of welfare recipients, but also improve their health. This research assessed the extent to which the movement from \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare to work' is likely to benefit the mental and physical health of lone mothers with preschool children. The sample was 719 lone mothers and a comparison group of 8779 women with partners drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Data collected by self completion questionnaire at 33 months postpartum provided information about average weekly take home family income and the mother's employment status. The health outcomes measured were general well being, both minor and major depression (using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), self report of respiratory symptoms (cough/cold, wheeze, influenza) from 18-33 months postpartum and self report of symptoms common in the childbearing years (backache, haemorrhoids) also from 18-33 months postpartum Lone mothers who were not employed were the poorest group in the sample; 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this group (402) had a family income of less than pound 200 per week, compared with 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% (188) of lone mothers who were employed, 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% (905) of partnered women who were not employed and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% (466) of partnered women who were employed. Lone mothers were significantly more likely than women with partners to report poorer well being (chi(2) = 11.7, df = 3, P = 0.01), to have a major depressive disorder (chi(2) = 92.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001) and to report wheeze (chi(2) = 31.1, df = 1, P = 0.0001), but significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi(2) = 9.9, df = 1, P = 0.0001) or haemorrhoids (chi(2) = 16.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001). Lone mothers who were unemployed and living on less than pound 100 per week were significantly more likely to be depressed (chi(2) = 3.9, df = 1, P = 0.05) than those who were employed and living on pound 200 or more per week, and significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi(2) = 3.8, df = 1, P = 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed no significant independent association between employment and better health for lone mothers. Rather, when compared with lone mothers who were not working, those who were employed were more likely to report minor respiratory symptoms such as cough/cold (OR = 1.51, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.00,2.31). Overall, the results suggested that the movement from \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare to work' is unlikely to improve the health of lone mothers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,inequality in health,lone mothers,UK}
}

@article{Baker2015,
  title = {The {{Changing Association Among Marriage}}, {{Work}}, and {{Child Poverty}} in the {{United States}}, 1974-2010},
  author = {Baker, Regina S.},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {77},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1166--1178},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/jomf.12216},
  abstract = {Marriage and work have long been central to debates regarding poverty and the family. Although ample research has demonstrated their negative association with child poverty, both marriage and work have undergone major transformations over recent decades. Consequently, it is plausible that their association with child poverty may have also changed. Using 10 waves of U.S. Census Current Population Survey data from the Luxembourg Income Study, this study examined the relationships among marriage, work, and relative measures of child poverty from 1974 to 2010. The results indicated that both marriage and work still decrease the odds of child poverty. However, time interactions showed marriage's negative association with child poverty has declined in magnitude, whereas work's negative association with child poverty has increased in magnitude. These findings underscore the historically varying influence of demographic characteristics for poverty. They also suggest the limitations of overemphasizing marriage and the growing importance of work for reducing child poverty in America.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,inequality,marriage,poverty}
}

@article{Baker2021,
  title = {Insights into {{Ineffectiveness}} of {{Gender Equality}} and {{Diversity Initiatives}} in {{Project-Based Organizations}}},
  author = {Baker, Marzena and French, Erica and Ali, Muhammad},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  issn = {0742-597X},
  doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000893},
  abstract = {Project-based organizations (PBOs) in engineering-construction-property industries are persistently among the most male-dominated worldwide, and, as such, are not capitalizing on numerous performance gains derived from diversity. Large Australian PBOs (among others) are required to develop formal gender equality and diversity initiatives (GEDIs) to embrace equality and diversity. Despite comparatively higher numbers of GEDIs in PBOs, women's representation remains lower than in non-PBOs. Using the lenses of organizational justice theory and inattention theory, this study explored leaders' GEDI decisions related to the selection and implementation of GEDIs and their ineffectiveness. Quantitative data from 4,841 PBOs and non-PBOs were collected from 2018-2019 annual equality progress reports. In-depth quantitative and qualitative data from five PBOs were collected through interviews with senior leaders, organizational documents, and reports. Findings indicate that leaders select GEDIs based on their personal views of justice and individual bias. They focus on meeting legislative and industry requirements rather than on developing a strategic business approach, and appear trapped by their own indifference to the substantive issues of equality and diversity, reinforcing systemic inequalities. We discussed theoretical and research contributions and practical implications.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Equality and diversity,Inattention theory,Organizational justice theory,Project-based organizations (PBOs),Women}
}

@article{Bakirtzis2021,
  title = {A {{Greek Validation Study}} of the {{Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire-23}}},
  author = {Bakirtzis, Christos and Artemiadis, Artemios and Nteli, Elli and Boziki, Marina Kleopatra and Karakasi, Maria-Valeria and Honan, Cynthia and Messinis, Lambros and Nasios, Grigorios and Dardiotis, Efthimios and Grigoriadis, Nikolaos},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {HEALTHCARE},
  volume = {9},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.3390/healthcare9070897},
  abstract = {The Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire-23 (MSWDQ-23) is a self-report instrument developed to assess barriers faced by People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) in the workplace. The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the MSWDQ-23. The study sample consisted of 196 PwMS, all currently working in part- or full-time jobs. Participants underwent clinical examination and cognitive screening with the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) and completed self-report measures of fatigue, psychological functioning, and quality of life, along with the MSWDQ-23 questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, and goodness-of-fit measures were used to evaluate construct validity. Convergent validity was checked by correlating MSWDQ-23 scores with study measures. Cronbach's alpha value was produced to assess internal consistency. CFA yielded a model with a fair fit confirming the three-factor structure of the instrument. Higher work difficulties were associated with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, poorer cognitive function, more fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression, and poorer health status, supporting the convergent validity of MSWDQ-23. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.996, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%, CI = 0.990-0.998) were excellent. The Greek MSWDQ-23 can be considered a valid patient-reported outcome measure and can be used in interventions aiming to improve the vocational status of PwMS.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,MSWDQ-23,multiple sclerosis,patient-reported outcome,validation}
}

@article{Bakkeli2021,
  title = {Health, Work, and Contributing Factors on Life Satisfaction: {{A}} Study in {{Norway}} before and during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic},
  author = {Bakkeli, Nan Zou},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SSM-POPULATION HEALTH},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {2352-8273},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100804},
  abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has posed considerable challenges for people's health, work situations and life satisfaction. This article reports on a study of the relationship between self-reported health and life satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway, and examines the role of work in explaining the health-life satisfaction relationship. Method: The study was based on survey data collected from 3185 Norwegian employees in 2019 and 3002 employees in 2020. Propensity score matching techniques were used to assess the mediating effects of work situations and income loss on the health-life satisfaction relationship. Skew-t regression models were further applied to estimate changes in life satisfaction before and during the pandemic, as well as to explore different underlying mechanisms for the health-life satisfaction association. Results: The study found a negative association between ill health and life satisfaction. Compared to the healthy population, people with poor health were more likely to experience worsened work situations. A negative work situation is further associated with lower life satisfaction, and the pandemic aggravated life satisfaction for those who had worsened work situations. When exploring central contributing factors for life satisfaction, we found that health-related risks and work-life balance played predominant roles in predicting life satisfaction before the pandemic, while different types of household structure were among the most important predictors of life satisfaction during the pandemic. Conclusion: A reduction in life satisfaction is explained by ill health, but different underlying mechanisms facilitated people's life satisfaction before and during the pandemic. While work situation and health risks were important predictors for life satisfaction in 2019, worries about more unstable work situations and less access to family support accentuated worsened life satisfaction in 2020. The findings suggest the necessity of labour market interventions that address the security and maintenance of proper and predictable work situations, especially in these more uncertain times.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Health,Inequality,Life satisfaction,Work}
}

@article{Bakkeli2023,
  title = {Predicting {{Psychological Distress During}} the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}: {{Do Socioeconomic Factors Matter}}?},
  author = {Bakkeli, Nan Zou},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE COMPUTER REVIEW},
  volume = {41},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1227--1251},
  issn = {0894-4393},
  doi = {10.1177/08944393211069622},
  abstract = {Background and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed considerable challenges to people's mental health, and the prevalence of anxiety and depression increased substantially during the pandemic. Early detection of potential depression is crucial for timely preventive interventions; therefore, there is a need for depression prediction. Data and methods: This study was based on survey data collected from 5001 Norwegians (3001 in 2020 and 2000 in 2021). Machine learning models were used to predict depression risk and to select models with the best performance for each pandemic phase. Probability thresholds were chosen based on cost-sensitive analysis, and measures such as accuracy (ACC) and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the models' performance. Results: The study found that decision tree models and regularised regressions had the best performance in both 2020 and 2021. For the 2020 predictions, the highest accuracies were obtained using gradient boosting machines (ACC = 0.72, AUC = 0.74) and random forest algorithm (ACC = 0.71, AUC = 0.75). For the 2021 predictions, the random forest (ACC = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) and elastic net regularisation (ACC = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) exhibited the best performances. Highly ranked predictors of depression that remained stable over time were self-perceived exposure risks, income, compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions, frequency of being outdoors, contact with family and friends and work-life conflict. While epidemiological factors (having COVID symptoms or having close contact with the infected) influenced the level of psychological distress to a larger extent in the relatively early stage of pandemic, the importance of socioeconomic factors (gender, age, household type and employment status) increased substantially in the later stage. Conclusion: Machine learning models consisting of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and epidemiological features can be used for fast \textbackslash textasciigravefirst-hand' screening to diagnose mental health problems. The models may be helpful for stakeholders and healthcare providers to provide early diagnosis and intervention, as well as to provide insight into forecasting which social groups are more vulnerable to mental illness in which social settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,depression,inequality,machine learning,mental health,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Bakketeig2020,
  title = {Deconstructing Doing Well; What Can We Learn from Care Experienced Young People in {{England}}, {{Denmark}} and {{Norway}}?},
  author = {Bakketeig, Elisiv and Boddy, Janet and Gundersen, Tonje and Ostergaard, Jeanette and Hanrahan, Fidelma},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {118},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105333},
  abstract = {This paper addresses the conceptualization of \textbackslash textasciigraveoutcomes' for care experienced people through an in-depth longitudinal study of 75 young adults in Denmark, England and Norway. \textbackslash textasciigraveOutcome' studies have played a crucial role in raising awareness of the risk of disadvantage that care experienced people face, across a variety of domains including education and employment. These studies may have an unintended consequence, however, if care experienced people are predominantly viewed, and studied, through a problem-focused lens. The danger is that policy and research neglects other - perhaps less readily measurable - aspects of experience, including subjective understandings - what matters to care experienced people themselves. Our analyses are based on an in-depth qualitative longitudinal study, which explored meanings of \textbackslash textasciigravedoing well' over time among care experienced people (aged 16-32), all of whom were \textbackslash textasciigravesuccessful' in relation to traditional indicators of participation in education and/or employment (including voluntary work). Across countries, their accounts revealed the importance of attending to subjective and dynamic understandings of \textbackslash textasciigravedoing well', and the significance of ordinary, mundane and \textbackslash textasciigravedo-able' lives. Participants' narratives highlight aspects of doing well that raise challenging questions about how traditional outcome indicators - and corresponding policy priorities - might better capture what young people themselves see as important. A narrow interpretation of outcomes may lead to misrecognition of what it means to do well, and so to a stigmatizing \textbackslash textasciigraveway of seeing' care experienced lives. A broader conceptualization of outcomes is necessary to recognize - and so to develop policy and services to support - the complex, dynamic relationality of doing well.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Balaji2012,
  title = {The Development of a Lay Health Worker Delivered Collaborative Community Based Intervention for People with Schizophrenia in {{India}}},
  author = {Balaji, Madhumitha and Chatterjee, Sudipto and Koschorke, Mirja and Rangaswamy, Thara and Chavan, Animish and Dabholkar, Hamid and Dakshin, Lilly and Kumar, Pratheesh and John, Sujit and Thornicroft, Graham and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-12-42},
  abstract = {Background: Care for schizophrenia in low and middle income countries is predominantly facility based and led by specialists, with limited use of non-pharmacological treatments. Although community based psychosocial interventions are emphasised, there is little evidence about their acceptability and feasibility. Furthermore, the shortage of skilled manpower is a major barrier to improving access to these interventions. Our study aimed to develop a lay health worker delivered community based intervention in three sites in India. This paper describes how the intervention was developed systematically, following the MRC framework for the development of complex interventions. Methods: We reviewed the lierature on the burden of schizophrenia and the treatment gap in low and middle income countries and the evidence for community based treatments, and identified intervention components. We then evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of this package of care through formative case studies with individuals with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers and piloted its delivery with 30 families. Results: Based on the reviews, our intervention comprised five components (psycho-education; adherence management; rehabilitation; referral to community agencies; and health promotion) to be delivered by trained lay health workers supervised by specialists. The intervention underwent a number of changes as a result of formative and pilot work. While all the components were acceptable and most were feasible, experiences of stigma and discrimination were inadequately addressed; some participants feared that delivery of care at home would lead to illness disclosure; some participants and providers did not understand how the intervention related to usual care; some families were unwilling to participate; and there were delivery problems, for example, in meeting the targeted number of sessions. Participants found delivery by health workers acceptable, and expected them to have knowledge about the subject matter. Some had expectations regarding their demographic and personal characteristics, for example, preferring only females or those who are understanding/friendly. New components to address stigma were then added to the intervention, the collaborative nature of service provision was strengthened, a multi-level supervision system was developed, and delivery of components was made more flexible. Criteria were evolved for the selection and training of the health workers based on participants' expectations. Conclusions: A multi-component community based intervention, targeting multiple outcomes, and delivered by trained lay health workers, supervised by mental health specialists, is an acceptable and feasible intervention for treating schizophrenia in India.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community care,India,Low and middle income countries,Mental health,Schizophrenia}
}

@article{Balaji2019,
  title = {Inter and {{Intra Sectoral Wage Determinants}} in {{Indian Casual-Labor Market}}: {{Agricultural}} and {{Structural Change Implications}}},
  author = {Balaji, S. J. and Srivastava, S. K.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {STATISTICS AND APPLICATIONS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {261--274},
  issn = {2454-7395},
  abstract = {The study estimates marginal impacts of household specific determinants (demographic, skill, security and mobility factors) on wages earned by laborers belonging to different quantile classes in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors. The results demonstrate superiority of varying-coefficients approach (Quantile Regression) over constant-coefficient approach (OLS) in terms of robustness and wider policy implications of estimated associations between variables. Different factors affect wages differently across different quantile classes which imply that policies aiming towards improving wages shall have differential strategies for specific target group. The evidences clearly point towards a strong need to raise education level and impart technical skills to laborers for improving their income, accelerating employment diversification towards non-farm sectors and equitable development in the society. Largely, Indian labor market has been found to be informal and unorganized. The access to social security benefits bears positive association with the wages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agriculture,India,Non-farm sector,Quantile regression,Wage determination}
}

@article{Ballo2020,
  title = {Labour {{Market Participation}} for {{Young People}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Gender}} and {{Higher Education}}},
  author = {Ballo, Jannike Gottschalk},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {336--355},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017019868139},
  abstract = {To what extent does higher education promote labour market participation for disabled people in school-to-work transitions and early career trajectories? This article argues that the effect of higher education on labour market outcomes for disabled people must be studied in correlation to gender. Intersectional theory warns against the generalisability of the female and male experiences, and predicts that disability may influence sexism, and that gender may influence disableism. Norwegian full-population register data on recipients of disability benefits are used to explore the effect of higher education on three labour market outcomes for men and women with disabilities. Contrary to common intersectionality expectations, the results show that men experience more extreme employment disadvantages related to their disabilities than women. Higher education has a stronger effect on participation for disabled women than for disabled men. However, gender differences in participation are smaller for people with disabilities than for the general population.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baltagi2018,
  title = {Network Effects on Labor Contracts of Internal Migrants in {{China}}: A Spatial Autoregressive Model},
  author = {Baltagi, Badi H. and Deng, Ying and Ma, Xiangjun},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EMPIRICAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {265--296},
  issn = {0377-7332},
  doi = {10.1007/s00181-017-1333-3},
  abstract = {This paper studies the fact that 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the internal migrants in China do not sign a labor contract with their employers, as revealed in a nationwide survey. These contract-free jobs pay lower hourly wages, require longer weekly work hours, and provide less insurance or on-the-job training than regular jobs with contracts. We find that the co-villager networks play an important role in a migrant's decision on whether to accept such insecure and irregular jobs. By employing a comprehensive nationwide survey in 2011 in the spatial autoregressive logit model, we show that the common behavior of not signing contracts in the co-villager network increases the probability that a migrant accepts a contract-free job. We provide three possible explanations on how networks influence migrants' contract decisions: job referral mechanism, limited information on contract benefits, and the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemini-labor union\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace formed among co-villagers, which substitutes for a formal contract. In the subsample analysis, we also find that the effects are larger for migrants whose jobs were introduced by their co-villagers, male migrants, migrants with rural Hukou, short-term migrants, and less educated migrants. The heterogeneous effects for migrants of different employer types, industries, and home provinces provide policy implications.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Co-villager network,Contract,Internal migrants,Spatial autoregressive logit model}
}

@article{Bampasidou2014,
  title = {{{THE ROLE OF DEGREE ATTAINMENT IN THE DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF JOB CORPS ON ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS}}},
  author = {Bampasidou, Maria and Flores, Carlos A. and {Flores-Lagunes}, Alfonso and Parisian, Daniel J.},
  editor = {Polachek, {\relax SW} and Tatsiramos, K},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {FACTORS AFFECTING WORKER WELL-BEING: THE IMPACT OF CHANGE IN THE LABOR MARKET},
  series = {Research in {{Labor Economics}}},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {113--156},
  doi = {10.1108/S0147-912120140000040004},
  abstract = {Job Corps is the United State's largest and most comprehensive training program for disadvantaged youth aged 16-24 years old. A randomized social experiment concluded that, on average, individuals benefited from the program in the form of higher weekly earnings and employment prospects. At the same time, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveyoung adults\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (ages 20-24) realized much higher impacts relative to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveadolescents\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (ages 16-19). Employing recent nonparametric bounds for causal mediation, we investigate whether these two groups' disparate effects correspond to them benefiting differentially from distinct aspects of Job Corps, with a particular focus on the attainment of a degree (GED, high school, or vocational). We find that, for young adults, the part of the total effect of Job Corps on earnings (employment) that is due to attaining a degree within the program is at most 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% (32\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the total effect, whereas for adolescents that part can account for up to 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% (100\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the total effect. We also find evidence that the magnitude of the part of the effect of Job Corps on the outcomes that works through components of Job Corps other than degree attainment (e.g., social skills, job placement, residential services) is likely higher for young adults than for adolescents. That those other components likely play a more important role for young adults has policy implications for more effectively servicing participants. More generally, our results illustrate how researchers can learn about particular mechanisms of an intervention.},
  isbn = {978-1-78441-149-7; 978-1-78441-150-3},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {causal mediation,degree attainment,Job Corps training program,nonparametric bounds}
}

@article{Banerjee2017,
  title = {Financial Capability of Parents of Kindergarteners},
  author = {Banerjee, Mahasweta M. and Friedline, Terri and Phipps, Barbara J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {178--187},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.009},
  abstract = {Financial capability is generally conceptualized as the ability and the opportunity to save, borrow, and invest money in the mainstream economy. But, many families struggle with finding work, saving money, and accessing credit. Thus, it is important to build families' financial capability to enhance their well-being in an economy in which low incomes and unstable employment are becoming commonplace and families are having to make do with less. In order to better understand how to support families' financial capability, this study elicited perspectives on barriers to and enhancers of financial capability through an online survey and in-depth interview with 32 parents of kindergarten children from a mid-sized, Midwestern city. Some parents identified raising young children as a barrier to aspects of their financial capability, and to care for their children many parents were making tradeoffs between working, paying for childcare, and related money management matters. Parents' also reported barriers to finding paid work, earning adequate and stable income, and saving money. In addition to children transitioning to adulthood, some parents believed that having better employment opportunities, earning more income, better money management strategies, lower health insurance premiums, and completing higher education might enhance their financial capability. Theory, and policy considerations are discussed, and emphasize incorporating income-generating work in conceptualizing financial capability, and opportunities to support families with young children by creating steady well-paying secure jobs, providing universal low- or no cost childcare, and shoring up safety net programs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children,Employment,Financial capability,Parents,Poverty}
}

@article{Bangert2017,
  title = {The Cross-Cutting Contribution of the End of Neglected Tropical Diseases to the Sustainable Development Goals},
  author = {Bangert, Mathieu and Molyneux, David H. and Lindsay, Steve W. and Fitzpatrick, Christopher and Engels, Dirk},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF POVERTY},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {2095-5162},
  doi = {10.1186/s40249-017-0288-0},
  abstract = {The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for an integrated response, the kind that has defined Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) efforts in the past decade. NTD interventions have the greatest relevance for SDG3, the health goal, where the focus on equity, and its commitment to reaching people in need of health services, wherever they may live and whatever their circumstances, is fundamentally aligned with the target of Universal Health Coverage. NTD interventions, however, also affect and are affected by many of the other development areas covered under the 2030 Agenda. Strategies such as mass drug administration or the programmatic integration of NTD and WASH activities (SDG6) are driven by effective global partnerships (SDG17). Intervention against the NTDs can also have an impact on poverty (SDG1) and hunger (SDG2), can improve education (SDG4), work and economic growth (SDG8), thereby reducing inequalities (SDG10). The community-led distribution of donated medicines to more than 1 billion people reinforces women's empowerment (SDG5), logistics infrastructure (SDG9) and non-discrimination against disability (SDG16). Interventions to curb mosquito-borne NTDs contribute to the goals of urban sustainability (SDG11) and resilience to climate change (SDG13), while the safe use of insecticides supports the goal of sustainable ecosystems (SDG15). Although indirectly, interventions to control waterand animal-related NTDs can facilitate the goals of small-scale fishing (SDG14) and sustainable hydroelectricity and biofuels (SDG7). NTDs proliferate in less developed areas in countries across the income spectrum, areas where large numbers of people have little or no access to adequate health care, clean water, sanitation, housing, education, transport and information. This scoping review assesses how in this context, ending the epidemic of the NTDs can impact and improve our prospects of attaining the SDGs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Neglected tropical diseases,Sustainable development goals}
}

@article{Banks2017,
  title = {Knowledge of {{HIV-related}} Disabilities and Challenges in Accessing Care: {{Qualitative}} Research from {{Zimbabwe}}},
  author = {Banks, Lena Morgon and Zuurmond, Maria and Ferrand, Rashida and Kuper, Hannah},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {12},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0181144},
  abstract = {Introduction While the rapid expansion in antiretroviral therapy access in low and middle income countries has resulted in dramatic declines in mortality rates, many people living with HIV face new or worsening experiences of disability. As nearly 1 in 20 adults are living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa-many of whom are likely to develop disabling sequelae from long-term infection, co-morbidities and side effects of their treatment-understanding the availability and accessibility of services to address HIV-related disabilities is of vital importance. The aim of this study thus is to explore knowledge of HIV-related disabilities amongst stakeholders working in the fields of HIV and disability and factors impacting uptake and provision of interventions for preventing, treating or managing HIV-related disabilities. Methods In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten stakeholders based in Harare, Zimbabwe, who were working in the fields of either disability or HIV. Stakeholders were identified through a priori stakeholder analysis. Thematic Analysis, complemented by constant comparison as described in Grounded Theory, was used to analyse findings. Results All key informants reported some level of knowledge of HIV-related disability, mostly from observations made in their line of work. However, they reported no interventions or policies were in place specifically to address HIV-related disability. While referrals between HIV and rehabilitation providers were not uncommon, no formal mechanisms had been established for collaborating on prevention, identification and management. Additional barriers to accessing and providing services to address HIV-related disabilities included: the availability of resources, including trained professionals, supplies and equipment in both the HIV and rehabilitation sectors; lack of disability-inclusive adaptations, particularly in HIV services; heavy centralization of available services in urban areas, without accessible, affordable transportation links; and attitudes and understanding among service providers and people living with HIV-related disabilities. Conclusions As people living with HIV are surviving longer, HIV-related disabilities will become a major source of disability globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where infection is endemic. Preventing, treating and managing HIV-related disabilities must become a key component of both HIV response efforts and rehabilitation strategies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Banks2022,
  title = {Impact of a Disability-Targeted Livelihoods Programme in {{Bangladesh}}: Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial of {{STAR}}},
  author = {Banks, Lena Morgon and Das, Narayan and Davey, Calum and Adiba, Afsana and Ali, M. Mahzuz and Shakespeare, Tom and Fleming, Coral and Kuper, Hannah},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {TRIALS},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s13063-022-06987-2},
  abstract = {Introduction: There is little evidence on the impact of livelihood interventions amongst people with disabilities. Effective programmes are critical for reducing the heightened risk of poverty and unemployment facing persons with disabilities. STAR+ is a skills development and job placement programme targeted to out-of-school youth with disabilities (ages 14-35) living in poverty. It is a disability-targeted adaptation to an existing, effective intervention (STAR), which has been designed to address barriers to decent work for people with disabilities. This protocol describes the design of a cluster randomised controlled trial of STAR+ in 39 of the 64 districts of Bangladesh. Methods: BRAC has identified 1500 youth with disabilities eligible for STAR+ across its 91 branch offices (typically a geographical areas covering about 8 km radius from local BRAC office) catchment areas (clusters). BRAC has limited funding to deliver STAR+ and so 45 of the 91 branches have been randomly allocated to implement STAR+ (intervention arm). The remaining 46 branches will not deliver STAR+ at this time (control arm). Participants in the control-arm will receive usual care, meaning they are free to enrol in any other livelihood programmes run by BRAC or other organisations including standard STAR (being run in 15 control branches). The cRCT will assess the impact of STAR+ after 12 months on employment status and earnings (primary outcomes), as well as poverty, participation and quality of life (secondary outcomes). Analysis will be through intention-to-treat, with a random mixed effect at cluster level to account for the clustered design. Complementary qualitative research with participants will be conducted to triangulate findings of the cRCT, and a process evaluation will assess implementation fidelity, mechanisms of impact and the role of contextual factors in shaping variations in outcomes. Discussion: This trial will provide evidence on the impact of a large-scale, disability-targeted intervention. Knowledge on the effectiveness of programmes is critical for informing policy and programming to address poverty and marginalisation amongst this group. Currently, there is little robust data on the effectiveness of livelihood programmes amongst people with disabilities, and so this trial will fill an important evidence gap.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bangladesh,Disability,Livelihoods,Randomised control trial}
}

@article{Barbabella2016,
  title = {Socioeconomic {{Predictors}} of the {{Employment}} of {{Migrant Care Workers}} by {{Italian Families Assisting Older Alzheimer}}'s {{Disease Patients}}: {{Evidence From}} the {{Up-Tech Study}}},
  author = {Barbabella, Francesco and Chiatti, Carlos and Rimland, Joseph M. and Melchiorre, Maria Gabriella and Lamura, Giovanni and Lattanzio, Fabrizia and Grp, Up-Tech Res},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {71},
  number = {3},
  pages = {514--525},
  issn = {1079-5014},
  doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbv045},
  abstract = {Background: The availability of family caregivers of older people is decreasing in Italy as the number of migrant care workers (MCWs) hired by families increases. There is little evidence on the influence of socioeconomic factors in the employment of MCWs. Method: We analyzed baseline data from 438 older people with moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their family caregivers enrolled in the Up-Tech trial. We used bivariate analysis and multilevel regressions to investigate the association between independent variables-education, social class, and the availability of a care allowance-and three outcomes-employment of a MCW, hours of care provided by the primary family caregiver, and by the family network (primary and other family caregivers). Results: The availability of a care allowance and the educational level were independently associated with employing MCWs. A significant interaction between education and care allowance was found, suggesting that more educated families are more likely to spend the care allowance to hire a MCW. Discussion: Socioeconomic inequalities negatively influenced access both to private care and to care allowance, leading disadvantaged families to directly provide more assistance to AD patients. Care allowance entitlement needs to be reformed in Italy and in countries with similar long-term care and migration systems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alzheimer's disease,Care allowance,Family caregiver,Migrant care worker,Socioeconomic factors,Up-Tech}
}

@article{Barbieri2015,
  title = {{{THE RISE OF A LATIN MODEL}}? {{FAMILY AND FERTILITY CONSEQUENCES OF EMPLOYMENT INSTABILITY IN ITALY AND SPAIN}}},
  author = {Barbieri, Paolo and Bozzon, Rossella and Scherer, Stefani and Grotti, Raffaele and Lugo, Michele},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIETIES},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  pages = {423--446},
  issn = {1461-6696},
  doi = {10.1080/14616696.2015.1064147},
  abstract = {This paper analyses how unstable employment influences becoming a mother in Italy and Spain. Results suggest that institutional factors foster dynamics of social inequality and hinder family formation. We show that in southern Europe (Italy and Spain), but not in other institutional contexts, the lack of employment stability produces a delay in fertility decision. We attribute this impact of the employment situation on demographic decisions to the sub-protective southern European welfare systems and the insider-outsider labor market configuration, as enhanced by the partial and targeted labor market deregulations of recent decades. In the context of low levels of welfare, unstable employment often comes with persistently reduced entitlement to social and welfare rights, and, therefore, with notable social and demographic consequences. We provide support for this institutional argument by showing that fertility decisions are independent of employment stability in other contexts. Analyses are based on longitudinal data using event history analysis and simultaneous equation models.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment precariousness and family formation,insider-outsider divide,welfare and labor market}
}

@article{Barbosa2021,
  title = {Children: Paying the Price of {{Bolsonaro}}'s Social Policy Reform in {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Barbosa, Rafael da Silva and Spolander, Gary and Teixeira Garcia, Maria Lucia},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CRITICAL AND RADICAL SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {369--388},
  issn = {2049-8608},
  doi = {10.1332/204986021X16177218821095},
  abstract = {The impact of social inequality on children has enormous implications for young people throughout their life journey by negatively impacting their health, well-being and life chances. Following the democratisation of Brazil, significant change resulted in improvements to the social welfare and health care systems, which had begun to address long-standing social and health problems. This article critically explores the implications of current retrograde right-wing populist political government policies for Brazilian children within the context of efforts to reduce income inequality and improve the life chances of children. While recognising the enormous challenges of poverty, racial discrimination, precarity and socio-economic conditions, social work has recognised that the enactment of the profession requires political engagement and action against all inequality in professional practice. The implications of retrogressive policy are explored, and the authors call upon the profession globally to recognise these structural socio-economic challenges and question whether social work can afford not to be engaged in seeking change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bolsonaro,Brazil,children,social policy}
}

@article{Baril-Gingras2022,
  title = {{Reform of the OHS prevention regime in Quebec: critical analysis, sensitive to gender and other sources of inequality}},
  author = {{Baril-Gingras}, Genevieve and Cox, Rachel},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {RELATIONS INDUSTRIELLES-INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0034-379X},
  doi = {10.7202/1097694ar},
  abstract = {We examine the potential effectiveness of key provisions of the Quebec prevention regime as reformed by the Act to modernize the occupational health and safety regime (AMOHS) in September 2021. We expand Tucker's (2007) two-axis typology characterizing citizenship at work to include a perspective sensitive to gender and to other sources of inequalities such as class and race. In this expanded model, the right to representative participation, worker influence and internal control extends to all workers (regardless of employment status), and includes accountability along value chains. In the expanded model,risks addressed by the prevention regime, and subject to external control, include often invisibilized risks associated with women's work. In the face of opposition to the initial reform bill, which underestimated the risks associated with women's work, adoption of key elements of the reform - the provisions on preventive and participatory mechanisms - was postponed and an interim regime established. The AMOHS will eventually allow for worker participation mechanisms aimed at increasing internal control in all sectors. This, however, comes with a risk that internal control will result in cosmetic rather than substantive compliance, lead to inconsistent levels of worker influence and undermine some of the conditions that underpin effective participation mechanisms, especially for non-unionized workers and those in small establishments. Further, the Public Health network has lost systematic access to workplaces, and it is not known what resources will be available to it or to the inspectorate. It remains to be seen whether the ongoing joint regulatory process to determine future preventive and participatory mechanisms will strengthen prevention and at the same time bolster, rather than weaken, citizenship at work.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Citizenship at work,Employment agencies,Gender,Labour law,Occupational hazards,Occupational health and safety,Prevention regime,Social inequalities in health,Women at work}
}

@article{Barker2017,
  title = {Barriers and Facilitators to Infection Control at a Hospital in Northern {{India}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Barker, Anna K. and Brown, Kelli and Siraj, Dawd and Ahsan, Muneeb and Sengupta, Sharmila and Safdar, Nasia},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND INFECTION CONTROL},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {2047-2994},
  doi = {10.1186/s13756-017-0189-9},
  abstract = {Background: Hospital acquired infections occur at higher rates in low-and middle-income countries, like India, than in high-income countries. Effective implementation of infection control practices is crucial to reducing the transmission of hospital acquired infections at hospitals worldwide. Yet, no comprehensive assessments of the barriers to sustained, successful implementation of hospital interventions have been performed in Indian healthcare settings to date. The Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model examines problems through the lens of interactions between people and systems. It is a natural fit for investigating the behavioral and systematic components of infection control practices. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study to assess the facilitators and barriers to infection control practices at a 1250 bed tertiary care hospital in Haryana, northern India. Twenty semi-structured interviews of nurses and physicians, selected by convenience sampling, were conducted in English using an interview guide based on the SEIPS model. All interview data was subsequently transcribed and coded for themes. Results: Person, task, and organizational level factors were the primary barriers and facilitators to infection control at this hospital. Major barriers included a high rate of nursing staff turnover, time spent training new staff, limitations in language competency, and heavy clinical workloads. A well developed infection control team and an institutional climate that prioritizes infection control were major facilitators. Conclusions: Institutional support is critical to the effective implementation of infection control practices. Prioritizing resources to recruit and retain trained, experienced nursing staff is also essential.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Global health,Human factors,India,Infection control,Qualitative methodology}
}

@article{Barker2020,
  title = {The Cumulative Impact of Health Insurance on Health Status},
  author = {Barker, Abigail R. and Li, Linda},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {55},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {815--822},
  issn = {0017-9124},
  doi = {10.1111/1475-6773.13325},
  abstract = {Objective To add to the evidence base on causal linkages between health insurance coverage and health status, controlling for sociodemographic factors, by analyzing longitudinal data. Data Source Secondary data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 2009-17, which is a longitudinal, multigenerational study covering a wide array of socioeconomic topics that began in 1968 but has only recently begun collecting useful information on individual health insurance. Study Design 2017 data on self-reported health status, work limitations, and death were analyzed as outcomes based upon the degree of exposure to health insurance in 2011-17. All variables were collected biannually for four years beginning in 2011. Having health insurance at each point in time was, in turn, modeled as a function of several sociodemographic factors. Data Extraction Methods Data were downloaded using the crosswalk tool available at the PSID website. Because individual health insurance questions were only asked of heads and spouses in households beginning in 2011, we analyzed only these records. Principal Findings Among respondents who were not in fair or poor health in 2009, each additional 2 years of subsequent reported insurance coverage reduced the chance of reporting fair or poor health in 2017 by 10 percent; however, this effect was not present for black respondents. Conclusions Our results suggest that the effect of health insurance on health status may compound over time, although unevenly by race. Since people who report fair or poor health status represent the bulk of utilization and spending, our findings provide evidence in support of viewing coverage expansions as investments that will pay dividends in the form of lower utilization over time. More work is needed to produce detailed estimates of cost savings, which may in turn influence policy, as well as to understand and address the source of racial disparity.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baroni2011,
  title = {Effects of Sharing the Parental Leave on Pensioners' Poverty and Gender Inequality in Old Age: {{A}} Simulation in {{IFSIM}}},
  author = {Baroni, Elisa},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {268--286},
  issn = {0161-8938},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpolmod.2010.12.003},
  abstract = {Female old age poverty is affected by family policy reforms which are meant to promote gender equality when young. Using our in house agent based simulation model IFSIM we show that sharing equally the parental leave can increase or reduce poverty among elderly women depending on the macro and behavioural (i.e. labour supply) responses that the reform off-sets. In general, the reform can be good for highly educated women, who will have an incentive to work more full time thanks to their higher earnings, which can compensate any loss in household income due to the man's staying home. For lower educated however, work might not pay as much and a reduction in labour supply might actually ensue (e.g. to reduce childcare costs). This will reduce also their pension rights at retirement. Furthermore, keeping men at home might slow down economic growth, and consequently growth of income pension accounts will be lower. This effect, combined with lower pension contributions (due to reduced labour supply), might result in higher poverty rates for women with lower education, compared to a scenario where the woman takes the whole leave. Other policies, such as more subsidised child care, might be an alternative worth considering to reduce female poverty in old age more evenly across educational levels. (C) 2010 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Barr2015,
  title = {Trends in Mental Health Inequalities in {{England}} during a Period of Recession, Austerity and Welfare Reform 2004 to 2013},
  author = {Barr, Ben and Kinderman, Peter and Whitehead, Margaret},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {147},
  pages = {324--331},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.009},
  abstract = {Several indicators of population mental health in the UK have deteriorated since the financial crisis, during a period when a number of welfare reforms and austerity measures have been implemented. We do not know which groups have been most affected by these trends or the extent to which recent economic trends or recent policies have contributed to them. We use data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey to investigate trends in self reported mental health problems by socioeconomic group and employment status in England between 2004 and 2013. We then use panel regression models to investigate the association between local trends in mental health problems and local trends in unemployment and wages to investigate the extent to which these explain increases in mental health problems during this time. We found that the trend in the prevalence of people reporting mental health problems increased significantly more between 2009 and 2013 compared to the previous trends. This increase was greatest amongst people with low levels of education and inequalities widened. The gap in prevalence between low and high educated groups widened by 1.29 percentage points for women (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Cl: 0.50 to 2.08) and 136 percentage points for men (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Cl: 0.31 to 2.42) between 2009 and 2013. Trends in unemployment and wages only partly explained these recent increases in mental health problems. The trend in reported mental health problems across England broadly mirrored the pattern of increases in suicides and antidepressant prescribing. Welfare policies and austerity measures implemented since 2010 may have contributed to recent increases in mental health problems and widening inequalities. This has led to rising numbers of people with low levels of education out of work with mental health problems. These trends are likely to increase social exclusion as well as demand for and reliance on social welfare systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Austerity,Employment,Health inequalities,Mental health,Recession,Unemployment,Welfare reform}
}

@article{Barr2020,
  title = {Sociodemographic Inequities Associated with Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis},
  author = {Barr, Anna Louise and Partap, Uttara and Young, Elizabeth H. and Agoudavi, Kokou and Balde, Naby and Kagaruki, Gibson B. and Mayige, Mary T. and {Longo-Mbenza}, Benjamin and Mutungi, Gerald and Mwalim, Omar and Wesseh, Chea S. and Bahendeka, Silver K. and Guwatudde, David and Jorgensen, Jutta M. Adelin and Bovet, Pascal and Motala, Ayesha A. and Sandhu, Manjinder S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08987-w},
  abstract = {BackgroundLeisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation.MethodsA two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction.ResultsAcross the 10 populations (N =26,022), 18.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I-2 =99.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of adults ({$>$}= 18years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P {$<$}0.001; I-2 =97.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P =0.004; I-2 =98.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel.ConclusionsIn these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Barri2023,
  title = {Exploring the Joint Impacts of Income, Car Ownership, and Built Environment on Daily Activity Patterns: A Cluster Analysis of Trip Chains},
  author = {Barri, Elnaz Yousefzadeh and Farber, Steven and Jahanshahi, Hadi and {Tiznado-Aitken}, Ignacio and Beyazit, Eda},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {TRANSPORTMETRICA A-TRANSPORT SCIENCE},
  issn = {2324-9935},
  doi = {10.1080/23249935.2023.2236235},
  abstract = {Clustering activity patterns and identifying homogeneous travel behaviour through trip chain sequences offer valuable insight for transportation planners and policymakers in addressing transport equity problems and travel demand management. This study explores how income and car-ownership levels determine mobility patterns and travellers' decisions. Unlike previous studies that investigated the travel mode and destinations separately, we designed a novel, aggregated form considering the trip purpose and associated transport mode use as a unit of our analysis. To mitigate the subjectivity of rule-based approaches for trip chain analysis, we employ a novel sequence clustering framework to extract homogeneous clusters of activity patterns. Our results reveal that income and car-ownership levels influence travellers' travel decisions and mobility patterns. Among low-income carless households, 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their daily trips include care activities where women more frequently than men play this traditional role in a household by either public transit or a car as a passenger. In the low-income car-owner subsample, females still use public transit for their work trips, whereas males more often use the available car to commute to work. Males of wealthy carless households integrate public transit and active transportation for their daily trips when they live in high-density and more accessible neighbourhoods. While our findings demonstrate the impact of car ownership, income, and built environment on trip-chaining behaviour, we recognise that achieving transport equity will require tailored transportation and land use policies and investments that address the specific needs and barriers faced by different household types, particularly the most vulnerable ones in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, accessibility levels, and affordability issues. Hence, we recommend that policymakers and planners take a more holistic approach to transportation planning that considers the interplay of these factors to ensure that transportation systems and services are accessible, affordable, and equitable for all.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {car-ownership,low-income,mode choice,Travel behaviour,trip chain}
}

@article{BarriosGonzalez2017,
  title = {{Patterns of convergence in Spanish regions: An application of Phillips-Sul's methodology}},
  author = {Barrios Gonzalez, Ma Candelaria and Martinez Navarro, Ma Angeles},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {109},
  pages = {165--190},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {The literature on economic growth has placed special focus on analysing the convergence processes between countries and regions. Within the growth theories, two alternative approaches have been developed to explain the differences observed in per capita income across countries over time. Neoclassical growth models predict a process of convergence between economies where the relatively poor economies will grow at a faster rate than the relatively rich ones, while endogenous growth models describe a situation of non-convergence. Theoretical developments and empirical studies on convergence have led to the development of different definitions of the term and to the use of different methodologies for its investigation (Islam, 2003). The concepts of sigma and beta convergence have been widely used in empirical papers. Sigma convergence refers to the reduction in the per capita income dispersion across economies over time, while beta convergence refers to the existence of a negative correlation between income growth over time and its initial level. The concept of absolute or unconditional convergence assumes that per capita incomes in the regions will tend to converge in the long term to a single steady state, regardless of their initial conditions. In contrast, the conditional convergence hypothesis holds that each economy converges to its own stationary state, so that economies will converge with one another in the long run if they have similar structural characteristics (Galor, 1996). Neoclassical growth models lead to the hypothesis of conditional convergence between economies, but also to the hypothesis of convergence clubs, which proposes that regions with similar economic structures can converge to different steady states if they start from different initial conditions. Therefore, although certain regions have globally heterogeneous growth paths, they may be gathered into subgroups that exhibit homogeneous growth dynamics. At the international level, the empirical evidence confirms the existence of convergence clubs between countries (Durlauf and Johnson, 1995; Canova, 2004, Phillips and Sul, 2007, Monfort et al., 2013, Borsi and Metiu, 2015), as well as between regions (Postiglioni et al., 2010; Bartkowska and Riedl, 2012; Rodriguez et al., 2016; Tian et al., 2016; von Lyncker and Thoennessen, 2016). However, there is still little empirical evidence for the existence of convergence clubs in the Spanish economy, even though a few papers have been written in this regard. Indeed, some research has provided evidence of convergence clubs between Spanish regions since the late 1970s, clubs that remain to this day (Perez, 2000, Goerlich et al., 2002, Montanes and Olmos, 2014, Brida et al., 2015), although none has used a methodology like the one used in this article. Perez (2000) notes that the convergence process for per capita income in Spain's Autonomous Communities during the period 1955-1995 can be characterised by subgroups of regions that converge to different stationary states. Goerlich et al. (2002), examining the convergence of Spanish regions during the period 19552000, find, by the end of the period, the existence of two convergence clubs both when they use per capita income and labour productivity as a variable. Brida et al. (2015) apply a nonparametric clustering approach to the per capita income data of the Spanish Autonomous Communities to analyse regional convergence during the period 1955-2009. Their results indicate the presence, since the late seventies, of two convergence clubs, one more homogeneous composed by the richer regions, and another more heterogeneous formed by the remaining regions. They also note that there has been more convergence among the regions in the first club and a gap between clubs in the last two decades. However, as the authors point out, these clubs have not remained stable over time, with their numbers ranging from three to five. Finally, Montanes and Olmos (2014), using two different indicators, per capita income and an indicator of human development, study the possible stochastic convergence between Spanish regions for the period 1980-2010. The results show, for the end of the period, the existence of two distinct geographical areas (for the two indicators used), which is interpreted by the authors as evidence of different convergence clubs. Bearing this in mind, this paper contributes to the existing literature by providing some new evidence on the regional converge process in Spain. More specifically, the aim of this work is to analyse whether Spanish regions display a full convergence process among them or if, on the contrary, they form convergence clubs. The contributions of this work are twofold. On the one hand, this paper provides new evidence on the existence of regional convergence clubs in Spain. On the other hand, even though there are various estimation methods that can be applied to test club convergence hypotheses, this paper focuses on the implementation of a new methodology, which to the best of our knowledge, has not been applied to the Spanish case. In particular, this work uses the new panel convergence methodology developed by Phillips and Sul (2007). Phillips and Sul's methodology introduces a cross-sectional study, by means of an analysis of heterogeneous time series in the parameters of a neoclassical growth model, in order to take into account the heterogeneity of the transitional temporary variable analysed. This approach has clear advantages over other alternative methods. Firstly, it can be used to endogenously identify groups of regions converging towards the same growth path, and not by applying a predetermined criterion. Secondly, although a full convergence hypothesis can be rejected, this approach makes it possible to identify convergence clubs among regions, as well as the divergent regions. In addition, the speed of the convergence parameter can also be estimated with this methodology, which allows distinguishing the relative convergence empirically. The regional convergence process is analysed considering three variables: income per capita and its main components, GDP per worker and employment per capita for 17 Spanish regions in the period 1980-2008. Data comes from the regional dataset BD. MORES. The empirical results obtained in this research confirm the existence of full convergence for GDP per worker. However, there is also evidence for the existence of convergence clubs in terms of both income per capita and employment in Spanish regions. Regarding income per capita, our findings suggest the existence of three convergence clubs, which converge to different income levels: high, medium and low; whereas no divergent region was identified. With respect to employment per capita, the results are quite similar to those above for income per capita. We identify three clubs, but no divergent region was detected. The composition of clubs respect both variables, income and per capita employment, which remained relatively stable in the period analysed. Only four regions (Asturias, Cantabria, Castile and Leon and the Basque Country) exhibited differences in the composition of the clubs. The differences in the clubs' configuration may be explained by the different behaviour of labour productivity in these regions. Finally, it is worth noting that this paper is the first step in our research. A deeper analysis of the factors responsible for the formation of convergence clubs in Spain must be undertaken in order to provide useful insight to policy makers regarding the mechanisms needed to achieve economic and social cohesion amongst regions.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Convergence clubs,Log t test,Regional analysis,Spain}
}

@article{Barros2022,
  title = {Systematic Literature Review on Trade Liberalization and Sustainable Development},
  author = {Barros, Laura and {Martinez-Zarzoso}, Inmaculada},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {921--931},
  issn = {2352-5509},
  doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2022.08.012},
  abstract = {This paper compiles a systematic review of research papers that identify the effect of international trade and trade liberalization policies on socio-economic targets linked to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). A comprehensive overview of the existing literature is provided, focusing on papers that identify causality and cov-ering topics that have not been systematically analyzed previously. While existing literature reviews have fo-cused on the effects of trade openness on economic growth, its consequences for other social-and sustainable -related goals have received much less attention. We restrict the review to social-and sustainability-related SDGs and classify the empirical findings in four categories. First, we analyze the extent to which trade affects pov-erty (SDGs-1, 2, 8). The findings indicate that trade increases average incomes in most cases and that trade re-forms that include the agricultural sector generally reduce poverty. Second, we examine labor market outcomes and analyze how international trade affects wages, unemployment, and informality (SDGs-1, 5, 8). We find that with more trade, employment and wages increase in the most dynamic sectors, but decrease in others with increases in informality in some developing countries. The third bloc documents papers that evaluate whether trade is good or bad for environmental quality, evaluating how trade reforms and increases in openness affect the environment at the macro and micro level (SDGs-3, 7, 11, 12, 15). The reviewed research indicates that the effects of trade on environmental quality are complex and depend on the sectors that liberalize and the ex-istence of environmental standards linked to trade agreements. The fourth category concerns the effect of trade flows on food security, hence questioning whether opening the economies could contribute to better per-formance in SDG-2 and SDG-9. In this area, the literature is still incipient and deals mainly with correlations. More research is needed to better define the concept of food security and related indicators and to collect better data. In summary, this systematic review should guide policymakers in developing countries in the decision-making pro-cess related to trade and industrial policies. The main recommendation is to consider the main findings when de-signing new trade policy strategies concerning both unilateral trade liberalization and free trade agreements negotiations.(c) 2022 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review}
}

@article{Barsoum2019,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWomen}}, Work and Family': {{Educated}} Women's Employment Decisions and Social Policies in {{Egypt}}},
  author = {Barsoum, Ghada},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {26},
  number = {7},
  pages = {895--914},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12285},
  abstract = {Despite increased access to education, women's conspicuous absence from the labour market in Egypt, and the Arab world in general, has been a key issue. Building on the stock of evidence on women's employment, this study provides a qualitative analysis of the torrent of challenges that educated married and unmarried women face as they venture into the labour market in Egypt. Single women highlight constrained opportunities due to job scarcity and compromised job quality. Issues of low pay, long hours, informality and workplace suitability to gender propriety norms come to the fore in the interview data. Among married working women, the conditions of the work domain are compounded by challenges of time deprivation and weak family and social support. The article highlights women's calculated and aptly negotiated decisions to work or opt out of the labour market in the face of such challenges. The analysis takes issue with the culturalist view that reduces women's employment decisions to ideology. It brings to the context of Arab countries three global arguments pertaining to the inseparability of work and family for women; the role of social policies and labour market conditions in defining women's employment decisions; and the potential disconnect between employment and empowerment. By looking at women as jobseekers and workers, the analysis particularly highlights the intersectionality of different forms of inequality in defining employment opportunities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Egypt,family,gender,marriage,qualitative,women's employment}
}

@article{Barth2023,
  title = {The {{Equality Hurdle}}: {{Resolving}} the {{Welfare State Paradox}}},
  author = {Barth, Erling and Reisel, Liza and Ostbakken, Kjersti Misje},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/09500170231155293},
  abstract = {This article revisits a central tenet of the welfare state paradox, also known as the inclusion-equality trade-off. Using large-scale survey data for 31 European countries and the United States, collected over a recent 15-year period, the article re-investigates the relationship between female labour force participation and gender segregation. Emphasising the transitional role played by the monetisation of domestic tasks, the study identifies a \textbackslash textasciigravegender equality hurdle' that countries with the highest levels of female labour force participation have already passed. The results show that occupational gender segregation is currently lower in countries with high female labour force participation, regardless of public sector size. However, the findings also indicate that high relative levels of public spending on health, education and care are particularly conducive to desegregation. Hence, rather than being paradoxical, more equality in participation begets more equality in the labour market, as well as in gendered tasks in society overall.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender segregation,labour force participation,public sector,unpaid work,welfare state paradox}
}

@article{Bartley1999,
  title = {Understanding Social Variation in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women and Men: The Advantage of Theoretically Based Measures},
  author = {Bartley, M and Sacker, A and Firth, D and Fitzpatrick, R},
  year = {1999},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {49},
  number = {6},
  pages = {831--845},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00192-6},
  abstract = {Many studies have attempted to understand observed social variations in cardiovascular disease in terms of sets of intermediate or confounding risk factors. Tests of these models have tended to produce inconsistent evidence. This paper examines the relationships to cardiovascular risk factors or two theoretically based measures of social position. Tt shows that the strength of the relationships between social position and cardiovascular risk factors varies according to the definition of social position which is used: there is a closer relationship between most health behaviours and the Cambridge scale, an indicator of \textbackslash textasciigravegeneral social advantage and lifestyle', whereas the Erikson-Goldthorpe schema, which is based on employment relations and conditions, is more strongly related to work control and breathlessness. The implications of these findings for understanding the conflicting evidence in other studies of health inequalities are then discussed. The paper concludes that inconsistencies between studies may be in part due to unexamined differences between the conceptual bases of the measures of social position they use, combined with a failure to make explicit the hypothetical mechanisms of effect. If neither the conceptual basis of the measure of social position, nor the links between social position and health outcome tested in each study are clear, inconsistencies between studies will be difficult to interpret, making policy recommendations highly problematic. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cardiovascular risk factors,health related behaviour,social classification scales,social inequality}
}

@article{Bartley2004,
  title = {Employment Status, Employment Conditions, and Limiting Illness: Prospective Evidence from the {{British}} Household Panel Survey 1991-2001},
  author = {Bartley, M and Sacker, A and Clarke, P},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {58},
  number = {6},
  pages = {501--506},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech.2003.009878},
  abstract = {Objectives: To assess the relation of the incidence of, and recovery from, limiting illness to employment status, occupational social class, and income over time in an initially healthy sample of working age men and women. Methods: Cox proportional hazards models. Results: There were large differences in the risk of limiting illness according to occupational social class, with men and women in the least favourable employment conditions nearly four times more likely to become ill than those in the most favourable. Unemployment and economic inactivity also had a powerful effect on illness incidence. Limiting illness was not a permanent state for most participants in the study. Employment status was also related to recovery. Conclusions: Having secure employment in favourable working conditions greatly reduces the risk of healthy people developing limiting illness. Secure employment increases the likelihood of recovery. These findings have considerable implications for both health inequality and economic policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baruah2021,
  title = {Navigating Sticky Floors and Glass Ceilings: {{Barriers}} and Opportunities for Women's Employment in Natural Resources Industries in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Baruah, Bipasha and {Biskupski-Mujanovic}, Sandra},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM},
  volume = {45},
  number = {2},
  pages = {183--205},
  issn = {0165-0203},
  doi = {10.1111/1477-8947.12216},
  abstract = {Women make up almost half the Canadian labour force and more than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of post-secondary students. However, in natural resources (NR) industries (energy, mining, forestry), they represent less than 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the workforce, face persistent wage gaps, hold traditionally gendered roles (in sales, administrative and support services) instead of technical or managerial positions, and are persistently absent from leadership roles. Retention of women is also a big challenge in these industries: many tend to leave their jobs within the first five years of employment, and/or after one or more maternity leaves. Women are very poorly represented in leadership positions (as senior executives and board members) despite significant evidence that gender diversity in leadership is good for business. Findings from our study of the status of women in NR employment in Canada produced concrete policy recommendations for recruiting, retaining, and promoting women in energy, mining, and forestry. Although these are intended specifically for Canadian organisations, they may also be relevant for other countries where women are underrepresented in NR industries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,employment,energy,forestry,gender equality,mining,natural resources,women}
}

@article{Baruah2023,
  title = {Indigenous Women's Employment in Natural Resource Industries in {{Canada}}: {{Patterns}}, Barriers and Opportunities},
  author = {Baruah, Bipasha and {Biskupski-Mujanovic}, Sandra},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {0277-5395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102784},
  abstract = {This paper identifies barriers and opportunities that Indigenous women in Canada face in energy, mining, and forest sector employment through a review of scholarly and practitioner literature published between 2000 and 2022, and 10 in-depth interviews conducted between May and August 2021 with Indigenous women working in various capacities within (or knowledgeable about) natural resources industries in the Yukon, Northwest Ter-ritories, and Nunavut. Our findings reveal that it is important to understand the intersections of gender, culture, ethnicity/race, language, and class to respond to the challenges Indigenous women face in natural resources employment. Some of the barriers that Indigenous women encounter in these industries are similar to those faced by non-Indigenous women (glass ceilings, lack of mentors, for example). Indigenous women encounter the added dimension of racism (based on Indigenous status) as well as limitations based on geographic location. Our recommendations for improving the status of Indigenous women in natural resources industries in Canada include implementing specific targets for Indigenous women in professional, technical, and senior administrative positions; enabling the Native Women's Association of Canada to serve as an information and employment conduit to industry associations and employers; and creating mechanisms to enable Indigenous women who live off-reserve to access quality employment opportunities. Enabling Indigenous women to access skilled, well-paid employment in natural resources should be considered a key priority and opportunity for governments, resource development companies, industry associations and gender equality advocacy organizations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,Employment,Energy,Forestry,Indigenous women,Mining,Natural resources,Racism,Sexism}
}

@article{Basner2014,
  title = {Sociodemographic {{Characteristics}} and {{Waking Activities}} and Their {{Role}} in the {{Timing}} and {{Duration}} of {{Sleep}}},
  author = {Basner, Mathias and Spaeth, Andrea M. and Dinges, David F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SLEEP},
  volume = {37},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1889-U45},
  issn = {0161-8105},
  doi = {10.5665/sleep.4238},
  abstract = {Study Objectives: Chronic sleep restriction is prevalent in the U.S. population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The primary reasons for reduced sleep are unknown. Using population data on time use, we sought to identify individual characteristics and behaviors associated with short sleep that could be targeted for intervention programs. Design: Analysis of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). Setting: Cross-sectional annual survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Participants: Representative cohort (N = 124,517) of Americans 15 years and older surveyed between 2003 and 2011. Interventions: None. Measurements and Results: Telephone survey of activities over 24 hours. Relative to all other waking activities, paid work time was the primary waking activity exchanged for sleep. Time spent traveling, which included commuting to/from work, and immediate pre- and post-sleep activities (socializing, grooming, watching TV) were also reciprocally related to sleep duration. With every hour that work or educational training started later in the morning, sleep time increased by approximately 20 minutes. Working multiple jobs was associated with the highest odds for sleeping = 6 hours on weekdays (adjusted OR 1.61, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.44; 1.81). Self-employed respondents were less likely to be short sleepers compared to private sector employees (OR 0.83, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.72; 0.95). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with paid work (age 25-64, male sex, high income, and employment per se) were consistently associated with short sleep. Conclusions: U.S. population time use survey findings suggest that interventions to increase sleep time should concentrate on delaying the morning start time of work and educational activities (or making them more flexible), increasing sleep opportunities, and shortening morning and evening commute times. Reducing the need for multiple jobs may increase sleep time, but economic disincentives from working fewer hours will need to be offset. Raising awareness of the importance of sufficient sleep for health and safety may be necessary to positively influence discretionary behaviors that reduce sleep time, including television viewing and morning grooming.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health,long sleep,morbidity,mortality,short sleep,sleep deprivation,sleep time,television,time use,travel,work}
}

@article{Bates2018,
  title = {Labour Force Participation and the Cost of Lost Productivity Due to Cancer in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Bates, Nicole and Callander, Emily and Lindsay, Daniel and Watt, Kerrianne},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5297-9},
  abstract = {Background: In Australia, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people diagnosed with cancer will be of working age (25-64 years). A cancer diagnosis may lead to temporary or permanent changes in a person's labour force participation, which has an economic impact on both the individual and the economy. However, little is known about this economic impact of cancer due to lost productivity in Australia. This paper aims to determine the labour force participation characteristics of people with cancer, to estimate the indirect cost due to lost productivity, and to identify any inequality in the distribution of labour force absence in Australia. Methods: This study used national cross-sectional data from the 2015 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The ABS weighted each component of the survey to ensure the sample represented the population distribution of Australia. The analysis was limited to people aged 25-64 years. Participants were assigned to one of three health condition groups: \textbackslash textasciigraveno health condition', \textbackslash textasciigravecancer', and \textbackslash textasciigraveany other long-term health condition'. A series of logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between health condition and labour force participation. Results: A total of 34,393 participants surveyed were aged 25-64 years, representing approximately 12,387,800 Australians. Almost half (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of people with cancer were not in the labour force, resulting in a reduction of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1.7 billion to the Australian gross domestic product (GDP). Amongst those in the labour force, people with no health condition were 3.00 times more likely to be employed full-time compared to people with cancer (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.96-4.57), after adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment and rurality. Amongst those with cancer, people without a tertiary qualification were 3.73 times more likely to be out of the labour force (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.97-7.07). Conclusions: This paper is the first in Australia to estimate the national labour force participation rates of people with cancer. People with cancer were less likely to be in the labour force, resulting in a reduction in Australia's GDP. Cancer survivors, especially those without a tertiary qualification may benefit from support to return to work after a diagnosis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer,Costs,Health economics,Oncology,Productivity}
}

@article{Baugh2019,
  title = {The Dynamics of Poverty, Educational Attainment, and the Children of the Disadvantaged Entering Medical School},
  author = {Baugh, Aaron D. and Vanderbilt, Allison A. and Baugh, Reginald F.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {667--676},
  issn = {1179-7258},
  doi = {10.2147/AMEP.S196840},
  abstract = {Approximately one-third of the US population lives at or near the poverty line; however, this group makes up less than 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the incoming medical students. In the United Kingdom, the ratio of those of the highest social stratum is 30 times greater than those of the lowest to receive admission to medical school. In an effort to address health disparities and improve patient care, the authors argue that significant barriers must be overcome for the children of the disadvantaged to gain admission to medical school. Poverty is intergenerational and multidimensional. Familial wealth affects opportunities and educational attainment, starting when children are young and compounding as they get older. In addition, structural and other barriers exist to these students pursuing higher education, such as the realities of financial aid and the shadow of debt. Yet the medical education community can take steps to better support the children of the disadvantaged throughout their education, so they are able to reach medical school. If educators value the viewpoints and life experiences of diverse students enriching the learning environment, they must acknowledge the unique contributions that the children of the disadvantaged bring and work to increase their representation in medical schools and the physician workforce. We describe who the disadvantaged are contrasted with the metrics used by medical school admissions to identify them. The consequences of multiple facets of poverty on educational attainment are explored, including its interaction with other social identities, inter-generational impacts, and the importance of wealth versus annual income. Structural barriers to admission are reviewed. Given the multi-dimensional and cumulative nature of poverty, we conclude that absent significant and sustained intervention, medical school applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds will remain few and workforce issues affecting the care patients receive will not be resolved. The role of physicians and medical schools and advocating for necessary societal changes to alleviate this dynamic are highlighted.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {diversity and inclusion,health disparities,lower socioeconomic populations,medical school admissions,social justice}
}

@article{Baumann2007,
  title = {Associations of Social and Material Deprivation with Tobacco, Alcohol, and Psychotropic Drug Use, and Gender: A Population-Based Study},
  author = {Baumann, Michele and Spitz, Elisabeth and Guillemin, Francis and Ravaud, Jean-Francois and Choquet, Marie and Falissard, Bruno and Chau, Nearkasen and Group, Lorhandicap},
  year = {2007},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1476-072X},
  doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-6-50},
  abstract = {Background: The aim was to assess the relationships between social and material deprivation and the use of tobacco, excessive alcohol and psychotropic drugs by both sexes and in various age groups. Greater knowledge concerning these issues may help public health policy-makers design more effective means of preventing substance abuse. Methods: The sample comprised 6,216 people aged {$>$}= 15 years randomly selected from the population in northeastern France. Subjects completed a post-mailed questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, occupation, employment, income, smoking habit, alcohol abuse and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepsychotropic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace drug intake (for headache, tiredness, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia). A deprivation score (D) was defined by the cumulative number of: low educational level, manual worker, unemployed, living alone, nationality other than western European, low income, and non-home-ownership. Data were analysed using adjusted odds ratios (ORa) computed with logistic models. Results: Deprivation was common: 37.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents fell into category D = 1, 21.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% into D = 2, and 10.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% into D {$>$}= 3. More men than women reported tobacco use (30.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 21.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and alcohol abuse (12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 3.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), whereas psychotropic drug use was more common among women (23.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 41.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Increasing levels of deprivation were associated with a greater likelihood of tobacco use (ORa vs. D = 0: 1.16 in D = 1, 1.49 in D = 2, and 1.93 in D {$>$}= 3), alcohol abuse (1.19 in D = 1, 1.32 in D = 2, and 1.80 in D {$>$}= 3) and frequent psychotropic drug intake (1.26 in D = 1, 1.51 in D = 2, and 1.91 in D {$>$}= 3). These patterns were observed in working/other non-retired men and women (except for alcohol abuse in women). Among retired people, deprivation was associated with tobacco and psychotropic drug use only in men. Conclusion: Preventive measures should be designed to improve work conditions, reduce deprivation, and help deprived populations to be more aware of risk and to find remedial measures.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baumann2022,
  title = {Do Cognitively Stimulating Activities Affect the Association between Retirement Timing and Cognitive Functioning in Old Age?},
  author = {Baumann, Isabel and Eyjolfsdottir, Harpa Sif and Fritzell, Johan and Lennartsson, Carin and {Darin-Mattsson}, Alexander and Kareholt, Ingemar and Andel, Ross and Dratva, Julia and Agahi, Neda},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {306--330},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X20000847},
  abstract = {In response to the rising financial pressure on old-age pension systems in industrialised economies, many European countries plan to increase the eligibility age for retirement pensions. We used data from Sweden to examine whether (and if so, how) retirement after age 65 - the eligibility age for basic pension - compared to retiring earlier affects older adults' (between ages 70 and 85) cognitive functioning. Using a propensity score matching (PSM) approach, we addressed the selection bias potentially introduced by non-random selection into either early or late retirement. We also examined average and heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs). HTEs were evaluated for different levels of cognitive stimulation from occupational activities before retirement and from leisure activities after retirement. We drew from a rich longitudinal data-set linking two nationally representative Swedish surveys with a register data-set and found that, on average, individuals who retire after age 65 do not have a higher level of cognitive functioning than those who retire earlier. Similarly, we did not observe HTEs from occupational activities. With respect to leisure activities, we found no systematic effects on cognitive functioning among those working beyond age 65. We conclude that, in general, retirement age does not seem to affect cognitive functioning in old age. Yet, the rising retirement age may put substantial pressure on individuals who suffer from poor health at the end of their occupational career, potentially exacerbating social- and health-related inequalities among older people.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cognition,health outcomes,leisure activities,occupational activities,propensity score matching,retirement policy,retirement timing}
}

@article{Baumle2009,
  title = {The {{Cost}} of {{Parenthood}}: {{Unraveling}} the {{Effects}} of {{Sexual Orientation}} and {{Gender}} on {{Income}}},
  author = {Baumle, Amanda K.},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {90},
  number = {4},
  pages = {983--1002},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00673.x},
  abstract = {Objectives Prior research has repeatedly shown that parenthood affects employment outcomes; mothers have, on average, lower wages and are less likely to be hired than childless women. Some research indicates that this effect of parenthood on employment outcomes is dependent on sexual orientation. In particular, lesbian mothers might be treated more like childless women by those making employment decisions. This article examines the degree to which the lesbian wage advantage can be explained by lesbians avoiding the motherhood wage penalty experienced by heterosexual women. Methods Drawing on 2000 U.S. Census data, this issue is first explored via ordinary least squares regression equations that estimate the effect of having a child present in the household on income. The Blinder-Oaxaca method is then employed to decompose the earnings differential between heterosexual and gay individuals. Results Results indicate that lesbians appear to experience a motherhood advantage that increases their wages by approximately 20 percent. Further, results support the notion that lesbians receive different returns to the presence of children in the household than do heterosexual women. Approximately 35 percent of the wage differential between lesbians and heterosexual women is attributable to differences in returns to child rearing. Conclusion These findings have relevance for state and federal anti-discrimination laws and work/family policies, as they provide further insight into the role that gender, and gender-based assumptions, play in determining employment outcomes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bautz-Holter2008,
  title = {Does the {{International Classification}} of {{Functioning}}, {{Disability}} and {{Health}} ({{ICF}}) {{Core Set}} for Low Back Pain Cover the Patients' Problems? {{A}} Cross-Sectional Content-Validity Study with a {{Norwegian}} Population},
  author = {{Bautz-Holter}, E. and Sveen, U. and Cieza, A. and Geyh, S. and Roe, C.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE},
  volume = {44},
  number = {4},
  pages = {387--397},
  issn = {1973-9087},
  abstract = {Aim. The aim of this work was to evaluate the Norwegian form of the international Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for low back pain patients and investigate the feasibility of the Core Set in clinical practice. Methods. This was part of an international multicenter study, with 118 participating Norwegian patients referred to Departments of Physical Medicine and rehabilitation with low back pain (LBP). The ICF Core Set for LBP was filled in by the health professionals. The patients reported their problems using the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questiomiaire (ODI). Results. The ICF Core Set categories capture the problems of the LBP patients, and few categories were reported to be missing. Many problems were reported within body function, and problems within work and employment were captured by the activity and participation component. The environmental factors in ICF were most frequently scored as facilitators, but the same factor could also represent a barrier in other individuals. Health professionals, family and friends were important factors within this domain. Few problems were scored as severe or complete indicating the need of collapsing the qualifier levels. Scoring of the ICF Core Set was feasibly, but rather time-consuming. Conclusion. The ICF Core Set for LBP captures the problems of LBP, and adds important aspects to clinical practice in the field of LBP. However, the ICF Core Set for LBP needs further elaboration in order to improve the clinical feasibility.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability evaluation,Feasibility study,Low back pain}
}

@article{BAXTER1992,
  title = {{{DOMESTIC LABOR AND INCOME INEQUALITY}}},
  author = {BAXTER, J},
  year = {1992},
  month = jun,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {229--249},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017092006002005},
  abstract = {In most industrial countries women earn less in employment than men. This paper investigates the reasons for this fact. Specifically it considers in detail the relationship between domestic labour and gender inequalities in income. Using evidence from Australia the paper explores the impact on earnings of both responsibility for domestic labour and time spent on domestic labour. Earlier research suggested that responsibility for domestic labour is a greater constraint on women's position in paid labour than the actual time spent on it. The paper also seeks to discover whether the relationship between the housework and paid labour is qualitatively and quantitatively different for men and women. Using regression analysis the paper provides empirical evidence about these relations and argues that gender inequities in wages are based, at least in part, on the structure of the household system. Policies aimed at reducing the male-female wage gap will need to take account of this.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Baxter2021,
  title = {Is Working in Later Life Good for Your Health? {{A}} Systematic Review of Health Outcomes Resulting from Extended Working Lives},
  author = {Baxter, Susan and Blank, Lindsay and Cantrell, Anna and Goyder, Elizabeth},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11423-2},
  abstract = {Background: Work, rather than unemployment, is recognised as being good for health, but there may be an age when the benefits are outweighed by adverse impacts. As countries around the world increase their typical retirement age, the potential effect on population health and health inequalities requires scrutiny. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of literature published since 2011 from developed countries on the health effects of employment in those over 64years of age. We completed a narrative synthesis and used harvest plots to map the direction and volume of evidence for the outcomes reported. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) checklist in our methods and reporting. Results: We identified seventeen relevant studies, which were of cohort or cross-sectional design. The results indicate evidence of beneficial or neutral effects from extended working on overall health status and physical health for many employees, and mixed effects on mental health. The benefits reported however, are most likely to be for males, those working part-time or reducing to part-time, and employees in jobs which are not low quality or low reward. Conclusions: Extending working life (particularly part time) may have benefits or a neutral effect for some, but adverse effects for others in high demand or low reward jobs. There is the potential for widening health inequalities between those who can choose to reduce their working hours, and those who need to continue working full time for financial reasons. There is a lack of evidence for effects on quality of life, and a dearth of interventions enabling older workers to extend their healthy working life.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Extending working,Health,Older workers,Retirement,Systematic review}
}

@article{Bayati2019,
  title = {Income Inequality among General Practitioners in {{Iran}}: A Decomposition Approach},
  author = {Bayati, Mohsen and Rashidian, Arash and Sarikhani, Yaser and Lohivash, Saeed},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-019-4473-7},
  abstract = {Background General practitioners (GPs) are among the most important resources of healthcare system and public health is considerably influenced by the function of this group. Income inequality among GPs considerably affects the motivation and performance of this group. The present study aims to examine the income inequality among Iranian GPs in order to provide the necessary evidence for health human resource policy. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the distribution of income and wage inequality among GPs was investigated using income quintiles. We also used the Dagum's model to analyze the inequality between different groups of GPs through the decomposition of the Gini coefficient. Moreover, a regression model was used to determine the effective factors on GPs' income. Results The results of this study indicated that income and wages of GPs in the highest quintile were eight times more than those of doctors at the lowest quintile. Regression estimates showed that factors such as gender, practice setting, and activity as the family physician (P {$<$} 0.001) were effective on income of GPs; and also male and self-employed GPs had significantly more wage (P {$<$} 0.001). Total Gini coefficient of GPs' income and wage were estimated at 0.403 and 0.412, respectively. Highest monthly income was found in GPs with 16-20 years practice experience (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8358) based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), male (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8339 PPP), and self-employed GPs (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8134 PPP) subgroup. However, the female (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5389 PPP) and single (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5438 PPP) GPs had the lowest income. Population share; income/wage share; income/wage mean; Gini coefficient; and within, between and overlap decomposed components of Gini coefficient are also reported for each GPs subgroups. Conclusions We found significant inequalities in income and wages among Iranian GPs. Adjustment of income based on working hours indicated that one of the most common causes of income inequality among GPs in Iran was different workloads among different groups. Since the motivation and function of physicians can be influenced by income inequality, policymakers in the health system should consider factors increasing such inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {General practitioner,Income gap,Income inequality,Remuneration}
}

@article{Bayrakdar2022,
  title = {Job {{Satisfaction}} and {{Sexual Orientation}} in {{Britain}}},
  author = {Bayrakdar, Sait and King, Andrew},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--39},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017020980997},
  abstract = {Studies looking at patterns of labour market outcomes among lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals focus mostly on earnings, while non-pecuniary outcomes of LGB individuals have remained a relatively under-researched area. Using the latest wave of the Workplace Employment Relations Study (WERS), this article investigates the job satisfaction levels of LGB individuals compared to their heterosexual peers for the first time in Britain. The results show significantly lower job satisfaction levels only for bisexual men, compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Moreover, the findings do not show a direct impact of LGB(T)-related workplace policies on job satisfaction levels.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,job satisfaction,labour market,LGB inequality,sexual orientation}
}

@article{Bayurgil2022,
  title = {Fired and {{Evicted}}: {{Istanbul Doorkeepers}}' {{Strategies}} of {{Navigating Employment}} and {{Housing Precarity}}},
  author = {Bayurgil, Ladin},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL PROBLEMS},
  volume = {69},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1092--1108},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  doi = {10.1093/socpro/spab013},
  abstract = {Considering contemporary urban contexts, where housing precarity is an eminent problem for the urban working poor, this research asks how those employed as doorkeepers navigate everyday experiences of double precarity, i.e., the risk of being simultaneously fired and evicted. Doorkeepers in Istanbul are minimum-wage workers and internal migrants. Yet, unlike other low-wage employees, they live rent-free in basement apartments in return for serving their neighbors who are also their employers. Through the earthquake risk-driven urban transformation that necessitates demolition and reconstruction of more than 2,000 multi-unit buildings in Istanbul's upper-middle income neighborhoods, doorkeepers are replaced with informal laborers or privatized outsourced services, and hence experience simultaneous job loss and involuntary displacement. Employing an ethnographic examination of these workers and their precarity management strategies, this research suggests that studying experiences of intersecting employment and housing market precarities allows us to extend our understanding of precarity beyond the labor market. More specifically, this research suggests that precarious labor processes are integral to housing precarity and should be studied in relation to both housing and shifting urban policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {involuntary displacement,Istanbul,precarity,service labor,urban transformation}
}

@article{Beaudoin2020,
  title = {Barriers in {{Access}} to {{Care}} for {{Patients With Head}} and {{Neck Cancer}} in {{Resource-Limited Settings A Systematic Review}}},
  author = {Beaudoin, Pier-Luc and Anchouche, Sonia and Gaffar, Rouan and Guadagno, Elena and Ayad, Tareck and Poenaru, Dan},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JAMA OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& NECK SURGERY},
  volume = {146},
  number = {3},
  pages = {291--297},
  issn = {2168-6181},
  doi = {10.1001/jamaoto.2019.4311},
  abstract = {This systematic review analyzes published studies to identify social and clinical factors in head and neck cancer treatment in low-income and lower-middle-income countries predominantly in South Asia. Importance The identification of the barriers to care for patients with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries is a crucial first step toward the identification of targets for developing and implementing cost-effective programs to increase awareness, prevention, and treatment of head and neck cancer in this setting. Objective To identify the barriers to care for patients presenting with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Evidence Review Nine databases were searched from their inception to December 21, 2017: Africa-Wide Information, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Global Health, LILACS, MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, and Web of Science. Search terms referred to head and neck cancer, barriers to care, and low- and lower-middle-income countries, and no temporal and linguistic restrictions were imposed. Articles were reviewed by 2 independent investigators, and differences in inclusion were resolved by discussion. Bibliographies of all included articles were screened, and all relevant articles were reviewed using the same procedure. Quantitative articles were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies tool, and articles with qualitative data used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42018092448) and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. Findings Of the 44 articles selected for review, 18 (41\textbackslash textbackslash\%) met the selection criteria. All articles reported quantitative results, and 3 (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) added some qualitative material to the study design. Most (11 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace61\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) of the studies originated from India. A total of 41 different barriers to care were identified, with low level of education (cited in 8 articles \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace44\textbackslash textbackslash\%]), low socioeconomic status (in 4 articles \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace22\textbackslash textbackslash\%]), and lack of knowledge about head and neck cancer (in 3 articles \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace17\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) being statistically associated with a delayed presentation. Misunderstanding of signs and symptoms, use of alternative medicine, and inability to access health care were other barriers discussed in the qualitative articles. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review highlighted the lack of both qualitative and quantitative information for patients with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. The findings suggest that integrating the barriers to care with information from patient lives may identify the clinical and social relevance of these barriers and guide future research. Question What are the barriers to care for patients presenting with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries? Findings In this mixed-methods systematic review of 18 studies that originated from Asia and Africa, a low level of literacy was statistically associated with a delayed presentation in 8 articles (44\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and lower socioeconomic status was statistically associated in 4 articles (22\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Qualitative articles identified misunderstanding of symptoms, use of alternative medicine, and inability to access health care as factors associated with a delayed presentation. Meaning Findings of this study may help identify the clinical and social validity of a given barrier to care in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and may guide future work in this understudied area.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Beck2014,
  title = {Role of {{Financial}} and {{Social Hardships}} in {{Asthma Racial Disparities}}},
  author = {Beck, Andrew F. and Huang, Bin and Simmons, Jeffrey M. and Moncrief, Terri and Sauers, Hadley S. and Chen, Chen and Ryan, Patrick H. and Newman, Nicholas C. and Kahn, Robert S.},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {133},
  number = {3},
  pages = {431--439},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2013-2437},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Health care reform offers a new opportunity to address child health disparities. This study sought to characterize racial differences in pediatric asthma readmissions with a focus on the potential explanatory role of hardships that might be addressed in future patient care models. METHODS: We enrolled 774 children, aged 1 to 16 years, admitted for asthma or bronchodilator-responsive wheezing in a population-based prospective observational cohort. The outcome was time to readmission. Child race, socioeconomic status (measured by lower income and caregiver educational attainment), and hardship (caregivers looking for work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married) were recorded. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: The cohort was 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% African American, 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% white, and 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% multiracial/other; 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% were readmitted within 12 months. After adjustment for asthma severity classification, African Americans were twice as likely to be readmitted as whites (hazard ratio: 1.98; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 1.42 to 2.77). Compared with whites, African American caregivers were significantly more likely to report lower income and educational attainment, difficulty finding work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married (all P {$<$}= .01). Hardships explained 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the observed racial disparity in readmission; jointly, socioeconomic status and hardship explained 49\textbackslash textbackslash\%. CONCLUSIONS: African American children were twice as likely to be readmitted as white children; hardships explained {$>$} 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this disparity. Additional factors (eg, pollution, tobacco exposure, housing quality) may explain residual disparities. Targeted interventions could help achieve greater child health equity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childhood asthma,pediatrics,racial disparities,readmissions}
}

@article{Beer2016,
  title = {Neoliberalism, Economic Restructuring and Policy Change: {{Precarious}} Housing and Precarious Employment in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Beer, Andrew and Bentley, Rebecca and Baker, Emma and Mason, Kate and Mallett, Shelley and Kavanagh, Anne and LaMontagne, Tony},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {URBAN STUDIES},
  volume = {53},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1542--1558},
  issn = {0042-0980},
  doi = {10.1177/0042098015596922},
  abstract = {Housing, employment and economic conditions in many nations have changed greatly over the past decades. This paper explores the ways in which changing housing markets, economic conditions and government policies have affected vulnerable individuals and households, using Australia as a case study. The paper finds a substantial number and proportion of low income Australians have been affected by housing and employment that is insecure with profound implications for vulnerability. Importantly, the paper suggests that in Australia the economic gains achieved as a consequence of mining-related growth in the early 2000s were translated as greater employment security for some on low incomes, but not all. Enhanced access to employment in this period was differentiated by gender, with women largely missing out on the growth in jobs. For the population as a whole, employment gains were offset by increased housing insecurity as accommodation costs rose. The paper finds low income lone parents were especially vulnerable because they were unable to benefit from a buoyant labour market over the decade 2000-2010. They were also adversely affected by national policy changes intended to encourage engagement with paid work. The outcomes identified for Australia are likely to have been mirrored in other nations, especially those that have embraced, or been forced to adopt, more restrictive welfare and income support regimes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic outcomes,precarious housing,risk,social policy,sole parents}
}

@article{Beier2018,
  title = {Marxist {{Perspectives}} on the {{Global Enclosures}} of {{Social Reproduction}}},
  author = {Beier, Friederike},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {TRIPLEC-COMMUNICATION CAPITALISM \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CRITIQUE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {546--561},
  issn = {1726-670X},
  abstract = {Women's unpaid care and domestic work is gaining relevance in policy-making as well as in academia. Feminist scholars and activists have lobbied successfully for the integration of unpaid care and domestic work into the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 5.4) of the United Nations in the hope for greater recognition of women's contribution to the economy. Policy documents about social reproduction highlight women's disproportionate share of reproductive activities as an obstacle to women's economic empowerment and as a relic of \textbackslash textasciigravetraditional' gender roles. Social reproduction is thereby not understood as a merit in itself, but as an obstacle to women's participation in paid labour. Policy implications will enable certain empowerment effects for some women, but at the same time promote the increasing privatization and commodification of reproductive work across the globe. Rising inequalities between the Global North and South and between women along the categories of class and race will be one major result. To theoretically explain such contradictory effects of the recognition of social reproduction, I use the concept of \textbackslash textasciigraveenclosures' based on Marx' \textbackslash textasciigraveprimitive accumulation'. Feminist scholars use the concept to explain how unpaid care and housework is commodified or de-commodified to integrate women into the paid labour force or to reduce the costs of social reproduction according to the needs of the economy. The sudden interest in unpaid care and domestic work e.g. in the Sustainable Development Goals can therefore be seen as process of double enclosure, which integrates women into the paid labour force, but also sets the grounds for the further commodification of domestic and care work. This paper aims to critically discuss the sudden interest in unpaid domestic and care work and its contradictory effects from a Marxist feminist perspective and reflects on feminist strategies and movements in global governance. After introducing Marxist perspectives on social reproduction, the question if and how feminist ideas and concepts have been appropriated, the effects and implications of global policies on social reproduction and global inequalities, as well as possible counter-strategies will be discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care,economic empowerment,enclosure,feminism,feminist strategies,gender,global inequality,housework,intersectionality,politics of appropriation,primitive accumulation,social reproduction,sustainable development goals,United Nations,unpaid work}
}

@article{Bejan2020,
  title = {Outcomes of a {{Safety}} and {{Health Educational Intervention}} in {{Auto Body}} and {{Machine Tool Technologies Vocational College Programs}}: {{The Technical Education Curricula}} for {{Health}} and {{Safety}} ({{TECHS}}) {{Study}}},
  author = {Bejan, Anca and Xi, Min and Parker, David L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH},
  volume = {64},
  number = {2},
  pages = {185--201},
  issn = {2398-7308},
  doi = {10.1093/annweh/wxz092},
  abstract = {Technical Education Curricula for Health and Safety (TECHS) is a research collaboration between safety and health professionals and vocational instructors in three Minnesota colleges. Curriculum materials, including full and refresher modules with of classroom presentations, lab activities, homework, and quizzes, were developed for auto body collision technology (ABCT) and machine tool technology (MTT) programs. Curricula were implemented during the 2015-2018 academic years. Graduates' safety-related knowledge, skills, work practices, and workplace safety climate were assessed 1 year postgraduation using an electronic survey. Responses were received from 71 ABCT and 115 MTT graduates. Classroom presentations were used consistently throughout the study. Instructors cited a lack of time as the main barrier to using other materials (lab activities, homework, and quizzes). Graduates with TECHS instruction had significantly greater safety-related knowledge overall (both trades) as well as in two topic areas: eye and respiratory protection (ABCT) and hearing protection and machine guarding (MTT). Our data confirm that nearly all graduates consistently engage in practices such as use of safety glasses, hearing protection, and respirators, use of machine guards, material handling strategies. At 1 year postgraduation, MTT graduates' work practices related to machine guarding improved significantly. Graduates with TECHS instruction had improved in about half of the work practices, but statistical significance was not achieved. Graduates' self-reported work practices were not significantly correlated with their knowledge or skills. Work practices variability was best explained by graduates' attitudes toward safety rules and their rating of the workplace safety climate. TECHS findings confirm that classroom instruction alone has little impact on graduates' work practices. We propose institutions formalize their commitment to safety and health education by ear-marking teaching time for this subject and providing assistance to instructors to facilitate curricula integration. Instructors would benefit from learning more about trade-specific safety and health, and adult education teaching methods. Additional research is needed to understand how students' attitudes toward safety change during vocational college attendance and the first year of employment in the trade, explore implementation supports and barriers at institutional and instructor levels, and assess educational effectiveness beyond the end of the academic program. The entire curricula are available on the study website www.votechsafety.net.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Bejtkovsky2012,
  title = {Age {{Management}} and {{Its Position}} in the {{Czech}} and {{Slovak Organizations}}},
  author = {Bejtkovsky, Ing Jiri},
  editor = {Soliman, {\relax KS}},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: FROM REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT TO WORLD ECONOMIES, VOLS 1-5},
  abstract = {Based on surveys taken in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, it is safe to say that employing people from the 50+ age category is not very attractive for today's organizations. This, however, should change. Experts shed light on some of the benefits employing the elders has. They continue by disproving that older employees do not have sufficient potential for learning. Experts further propose that organization begin implementing a management system considerate to the employee's age age management, including recommendations in fields such as health care, job restructuring, adapting to work organization, shift management according to impulses by employees and other. (E-sondy.cz, 2012) Age management is a term used for activities, the purpose of which is to support the complex approach towards dealing with demographical changes at the workplace. Legitimate practice in age management was defined as measures contending with the age barrier or supporting diversity and activities ensuring each employee receives the opportunity to fulfill his or her potential and is not at a disadvantage due to age. (Pillinger, 2008) The article introduces the results of the quantitative and qualitative research that was conducted by the author while writing his doctoral thesis, which was focused on personnel management and specific features of employees of the age group 50+ in Czech and Slovak organizations. Results from the article predominantly focus on the philosophy of age management and its role in Czech and Slovak organizations, both from the viewpoint of employees and from the viewpoint of managements from addressed organizations. The article attempts to point out the potential and personal know-how 50+ employees have, and which employers could appreciate and utilize for their competitiveness. Furthermore, it is necessary to realize that establishing age diversity within work groups or teams will become inevitable. Company culture, which should support the complex approach to the entire philosophy of age management, also plays an important role in implementing age management into the organization. Also considered significant will be providing effective training of managers in order for them to successfully implement company strategy and processes and to further support employee age diversity. This step shall help improve the relations between organization management and all employees, which will comprehensively reflect on the image of the organization that will be considered as an organization implementing the policies of individual approach to each employee.},
  isbn = {978-0-9821489-7-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {age diversity of employees,age management,competitiveness,employee 50+},
  note = {18th International-Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Istanbul, TURKEY, MAY 09-10, 2012}
}

@article{Bellani2020,
  title = {Gendered {{Time Allocation}} and {{Divorce}}: {{A Longitudinal Analysis}} of {{German}} and {{American Couples}}},
  author = {Bellani, Daniela and {Esping-Andersen}, Gosta},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {FAMILY RELATIONS},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1},
  pages = {207--226},
  issn = {0197-6664},
  doi = {10.1111/fare.12405},
  abstract = {Objective To examine the association between divorce and partners' allocation of paid and unpaid work, and change over a few key decades in both West Germany and the United States. Background Past research has indicated that partner similarity in time spent on both paid and unpaid work is associated with a higher risk of marital dissolution. We explore whether the association between paid work disparities and divorce or between unpaid work disparities and divorce changed across time or differed between two cultures. Method Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the United States and the German Socio-Economic Panel for West Germany from the mid-1980s until the end of the 2000s, we conducted event history analyses. Results Over time, the risk of divorce declined among couples with a more similar division of labor. In parallel, the relative stability of marriages adhering to a dissimilar pattern of unpaid work decreased in Western Germany. Conclusion These results contrast with the predictions of a static normative perspective, but they are consistent with the multiple equilibrium theory, which predicts that divorce risks will decline in tandem with the embrace of more gender similarity in couple arrangements. Thus, evidence suggests that as societies evolve toward greater gender similarity in the division of paid and unpaid work, marital stability will likely improve. Implications Preventive intervention approaches promoting new forms of organization in the division of work between partners may be useful in the quest for improved marital relations and well-being.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Belloso2023,
  title = {Navigating the Pandemic: {{Gendered}} Perspectives on Vulnerability, Resilience and Institutional Change in Times of Crisis},
  author = {Belloso, Marfa Lopez and Strid, Sofia},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {PAPERS-REVISTA DE SOCIOLOGIA},
  volume = {108},
  number = {3},
  issn = {0210-2862},
  doi = {10.5565/rev/papers.3243},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has been a multifaceted crisis, impacting health, the economy, policy and society at large, and also resulting in a humanitarian crisis. These crises have impacted everyone, although the effects have been unevenly distributed, leading to further disadvantage and marginalisation for those who were already vulnerable and marginalised. The pandemic laid bare and intensified pre-existing gender inequalities in many aspects of life, from the labor market and educational opportunities to health and social protection systems. The unequal impacts on women and men have been observed in the economy and employment, in domestic work and care, in physical and mental health, and in violence. The collection of articles in this special issue critically interrogates these key issues relat-ing to the impact of the pandemic on gender equality in Europe, highlighting exacerbated gender inequalities, policy responses and the potential for a gender-responsive recovery. This special issue brings together a collection of eight articles that investigate various aspects of gender inequality exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that explore potential pathways towards achieving greater gender equality in the post-pandemic world. They summarise the findings and contributions of several social scientists and also of two EU funded projects: RESISTIRe (GA 101015990) and GEARING Roles (GA 824536). The articles are structured around five main themes: labor market disparities, education and skill development, social and political responses, post-pandemic opportunities, and care. Each article contributes unique insights, empirical findings and policy recommendations from a feminist perspective to enrich the ongoing discourse on gender equality. Together, the articles show the necessity of feminist analysis of crisis, and reveal the structural roots of inequalities while simultaneously emphasising the necessity for transformative action to address inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care,COVID-19,crisis,decision-making,economy,education,gender,gender equality,policy responses,violence}
}

@book{Belozyorov2018,
  title = {Taxation of {{Labor Income}} in {{Japan}} and {{Republic}} of {{Korea}}: A {{Comparative Study}}},
  author = {Belozyorov, Sergey},
  editor = {Dvorakova, P and Baisa, B},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CURRENT TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR RESEARCH},
  series = {Current {{Trends}} in {{Public Sector Research}}},
  issn = {2336-1239},
  abstract = {We analyze the main features of current personal income tax system in Japan and Korea. Both countries have progressive personal income tax schedules. Individual income tax rate in Japan exceeds average for Asian countries almost by 26\textbackslash textbackslash\%, while Korean personal income tax rate exceeds average by 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The calculated indices for the overall tax wedge and its components in Korea and Japan allowed us to determine that in Japan the progressivity of personal income tax rate and overall tax wedge are lower than OECD average, while in Korea these values are higher than OECD average, due to targeted provisions for low incomes in Korea. The regression analysis showed that in Japan only labor force participation rate influences on the labor productivity, while in Korea the latter is influenced additionally by labor freedom index, determining quality of labor market institutions. It can be explained by different trends, related to the digital transformation, specifics of the long-term employment and wage schedules, and by different levels of labor market inequality.},
  isbn = {978-80-210-8924-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {labor freedom index,labor productivity,personal income tax,progressivity,tax wedge},
  note = {22nd International Conference on Current Trends in Public Sector Research, Slapanice, CZECH REPUBLIC, JAN 18-19, 2018}
}

@article{Belrhiti2016,
  title = {To What Extent Do Site-Based Training, Mentoring, and Operational Research Improve District Health System Management and Leadership in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Protocol},
  author = {Belrhiti, Zakaria and Booth, Andrew and Marchal, Bruno and Verstraeten, Roosmarijn},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {5},
  doi = {10.1186/s13643-016-0239-z},
  abstract = {Background: District health managers play a key role in the effectiveness of decentralized health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Inadequate management and leadership skills often hamper their ability to improve quality of care and effectiveness of health service delivery. Nevertheless, significant investments have been made in capacity-building programmes based on site-based training, mentoring, and operational research. This systematic review aims to review the effectiveness of site-based training, mentoring, and operational research (or action research) on the improvement of district health system management and leadership. Our secondary objectives are to assess whether variations in composition or intensity of the intervention influence its effectiveness and to identify enabling and constraining contexts and underlying mechanisms. Methods: We will search the following databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, CRD database (DARE), Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) group, ISI Web of Science, Health Evidence. org, PDQ-Evidence, ERIC, EMBASE, and TRIP. Complementary search will be performed (hand-searching journals and citation and reference tracking). Studies that meet the following PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) criteria will be included: P: professionals working at district health management level; I: site-based training with or without mentoring, or operational research; C: normal institutional arrangements; and O: district health management functions. We will include cluster randomized controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, interrupted time series analysis, quasi-experimental designs, and cohort and longitudinal studies. Qualitative research will be included to contextualize findings and identify barriers and facilitators. Primary outcomes that will be reported are district health management and leadership functions. We will assess risk of bias with the Cochrane Collaboration's tools for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non RCT studies and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists for qualitative studies. We will assess strength of recommendations with the GRADE tool for quantitative studies, and the CERQual approach for qualitative studies. Synthesis of quantitative studies will be performed through meta-analysis when appropriate. Best fit framework synthesis will be used to synthesize qualitative studies. Discussion: This protocol paper describes a systematic review assessing the effectiveness of site-based training (with or without mentoring programmes or operational research) on the improvement of district health system management and leadership.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Best fit framework synthesis,District health,Leadership,Low- and middle-income countries,Management,Mentoring,Operational research,Site-based training}
}

@article{Benach2010,
  title = {Immigration, {{Employment Relations}}, and {{Health}}: {{Developing}} a {{Research Agenda}}},
  author = {Benach, Joan and Muntaner, Carles and Chung, Haejoo and Benavides, Fernando G.},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {338--343},
  issn = {0271-3586},
  doi = {10.1002/ajim.20717},
  abstract = {Background International migration has emerged as a global issue that has transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of persons. Migrant workers contribute to the economic growth of high-income countries often serving as the labour force, performing dangerous, dirty and degrading work that nationals are reluctant to perform. Methods Critical examination of the scientific and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegrey\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace literatures on immigration, employment relations and health. Results Both lay and scientific literatures indicate that public health researchers should be concerned about the health consequences of migration processes. Migrant workers are more represented in dangerous industries and in hazardous jobs, occupations and tasks. They are often hired as labourers in precarious jobs with poverty wages and experience more serious abuse and exploitation at the workplace. Also, analyses document migrant workers' problems of social exclusion, lack of health and safety training, fear of reprisals for demanding better working conditions, linguistic and cultural barriers that minimize the effectiveness of training, incomplete OHS surveillance of foreign workers and difficulty accessing care and compensation when injured. Therefore migrant status can be an important source of occupational health inequalities. Conclusions Available evidence shows that the employment conditions and associated work organization of most migrant workers are dangerous to their health. The overall impact of immigration on population health, however; still is poorly understood and many mechanisms, pathways and overall health impact are poorly documented. Current limitations highlight the need to engage in explicit analytical, intervention and policy research Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:338-343,2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment relations,health inequalities,immigration,public health research,working conditions}
}

@article{Benedict2006,
  title = {Disparities in Use of and Unmet Need for Therapeutic and Supportive Services among School-Age Children with Functional Limitations: {{A}} Comparison across Settings},
  author = {Benedict, {\relax RE}},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {103--124},
  issn = {0017-9124},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00468.x},
  abstract = {Objectives. To determine whether family resources predict use of therapeutic and supportive services and unmet needs in medical versus educational settings. Data Source. Children 5-17 years of age with at least one functional limitation (n=3,434) from the 1994 to 1995 Disability Supplement to the U.S. National Health Interview Survey. Study Design. Family resources included the child's type of health insurance, household education level, and poverty status. Therapeutic services included audiology; social work; occupational, physical, or speech therapy. Supportive services included special equipment, personal care assistance, respite care, transportation, or environmental modifications. Need was controlled by child health status and the severity and type of functional limitation(s). Age, gender, race/ethnicity, family size, and structure were covariates. Data Analysis Methods. Logistic regression provided estimates of associations between-family resources and use of or unmet need for therapeutic and supportive services. Multinomial methods were used to determine therapeutic service outcomes in medical versus educational settings. Principal Findings. Children with public insurance were two to three times more likely to use services than children with private or no insurance regardless of type of service. Household education and public insurance were associated with supportive and therapeutic service use, but for therapeutic services only among children receiving services beyond the school setting. Household education predicted unmet need for both types of services and therapeutic services across settings. Findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the survey's dependence on respondent report to define the need for services and the potential for overrepresentation of children with more severe needs in the public insurance category. Conclsions. Disparities in the use of services by household education level and by type of health insurance across service settings suggests inequitable access among the U.S. policies and programs serving children with functional limitations. Family income and education appear to give families an advantage in obtaining services and in identifying a child's unmet need.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child,disability,education versus medical setting,therapeutic and supportive services}
}

@article{Benito2016,
  title = {Disability and {{Labor Market Earnings}}: {{Hearing Earnings Gaps}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Benito, Shandra G. and Glassman, Thomas S. and Hiedemann, Bridget G.},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DISABILITY POLICY STUDIES},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {178--188},
  issn = {1044-2073},
  doi = {10.1177/1044207316658752},
  abstract = {Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining hearing earnings gaps, namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% may reflect differences in communication skills and other unobservable characteristics, occupational segregation, labor market discrimination, and stigma.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accommodations,ADA,economics,employment,labor,policy,social security}
}

@article{BenjaminPuertas2013,
  title = {Factors That Influence a Career Choice in Primary Care among Medical Students from High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review},
  author = {Benjamin Puertas, E. and Arosquipa, Carlos and Gutierrez, Daniela},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {REVISTA PANAMERICANA DE SALUD PUBLICA-PAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {34},
  number = {5},
  pages = {351--358},
  issn = {1020-4989},
  abstract = {Objective. To determine which factors influence a medical student's decision to choose a career in primary care; and to establish if these factors are similar or different among students in high-, middle-and low-income countries. Methods. An extensive search was done of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Virtual Library of Health for articles on primary care careers published in 2003-2013 in English, Spanish, and/or Portuguese. Initially, 600 records were identified; 74 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 55 were selected (42 from high-income countries; 13 from middle-and low-income). These were assessed to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence career choice among medical students from high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Results. A comparison framework with common and specific factors that influence career choice in primary care among medical students from high-, middle-and low-income was developed. Factors were classified as extrinsic or intrinsic, and as facilitators or barriers. Several factors common to all countries were identified: facilitators were exposure to rural location, role models, working conditions; barriers were low income, prestige, and medical school environment. Some factors specific to middle-and low-income countries were: understanding of rural needs and intellectual challenge. Other factors specific to high-income countries were: attitude towards social problems, voluntary work, influence of family, and length of residency. Conclusions. Further studies on the subject are needed, especially in low-and middle-income countries. Identifying factors as barriers or facilitators for career choice will promote a better understanding of the reasons behind the shortage of primary care professionals and will contribute to policy building, improved training, and recruitment and retention of these professionals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Career choice,human resources,medical,primary health care,students}
}

@article{BenjaminPuertas2020,
  title = {{Factors influencing the choice of a career in primary care among medical students in Central America}},
  author = {Benjamin Puertas, Eduardo and Antonio Orellana, Rafael and Erazo Munoz, Brian and Arturo Jimenez, Jorge and Medina Quiroz, Isamara Gilmiani and Terron, Lucia and Florencio, Alexandre and Leal, Hilda M. and Jose Vindell, Juan},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {REVISTA PANAMERICANA DE SALUD PUBLICA-PAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {44},
  issn = {1020-4989},
  doi = {10.26633/RPSP.2020.94},
  abstract = {Objectives. To identify the preferred specialties, salary perception and other factors that influence the choice of a career in primary care among last-year medical students or social service students in Central America. Methods. A cross-sectional, multicenter study using a survey that investigated demographic information, preferred specialty, salary perception, and other factors that influence the choice of a specialty. Results. A total of 1 722 students from 31 universities participated and identified as future specialties: surgery (11.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), gynecology/obstetrics (10.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), pediatrics (9.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and internal medicine (6.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). General medicine was preferred by 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% and family medicine by 1.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%. On grouping them, the greatest interest was observed for medical specialties (49.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by surgical specialties (31.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Primary care registered an interest of 17.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Surgical specialties were perceived as having the highest income (USD 36 000); primary care was perceived as having the lowest income (USD 24 000). Income (23.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), future work (19.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemaking a difference in people\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (8.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were the main factors involved in the choice. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveWorking with people with low access\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace was significantly associated with preference for primary care. Preference for other specialties was influenced by \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveperceived prestige\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveenjoying life\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (P {$<$} 0.05). Most participants who chose primary care were studying at a public university (P {$<$} 0.05), highlighting the role of public institutions of higher education. Conclusions. There is a combination of facilitating factors and barriers that affect the low interest in primary care careers. There is a need for strategies from academia and the government sector, as well as the definition of public policies, that support the choice of primary care.},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{Benson2022,
  title = {Demanding Migrant/Immigrant Labor in the Coronavirus Crisis: Critical Perspectives for Social Work Practice},
  author = {Benson, Odessa Gonzalez and Cross, Fernanda and Montalvo, Christopher Sanjurjo},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ETHNIC \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3-5, SI},
  pages = {275--279},
  issn = {1531-3204},
  doi = {10.1080/15313204.2022.2070894},
  abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 laid bare how migrant and immigrant workers are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveessential workers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the critical industries of agriculture/farming, meat production, restaurants/hospitality and health care in the United States. In this article, we discuss this demand for migrant labor and implications for social work. We argue that a labor-focused framework as critical perspective would complement the rights-based, participatory frameworks that inform social work scholarship and practice with immigrants, together accounting for systemic racism, global and national inequality, and discrimination embedded in immigration and social policies and forms of practice. In the first place, by recognizing how non-immigrants and immigrants are inextricably linked through structural means of production and consumption, social workers would develop deeper empathy toward immigrant clients and communities, leading to interactions that are empowering and affirming, and thus effective. Direct practice interventions would be richly informed, as practitioners account for immigrants' work environment, such as difficult work conditions, low wages and lack of benefits, that often impact clients and families. A labor-focused perspective also points to areas of social work advocacy and meso/macro practice, those focusing on workers' rights and immigration policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,immigration,labor,migrant labor,migration,Pandemic,social work practice with immigrants and refugees}
}

@article{Benson2023a,
  title = {Localisation of Digital Health Tools Used by Displaced Populations in Low and Middle-Income Settings: A Scoping Review and Critical Analysis of the {{Participation Revolution}}},
  author = {Benson, Jennifer and Brand, Tilman and Christianson, Lara and Lakeberg, Meret},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CONFLICT AND HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1752-1505},
  doi = {10.1186/s13031-023-00518-9},
  abstract = {Background Forced displacement is a crucial determinant of poor health. With 31 people displaced every minute worldwide, this is an important global issue. Addressing this, the Participation Revolution workstream from the World Humanitarian Summit's Localisation commitments has gained traction in attempting to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian aid. Simultaneously, digital health initiatives have become increasingly ubiquitous tools in crises to deliver humanitarian assistance and address health burdens. Objective This scoping review explores how the localisation agenda's commitment to participation has been adopted within digital health interventions used by displaced people in low-and-middle-income countries. Methods This review adopted the Arksey and O'Malley approach and searched five academic databases and three online literature repositories with a Population, Concept and Context inclusion criteria. Data were synthesised and analysed through a critical power lens from the perspective of displaced people in low-and-middle-income- countries. Results 27 papers demonstrated that a heterogeneous group of health issues were addressed through various digital health initiatives, principally through the use of mobile phones. The focus of the literature lay largely within technical connectivity and feasibility assessments, leaving a gap in understanding potential health implications. The varied conceptualisation of the localisation phenomenon has implications for the future of participatory humanitarian action: Authorship of reviewed literature primarily descended from high-income countries exposing global power dynamics leading the narrative. However, power was not a central theme in the literature: Whilst authors acknowledged the benefit of local involvement, participatory activities were largely limited to informing content adaptations and functional modifications within pre-determined projects and objectives. Conclusion With over 100 million people displaced globally, effective initiatives that meaningfully address health needs without perpetuating harmful inequalities are an essential contribution to the humanitarian arena. The gap in health outcomes evidence, the limited constructions of health, and the varying and nuanced digital divide factors are all indicators of unequal power in the digital health sphere. More needs to be done to address these gaps meaningfully, and more meaningful participation could be a crucial undertaking to achieve this. Registration The study protocol was registered before the study (10.17605/OSF.IO/9D25R) at https://osf.io/9d25r.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Digital divide,Displaced populations,Health inequities,Humanitarian,Localisation,Low-and-middle-income countries,Participation Digital health},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UBMA6BVM/Benson et al_2023_Localisation of digital health tools used by displaced populations in low and.pdf}
}

@article{Beran2015,
  title = {Health Systems Research for Policy Change: Lessons from the Implementation of Rapid Assessment Protocols for Diabetes in Low- and Middle-Income Settings},
  author = {Beran, David and Jaime Miranda, J. and Kathia Cardenas, Maria and Bigdeli, Maryam},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH RESEARCH POLICY AND SYSTEMS},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1478-4505},
  doi = {10.1186/s12961-015-0029-4},
  abstract = {Background: As many challenges exist for access to diabetes care in developing countries, the International Insulin Foundation developed a Rapid Assessment tool and implemented this approach to identify barriers to care and propose concrete recommendations for decision makers. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that contributed to informing and influencing policymakers with regards to this work. Methods: A documentary review comprised Stage 1. Stage 2 used an online questionnaire to gain insight from users of the Rapid Assessment results. Based on Stages 1 and 2, Stage 3 comprised in-depth interviews with a total of nine individuals (one individual each from the six participating countries; two individuals from the World Health Organization; one \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGlobal Diabetes Advocate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace). Interviews were analyzed based on a list of themes developed from Stage 2. Results: Stage 1 led to the identification of various types of documents referring to the results. The online questionnaire had a response rate of 33\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Respondents directly involved in the assessment had a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGood\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveVery Good\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace appreciation of most aspects and scored these higher than those not directly involved. From the interviews, formalized methods and close collaboration between the international team and local partners were strengths. Trust and a relationship with local partners were also seen as assets. All stakeholders valued the results and the credibility of the data generated. Local partners felt that more could have been done for dissemination. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of specific results from the different assessments. In addressing complex issues having external experts involved was seen as an advantage. The uptake of results was due to the credibility of the research which was influenced by a mix of the people involved, past assessments, trusted local partners, and the use of the results by knowledge brokers, such as the World Health Organization. Through these brokers, others gained ownership of the data. The methods used and the fact that this data was grounded in a local context also reinforced its value. Despite limitations, this study offers a unique perspective where a similar research approach was taken in six countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Diabetes,Health systems,Health systems research,Policy}
}

@article{Berens2015,
  title = {Between Exclusion and Calculating Solidarity? {{Preferences}} for Private versus Public Welfare Provision and the Size of the Informal Sector},
  author = {Berens, Sarah},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {651--678},
  issn = {1475-1461},
  doi = {10.1093/ser/mwu039},
  abstract = {This article examines how the informal sector, as a group of potential \textbackslash textasciigravefree riders' for public welfare goods, relates to individual social policy preferences in low-and middle-income countries. The exclusion hypothesis proposes that a large informal sector lowers the preferences from formal workers and the middle-and high-income groups for social services to be provided by the state, and raises these groups' preferences for public welfare goods to become club goods. In contrast, the prospect hypothesis argues that formal workers, particularly the middle-income group, ally themselves to the informal sector to insure against the risk of future employment in informality. The study examines individual preferences for the provision of pensions and health care by either the state or private enterprises. The two competing hypotheses are tested with a hierarchical model using survey data from Latin America for 1995, 1998 and 2008. The findings offer support for the exclusion hypothesis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income,informal sector,Latin America,preferences,rational choice,Social policy}
}

@article{Berge2018,
  title = {Examining Variability in Parent Feeding Practices within a Low-Income, Racially/Ethnically Diverse, and Immigrant Population Using Ecological Momentary Assessment},
  author = {Berge, Jerica M. and Tate, Allan and Trofholz, Amanda and Loth, Katie and Miner, Michael and Crow, Scott and {Neumark-Sztainer}, Dianne},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {APPETITE},
  volume = {127},
  pages = {110--118},
  issn = {0195-6663},
  doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.006},
  abstract = {Background Current measures of parent feeding practices are typically survey-based and assessed as static/ unchanging characteristics, failing to account for fluctuations in these behaviors across time and context. The current study uses ecological momentary assessment to examine variability of, and predictors of, parent feeding practices within a low-income, racially/ethnically diverse, and immigrant sample. Methods: Children ages 5-7 years old and their parents (n = 150 dyads) from six racial/ethnic groups (n = 25 from each; Black/African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, White) were recruited for this mixed-methods study through primary care clinics. Results: Among parents who used restriction (49\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and pressure-to-eat (69\textbackslash textbackslash\%) feeding practices, these feeding practices were utilized about every other day. Contextual factors at the meal associated with parent feeding practices included: number of people at the meal, who prepared the meal, types of food served at meals (e.g., pre-prepared, homemade, fast food), meal setting (e.g., kitchen table, front room), and meal emotional atmosphere (p {$<$} 0.05). Parents tended to restrict desserts, dairy, and vegetables and pressure children to eat fruits, vegetables, meat proteins, and refined grains (p {$<$} 0.05). There were some differences by race/ethnicity across findings (p {$<$} 0.01), with Hmong parents engaging in the highest levels of pressure-to-eat feeding practices. Conclusions: Parent feeding practices varied across the week, indicating feeding practices are more likely to be context-specific, or state-like than trait-like. There were some meal characteristics more strongly associated with engaging in restriction and pressure-to-eat feeding practices. Given that parent feeding practices appear to be state-like, future interventions and health care providers who work with parents and children may want to address contextual factors associated with parent feeding practices to decrease restriction and pressure-to-eat parent feeding practices.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ecological momentary assessment,Immigrants,Low-income,Minority,Parent feeding practices}
}

@article{Bergman2022,
  title = {A Comparison of Routine and Case-Managed Pathways for Recovery from Musculoskeletal Disorders in People in Employment},
  author = {Bergman, Beverly P. and Demou, Evangelia and Lewsey, James and Macdonald, Ewan},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {44},
  number = {17},
  pages = {4648--4655},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2021.1912837},
  abstract = {Purpose To compare outcomes in employed people from an enhanced routine management pathway for musculoskeletal disorders within National Health Service Scotland with an existing active case-management system, Working Health Services Scotland. Materials and methods The study comprised a service evaluation using anonymised routinely collected data from all currently employed callers presenting with musculoskeletal disorder to the two services. Baseline demographic and clinical data were collected. EuroQol EQ-5D(TM) scores at the start and end of treatment were compared for both groups, overall and by age, sex, socio-economic status, and anatomical site, and the impact of mental health status at baseline was evaluated. Results Active case-management resulted in greater improvement than enhanced routine care. Case-managed service users entered the programme earlier in the recovery pathway; there was evidence of spontaneous improvement during the longer waiting time of routine service clients but only if they had good baseline mental health. Those most disadvantaged through mental health co-morbidity showed the greatest benefit. Conclusions People with musculoskeletal disorders who have poor baseline mental health status derive greatest benefit from active case-management. Case-management therefore contributes to reducing health inequalities and can help to minimise long-term sickness absence. Shorter waiting times contributed to better outcomes in the case-managed service.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {case management,health inequalities,intervention,Musculoskeletal disorder,rehabilitation,sickness absence}
}

@article{Bergmark2003,
  title = {Welfare and the Unemployment Crisis: {{Sweden}} in the 1990s},
  author = {Bergmark, A and Palme, J},
  year = {2003},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {108--122},
  issn = {1369-6866},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-2397.00249},
  abstract = {In the 1990s Sweden went through a deep economic recession accompanied by a massive increase in unemployment and a rapidly growing budget deficit. The crisis had large repercussions for the welfare of many citizens and it generated cutbacks in virtually all social policy programmes. This halted a welfare-state expansion that had been going on for decades. It also caused great concern about the state of welfare of the nation. In 1999 the Swedish Government appointed a \textbackslash textasciigraveWelfare Commission', a team of academic researchers who were assigned the task of drawing up a balance sheet for the development of welfare in the 1990s. The Commission delivered its final report in October 2001. This article is a condensed account of one of the more central issues for the Commission; namely, how the unemployment crisis affected already socially and economically vulnerable groups. Looking at the development over the entire decade, three groups stand out as particularly disadvantaged in terms of individual welfare resources: young adults, immigrants and single mothers. The downturn for these groups was especially accentuated in terms of employment and income. Young people and immigrants trying to get into the labour market during the crisis years faced the problems of newcomers to the systems of social protection. The poor economic development for single mothers could essentially be attributed to the shortage of work in general and of full-time work in particular that followed from the unemployment crisis. As a consequence, the importance of selective benefits increased and the relative size of all public transfers - despite rationing measures - stayed fairly unchanged. The results highlight the great influence of macroeconomic conditions and policy making for the welfare of vulnerable groups in society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {immigrants,single mothers,Swedish welfare,unemployment crisis,Welfare Commission,young adults},
  note = {International Symposium on the Uncertain Future of Social Security, UNIV CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, 2001}
}

@article{Bergstrom2005,
  title = {Impact of Gender Disparities in Family Carework on Women's Life Chances in {{Chiapas}}, {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Bergstrom, {\relax CA} and Heymann, {\relax SJ}},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {267+},
  issn = {0047-2328},
  doi = {10.3138/jcfs.36.2.267},
  abstract = {The entry of large numbers of women with children into the paid labor force was a major demographic shift throughout North America and Europe during the last half of the 20th century. Mexican women have gone through similar changes in employment, though less research has been done to document their experiences. As in North America and Europe, Mexican women and girls are doing more unpaid caregiving and housework than men and boys. The issue of central concern in this article is the impact that gender disparities in family carework have on women's educational and work opportunities and experiences in Chiapas, Mexico. This article shows that girls' and women's unequal share of the unpaid childcare and housework has a substantial impact on their school performance, job choice, wages, and job retention. In 99 in-depth, open-ended interviews with working mothers in Chiapas, Mexico, 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% said that unpaid caregiving in the home affected their own education negatively; while 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% said that unpaid caregiving had a negative impact on their daughters' education. Thirteen percent of women interviewed reported job loss due to caregiving, while 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported income loss. Altogether, unpaid caregiving negatively impacted the school or work lives of 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the working mothers we interviewed. Their experiences are detailed in this article and have broad relevance for policy debates around the role of social services, educational and work benefits in improving the lives of men and women in Mexico and other industrializing countries.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Berik2007,
  title = {China's Transition and Feminist Economics},
  author = {Berik, Guenseli and Dong, Xiao-yuan and Summerfield, Gale},
  year = {2007},
  month = oct,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {1--33},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545700701513954},
  abstract = {Since 1978 China has been undergoing transition from a socialist to a capitalist economy and the opening up to international trade and investment. This process has been accelerated by WTO membership. This article presents an overview of the gendered processes and outcomes associated with China's reforms, mainly focusing on the post-1992 period when the pace of reforms accelerated. The imperative for accumulation and efficiency has resulted not only in impressive growth but also in the weakening of land rights for women, disproportionate layoffs for women workers in state enterprises, rising gender disparities in urban and rural wage employment, growing income insecurity, declining access to healthcare, and the adoption of Western/global commodified beauty standards. While jobs are expanding in new sectors and foreign-invested enterprises, these jobs are often associated with poor working conditions. This volume argues for reprioritizing equity and welfare on the policy agenda.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,economic transition,feminist economics,gender inequality}
}

@article{Berik2009,
  title = {{{FEMINIST ECONOMICS OF INEQUALITY}}, {{DEVELOPMENT}}, {{AND GROWTH}}},
  author = {Berik, Guenseli and Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen and Seguino, Stephanie},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1--33},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545700903093524},
  abstract = {This study examines connections between intergroup inequality and macroeconomic outcomes, considering various channels through which gender, growth, and development interact. It upholds the salience not only of equality in opportunities but also equality in outcomes. The contribution argues that inequalities based on gender, race, ethnicity, and class undermine the ability to provision and expand capabilities, and it examines the macroeconomic policies that are likely to promote broadly shared development. It explores how the macroeconomy acts as a structure of constraint in achieving gender equality and in turn how gender relations in areas like education and wage gaps can have macro-level impacts. Further, it underscores that the interaction of the macroeconomy and gender relations depends on the structure of the economy, the nature of job segregation, the particular measure of gender inequality, and a country's international relations. Finally, it outlines policies for promoting gender equality as both an intrinsic goal and a step toward improving well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Development,feminist economics,gender,growth,inequality,macroeconomic policy}
}

@article{Bernal2010,
  title = {Quasi-Structural Estimation of a Model of Childcare Choices and Child Cognitive Ability Production},
  author = {Bernal, Raquel and Keane, Michael P.},
  year = {2010},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMETRICS},
  volume = {156},
  number = {1},
  pages = {164--189},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.09.015},
  abstract = {This article evaluates the effects of maternal vs. alternative care providers' time inputs on children's cognitive development using the sample of single mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To deal with the selection problem created by unobserved heterogeneity of mothers and children, we develop a model of mother's employment and childcare decisions. We then obtain approximate decision rules for employment and childcare use, and estimate these jointly with the child's cognitive ability production function. To help identify our selection model, we take advantage of the plausibly exogenous variation in employment and childcare choices of single mothers generated by the variation in welfare rules across states and over time created by the 1996 welfare reform legislation and earlier State waivers. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child cognitive development,Childcare,Female labor supply,Human capital}
}

@article{Bernstein2023,
  title = {Are {{Detailed}}, {{Patient-level Social Determinant}} of {{Health Factors Associated With Physical Function}} and {{Mental Health}} at {{Presentation Among New Patients With Orthopaedic Conditions}}?},
  author = {Bernstein, David N. and Lans, Amanda and Karhade, Aditya V. and Heng, Marilyn and Poolman, Rudolf W. and Schwab, Joseph H. and Tobert, Daniel G.},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH},
  volume = {481},
  number = {5},
  pages = {912--921},
  issn = {0009-921X},
  doi = {10.1097/CORR.0000000000002446},
  abstract = {BackgroundIt is well documented that routinely collected patient sociodemographic characteristics (such as race and insurance type) and geography-based social determinants of health (SDoH) measures (for example, the Area Deprivation Index) are associated with health disparities, including symptom severity at presentation. However, the association of patient-level SDoH factors (such as housing status) on musculoskeletal health disparities is not as well documented. Such insight might help with the development of more-targeted interventions to help address health disparities in orthopaedic surgery.Questions/purposes(1) What percentage of patients presenting for new patient visits in an orthopaedic surgery clinic who were unemployed but seeking work reported transportation issues that could limit their ability to attend a medical appointment or acquire medications, reported trouble paying for medications, and/or had no current housing? (2) Accounting for traditional sociodemographic factors and patient-level SDoH measures, what factors are associated with poorer patient-reported outcome physical health scores at presentation? (3) Accounting for traditional sociodemographic factor patient-level SDoH measures, what factors are associated with poorer patient-reported outcome mental health scores at presentation?MethodsNew patient encounters at one Level 1 trauma center clinic visit from March 2018 to December 2020 were identified. Included patients had to meet two criteria: they had completed the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Information System (PROMIS) Global-10 at their new orthopaedic surgery clinic encounter as part of routine clinical care, and they had visited their primary care physician and completed a series of specific SDoH questions. The SDoH questionnaire was developed in our institution to improve data that drive interventions to address health disparities as part of our accountable care organization work. Over the study period, the SDoH questionnaire was only distributed at primary care provider visits. The SDoH questions focused on transportation, housing, employment, and ability to pay for medications. Because we do not have a way to determine how many patients had both primary care provider office visits and new orthopaedic surgery clinic visits over the study period, we were unable to determine how many patients could have been included; however, 9057 patients were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The mean age was 61 +/- 15 years, and most patients self-reported being of White race (83\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace7561 of 9057]). Approximately half the patient sample had commercial insurance (46\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace4167 of 9057]). To get a better sense of how this study cohort compared with the overall patient population seen at the participating center during the time in question, we reviewed all new patient clinic encounters (n = 135,223). The demographic information between the full patient sample and our study subgroup appeared similar. Using our study cohort, two multivariable linear regression models were created to determine which traditional metrics (for example, self-reported race or insurance type) and patient-specific SDoH factors (for example, lack of reliable transportation) were associated with worse physical and mental health symptoms (that is, lower PROMIS scores) at new patient encounters. The variance inflation factor was used to assess for multicollinearity. For all analyses, p values {$<$} 0.05 designated statistical significance. The concept of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was used to assess clinical importance. Regression coefficients represent the projected change in PROMIS physical or mental health symptom scores (that is, the dependent variable in our regression analyses) accounting for the other included variables. Thus, a regression coefficient for a given variable at or above a known MCID value suggests a clinical difference between those patients with and without the presence of that given characteristic. In this manuscript, regression coefficients at or above 4.2 (or at and below -4.2) for PROMIS Global Physical Health and at or above 5.1 (or at and below -5.1) for PROMIS Global Mental Health were considered clinically relevant.ResultsAmong the included patients, 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (685 of 9057) were unemployed but seeking work, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (399 of 9057) reported transportation issues that could limit their ability to attend a medical appointment or acquire medications, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (328 of 9057) reported trouble paying for medications, and 2\textbackslash textbackslash\% (181 of 9057) had no current housing. Lack of reliable transportation to attend doctor visits or pick up medications (beta = -4.52 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.45 to -3.59]; p {$<$} 0.001), trouble paying for medications (beta = -4.55 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.55 to -3.54]; p {$<$} 0.001), Medicaid insurance (beta = -5.81 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -6.41 to -5.20]; p {$<$} 0.001), and workers compensation insurance (beta = -5.99 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -7.65 to -4.34]; p {$<$} 0.001) were associated with clinically worse function at presentation. Trouble paying for medications (beta = -6.01 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -7.10 to -4.92]; p {$<$} 0.001), Medicaid insurance (beta = -5.35 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -6.00 to -4.69]; p {$<$} 0.001), and workers compensation (beta = -6.07 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -7.86 to -4.28]; p {$<$} 0.001) were associated with clinically worse mental health at presentation.ConclusionAlthough transportation issues and financial hardship were found to be associated with worse presenting physical function and mental health, Medicaid and workers compensation insurance remained associated with worse presenting physical function and mental health as well even after controlling for these more detailed, patient-level SDoH factors. Because of that, interventions to decrease health disparities should focus on not only sociodemographic variables (for example, insurance type) but also tangible patient-specific SDoH characteristics. For example, this may include giving patients taxi vouchers or ride-sharing credits to attend clinic visits for patients demonstrating such a need, initiating financial assistance programs for necessary medications, and/or identifying and connecting certain patient groups with social support services early on in the care cycle.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Berry2000,
  title = {Child Development Services in {{Medicaid}} Managed Care Organizations: {{What}} Does It Take?},
  author = {Berry, C and Butler, P and Perloff, L and Budetti, P},
  year = {2000},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {106},
  number = {1, S},
  pages = {191--198},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  abstract = {Objective. We sought to understand why certain Medicaid managed care organizations (MMCOs) implemented child development services or programs and how they had done so. We also sought to identify barriers and facilitators to successful initiation and implementation of child development programs. Methods. We conducted 9 key informant interviews and 4 site visits, and performed qualitative analyses to identify major themes across responses. Results. We identified a small number of MMCOs with child development services. High-level support was crucial for program initiation; physician buy-in, staff support, and strong working relationships with outside health professionals or agencies were principal factors in successful program implementation. Conclusions. MMCOs that were committed to implementing child development services were successful in doing so, without external funding or regulatory mandate. The results provide valuable strategies for MMCOs interested in developing programs and for researchers and advocates interested in promoting child development services for low-income children.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child development services,Medicaid managed care}
}

@article{Besagar2022,
  title = {Association of {{Socioeconomic}}, {{Demographic}}, and {{Health Care Access Disparities With Severe Visual Impairment}} in the {{US}}},
  author = {Besagar, Sonya and Yonekawa, Yoshihiro and Sridhar, Jayanth and Finn, Avni and {Padovani-Claudio}, Dolly Ann and Sternberg Jr., Paul and Patel, Shriji},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JAMA OPHTHALMOLOGY},
  volume = {140},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1219--1226},
  issn = {2168-6165},
  doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4566},
  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Approximately 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of US adults are affected by visual disability, with disproportionately higher rates in groups impacted by certain social determinants of health (SDOH). OBJECTIVE To evaluate SDOH associated with severe visual impairment (SVI) to ultimately guide targeted interventions to improve ophthalmic health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This quality improvement study used cross-sectional data from a telephone survey from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) that was conducted in the US from January 2019 to December 2020. Participants were noninstitutionalized adult civilians who were randomly selected and interviewed and self-identified as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind or having serious difficulty seeing, even while wearing glasses.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace EXPOSURES Demographic and health care access factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomewas risk of SVI associated with various factors as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CIs. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed using theWeb Enabled Analysis Tool in the BRFFS. RESULTS During the study period, 820 226 people (53.07\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) participated in the BRFSS survey, of whom 42 412 (5.17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) self-identified as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind or having serious difficulty seeing, even while wearing glasses.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Compared with White, non-Hispanic individuals, risk of SVI was increased among American Indian/Alaska Native (OR, 1.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.38-1.91), Black/African American (OR, 1.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.39-1.62), Hispanic (OR, 1.65; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.53-1.79), and multiracial (OR, 1.33; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.15-1.53) individuals. Lower annual household income and educational level (eg, not completing high school) were associated with greater risk of SVI. Individuals who were out of work for 1 year or longer (OR, 1.78; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.54-2.07) or who reported being unable to work (OR, 2.90; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 2.66-3.16) had higher odds of SVI compared with the other variables studied. Mental health diagnoses and 14 or more days per month with poor mental health were associated with increased risk of SVI (OR, 1.87; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.73-2.02). Health care access factors associated with increased visual impairment risk included lack of health care coverage and inability to afford to see a physician. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, various SDOH were associated with SVI, including self-identification as being from a racial or ethnic minority group; low socioeconomic status and educational level; long-term unemployment and inability to work; divorced, separated, or widowed marital status; poor mental health; and lack of health care coverage. These disparities in care and barriers to health care access should guide targeted interventions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Betcherman2016,
  title = {Coastal Livelihoods in Transition: {{How}} Are {{Vietnamese}} Households Responding to Changes in the Fisheries and in the Economy?},
  author = {Betcherman, Gordon and Marschke, Melissa},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {24--33},
  issn = {0743-0167},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.012},
  abstract = {This article is concerned with how far-reaching economic and ecological changes are affecting the livelihoods of coastal households in Vietnam. In particular, we are interested in the livelihood effects of two aspects of this changing environment: (1) the transformation of the fisheries sector, including declining stocks and species loss and the rapid expansion of aquaculture, and (2) the broader structural change in the Vietnamese economy, from household-based primary-sector activities to wage and salary employment and self-employment outside the household. Our analysis, based on a survey of 599 households in 12 coastal communes in two provinces, shows considerable changes in livelihood patterns over the decade covered by the survey. Over one-third of the responding households reported a different primary earnings source in 2012 than in 2002. Fewer relied on aquaculture as their main livelihood activity in the later year. While aquaculture, encouraged by official policy, has assumed an increasingly dominant position in fish production in Vietnam then, this is not necessarily a shift that has worked to the benefit of households in the coastal communities we studied. For most, aquaculture has not generated very high incomes so some are making it a less important aspect of their livelihood portfolio, not dropping it completely but shifting productive efforts to other livelihoods. Meanwhile, economic growth and structural change have created new opportunities for wage employment and self-employment for growing numbers of households. However, human and financial capital are necessary conditions for taking advantage of such opportunities arising from Vietnam's economic development, which raises concerns about growing economic inequality in the country's coastal communities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aquaculture,Coastal livelihoods,Fishing,Labor,Structural change,Vietnam}
}

@article{Betron2018,
  title = {Expanding the Agenda for Addressing Mistreatment in Maternity Care: A Mapping Review and Gender Analysis},
  author = {Betron, Myra L. and McClair, Tracy L. and Currie, Sheena and Banerjee, Joya},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {1742-4755},
  doi = {10.1186/s12978-018-0584-6},
  abstract = {Background: This paper responds to the global call to action for respectful maternity care (RMC) by examining whether and how gender inequalities and unequal power dynamics in the health system undermine quality of care or obstruct women's capacities to exercise their rights as both users and providers of maternity care. Methods: We conducted a mapping review of peer-reviewed and gray literature to examine whether gender inequality is a determinant of mistreatment during childbirth. A search for peer-reviewed articles published between January 1995 and September 2017 in PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases, supplemented by an appeal to experts in the field, yielded 127 unique articles. We reviewed these articles using a gender analysis framework that categorizes gender inequalities into four key domains: access to assets, beliefs and perceptions, practices and participation, and institutions, laws, and policies. A total of 37 articles referred to gender inequalities in the four domains and were included in the analysis. Results: The mapping indicates that there have been important advances in documenting mistreatment at the health facility, but less attention has been paid to addressing the associated structural gender inequalities. The limited evidence available shows that pregnant and laboring women lack information and financial assets, voice, and agency to exercise their rights to RMC. Women who defy traditional feminine stereotypes of chastity and serenity often experience mistreatment by providers as a result. At the same time, mistreatment of women inside and outside of the health facility is normalized and accepted, including by women themselves. As for health care providers, gender discrimination is manifested through degrading working conditions, lack of respect for their abilities, violence and harassment,, lack of mobility in the community, lack of voice within their work setting, and limited training opportunities and professionalization. All of these inequalities erode their ability to deliver high quality care. Conclusion: While the evidence base is limited, the literature clearly shows that gender inequality-for both clients and providers-contributes to mistreatment and abuse in maternity care. Researchers, advocates, and practitioners need to further investigate and build upon lessons from the broader gender equality, violence prevention, and rights-based health movements to expand the agenda on mistreatment in childbirth and develop effective interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disrespect and abuse,Gender,Gender-based violence,Maternal health,Mistreatment,Quality of care,Respectful maternity care (RMC)}
}

@article{Beukes2017,
  title = {Exploring the {{Eligibility Criteria}} of the {{Child Support Grant}} and Its {{Impact}} on {{Poverty}}},
  author = {Beukes, Rochelle and Jansen, Ada and Moses, Mariana and Yu, Derek},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {134},
  number = {2},
  pages = {511--529},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-016-1433-z},
  abstract = {One of the most important policy objectives in the post-apartheid South African economy is to reduce poverty. Although economic growth and job creation are the preferred sources of alleviating poverty and inequality, social grant spending has contributed significantly to reduce poverty (Van der Berg et al. in Poverty trends since the transition: what we know. Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: 19/09. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University, 2009). Recently proposals were tabled by the Department of Social Development of South Africa (Fin24 in R3.3bn plan to extend child support grant to 21. http://www.fin24.com/Economy/R33bn-child-care-grant-extension-to-21-on-c ards-20150316. Accessed August 7, 2015, 2015) to extend the age eligibility of the child support grant (CSG) to 21 years (at the time of writing children aged up to 18 years are eligible). This sparked an interest to investigate the impact on poverty of changes to the eligibility criteria of CSG, as well as its fiscal implications. Using person and household data from the 2010/2011 Income and Expenditure Survey, various simulations are performed to assess the impact on poverty rates and changes to social spending, given the following changes: (1) if all age-eligible children applied; (2) if all beneficiaries received the grant amount for the full 12-month duration; (3) if the age eligibility criterion is extended; and (4) if the monthly child grant income amount is revised upwards. We also examine how changes in the eligibility criteria affect the income distribution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child support grant,Equity,Fiscal impact,Poverty,Simulations,South Africa}
}

@article{Bhambhani2022,
  title = {Developing and {{Adapting}} a {{Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention}} for {{Racially}} and {{Economically Marginalized Patients}} in the {{Bronx}} Br},
  author = {Bhambhani, Yash and Gallo, Laurie},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE},
  volume = {29},
  number = {4},
  pages = {771--786},
  issn = {1077-7229},
  abstract = {Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs; e.g., MBSR, MBCT, ACT) have been widely used and disseminated for treat-ment of myriad physical and psychological problems. However, most MBIs have primarily been used with middle-or upper-class White populations, with some instances where they have been adapted for use with diverse populations (e.g., Burnett-Zeigler et al., 2016; Roth \textbackslash textbackslash\& Robbins, 2004). However, even when adapted, most MBIs have not explicitly addressed unique factors faced by the target population, such as racial discrimination, unemployment, lack of financial means, and other stressors. We developed and used an iterative approach to refine a MBI group based on MBSR and MBCT, for a racially and ethnically diverse population in the Bronx, considered by the U.S. census to be the most diverse in the country. Based on a trauma-informed care and centering people of color approach, we developed a longer than usual (16 weeks) mindfulness-based group, where core skills were broken down into smaller chunks to facilitate easier incorpo-ration into daily life. We also used a longer duration and 1-hour weekly meeting time keeping in mind needs of the indi-viduals, who often had limited time to participate due to work limitations and other comorbid physical conditions. While acknowledging that the individuals this group was catering to had experienced multiple traumatic events, we sought to also highlight and further develop the resilience and courage people in the Bronx community bring to the table. We review two clinically rich case vignettes, and also discuss recommendations for working with racially and economically marginal-ized people, and include a call to action for health care providers and organizations to engage in activism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ethnicity,implementation,low income,mindfulness,people of color,race}
}

@article{Bhatta2013,
  title = {Barriers to Rural Households' Participation in Low-Skilled off-Farm Labor Markets: Theory and Empirical Results from Northern {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Bhatta, Bharat P. and Arethun, Torbjorn},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {SPRINGERPLUS},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {2193-1801},
  doi = {10.1186/2193-1801-2-97},
  abstract = {Promotion of low-skilled off-farm rural labor market participation can be an important strategy to improve livelihoods and food security of the poor in developing countries. This paper investigates rural farm households' participation in low-skilled off-farm labor markets with disaggregate data from a survey of 400 households in Tigray, the northern highlands of Ethiopia. Adopting Heckman's two stage approach, we examined households' decisions to participate or not in markets by probit model in the first stage and level of participation by ordinary least squares procedures in the second stage. The results show that households' decision to enter into a labor market significantly depends on the characteristics of the households such as sex, age of the household heads and labor endowments in the households. Similarly, the level of participation in labor markets measured by the amount of off-farm wage income depends on labor endowments in the households and the place where the households are located. Since cash constrained rural households do not find themselves advantageous to participate in off-farm labor markets, the reduction of cash constraint is the major policy implication of the paper. This holds true in general for all cash constrained rural households in developing countries. Similarly, the empirical results in the paper suggest removal of locational barriers to access labor markets. This helps them to earn off-farm income. It is necessary to eliminate (or at least reduce) obstacles for rural households to enter into a market of off-farm wage earning activities. This holds true in general for all rural households in developing countries. This paper is therefore expected to contribute to frame appropriate policy that promotes participation in low-skilled off-farm rural labor markets in developing countries where many rural households are not only poor but also low-skilled.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Entry barriers,Heckman's two stage model,Household characteristics,Low-skilled off-farm labor market participation,Northern Ethiopia,Rural households}
}

@article{Biegert2019,
  title = {Labor Market Institutions, the Insider/Outsider Divide and Social Inequalities in Employment in Affluent Countries},
  author = {Biegert, Thomas},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {255--281},
  issn = {1475-1461},
  doi = {10.1093/ser/mwx025},
  abstract = {This article investigates the role of labor market institutions for social inequalities in employment. To distinguish institutional impacts for men and women, age groups and educational levels the analysis draws on data from 21 countries using the European Union Labor Force Survey and the Current Population Survey 1992-2012. The analysis demonstrates that there is significant heterogeneity in the relationship between institutions and employment across social groups. In line with the literature on dualization, institutions that arguably protect labor market insiders, i.e. employment protection, unionization and unemployment benefits, are frequently associated with greater inequality between typically disadvantaged groups and their insider peers. By contrast, institutions that discriminate less between insiders and outsiders, i.e. active labor market policies, minimum income benefits and centralized wage bargaining at times boost social equality on the labor market. The insider/outsider argument provides a valuable heuristic for assessing heterogeneity in institutional impacts, yet in several instances the results deviate from the expectations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,inequality,labor market institutions}
}

@article{Bifarin2022,
  title = {Intersections between the Culture of {{Xiao}} and Caring for Older Relatives in {{China}}: Perspectives of {{United Kingdom-based Chinese}} Students on Future Care for Their Parents},
  author = {Bifarin, Oladayo and Quinn, Catherine and Breen, Liz and Zhang, Bing and Oyebode, Jan},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X22001118},
  abstract = {Emphasis placed on Xiao (filial piety) in Chinese culture highlights parents' investment in their children with the expectation of being cared for when older. An increasing number of Chinese students come to the United Kingdom (UK) to study, with the majority returning home and likely to become future care-givers for their parents. Little attention has been paid to the implications of transnational mobility of Chinese students on the reciprocal aspects of future care responsibility. With the uniquely changing family structure due to consequences of the One-Child Policy, we conducted proactive research on the opportunities and challenges that Chinese transnational students anticipate they may face in future care-giving for elderly parents. Hence, this study's aim was to make a novel contribution to knowledge through exploration of the perspectives of Chinese students in England on intergenerational ties and filial obligations. Adopting a social constructivist philosophical position, we conducted three focus groups with 19 UK-based Chinese students, using a semi-structured topic guide with informed consent. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed using reflective thematic analysis, capturing semantic and latent meanings, and employed a descriptive and interpretative approach. Six themes were discovered, revealing a \textbackslash textasciigraveculture of duty' where familial obligation and societal expectations were prominent. Prospective care-givers anticipated a future dilemma between balancing work commitments and providing care as mandated by Xiao. Furthermore, it appeared that lack of preparedness might further exacerbate barriers faced when accessing support. We surmised that the changing demographics and absence of formal support could compound stressors over time, especially if cognitive dissonance arises as realities of life do not fit with societal expectations. Our findings imply that policy makers, practitioners and the government will need to adequately support prospective family care-givers who are returnees in caring for older generations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {autonomy and self-efficacy,care obligation,filial piety,formal care-giving,intergenerational relationships}
}

@article{Bigler2017,
  title = {Rwanda's Gendered Agricultural Transformation: {{A}} Mixed-Method Study on the Rural Labour Market, Wage Gap and Care Penalty},
  author = {Bigler, Christine and Amacker, Michele and Ingabire, Chantal and Birachi, Eliud},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {17--27},
  issn = {0277-5395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2017.08.004},
  abstract = {Rwanda's development policy focuses on socio-economic transformation with a specific focus on the agriculture sector and gender equality. Through the commercialization of agriculture, employment opportunities inside and outside the sector are expected to be created. Both women and men are integrated into this new agriculture production system. Based on a mixed-method approach, this paper provides insights into current transformations of the rural labour market. The feminization debates build the theoretical background. The empirical results show that wage employment is created almost exclusively in the informal sector, typically for casual on-field agriculture workers. It is apparent that for the same work, women earn approximately 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% less than men. Women play an important role in the rural labour market while carrying the main bulk of reproductive work. The agricultural transformation is gendered, and due to reproductive work, women do not have the same opportunities in the paid labour market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Feminization debate,Gender inequality,Mixed-methods design,Rural labour market}
}

@article{Bilan2020,
  title = {Gender Discrimination and Its Links with Compensations and Benefits Practices in Enterprises},
  author = {Bilan, Yuriy and Mishchuk, Halyna and Samoliuk, Natalia and Mishchuk, Viktoriia},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ENTREPRENEURIAL BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS REVIEW},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {189--204},
  issn = {2353-883X},
  doi = {10.15678/EBER.2020.080311},
  abstract = {Objective: The objective of the article is to determine links of gender discrimination with compensation and benefits practices, the main features of assurance of equal rights and their impact on employees' motives that can shift economic results of the enterprises. Research Design \textbackslash textbackslash\& Methods: For macro level analysis, we use graph and mapping method. Features of gender discrimination and its links with compensation and benefits are revealed in sociological review. Findings: Ensuring gender equality is a difficult task for even the most developed countries of the world, as none of them has achieved full equality of sex, including in respect of labour rights. As our study shows, significant progress has been made in this area in Ukraine, as in general, gender gap and the economic equality of women keep within the EU-specific range of values. Gender discrimination is accompanied by age: 57.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% out of the 71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of discriminated women are aged under 35; the higher the age and gender discrimination, the smaller the wage gap. In enterprises with gender discrimination, the potential level of turnover is 71\textbackslash textbackslash\%, which is significantly higher comparing to enterprises with equal rights. Implications \textbackslash textbackslash\& Recommendations: The obtained results should be used by trade unions and public policy makers in socio-labour agreements to reduce inequality in compensation and benefits practices. Contribution \textbackslash textbackslash\& Value Added: We suggest the developed approach to define gender discrimination in order to determine its features in compensation and benefits policy, but also to influence business results via assurance of equal rights of employees.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bill2006,
  title = {Employment Programs for People with Psychiatric Disability: The Case for Change},
  author = {Bill, Anthea and Cowling, Sally and Mitchell, William and Quirk, Victor},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {209--220},
  issn = {0157-6321},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.2006.tb00007.x},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates the effectiveness of disability employment policy in assisting people with psychiatric disability to find, or return to, paid work. We argue that the poor employment outcomes from current programs establish the need for a paradigmatic shift in the form of a state-provided Job Guarantee (JG) for people with psychiatric disability. In the absence of measures to generate suitable jobs, forthcoming changes to the eligibility criteria for Disability Support Pension will create risks rather than opportunities. Under the JG, the Federal Government would maintain a \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer stock' of minimum wage, public sector jobs to provide secure paid employment for this highly disadvantaged group. The role of the state in this alternative model is two fold. First, the state must provide the quantum of JG jobs required. Second, the state must ensure the design of jobs is flexible enough to meet the heterogeneous and variable support needs of workers. This will require effective integration of the JG scheme with mental health, rehabilitation and employment support services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mental health,mental health policy,supported employment}
}

@article{Binder2022,
  title = {The Fundamental Role of Tax Systems in the Relationship between Workfare and Inequality in the Lower Half of the Income Distribution},
  author = {Binder, Barbara and Haupt, Andreas},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {80},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100712},
  abstract = {In recent decades, many affluent democracies moved from traditional welfare states to workfare systems. Meanwhile, income inequality developed differently across countries, even when they made apparently similar shifts from welfare to workfare. It is a matter of debate why welfare state change had such heterogeneous consequences across countries. This article proposes that different incentives to take up low-wage work set by tax reforms in the wake of welfare-to-workfare transitions alter consequences on inequality in the lower half of the income distribution. To support this argument, we contrast the trends between the U.S. and Germany. The German and U.S. tax systems were used in very different ways to incentivize low-wage work. The U.S. provided strong incentives to take up low-wage, high-hour work through refundable tax credits. They act as in-work subsidies and represent an enormous public income support program. In contrast, in Germany, payroll taxes were reduced for marginal employment. These jobs were intended to serve as a stepping stone to full employment. Germany aimed to reduce barriers to labor market entry, but did not increase subsidies for those working higher hours in low-wage jobs. We hypothesize that the German path led to increased income inequality within the lower half of the income distribution, whereas the large U.S. tax-based subsidies in the U.S. significantly counteracted it. Decompositions of unconditional quantile regressions based on the SOEP and the CPS-ASEC for 1992 and 2014 strongly support these assumptions. Households with no labor market integration lost ground with the workfare reforms in both countries, increasing inequality in the lower half. However, U.S. households that conformed to the new workfare system by taking low-wage jobs received additional after-tax income through tax cuts and credits. This additional income of the beneficiary households increased the percentile values between the 10th and 30th percentiles by about 6 per cent, thus reducing income inequality in the lower half. Germany, on the contrary, lacked such compensatory subsidies for compliant households. Thus, increased takeup of low-wage work was associated with an increase in income inequality in the lower half. We conclude that tax systems are important in understanding why the shift towards workfare was associated with heterogeneous trends in income inequality across countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Income inequality,Poverty,Tax credits,Tax policy,Unconditional quantile regression,Workfare}
}

@article{Bindley2021,
  title = {Social Welfare Needs of Bereaved {{Australian}} Carers: {{Implications}} of Insights from Palliative Care and Welfare Workers},
  author = {Bindley, Kristin and Lewis, Joanne and Travaglia, Joanne and DiGiacomo, Michelle},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {631--642},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.13339},
  abstract = {An individual and psychological emphasis has influenced practice and research on bereavement following informal care provision in the context of life-limiting illness. Consideration of the potential for bereavement to be shaped by intersecting social and structural inequities is needed; and should include an understanding of interactions with government institutions and social policy. This qualitative study employed interpretive description to explore the way in which palliative care workers and welfare sector workers perceive and approach experiences and needs of bereaved carers receiving government income support or housing assistance in Western Sydney, an area associated with recognised socioeconomic disadvantage. A total of 21 palliative care workers within a public health service and welfare workers from two government social welfare services participated in in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using framework analysis. Participants highlighted social welfare policy and related interactions that may impact bereavement, potentially related to financial, housing and employment precariousness. Personal, interpersonal and structural factors perceived to shape the navigation of welfare needs were explored, alongside needed professional and structural changes envisioned by workers. With limited forms of capital, vulnerably positioned carers may encounter difficulties that heighten their precariousness in bereavement. Transactional organisational cultures alongside health and welfare agencies that function in a siloed manner appear to contribute to structural burden for carers, following death due to life-limiting illness. Palliative care and welfare workers also associated elements of their work with bereaved carers with their own experiences of helplessness, frustration and distress. Findings point to a need for the development of interagency strategies in addition to policy underpinned by more nuanced understandings of vulnerability in bereavement, post-caring.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bereavement,family carers,palliative care,social welfare}
}

@article{Bird2022,
  title = {Implementing Psychosocial Interventions within Low and Middle-Income Countries to Improve Community-Based Care for People with Psychosis-{{A}} Situation Analysis},
  author = {Bird, Victoria Jane and Davis, Syjo and Jawed, Abeer and Qureshi, Onaiza and Ramachandran, Padmavati and Shahab, Areeba and Venkatraman, Lakshmi},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-0640},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.807259},
  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, a treatment gap exists for individuals with severe mental illness, with 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people with psychosis failing to receive appropriate care. This is most pronounced in low and middle-income countries, where there are neither the financial nor human resources to provide high-quality community-based care. Low-cost, evidence-based interventions are urgently needed to address this treatment gap. AimTo conduct a situation analysis to (i) describe the provision of psychosocial interventions within the context of existing care in two LMICs-India and Pakistan, and (ii) understand the barriers and facilitators of delivering a new psychosocial intervention. MethodA situation analysis including a quantitative survey and individual interviews with clinicians, patients and caregivers was conducted. Quantitative survey data was collected from staff members at 11 sites (private and government run hospitals) to assess organizational readiness to implement a new psychosocial intervention. To obtain in-depth information, 24 stakeholders including clinicians and service managers were interviewed about the typical care they provide and/or receive, and their experience of either accessing or delivering psychosocial interventions. This was triangulated by six interviews with carer and patient representatives. Results and discussionThe results highlight the positive views toward psychosocial interventions within routine care and the enthusiasm for multidisciplinary working. However, barriers to implementation such as clinician time, individual attitudes toward psychosocial interventions and organizational concerns including the lack of space within the facility were highlighted. Such barriers need to be taken into consideration when designing how best to implement and sustain new psychosocial interventions for the community treatment of psychosis within LMICs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {India,low and middle-income countries,Pakistan,psychological interventions,psychosis,severe mental illness,situation analysis}
}

@article{Bisio2023,
  title = {Complementary Collective Bargaining and Firm Performance: New Evidence for {{Italian}} Firms},
  author = {Bisio, Laura and Cardinaleschi, Stefania and Leoni, Riccardo},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {44},
  number = {4},
  pages = {728--754},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0373},
  abstract = {PurposeWithin the two-tier bargaining system, the role of complementary collective bargaining is somewhat controversial. In this paper, the authors analyse collective agreements from a triple perspective: scanning the contents of firm-level complementary collective agreements (CCAs); identifying the factors that determine the probability of signing a CCA and analysing the relationship between the latter and firm performance with a focus on the role of different negotiated topics.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical procedure is based on 2 main linked sources: longitudinal balance sheet data and a cross-sectional dataset of a representative sample of Italian firms with at least 15 employees, including some retrospective information. The innovative dataset derives from integrating multiple sources. The main empirical approaches include Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations, multivariate regressions, as well as instrumental variable (IV) estimations to overcome simultaneity issues.FindingsWith respect to the probability of signing a CCA, on the firms' side, the authors find a positive role of the degree of firm capitalisation and affiliation with an employers' association and a negative role of family firms compared to non-family firms; on the workers' side, a positive role of the workers' unionisation rate and a positive but differentiated weight of workers' union representations and industrial conflicts. With regard to firm performance, the authors' estimates suggest that signing a CCA is associated with an average increase of 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% in total factor productivity (TFP) and 7.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% in labour productivity. By investigating the contents of the complementarity agreements, the authors show that bargaining a wider range of topics implies advantages that are not homogenous, benefitting more efficient firms. Moreover, the authors find a specific positive and significant role for three main interacting issues: economic incentives, organisation and employment.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional structure of the data on bargaining practices prevents detecting causal relationships due to either potential common driver(s) of both the target variables (firm performance) and bargaining practices (simultaneity bias) and unobservable time-invariant firm-level characteristics (heterogeneity bias).Practical implicationsAccording to the authors' results, policymakers should operate along four fiscal channels to spur the efficiency of firms, via CCA. First, tax incentives stimulate higher firm capitalisation, as this seems to be a CCA-favouring factor. Second, deduction in taxable income for union members, which should led to higher membership rates, hence raising the likelihood of obtaining a CCA. Third, incentives aimed at directly promoting the greater diffusion of CCAs as a source of improved performance. Fourth, fiscal tools aimed at favouring the negotiation of either specific contents or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebundles\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of contents, which the authors' estimates show as an additional performance-enhancing tool of CCA practices.Originality/valueThe conceptualisation of the contents of CCA as organisational investments and the whole probability function of signing a CCA are quite innovative. Moreover, the econometric strategy takes account of several potential sources of bias when estimating the relevant coefficients at each stage, which is currently not fully considered in the literature. Finally, this is the first study to shed light on both the diverse outcomes associated with different negotiated topics (in terms of quantity and quality) and the distinction between short and medium-long term effects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Collective bargaining,Employee participation,Labour and management relations,Productivity}
}

@article{Bitencourt2023,
  title = {Impact of Public Health and Higher Education Policies on the Profile of Final-Year {{Brazilian}} Dental Students: {{Challenges}} and Future Developments},
  author = {Bitencourt, Fernando Valentim and Olsson, Thais Ostroski and {de Souza Lamers}, Juliana Maciel and Manzolli Leite, Fabio Renato and Nascimento, Gustavo Giacomelli and Ceriotti Toassi, Ramona Fernanda},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {547--559},
  issn = {1396-5883},
  doi = {10.1111/eje.12840},
  abstract = {Introduction: Brazil has experienced transformations in higher education and health services, including launching more inclusive public policies focused on these two areas. Objective: To evaluate the profile of final-year dental students from a Brazilian public university from 2010 to 2019, accompanied by changes in public health and higher education policies. Methods: A prospective observacional study was carried out with final-year dental students. A self-applicable semi-structured questionnaire was applied. Result: Six-hundred and seventy-seven students participated, of which 71.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were women, 72.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% aged between 21 and 25 years, 96.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% single, and 96.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% were without children. Over ten years, it was possible to identify trends in the profile explained by implementing public policies toward more inclusive access to Brazilian higher education by socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Students who completed the course between 2018 and 2019 did not have the state capital city (the wealthiest area) as their origin city and had lower parental education and income levels than dental students graduating between 2010 and 2011. Moreover, working as a primary care dentist in the Brazilian National Health System was considered a professional possibility by 61.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the students, and has gained prominence significantly over time, ranging from 21.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2010 to 72.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2019 (p {$<$} .05). Conclusion: Over the study period, concomitantly to advances in public health and higher education policies in Brazil, more diverse access to public dental education was observed, allowing students from low socioeconomic positions to take the education. Changes have also impacted the students' perspectives regarding the need for postgraduate training and a career in public health dentistry. However, these trends need to be consolidated, and public policies continued and strengthened.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {curriculum,dental education,dental students,graduate education,public health}
}

@article{Bittman2002,
  title = {Social Participation and Family Welfare: {{The}} Money and Time Costs of Leisure in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Bittman, M},
  year = {2002},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {36},
  number = {4},
  pages = {408--425},
  issn = {0144-5596},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-9515.t01-1-00262},
  abstract = {The concept of social exclusion has become a central rganizing, concept in social policy research. Indeed \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial exclusion\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has displaced many of the terms formerly in use, such as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveinequality\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedeprivation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepoverty\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity, culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws our attention to how people can be \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveshut out of society\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by their inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income. Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender After controlling for working hours, household income has no significant effect on. available leisure time. A leisure-time poverty line, based on half-median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure participation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,leisure,social exclusion}
}

@article{Bittman2007,
  title = {The Impact of Caring on Informal Carers' Employment, Income and Earnings: A Longitudinal Approach},
  author = {Bittman, Michael and Hill, Trish and Thomson, Cathy},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {255--272},
  issn = {0157-6321},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.2007.tb00053.x},
  abstract = {In Australia the policy balance has shifted away from institutional forms of health and aged care towards supporting people in their own homes. This change presupposes a significant and growing supply of informal caring labour. A large proportion of informal carers (40-60 per cent) currently combine paid employment with their caring responsibilities. Using the longitudinal Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, the paper examines the effect of caring on employment, hours worked and earnings. The analysis shows that working age carers experience disadvantage. Carers are more likely than non-carers to reduce their hours of work or exit from the labour force, and earn lower levels of income. In planning for an ageing population, policies will need to address these negative effects and privatised costs of caring if the supply of informal care is to be sustained in the future.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,employment,informal carers}
}

@book{Bjorn2019,
  title = {{{FemTech}}: {{Broadening Participation}} to {{Digital Technology Development}}},
  author = {Bjorn, Pernille and {Menendez-Blanco}, Maria},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMEDIA (MM'19)},
  doi = {10.1145/3343031.3355512},
  abstract = {In the digital age, the fields and professions related to computing are having an unprecedent impact on our lives, and on societies. As computing becomes integrated in fundamental ways in healthcare \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace10,11], labor markets \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2,4], and political processes \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace3,6], questions about who participates and takes decisions in developing digital technologies are becoming increasingly crucial and unavoidable \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace7]. A bottom line is that, if a rather homogeneous group develops most of the digital technologies, there is a risk that these technologies only consider a part of the population, and therefore unwillingly introduce biases or trigger exclusion. There are many intersectional characteristics - such as race, gender, or class - by which people can be part of an excluded minority. This keynote focuses on women as a gender minority in computing. In Western societies, the percentage of women participating in computing is low. According to a recent report for the European Commission, there are four times more men than women in Europe in studies related to Information and Communication Technologies \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace12]. Similarly, a study by the Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that only 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% of computing jobs in USA were held by women \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace13]. Denmark is often viewed as a progressive country with gender equality; therefore, the gender homogeneity displayed in computer science education often comes as a surprise. In 2016, only 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the incoming bachelor students were women at the Computer Science department at the University of Copenhagen (DIKU). This remarkable low percentage triggered many questions to us: How did a field initially led by women lost so many of them? Why is this an issue that society should care about? What are the practices and actions that help address this issue? Who should engage with those practices and actions? These are some of the questions that we have been addressing at FemTech(1), an action research project started in 2017 at DIKU. Action research is an approach by which researchers explore a problem, and develop theoretical understandings, while working on the development of solutions \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace9]. Unsurprisingly, our results show that there is no silver bullet to address the gender gap in computing. However, there are different strategies that can help broaden participation, and they come with their advantages and pitfalls. At FemTech, our efforts have been focusing in creating opportunities for people, and in particular young women with no prior interest in Computer Science, to explore ways in which computing could match their personal interests \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. This approach is aligned with previous successful initiatives which suggested to create \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenew computing clubs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace instead of including women in existing clubs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace5]; and differentiates from a \textbackslash textasciigravedeficit' approach, by which the issue of gender diversity in computer science is framed as a problem of too few women, which can be addressed by bringing in more women \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. FemTech is a project with many developments and interventions. What started as a primarily educational initiative for women high-school students has evolved into a broaden initiative that seeks to address structural and cultural issues in computing \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace8]. The project has delivered many results, some of them especially tangible and measurable such as the increase of from 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women incoming bachelor students at the department in two years; and the decrease of the drop-out rate in the first year of the bachelor from 22\textbackslash textbackslash\%-3.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%. More importantly, throughout this project we have developed a great amount of insights which can be useful for engaging in similar endeavors and prompting discussions among those interested in addressing the issue of women as gender minority in computing. These insights include the importance of changing computer science departments from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewithin\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, the relevance of challenging stereotypical and narrow definitions of computer science, and the instrumentality of interactive artefacts in prompting change.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6889-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Action Research,Computer Science,Diversity,Gender,Inclusion},
  note = {27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM), Nice, FRANCE, OCT 21-25, 2019}
}

@article{Black2010,
  title = {Clearing {{Clinical Barriers}}: {{Enhancing Social Support Using}} a {{Patient Navigator}} for {{Asthma Care}}},
  author = {Black, Heather L. and Priolo, Chantel and Akinyemi, D'Jahna and Gonzalez, Rodalyn and Jackson, Danielle S. and Garcia, Laura and George, Maureen and Apter, Andrea J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ASTHMA},
  volume = {47},
  number = {8},
  pages = {913--919},
  issn = {0277-0903},
  doi = {10.3109/02770903.2010.506681},
  abstract = {Background. Patients with moderate or severe asthma, particularly those who are minority or poor, often encounter significant personal, clinical practice, and health system barriers to accessing care. Objective. To explore the ideas of patients and providers for potentially feasible, individualized, cost-effective ways to reduce obstacles to care by providing social support using a patient advocate or navigator. Methods. The authors conducted four focus groups of adults with moderate or severe asthma. Participants were recruited from clinics serving low-income and minority urban neighborhoods. Data from these patient focus groups were shared with two additional focus groups, one of nurses and one of physicians. Researchers independently coded and agreed upon themes from all focus groups, which were categorized by types of social support: instrumental (physical aid), informational (educational), emotional (empathizing), validation (comparisons to others). Results. Patients and providers agreed that a patient navigator could help patients manage asthma by giving social support. Both groups found instrumental and informational support most important. However, patients desired more instrumental help whereas providers focused on informational support. Physicians stressed review of medical information whereas patients wanted information to complete administrative tasks. Providers and patients agreed that the patient navigator's role in asthma would need to address both short-term care of exacerbations and enhance long-term chronic self-management by working with practice personnel. Conclusions. Along with medical information, there is a need for providers to connect patients to instrumental support relevant to acute and long-term asthma-self-management.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asthma,barriers,communication,control,patient navigator,self-management}
}

@article{Black2020,
  title = {Multi-Informant {{International Perspectives}} on the {{Facilitators}} and {{Barriers}} to {{Employment}} for {{Autistic Adults}}},
  author = {Black, Melissa H. and Mahdi, Soheil and Milbourn, Benjamin and Scott, Melissa and Gerber, Alan and Esposito, Christopher and Falkmer, Marita and Lerner, Matthew D. and Halladay, Alycia and Strom, Eva and D'Angelo, Axel and Falkmer, Torbjorn and Bolte, Sven and Girdler, Sonya},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {AUTISM RESEARCH},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1195--1214},
  issn = {1939-3792},
  doi = {10.1002/aur.2288},
  abstract = {Employment rates for autistic individuals are poor, even compared to those from other disability groups. Internationally, there remains limited understanding of the factors influencing employment across the stages of preparing for, gaining, and maintaining employment. This is the third in a series of studies conducted as part of an International Society for Autism Research (INSAR) policy brief intended to improve employment outcomes for autistic individuals. A multi-informant international survey with five key stakeholder groups, including autistic individuals, their families, employers, service providers, and researchers, was undertaken in Australia, Sweden, and the United States to understand the facilitators and barriers to employment for autistic adults. A total of 687 individuals participated, including autistic individuals (n = 246), family members (n = 233), employers (n = 35), clinicians/service providers (n = 123), and researchers (n = 50). Perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to employment differed significantly across both key stakeholder groups and countries, however, ensuring a good job match and focusing on strengths were identified by all groups as important for success. Key barriers to employment included stigma, a lack of understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and communication difficulties. Results suggest that a holistic approach to employment for autistic individuals is required, aimed at facilitating communication between key stakeholders, addressing attitudes and understanding of ASD in the workplace, using strength-based approaches and providing early work experience. Lay Summary Autistic individuals experience significant difficulty getting and keeping a job. This article presents a survey study involving autistic individuals, their families, employers, service providers and researchers in Australia, Sweden, and the United States to understand their perspectives on the factors that support or act as barriers to employment. While perspectives varied across key stakeholders, strategies such as using a holistic approach, targeting workplace attitudes and understanding, focusing on strengths, and providing early work experience are important for success. (c) 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Blair-Loy2004,
  title = {Mothers in Finance: {{Surviving}} and Thriving},
  author = {{Blair-Loy}, M and Wharton, {\relax AS}},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {596},
  pages = {151--171},
  issn = {0002-7162},
  doi = {10.1177/0002716204268820},
  abstract = {This article explores two dimensions of well-being among five hundred finance managers and professionals in a large firm: higher income, which we regard as a proxy for career success, and work-family balance. These dimensions are partially incompatible: longer work hours are associated with higher earnings and with intensified conflict. Mothers are more likely than fathers to experience work-family conflict. Work that is over-whelming and unpredictable can exacerbate conflict, while workplace flexibility can alleviate it. Among men, using dependent care policies is associated with lower earnings. We find an earnings gap between men and women in the sample but no earnings penalty for mothers relative to other female respondents. Although women are less likely than men to combine parenting with careers at this firm, the mothers still at the firm may be unusually successful compared to their female coworkers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender and work,income,inequality,work-family conflict}
}

@article{Blane2003,
  title = {The Use of Quantitative Medical Sociology},
  author = {Blane, D},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ILLNESS},
  volume = {25},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {115--130},
  issn = {0141-9889},
  abstract = {The present article reviews, in relation to quantitative work on the social structure, papers published in Sociology of Health and Illness during its first 25 years. Each issue published during the years 1979-2002 has been examined; and quantitative papers, relating to various aspects of the social structure, have been identified. Such papers are found to have formed a minor but substantively significant theme within the Journal. These contributions situate the journal between sociology and social epidemiology. Articles in the Journal, for example, have been part of sociological debates about the measurement of social class, and of social epidemiological debates about the relationship between income distribution and population health. The contribution of Sociology of Health and Illness to a number of such debates is reviewed. The article concludes that the present situation, in particular the intellectual crisis in social epidemiology and social science investment in large data sets, gives the Journal the chance to build on this distinguished tradition by encouraging, through its publication policy, the further development of quantitative medical sociology.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {domestic labour,ethnicity,health inequalities,income distribution,lifecourse,measurement of social class,socio-geography,unemployment}
}

@article{Blanquet2017,
  title = {Occupational Status as a Determinant of Mental Health Inequities in {{French}} Young People: Is Fairness Needed? {{Results}} of a Cross-Sectional Multicentre Observational Survey},
  author = {Blanquet, Marie and {Labbe-Lobertreau}, Emilie and Sass, Catherine and Berger, Dominique and Gerbaud, Laurent},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {1475-9276},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-017-0634-7},
  abstract = {Background: Employment conditions are associated with health inequities. In 2013, French young people had the highest unemployment rate and among those who worked as salaried workers most of them had temporary job. The purpose of the study was to assess mental health state of French young people through the prism of their occupational status and to measure whether occupational status is a determinant of health inequities. Methods: A cross-sectional multicentre observational survey was performed in June and July 2010 in 115 French Local Social Centres and 74 Health Examination Centres, who were available to participate. The survey was based on an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire delivered by social workers or healthcare professionals to young people age from 16 to 25 years old. The questionnaire was composed of 54 items. Several health outcomes were measured: self-perceived health, mental health, addictions and to be victim of violence. The association of occupational status and mental health was assessed by adjusting results on age and gender and by introducing other explanatory variables such as social deprivation. Results: A total of 4282 young people completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 83\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 1866 men and 2378 women, sex-ratio 0.79. French young people having a non-working occupational status or a non-permanent working status were more exposed to poor self-perceived health, poor mental health, addictions and violence. To be at school particularly secondary school was a protective factor for addiction. Conclusions: Occupational status of French young people was a determinant of mental health inequities. Young people not at work and not studying reported greater vulnerability and should be targeted therefore by appropriate and specific social and medical services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health inequities,Mental health,Occupational status,Self-perceived health,Young people}
}

@article{Blattman2022,
  title = {Impacts of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Jobs on Youth: 5-Year Experimental Evidence on Factory Job Offers and Cash Grants in {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Blattman, Christopher and Dercon, Stefan and Franklin, Simon},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS},
  volume = {156},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102807},
  abstract = {We study two interventions for poor and underemployed Ethiopian youth: a \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Each one is designed to help overcome two common barriers to employment: financial market imperfections and matching frictions. We find significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year. After five years, however, we see no evidence of long run effects of either intervention. The grant led short-run increases in self-employment, productivity and earnings, but these appear to dissipate over time as recipients exit their businesses. Worrisomely, offers of factory work had no effect on employment or earnings, but led to serious adverse effects on health after one year. Evidence of these effects is gone after five years as well, however. These results point to convergence in most outcomes, and suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cash transfers,Employment,Entrepreneurship,Factories,Field experiment,Health,Occupational choice,Poverty,Wage labor}
}

@article{Blinder2012,
  title = {Return to Work in Low-Income {{Latina}} and Non-{{Latina}} White Breast Cancer Survivors: {{A}} 3-Year Longitudinal Study},
  author = {Blinder, Victoria S. and Patil, Sujata and Thind, Amardeep and Diamant, Allison and Hudis, Clifford A. and Basch, Ethan and Maly, Rose C.},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CANCER},
  volume = {118},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1664--1674},
  issn = {0008-543X},
  doi = {10.1002/cncr.26478},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous research has found an 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% return-to-work rate in mid-income white breast cancer survivors, but little is known about the employment trajectory of low-income minorities or whites. We set out to compare the trajectories of low-income Latina and non-Latina white survivors and to identify correlates of employment status. METHODS: Participants were low-income women who had localized breast cancer, spoke English or Spanish, and were employed at the time of diagnosis. Interviews were conducted 6, 18, and 36 months after diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent correlates of employment status at 18 months. RESULTS: Of 290 participants, 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Latina. Latinas were less likely than non-Latina whites to be working 6 months ( 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 49\textbackslash textbackslash\%; P.0002) and 18 months ( 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 59\textbackslash textbackslash\%; P.02) after diagnosis, but at 36 months there was no significant difference ( 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 59\textbackslash textbackslash\%; P.29). Latinas were more likely to be manual laborers than were non-Latina whites ( P {$<$}.0001). Baseline job type and receipt of axillary node dissection were associated with employment status among Latinas but not non-Latina whites. CONCLUSIONS: Neither low-income Latinas nor non-Latina whites approached the 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% rate of return to work seen in wealthier white populations. Latinas followed a protracted return-to-work trajectory compared to non-Latina whites, and differences in job type appear to have played an important role. Manual laborers may be disproportionately impacted by surgical procedures that limit physical activity. This can inform the development of rehabilitative interventions and may have important implications for the surgical and postsurgical management of patients. Cancer 2012; 118: 1664-74. VC 2011 American Cancer Society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breast cancer,disparities,employment,survivorship}
}

@article{Blinder2022,
  title = {An Interactive Mobile Application versus an Educational Booklet to Promote Job Retention in Women Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {Blinder, Victoria S. and Patil, Sujata and Finik, Jackie and Makower, Della and Muppidi, Monica and Lichtenthal, Wendy G. and Parker, Patricia A. and Claros, Maria and Suarez, Jennifer and Narang, Bharat and Gany, Francesca},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {TRIALS},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s13063-022-06580-7},
  abstract = {Background: Job loss after a cancer diagnosis can lead to long-term financial toxicity and its attendant adverse clinical consequences, including decreased treatment adherence. Among women undergoing (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, access to work accommodations (e.g., sick leave) is associated with higher job retention after treatment completion. However, low-income and/or minority women are less likely to have access to work accommodations and, therefore, are at higher risk of job loss. Given the time and transportation barriers that low-income working patients commonly face, it is crucial to develop an intervention that is convenient and easy to use. Methods: We designed an intervention to promote job retention during and after (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer by improving access to relevant accommodations. Talking to Employers And Medical staff about Work (TEAMWork) is an English/Spanish mobile application (app) that provides (1) suggestions for work accommodations tailored to specific job demands, (2) coaching/strategies for negotiating with an employer, (3) advice for symptom self-management, and (4) tools to improve communication with the medical oncology team. This study is a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the app as a job-retention tool compared to a control condition that provides the app content in an informational paper booklet. The primary outcome of the study is work status after treatment completion. Secondary outcomes include work status 1 and 2 years later, participant self-efficacy to ask an employer for accommodations, receipt of workplace accommodations during and following adjuvant therapy, patient self-efficacy to communicate with the oncology provider, self-reported symptom burden during and following adjuvant therapy, and cancer treatment adherence. Discussion: This study will assess the use of mobile technology to improve vulnerable breast cancer patients' ability to communicate with their employers and oncology providers, work during treatment and retain their jobs in the long term, thereby diminishing the potential consequences of job loss, including decreased treatment adherence, debt, and bankruptcy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breast cancer,Cancer survivorship,Disparities,Employment,Financial toxicity,Income,Minority,Mobile application}
}

@article{Bloch2011,
  title = {Barriers to Primary Care Responsiveness to Poverty as a Risk Factor for Health},
  author = {Bloch, Gary and Rozmovits, Linda and Giambrone, Broden},
  year = {2011},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC FAMILY PRACTICE},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2296-12-62},
  abstract = {Background: Poverty is widely recognized as a major determinant of poor health, and this link has been extensively studied and verified. Despite the strong evidentiary link, little work has been done to determine what primary care health providers can do to address their patients' income as a risk to their health. This qualitative study explores the barriers to primary care responsiveness to poverty as a health issue in a well-resourced jurisdiction with near-universal health care insurance coverage. Methods: One to one interviews were conducted with twelve experts on poverty and health in primary care in Ontario, Canada. Participants included family physicians, specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, community workers, advocates, policy experts and researchers. The interviews were analysed for anticipated and emergent themes. Results: This study reveals provider-and patient-centred structural, attitudinal, and knowledge-based barriers to addressing poverty as a risk to health. While many of its findings reinforce previous work in this area, this study's findings point to a number of areas front line primary care providers could target to address their patients' poverty. These include a lack of provider understanding of the lived reality of poverty, leading to a failure to collect adequate data about patients' social circumstances, and to the development of inappropriate care plans. Participants also pointed to prejudicial attitudes among providers, a failure of primary care disciplines to incorporate approaches to poverty as a standard of care, and a lack of knowledge of concrete steps providers can take to address patients' poverty. Conclusions: While this study reinforces, in a well-resourced jurisdiction such as Ontario, the previously reported existence of significant barriers to addressing income as a health issue within primary care, the findings point to the possibility of front line primary care providers taking direct steps to address the health risks posed by poverty. The consistent direction and replicability of these findings point to a refocusing of the research agenda toward an examination of interventions to decrease the health impacts of poverty.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Blofield2015,
  title = {Maternalism, {{Co-responsibility}}, and {{Social Equity}}: {{A Typology}} of {{Work-Family Policies}}},
  author = {Blofield, Merike and Martinez Franzoni, Juliana},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {38--59},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxu015},
  abstract = {This paper provides a conceptual lens to address the complexity of policies involved in reconciling paid work and family responsibilities. Our typology classifies policies by how they intervene in the relation between paid work and family relations-by alternating paid and unpaid work, by transferring unpaid work outside the family or by formalizing home-based paid care-and by disaggregating implications for both social equity and gender relations (maternalism versus paternal or state co-responsibility) across policies. The paper makes a three-fold contribution. First, our typology looks at a set of policies rather than specific policies or overall policy regimes. Second, it helps disaggregate implications for gender and social equity. Third, it allows for comparative analysis of small and large numbers of cases across policy stages. Although we draw on Latin America,(1) our typology has broader application and is especially suited to examining countries with high-income inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Blommaert2019,
  title = {Examining Ethno-Religious Labor Market Inequalities among Women in the {{Netherlands}}},
  author = {Blommaert, Lieselotte and Spierings, Niels},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {38--51},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2019.01.005},
  abstract = {This study examines inequalities in labor market outcomes between ethnic-majority women and Muslim-minority women with a Moroccan or Turkish background in the Netherlands. It provides a comprehensive assessment of ethno-religious labor market gaps and investigates how a relatively broad range of explanatory factors are (differently) related to these gaps. We use nationally representative data from the Netherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study (2009), which oversamples minorities and contains high-quality measures of a comparatively broad array of potential explanations. Results reveal that Muslim-minority women less often have paid work, face longer job-search periods and hold lower status jobs than majority women. Interestingly, minority women work more hours than majority women in the Netherlands. These gaps are generally smaller for the second generation than the first generation. Our results show that human capital is a key factor that is associated with ethno-religious labor market gaps, but social capital, family features, gender role attitudes and veiling also play a role. Gaps in search duration and job status can be accounted for by these explanatory factors to a greater extent than those for paid work. Moreover, explanatory factors are related to the different gaps in different ways.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethno-religious gaps,Labor market,Netherlands,Women}
}

@article{Blumenberg2014,
  title = {Travel {{Behavior}} of the {{Poor After Welfare Reform}}},
  author = {Blumenberg, Evelyn and Thomas, Trevor},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD},
  number = {2452},
  pages = {53--61},
  issn = {0361-1981},
  doi = {10.3141/2452-07},
  abstract = {In 1996, President Bill Clinton signed into law the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, also known as welfare reform. As part of this act, Congress established welfare block grant programs that included a set of provisions intended to promote employment. In the aftermath of these reforms, policy makers turned to transportation as one strategy to transition welfare recipients and other low-income adults rapidly into the labor market. As the foundation for these transportation programs, studies documented the travel patterns of the poor and highlighted the limited access of these individuals to automobiles. Given the many changes since the 1990s, it is time to revisit these data. This study draws on the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey and the 2009 National Household Travel Survey to examine changes in the commute travel of low-income adults since welfare reform. The data provide evidence that the reliance on automobiles has increased significantly over time; the growth reflects the many advantages of cars in increasingly decentralized environments. However, some population groups-particularly the carless-have become more dependent on public transit to access work. These findings suggest the importance of protecting and expanding vital transit services for those who need them, as well as acting on behalf of low-income households that may be better served through personal vehicular travel.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Blumenberg2019,
  title = {Physical {{Accessibility}} and {{Employment}} among {{Older Adults}} in {{California}}},
  author = {Blumenberg, Evelyn and Schouten, Andrew and Pinski, Miriam and Wachs, Martin},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD},
  volume = {2673},
  number = {12},
  pages = {139--148},
  issn = {0361-1981},
  doi = {10.1177/0361198119860488},
  abstract = {Older adults are delaying retirement and remaining in the paid workforce longer than in previous decades. There are many potential explanations for this trend. In this study, it is hypothesized that the ease or difficulty of traveling may significantly influence the labor force participation of older adults, just as it does for other working-age adults. As they age, older adults can face a number of barriers to mobility. The hypothesis is tested using data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey (CHTS) and propensity score matching. The paper focuses on the effects of automobile ownership and transit access on the employment status of older adults (60+), controlling for a host of characteristics associated with the likelihood of employment. The analysis shows that transportation access has a substantial and positive association with employment for older adults, particularly older adults living in low-income households (those earning less than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000 per year). Access to jobs by public transit is especially influential among low-income older adults who live in households without automobiles. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing the transportation environment such that it allows older adults to travel regularly on their own by car or, in dense urban neighborhoods, by public transit. Limitations to this study suggest the need for additional quantitative analysis of longitudinal data as well as qualitative analysis of data from interviews and focus groups.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Blundell2016,
  title = {Coase {{LectureHuman Capital}}, {{Inequality}} and {{Tax Reform}}: {{Recent Past}} and {{Future Prospects}}},
  author = {Blundell, Richard},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECONOMICA},
  volume = {83},
  number = {330},
  pages = {201--218},
  issn = {0013-0427},
  doi = {10.1111/ecca.12186},
  abstract = {Even before the financial crisis, many developed economies were facing growing inequality and struggling to maintain employment and earnings. This paper addresses two key questions. What has happened to inequality? Where will tax and welfare reforms have most impact? The UK is used as a running example. The analysis suggests that the pattern of sluggish real wages at the bottom looks set to continue, and longer-term earnings growth will come mainly from high-skilled occupations. Growing earnings inequality will bring increasing pressure on the tax and welfare system. A blueprint for a coherent tax policy reform is presented.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bobkov2022,
  title = {{Impact of Universal Basic Income on Employment According to Russian Experts}},
  author = {Bobkov, Vyacheslav N. and Odintsova, Elena V. and Chernykh, Ekaterina A.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {ECONOMY OF REGION},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {159--174},
  issn = {2072-6414},
  doi = {10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-1-12},
  abstract = {The issue of universal basic income (UBI) has been gaining importance due to the growth of precarious employment, unemployment and inequality in the context of the development of digital technologies, especially considering the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. The article first presents the generalised and systemised reasoned opinions of Russian experts on UBI in order to examine its potential impact on employment. The initial research data resulted from a survey of different groups of Russian experts conducted by the authors. This information was supplemented by the results of various mass surveys. It was revealed that a significant part of Russian experts have concerns that UBI can negatively affect work incentives and labour supply. The systematisation of expert assessments allowed the research to create scenarios of the potential impact of UBI on population employment and work incentives, formal and informal employment, the ratio between paid and unpaid work, working and free time, the quality of leisure time. The study findings can be used as information and analytical support for the state policies aimed at improving the level and quality of life of the population, as well as making decisions on the appropriateness of UBI tools (including in Russia). Future research will examine in detail the impact of universal basic income on the labour market parameters, taking into account socio-demographic factors.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {employment,expert survey,formal employment,informal employment,paid work,pilot experiments,precarious employment,unemployment,universal basic income,unpaid work}
}

@article{Bocquier2023,
  title = {Co-Development of a School-Based and Primary Care-Based Multicomponent Intervention to Improve {{HPV}} Vaccine Coverage amongst {{French}} Adolescents (the {{PrevHPV Study}})},
  author = {Bocquier, Aurelie and Bruel, Sebastien and Michel, Morgane and {Le Duc-Banaszuk}, Anne-Sophie and Bonnay, Stephanie and Branchereau, Marion and Chevreul, Karine and Chyderiotis, Sandra and Gauchet, Aurelie and Giraudeau, Bruno and Hagiu, Dragos-Paul E. and Mueller, Judith and {Gagneux-Brunon}, Amandine and Thilly, Nathalie and Group, PrevHPV Study},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH EXPECTATIONS},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1843--1853},
  issn = {1369-6513},
  doi = {10.1111/hex.13778},
  abstract = {IntroductionDespite various efforts to improve human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage in France, it has always been lower than in most other high-income countries. The health authorities launched in 2018 the national PrevHPV research programme to (1) co-develop with stakeholders and (2) evaluate the impact of a multicomponent complex intervention aimed at improving HPV vaccine coverage amongst French adolescents. ObjectiveTo describe the development process of the PrevHPV intervention using the GUIDance for rEporting of intervention Development framework as a guide. MethodsTo develop the intervention, we used findings from (1) published evidence on effective strategies to improve vaccination uptake and on theoretical frameworks of health behaviour change; (2) primary data on target populations' knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, behaviours and practices as well as the facilitators and barriers to HPV vaccination collected as part of the PrevHPV Programme and (3) the advice of working groups involving stakeholders in a participatory approach. We paid attention to developing an intervention that would maximise reach, adoption, implementation and maintenance in real-world contexts. ResultsWe co-developed three components: (1) adolescents' and parents' education and motivation using eHealth tools (web conferences, videos, and a serious video game) and participatory learning at school; (2) general practitioners' e-learning training on HPV using motivational interviewing techniques and provision of a decision aid tool and (3) easier access to vaccination through vaccination days organised on participating middle schools' premises to propose free of charge initiation of the HPV vaccination. ConclusionWe co-developed a multicomponent intervention that addresses a range of barriers and enablers of HPV vaccination. The next step is to build on the results of its evaluation to refine it before scaling it up if proven efficient. If so, it will add to the small number of multicomponent interventions aimed at improving HPV vaccination worldwide. Patient or Public ContributionThe public (adolescents, their parents, school staff and health professionals) participated in the needs assessment using a mixed methods approach. The public was also involved in the components' development process to generate ideas about potential activities/tools, critically revise the successive versions of the tools and provide advice about the intervention practicalities, feasibility and maintenance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {co-construction,complex Intervention,eHealth tools,human papillomavirus,motivational interview,vaccination behaviours}
}

@article{Bodenheimer2022,
  title = {Care {{Management For Patients With Type}} 2 {{Diabetes}}: {{The Roles Of Nurses}}, {{Pharmacists}}, {{And Social Workers}}},
  author = {Bodenheimer, Thomas S. and {Willard-Grace}, Rachel},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {HEALTH AFFAIRS},
  volume = {41},
  number = {7},
  pages = {947--954},
  issn = {0278-2715},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00227},
  abstract = {Managing patients with type 2 diabetes takes time. Clinicians in primary care, where most diabetes visits take place, lack that time. Planned visits by diabetes care managers-nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and other team members-assist clinicians and are associated with improved glycemic control. Particularly effective is care management featuring nurses or pharmacists adjusting medications without prior physician approval. Care management programs need to pay close attention to inequities in diabetes care and outcomes. The widespread implementation of diabetes care management in primary care faces several barriers: lack of an adequate, diverse, trained care manager workforce; regulations limiting care managers' scope of practice; and financial models not supportive of care management. Wide-ranging policies are needed to address these barriers. In particular, payment reform is needed to stimulate the spread of diabetes care management: adding fee-for-service codes that adequately pay care managers for their work, adopting shared savings models that channel savings back to primary care, and increasing the percentage of health care spending dedicated to primary care. In this article we explore key questions around type 2 diabetes care management, review the published evidence, examine the barriers to its wider use, and describe policy solutions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bohren2019,
  title = {How Women Are Treated during Facility-Based Childbirth in Four Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study with Labour Observations and Community-Based Surveys},
  author = {Bohren, Meghan A. and Mehrtash, Hedieh and Fawole, Bukola and Maung, Thae Maung and Balde, Mamadou Dioulde and Maya, Ernest and Thwin, Soe Soe and Aderoba, Adeniyi K. and Vogel, Joshua P. and Irinyenikan, Theresa Azonima and Adeyanju, A. Olusoji and Mon, Nwe Oo and {Adu-Bonsaffoh}, Kwame and Landoulsi, Sihem and Guure, Chris and Adanu, Richard and Diallo, Boubacar Alpha and Gulmezoglu, A. Metin and Soumah, Anne-Marie and Sall, Alpha Oumar and Tuncalp, Ozge},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {LANCET},
  volume = {394},
  number = {10210},
  pages = {1750--1763},
  issn = {0140-6736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31992-0},
  abstract = {Background Women across the world are mistreated during childbirth. We aimed to develop and implement evidence-informed, validated tools to measure mistreatment during childbirth, and report results from a cross-sectional study in four low-income and middle-income countries. Methods We prospectively recruited women aged at least 15 years in twelve health facilities (three per country) in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria between Sept 19, 2016, and Jan 18, 2018. Continuous observations of labour and childbirth were done from admission up to 2 h post partum. Surveys were administered by interviewers in the community to women up to 8 weeks post partum. Labour observations were not done in Myanmar. Data were collected on sociodemographics, obstetric history, and experiences of mistreatment. Findings 2016 labour observations and 2672 surveys were done. 838 (41.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2016 observed women and 945 (35.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2672 surveyed women experienced physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination. Physical and verbal abuse peaked 30 min before birth until 15 min after birth (observation). Many women did not consent for episiotomy (observation: 190 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace75.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 253; survey: 295 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace56.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 526) or caesarean section (observation: 35 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace13.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 261; survey: 52 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace10.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 483), despite receiving these procedures. 133 (5.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2672 women or their babies were detained in the facility because they were unable to pay the bill (survey). Younger age (15-19 years) and lack of education were the primary determinants of mistreatment (survey). For example, younger women with no education (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR] 3.6, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1 .6-8.0) and younger women with some education (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) were more likely to experience verbal abuse, compared with older women ({$>$}= 30 years), adjusting for marital status and parity. Interpretation More than a third of women experienced mistreatment and were particularly vulnerable around the time of birth. Women who were younger and less educated were most at risk, suggesting inequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Understanding drivers and structural dimensions of mistreatment, including gender and social inequalities, is essential to ensure that interventions adequately account for the broader context. Copyright (C) 2019 This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bolan2021,
  title = {Human {{Resources}} for {{Health-Related Challenges}} to {{Ensuring Quality Newborn Care}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}: {{A Scoping Review}}},
  author = {Bolan, Nancy and Cowgill, Karen D. and Walker, Karen and Kak, Lily and Shaver, Theresa and Moxon, Sarah and Lincetto, Ornella},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {160--176},
  issn = {2169-575X},
  doi = {10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00362},
  abstract = {Background: A critical shortage of health workers with needed maternal and newborn competencies remains a major challenge for the provision of quality care for mothers and newborns, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Supply-side challenges related to human resources for health (HRH) worsen shortages and can negatively affect health worker performance and quality of care. This review scoped country-focused sources to identify and map evidence on HRH-related challenges to quality facility-based newborn care provision by nurses and midwives. Methods: Evidence for this review was collected iteratively, beginning with pertinent World Health Organization documents and extending to articles identified via database and manual reference searches and country reports. Evidence from country-focused sources from 2000 onward was extracted using a data extraction tool that was designed iteratively; thematic analysis was used to map the 10 categories of HRH challenges. Findings: A total of 332 peer-reviewed articles were screened, of which 22 met inclusion criteria. Fourteen additional sources were added from manual reference search and gray literature sources. Evidence has been mapped into 10 categories of HRH-related challenges: (1) lack of health worker data and monitoring; (2) poor health worker preservice education; (3) lack of HW access to evidence-based practice guidelines, continuing education, and continuing professional development; (4) insufficient and inequitable distribution of health workers and heavy workload; (5) poor retention, absenteeism, and rotation of experienced staff; (6) poor work environment, including low salary; (7) limited and poor supervision; (8) low morale, motivation, and attitude, and job dissatisfaction; (9) weaknesses of policy, regulations, management, leadership, governance, and funding; and (10) structural and contextual barriers. Conclusion: The mapping provides needed insight that informed new World Health Organization strategies and supporting efforts to address the challenges identified and strengthen human resources for neonatal care, with the ultimate goal of improving newborn care and outcomes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bolbol1999,
  title = {Trade, Globalization, Employment, and Wages: {{Evidence}} from {{Arab MENA}}},
  author = {Bolbol, {\relax AA}},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {REVUE CANADIENNE D ETUDES DU DEVELOPPEMENT-CANADIAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {20},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {755--777},
  issn = {0225-5189},
  abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluative analysis of the impact of trade and globalization on income, employment, and wages in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) over the 1980-95 period. It first studies the behaviour of Arab barter, income, and factoral terms of trade, and analyzes their effects on Arab income. It then evaluates the extent of globalization in the Arab world, and considers its political significance. This is followed by the derivation of a relationship that will determine the behaviour of wages and employment, and a case study of the impact of trade on relative wages in Egypt. The paper closes with a political economy analysis of the autonomy of the Arab state in an era of globalization.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bonneuil2017,
  title = {Precarious Employment among {{South Korean}} Women: {{Is}} Inequality Changing with Time?},
  author = {Bonneuil, Noel and Kim, Younga},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND LABOUR RELATIONS REVIEW},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20--40},
  issn = {1035-3046},
  doi = {10.1177/1035304617690482},
  abstract = {Theories of precarious employment based on the constructs of job quality and job stability have highlighted the issue of transitions, linked to gender and age, from long-duration employment in bad-quality jobs, into good-quality stable employment. This article uses Markov chain analysis to study the labour market transitions of South Korean women in different age groups. It shows the importance of differentiating the effects of contemporary labour market conditions, shaped by the forces of the moment, from conditions created by the institutional legacy of the past. Women's traditional position in the labour market has resulted in age-linked gendered precariousness, while the conditions of the moment are generating a tendency towards less precarious employment. Transition matrices are developed for types of precarious employment defined by the combination of job stability and job quality, taking into account duration by age group, time period, and covariates. These matrices yield distributions of asymptotic prevalence, reflecting labour market conditions of the moment. The forces of the moment favour the predominance of stable good-quality employment, whereas observed prevalence at a given date is characterised by the polarisation of the labour market between stable good-quality and unstable bad-quality employment. Asymptotic prevalence reveals a steady increase in stable but bad-quality employment. Older women are observed mostly in unstable bad-quality employment, but labour market conditions are tending to attenuate this age cleavage over time, as the conditions of the moment are reducing the proportions of older women in stable bad-quality and unstable good-quality employment. The conclusion is an age-based polarisation, in which older women are faring badly, but where possibilities are now opening up to younger South Korean women, reflected in the sharp break between the situation inherited from the past and the conditions of the moment. But possibilities for younger women will be realised only through a reinforcement of government policies to support career breaks and work-family balance through decent part-time jobs. JEL Codes: J08, J28, J44},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asymptotic prevalence,employment stability,inequality,intergenerational polarisation,job quality,labour market polarisation,Markov chain,precarious employment,quality of employment}
}

@article{BordonOjeda2021,
  title = {{HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY WOMEN AND MEN: TIME USE AND INEQUALITIES}},
  author = {Bordon Ojeda, Marisa},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REVISTA ECONOMIA Y SOCIEDAD},
  volume = {26},
  number = {59},
  issn = {1409-1070},
  doi = {10.15359/eys.26-59.3},
  abstract = {This paper aims to confirm economic and social inequality between households headed by women versus by men in Costa Rica. For this, the variables of time dedicated to different activities and income received by both heads of households will be taken into account, based on sample data obtained in the National Survey of Time Use 2017. Average data of variables of the heads of household time and income were used in the analysis. As a result, differences are verified between the time dedicated to unpaid and paid work by male and female heads of household, as well as differences between the remuneration received for their main activity. This evidence leads us to reflect on the need to implement public policies that compensate for the unequal situation suffered by households headed by women.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {female heads of household,feminist perspective,inequality,sexual division of labor,social co-responsibility of care}
}

@article{Borger2021,
  title = {Prenatal and {{Postnatal Experiences Predict Breastfeeding Patterns}} in the {{WIC Infant}} and {{Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2}}},
  author = {Borger, Christine and Weinfield, Nancy S. and Paolicelli, Courtney and Sun, Brenda and May, Laurie},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {11},
  pages = {869--877},
  issn = {1556-8253},
  doi = {10.1089/bfm.2021.0054},
  abstract = {Objective: To examine pre- and postnatal experiential factors associated with desirable breastfeeding patterns in a nationally representative population of low-income women who prenatally enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and initiated breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: Using data from the longitudinal WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2, multivariable, hierarchical logistic regression analyses identified prenatal and postnatal experiential factors associated with three breastfeeding patterns: (1) breastfeeding at 6 months, (2) breastfeeding at 1 year, and (3) breastfeeding at 1 year without introducing formula through age 6 months. Results: After controlling for covariates, one prenatal factor, breastfeeding intentions, and one postnatal factor, receipt of a doctor's recommendation to breastfeed, raised the odds of exhibiting the patterns analyzed. Another postnatal factor, returning to full-time employment before infant age 3 months, lowered the odds of exhibiting the patterns. Prior WIC participation significantly increased the odds of breastfeeding at 1 year, while postnatal employment before infant age 3 months significantly decreased the odds of exhibiting this pattern. Conclusions: Health care providers and those working in public health programs, including WIC, play an important role in helping low-income women mitigate shorter breastfeeding durations. Their efforts should continue focusing on bolstering women's prenatal breastfeeding intentions, reducing structural barriers to breastfeeding in the early postnatal period, particularly among those women returning to work, and connecting low-income families with WIC if they are not already enrolled in the program. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as Feeding My Baby-A National WIC Study, NCT02031978.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breastfeeding patterns,doctor's recommendation to breastfeed,WIC participants}
}

@article{Borgkvist2021,
  title = {Critical Considerations of Workplace Flexibility \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor All\textbackslash ensuremath'' and Gendered Outcomes: {{Men}} Being Flexible about Their Flexibility},
  author = {Borgkvist, Ashlee and Moore, Vivienne and Crabb, Shona and Eliott, Jaklin},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {6, SI},
  pages = {2076--2090},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12680},
  abstract = {Flexible working arrangements (FWA) \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor all, from the CEO down\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, have begun to be promoted in Australia, heralded as a means to finally achieve gender equity in the workplace. However, workplaces are gendered spaces in which masculine traits and unconstrained availability are usually highly valued, as encapsulated in the notion of the ideal worker, and women are seen as lacking or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveother\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. We undertook a study to examine how upper level managers in large, male-dominated organizations endorsing FWA for all perceived and reflected on the use of FWA within their organizations and by themselves. Interviews were undertaken with 12 upper level managers (9 men). Applying a social constructionist perspective and critical theoretical lens informed by theories of Acker and Ahmed, qualitative analysis suggested that, despite being \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor all\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in organizational rhetoric, FWA remains viewed as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor women\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, and appropriate to lower level, routinized roles. Upper level managers described themselves and other men as able to be \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveflexible about their flexibility\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace thus maintaining their standing as ideal workers. This framing of flexibility has implications for men, women and society. It enabled ongoing positioning of women as other in workplace settings, rendering invisible structural inequality. Thus, FWA for all does not necessarily transform workplace gender equity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {flexible working arrangements,gender,ideal worker norm,managers,parenting}
}

@article{Borgschulte2020,
  title = {Minimum {{Wages}} and {{Retirement}}},
  author = {Borgschulte, Mark and Cho, Heepyung},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ILR REVIEW},
  volume = {73},
  number = {1},
  pages = {153--177},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/0019793919845861},
  abstract = {The authors study the effect of the minimum wage on the employment outcomes and Social Security claiming of older US workers from 1983 to 2016. The probability of work at or near the minimum wage increases substantially near retirement, and previous researchers and policies suggest that older workers may be particularly vulnerable to any disemployment effects of the minimum wage. Results show no evidence that the minimum wage causes earlier retirements. Instead, estimates suggest that higher minimum wages increase earnings and may have small positive effects on the labor supply of workers in the key ages of 62 to 70. Consistent with increased earnings and delayed retirement, higher minimum wages decrease the number of Social Security beneficiaries and amount of benefits disbursed. The minimum wage appears to increase financial resources for workers near retirement.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Borodulin2016,
  title = {Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Variation in Barriers to Leisure-Time Physical Activity},
  author = {Borodulin, Katja and Sipila, Noora and Rahkonen, Ossi and {Leino-Arjas}, Paivi and Kestila, Laura and Jousilahti, Pekka and Prattala, Ritva},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {62--69},
  issn = {1403-4948},
  doi = {10.1177/1403494815604080},
  abstract = {Introduction: We examined the socio-demographic and behavioral determinants of perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a population-based sample of working-aged adults. Methods: Data comprised the National FINRISK 2002 Study, a population-based health examination study. Analyses were restricted to those aged 25-64 years and who perceived that their amount of LTPA did not reach sufficient levels. They reported barriers to LTPA, defined as a lack of time, motivation and lack of companionship to be active with, as well as high expenses. Age, education, household income, employment status, family type, physical activity, smoking and body mass index (BMI) were included as explanatory variables. Results: Lack of time was the most frequent barrier. Each barrier was explained by a different set of factors that also varied between genders. The strongest and most systematic associations with the barriers were found for age, employment status and family type. Lack of time was less often reported as a barrier among the unemployed, singles without children and older people. Lacking motivation as a barrier was most common among singles without children. High expenses as a barrier was more often reported by the unemployed, and less often reported in the highest income group. Conclusions: When considering actions to promote LTPA, there is not one single solution, because the perceived barriers vary by population subgroups.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,exercise,FINRISK 2002,health behavior,leisure time,physical activity,population studies}
}

@article{Borowy2017,
  title = {Sustainable Health and Degrowth: {{Health}}, Health Care and Society beyond the Growth Paradigm},
  author = {Borowy, Iris and Aillon, Jean-Louis},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL THEORY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {346--368},
  issn = {1477-8211},
  doi = {10.1057/s41285-017-0032-7},
  abstract = {The extraordinary economic growth rates of the twentieth century are historically exceptional and a continuation into the future seems neither possible nor desirable. Consequently, it is in the interest of public health to actively shape a socioeconomic transformation towards a system that is not based on growth. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDegrowth'' provides coherent guidelines for such a system. Combining existing scholarship from the degrowth and the public health fields, this paper makes seven suggestions for a public health agenda towards sustainable health: (1) to develop an index of health status in relation to present and future health burden; (2) to reduce the resource burden of medical therapy; (3) to translate increased productivity to fewer working hours and more free time instead of more income and material consumption; (4) to make use of non-conventional knowledge and non-commercial forms of work and product exchange; (5) to make knowledge freely available, making use of innovative research frameworks such as open source drug research; (6) to relocalize economic life and health-related organization and to reshape citizen participation and (7) to reduce socio-economic inequality through redistribution. Generally, this paper argues that it is time for discussions on degrowth to enter the mainstream medical and health community and for doctors and other health workers to acknowledge that they have a significant role to play and important experience to contribute when our societies face the upcoming challenge of no-longer-growing economies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {degrowth,drug production,equity,public health,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Borrell2014,
  title = {Influence of {{Macrosocial Policies}} on {{Womens Health}} and {{Gender Inequalities}} in {{Health}}},
  author = {Borrell, Carme and Palencia, Laia and Muntaner, Carles and Urquia, Marcelo and Malmusi, Davide and O'Campo, Patricia},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {31--48},
  issn = {0193-936X},
  doi = {10.1093/epirev/mxt002},
  abstract = {Gender inequalities in health have been widely described, but few studies have examined the upstream sources of these inequalities in health. The objectives of this review are 1) to identify empirical papers that assessed the effect of gender equality policies on gender inequalities in health or on womens health by using between-country (or administrative units within a country) comparisons and 2) to provide an example of published evidence on the effects of a specific policy (parental leave) on womens health. We conducted a literature search covering the period from 1970 to 2012, using several bibliographical databases. We assessed 1,238 abstracts and selected 19 papers that considered gender equality policies, compared several countries or different states in 1 country, and analyzed at least 1 health outcome among women or compared between genders. To illustrate specific policy effects, we also selected articles that assessed associations between parental leave and womens health. Our review partially supports the hypothesis that Nordic social democratic welfare regimes and dual-earner family models best promote womens health. Meanwhile, enforcement of reproductive policies, mainly studied across US states, is associated with better mental health outcomes, although less with other outcomes. Longer paid maternity leave was also generally associated with better mental health and longer duration of breastfeeding.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health status,public policy,sex factors,socioeconomic factors,womens health}
}

@article{Boruchowicz2022,
  title = {Time Use of Youth during a Pandemic: {{Evidence}} from {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Boruchowicz, Cynthia and Parker, Susan W. and Robbins, Lindsay},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {149},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105687},
  abstract = {Studying how the pandemic affects the education and work of adolescents is a critical question with long lasting implications for well-being of the next generation, particularly in the developing world. The Covid-19 pandemic by mid-March 2020 had led to the closing of most educational institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region has been one of the worst hit by the pandemic (Sanmarchi et al., 2021). This paper uses the Mexican National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE) to provide evidence on the pandemic's effects on school and work of youth. We measure changes in the time use of adolescents comparing patterns just before the pandemic (January to March 2020) with those at the beginning of the following school year (September 2020), controlling for pre pandemic trends and potential seasonality. Our study finds a sharp reduction in the probability of being engaged in studies during the previous week for youth age 12 to 18 during the pandemic, as well as a reduction of about 30 percent in total hours spent on studies for those who report spending at least one hour on studies in the previous week. Time in work in general shows fewer changes than in time dedicated to studies, with some reductions in the probability of working outside the home for older youth, and a small increase in the number of hours dedicated to work inside the household. Our results overall are suggestive of an important decrease in youth who are engaged with school, who may be at particular risk for abandoning school permanently. It also suggests that even for those who remain engaged, there is a reduction on time spent studying likely to lead to a decrease in learning. Policies to combat potential dropout and negative effects on learning of the pandemic are urgently needed. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Education,Keyword,Mexico,Time use,Youth}
}

@article{Boseto2019,
  title = {The Role Occupational Therapy in the {{Solomon Islands}}: Experiences and Perceptions of Occupational Therapists and Rehabilitation Health Workers},
  author = {Boseto, Hensllyn and Gray, Marion and Langmead, Ruth},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1445-6354},
  doi = {10.22605/RRH5376},
  abstract = {Introduction: In most Western countries occupational therapy is well established as a crucial aspect of overall health care; however, in low-middle-income countries it is still an emerging profession. This article investigates the role of occupational therapy in the Solomon Islands by examining the experiences and perceptions of occupational therapists (OTs) and other rehabilitation health workers who have worked there. Methods: Using a qualitative research design, participants were recruited using purposive sampling, and data were gathered through in-depth interviews, diary entries and observations of an occupational therapy setting in the Solomon Islands. Ten participants were interviewed. Results: A significant role in health-promoting practices was revealed through the various tasks undertaken by OTs in the Solomon Islands, including influencing health policy and practice broadly through advocacy and education. Challenges relating to geography, cultural, language and resource barriers, and professional practice issues were identified. Implications for practice were drawn from the data including the need for culturally safe practice, pragmatism, creativity and practising across disciplinary boundaries. Conclusions: Results illustrate a clear role for occupational therapy in promoting health and sustainability of rehabilitation therapy services in the Solomon Islands, which also have relevance throughout Pacific island nations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community based rehabilitation,developing countries,health promotion,occupational therapy,Solomon Islands}
}

@article{Bostic2023,
  title = {Family, {{Work}}, {{Economy}}, or {{Social Policy}}: {{Examining Poverty Among Children}} of {{Single Mothers}} in {{Affluent Democracies Between}} 1985 and 2016},
  author = {Bostic, Amie},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-023-09805-y},
  abstract = {Children of single mothers face higher rates of poverty than children in two-parent households in practically every affluent democracy. While this difference is widely acknowledged, there is little consensus regarding the causes of their poverty and, as a result, little consensus on the best way to address poverty among these children. Explanations include both individual-level, structural, and political explanations in four areas: family structure, labor force activity, economic performance, and welfare generosity. Previous research, however, tends to focus on only one of these four aspects at a time. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, spanning a period of 31 years and 25 countries, I test each of these four explanations, examining the effects on children in single mother households separately (n = 105,814) and children in both single mother households and children in two-parent households (n = 668,549), conducting random intercept between-within logistic regression analysis. Individual-level measures of family structure and labor market activity affect child poverty generally in the expected way. Taking advantage of the longitudinal data at the country level, I focus on within-country change of the structural and political variables. Within-country economic performance is not significantly related to poverty, but welfare generosity, namely family allowances, significantly reduce the odds of poverty. Further, while the effects of family allowance spending are similar for children in both single mother and two parent households, they are stronger for the former than the latter. Yet, the disadvantage of living in a single mother household persists.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child poverty,Family allowances,Poverty,Single mothers,Social policy}
}

@article{Bould2021,
  title = {A Co-Design Approach to Examine and Develop Pathways to Open Employment for People with Acquired Brain Injury},
  author = {Bould, Em and Callaway, Libby},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BRAIN IMPAIRMENT},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50--66},
  issn = {1443-9646},
  doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2020.9},
  abstract = {Background and objectives: People with acquired brain injury (ABI) have traditionally experienced low employment rates, compared with the national average and others with disability in Australia. To positively impact mainstream economic participation following ABI, a co-design approach was used to investigate open employment pathways available and consider necessary pathway features to enable employment for people with ABI. Method: A qualitative focus group methodology was used with four groups: people with ABI; health professionals working with this group; employers providing work for people with ABI and social and injury insurers funding employment services. The project was delivered in two phases: (1) review existing work pathways in Australia and gather knowledge about enablers and barriers to employment following ABI and (2) use ABI lived experience, employers' experience and allied health and social insurer expertise to develop a new pathway to mainstream employment. Results: Co-design helped to identify enablers and barriers to employment of people with ABI, as well as practical strategies to facilitate workplace diversity and inclusion. Enablers included replacing interviews with an onsite assessment to meet key staff and trial work tasks, employer education on ABI, the use of compensatory cognitive aides and graded on-the-job support. This guided the development of a new employment pathway, tailored for people with ABI, called \textbackslash textasciigraveEmployment CoLab'. Conclusions: The Employment CoLab pathway, when coupled with person-centred collaborative and effective social disability insurance approaches, offers opportunities to build inclusive, sustainable and scalable economic participation and mainstream wages for people with ABI.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Acquired brain injury,co-design,economic participation,employment pathway,enablers and barriers}
}

@article{Bourke-Taylor2011,
  title = {Barriers to Maternal Workforce Participation and Relationship between Paid Work and Health},
  author = {{Bourke-Taylor}, H. and Howie, L. and Law, M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH},
  volume = {55},
  number = {5},
  pages = {511--520},
  issn = {0964-2633},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01407.x},
  abstract = {Background Families of children with disabilities experience extra financial strains, and mothers are frequently unable to participate in paid work because of caregiving obligations. Methods A mailed survey and follow-up phone calls were used to gather data about mother's health, workforce participation and barriers to inclusion in the workplace (n = 152). Verbatim reports of issues that hindered workforce participation were analysed qualitatively to derive themes. Maternal health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using the Short Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF-36v2). Norm-based conversions were used to compare HRQoL between working and non-working mothers and to compare to population norms. Results Eighty-two per cent of mothers in the sample wanted and needed to work for pay but indicated over 300 issues that prevent their work participation. Data analysis revealed 26 common issues which prevent work participation. These issues fit into three main categories: mother-related reasons (28\textbackslash textbackslash\%), child-related reasons (29\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and service limitations (43\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Mothers who worked (n = 83) reported significantly better HRQoL than mothers who did not work (n = 69) on five of the eight SF-36v2 dimensions and overall mental health. Conclusions Compared to other working Australians, mothers in this study had higher education yet reported poorer health, lower family income and lower workforce participation. Respondents reported that service system limitations were the main barriers to participation in the paid workforce. Investigation of service changes such as increased respite care, availability of outside hours school care, improved professional competency and family-centred services is recommended in order to improve maternal participation in paid work.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bourne2010,
  title = {The Uninsured Ill in a Developing Nation},
  author = {Bourne, Paul Andrew},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {HEALTHMED},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {499--514},
  issn = {1840-2291},
  abstract = {Background: Empirical studies have used a piecemeal approach to the examination of health, health care-seeking, uninsured people and the health status of those who are chronically ill, but no study emerged in an extensive literature search, on the developing nations, and in particular Latin America and the Caribbean, that has investigated health and health care-seeking behaviour among uninsured ill people in a single research. Aims: The current study aims to narrow this divide by investigating health, self-reported diagnosed health conditions, and health care-seeking behaviour among uninsured ill Jamaicans, and to model factors which account for their moderate-to-very good health status as well as health care-seeking behaviour. Methods and materials: The current study utilises cross-sectional survey data on Jamaicans which was collected in 2007. The survey is a modification of the World Bank's Living Standard Household Survey. This work extracted a sample of 736 respondents who indicated that they were ill and uninsured from a sample of 6,783 respondents. Logistic regression analyses examined 1) the relationship between moderate-to-very good health status and some socio-demographic, economic and biological variables; as well as 2) a correlation between medical care-seeking behaviour and some socio-demographic, economic and biological variables. Results: Sixty out of every 100 uninsured ill Jamaicans were females; 43 out of every 100 were poor; 59 out of every 100 uninsured ill persons dwelled in rural areas; 1 of every 2 utilised public health care facilities, two-thirds had chronic health conditions, and 22 out of every 100 reported at least poor health. Moderate-to-very good health status was correlated with age (OR = 0.97, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.95-0.98); male (OR = 0.60, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.37-0.97); middle class (OR = 0.45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.21-0.95); logged income (OR = 2.87, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.50-5.49); area of residence (Other Town - OR = 2.33, 95(boolean AND)\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.19-4.54; Urban - OR = 2.01, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.11-3.62), and health care-seeking behaviour (OR = 0.45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.27-0.74). Sixty-one of every 100 uninsured respondents with ill health sought medical care. Medical care-seeking behaviour was significantly related to chronic illness (OR = 2.25, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.31-3.88); age (OR = 1.03, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.01-1.04); crowding (OR = 1.12, 1.01-1.24); income (OR = 1.00, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.00-1.00); and married people (OR = 0.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.28-0.82). Uninsured ill Jamaicans who resided in rural areas had the lowest moderate-to-very good health status, but there was no difference in health care-seeking behaviour based on the geographical location of residence. Conclusion: Despite the fact that there is health insurance coverage available for those who are chronically ill and elderly in Jamaica, there are still many such people who are without health insurance coverage. The task of public health specialists and policy makers is to fashion public education and interventions that will address many of the realities which emerged in this research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chronic illness,developing nation,health care-seeking behaviour,health disparity,health status,inequality in health,Uninsured,uninsured ill}
}

@article{Brach2003,
  title = {Who's Enrolled in the {{State Children}}'s {{Health Insurance Program}} ({{SCHIP}})? {{An}} Overview of Findings from the {{Child Health Insurance Research Initiative}} ({{CHIRI}})},
  author = {Brach, C and Lewit, {\relax EM} and VanLandeghem, K and Bronstein, J and Dick, {\relax AW} and Kimminau, {\relax KS} and LaClair, B and Shenkman, E and Shone, {\relax LP} and Swigonski, N and Szilagyi, {\relax PG}},
  year = {2003},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {112},
  number = {6, S},
  pages = {E499-E507},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) was enacted in 1997 to provide health insurance coverage to uninsured low-income children from families who earned too much to be eligible for Medicaid. Objectives. To develop a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave baseline\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace portrait of SCHIP enrollees in 5 states ( Alabama, Florida, Kansas, Indiana, and New York) by examining: 1) SCHIP enrollees' demographic characteristics and health care experiences before enrolling in SCHIP, particularly children with special health care needs ( CSHCN), racial and ethnic minority children, and adolescents; 2) the quality of the care adolescents received before enrollment; and 3) the changes in enrollee characteristics as programs evolve and mature. Methods. Each of 5 projects from the Child Health Insurance Research Initiative ( CHIRI) surveyed new SCHIP enrollees as identified by state enrollment data. CHIRI investigators developed the CHIRI common core ( a set of survey items from validated instruments), which were largely incorporated into each survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care and differences between CSHCN and those without. Current Population Survey data for New York State were used to identify secular trends in enrollee characteristics. Results. Most SCHIP enrollees ( 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Florida to 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% in New York) resided in families with incomes less than or equal to 150\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level. Almost half of SCHIP enrollees lived in single- parent households. A majority of SCHIP parents had not had education beyond high school, and in 2 states ( Alabama and New York) similar to 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% had not completed high school. The vast majority of children lived in households with a working adult, and in a substantial proportion of households both parents worked. Children tended to be either insured for the entire 12 months or uninsured the entire 12 months before enrolling in SCHIP. Private insurance was the predominant form of insurance before enrollment in SCHIP in most states, but 23.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 51.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured children had Medicaid as their most recent insurance. Health Care Use and Unmet Needs Before SCHIP. The vast majority of all SCHIP enrollees had a usual source of care ( USC) during the year before SCHIP. The proportion of children who changed their USC after enrolling in SCHIP ranged from 29\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 41.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. A large proportion of SCHIP enrollees used health services during the year before SCHIP, with some variability across states in the use of health care. Nevertheless, 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% to almost 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children reported unmet needs. CSHCN. The prevalence of CSHCN in SCHIP ( between 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in the study states was higher than the prevalence of CSHCN reported in the general population in those states. In many respects, CSHCN were similar to children without special health care needs, but CSHCN had poorer health status, were more likely to have had unmet needs, and were more likely to use the emergency department, mental health care, specialty care, and acute care in the year before enrolling in SCHIP than children without special health care needs. Race and Ethnicity. A substantial proportion of SCHIP enrollees were black non- Hispanic or Hispanic children ( Alabama: 34\textbackslash textbackslash\% and {$<$} 1\textbackslash textbackslash\%; Florida: 6\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 26\textbackslash textbackslash\%; Kansas: 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\%; and New York: 31\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 45\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively). Minority children were poorer, in poorer health, and less likely to have had a USC or private insurance before enrolling in SCHIP. The prevalence and magnitude of the disparities varied among the states. Quality of Care for Adolescents. Seventy- three percent of adolescent SCHIP enrollees engaged in one or more risk behaviors ( ie, feeling sad or blue; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use; having sexual intercourse; and not wearing seat belts). Although almost 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of adolescents reported having had a preventive care visit the previous year, a majority of them did not receive counseling in each of 4 counseling areas. Controlling for other factors, having a private, confidential visit with the physician was associated with an increased likelihood ( 2 - 3 times more likely) that the adolescent received counseling for 3 of 4 counseling areas. Trends Over Time. New York SCHIP enrollees in 2001, compared with 1994 enrollees in New York's SCHIP- precursor child health insurance program, were more likely to be black or Hispanic, older, from New York City, and from families with lower education, income, and employment levels. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees was uninsured for some time in the year before enrollment, was insured by Medicaid, and lacked a USC. Secular trends in the low- income population in the state did not seem to be responsible for these differences. Program modifications during this time period that may be related to the shift in enrollee characteristics include changes to benefits, outreach and marketing efforts, changes in the premium structure, and the advent of a single application form for multiple public programs. Conclusions. SCHIP enrollees are a diverse group, and there was considerable variation among the 5 study states. Overall, SCHIP enrollees had substantial and wide- ranging health care needs despite high levels of prior contact with the health care system. A sizable minority of SCHIP enrollees has special health care needs. There is racial and ethnic diversity in the composition of enrollees as well, with racial and ethnic disparities present. The quality of care adolescents received before enrollment in SCHIP was suboptimal, with many reporting unmet health care needs and not receiving recommended counseling. The characteristics of SCHIP enrollees can be expected to change as SCHIP programs evolve and mature. Policy Implications. 1) Benefits should be structured to meet the needs of SCHIP enrollees, which are comparable to Medicaid enrollees' needs in many respects. 2) Provider networks will have to be broad if continuity of care is to be achieved. 3) Multiple outreach strategies should be used, including using providers to distribute information about SCHIP. 4) The quality of care delivered to vulnerable populations ( eg, minority children, CSHCN, and adolescents) should be monitored. 5) States and health plans should actively promote quality health care with the goal of improving the care received by SCHIP enrollees before enrollment. 6) States will have to craft policies that fit their local context. 7) Collecting baseline information on SCHIP enrollees on a continuous basis is important, because enrollee characteristics and needs can change, and many vulnerable children are enrolling in SCHIP.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access,children,children with special health care needs,disparities,enrollment,ethnicity,insurance,Medicaid,minorities,quality,race,State Children's Health Insurance Program}
}

@article{Bradshaw2023,
  title = {Barriers and Facilitators to Guideline-Recommended Care of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in the {{ED}}: A Qualitative Study Using the Theoretical Domains Framework},
  author = {Bradshaw, Sally and Graco, Marnie and Holland, Anne},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EMERGENCY MEDICINE JOURNAL},
  issn = {1472-0205},
  doi = {10.1136/emermed-2022-212585},
  abstract = {BackgroundBenign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common presentation to the ED. Evidence suggests low adherence to guideline-recommended care, but the reasons underlying this are poorly understood. This study used the theoretical domains framework (TDF) to explore the barriers and facilitators to medical and physiotherapy clinical practices in the management of BPPV in an Australian metropolitan ED. MethodsFrom May to December 2021, semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 medical staff and 13 physiotherapists who worked at an ED in Melbourne, Australia. Interviews used the TDF to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators to the delivery of guideline-recommended assessment and treatment techniques for BPPV. Data were analysed thematically to identify relevant domains and generate themes and belief statements. ResultsFifteen belief statements representing eight domains of the TDF were identified as key factors in the management of BPPV in the ED. The most prominent domains were knowledge and skills due to their conflicting belief statements between professions concerning education, skill development and self-confidence; memory, attention and decision processes for the perceived complexity of the presentation including difficulty recalling diagnostic and treatment techniques; and environmental context and resources for their shared belief statements concerning time and workload pressures. The availability of vestibular physiotherapy was considered both a barrier and facilitator to the delivery of recommended care by medical staff, but a barrier to independent practice as it unintentionally limited the opportunities for skill development in medical staff. ConclusionSeveral modifiable barriers and facilitators to the management of BPPV in the ED have been identified. Differences were observed between the professional groups, and these findings will guide a future intervention to improve the use of guideline-recommended assessment and treatment techniques for BPPV in ED.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {clinical management,emergency department,guideline,qualitative research}
}

@article{Brady2010,
  title = {More {{Than Just Nickels}} and {{Dimes}}: {{A Cross-National Analysis}} of {{Working Poverty}} in {{Affluent Democracies}}},
  author = {Brady, David and Fullerton, Andrew S. and Cross, Jennifer Moren},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SOCIAL PROBLEMS},
  volume = {57},
  number = {4},
  pages = {559--585},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  doi = {10.1525/sp.2010.57.4.559},
  abstract = {Despite its centrality to contemporary inequality, working poverty is often popularly discussed but rarely studied by sociologists. Using the Luxembourg Income Study (2009), we analyze whether an individual is working poor across 18 affluent democracies circa 2000. We demonstrate that working poverty does not simply mirror overall poverty and that there is greater cross-national variation in working than overall poverty. We then examine four explanations for working poverty: demographic characteristics, economic performance, unified theory, and welfare generosity. We utilize Heckman probit models to jointly model the likelihood of employment and poverty among the employed. Our analyses provide the least support for the economic performance explanation. There is modest support for unified theory as unionization reduces working poverty in some models. However, most of these effects appear to be mediated by welfare generosity. More substantial evidence exists for the demographic characteristics and welfare generosity explanations. An individual's likelihood of being working poor can be explained by (a) a lack of multiple earners or other adults in one's household, low education, single motherhood, having children and youth; and (b) the generosity of the welfare state in which he or she resides. Also, welfare generosity does not undermine employment and reduces working poverty even among demographically vulnerable groups. Ultimately, we encourage a greater role for the welfare state in debates about working poverty. Keywords: poverty, work, working poor, social policy, labor markets.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brady2020,
  title = {Work-Family Reconciliation Policies and Women's and Mothers' Labor Market Outcomes in Rich Democracies},
  author = {Brady, David and Blome, Agnes and Kmec, Julie A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {125--161},
  issn = {1475-1461},
  doi = {10.1093/ser/mwy045},
  abstract = {Prominent research has claimed that work-family reconciliation policies trigger \textbackslash textasciigravetradeoffs' and \textbackslash textasciigraveparadoxes' in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women. These claims have greatly influenced debates regarding social policy, work, family and gender inequality. Motivated by limitations of prior research, we analyze the relationship between the two most prominent work-family reconciliation policies (paid parental leave and public childcare coverage) and seven labor market outcomes (employment, full-time employment, earnings, full-time earnings, being a manager, being a lucrative manager and occupation percent female). We estimate multilevel models of individuals nested in a cross-section of 21 rich democracies near 2005, and two-way fixed effects models of individuals nested in a panel of 12 rich democracies over time. The vast majority of coefficients for work-family policies fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effects. The pattern of insignificance occurs regardless of which set of models or coefficients one compares. Moreover, there is as much evidence that significantly contradicts the \textbackslash textasciigravetradeoff hypothesis' as is consistent with the hypothesis. Altogether, the analyses undermine claims that work-family reconciliation policies trigger trade-offs and paradoxes in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brain2021,
  title = {Understanding Changes in the Geography of Opportunity over Time: {{The}} Case of {{Santiago}}, {{Chile}}},
  author = {Brain, Isabel and Prieto, Joaquin},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CITIES},
  volume = {114},
  issn = {0264-2751},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cities.2021.103186},
  abstract = {The geography of opportunity research has made significant progress in recent years. The use of composite indexes aimed at capturing the attributes of different urban areas has been particularly useful to deepen the understanding of the role that the urban context plays in people's life chances. However, little attention has been paid to the dynamic component of the geography of opportunity, that is, what explains its changes over time and whether or not those changes (positive or negative) are substantial. The contribution of this work is that it offers a methodology (a conceptual framework, a composite geography of opportunity index and relative and absolute measures) that provides a holistic and in-depth approach to analyse not only the set of opportunities available in the different urban areas but also their change over time (how they change, the depth of those changes and the forces explaining it). The information generated through this approach has the advantage of better informing place-based policy interventions since it offers not only a clear classification of areas but also a useful method for comparing and monitoring the changes in the geography of opportunity over time.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Drivers of urban change,Geography of opportunity,Multidimensional indices,Municipal fiscal capacity,Urban attributes,Urban land market activity}
}

@article{Brandolini2016,
  title = {Behind and beyond the (Head Count) Employment Rate},
  author = {Brandolini, Andrea and Viviano, Eliana},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES A-STATISTICS IN SOCIETY},
  volume = {179},
  number = {3},
  pages = {657--681},
  issn = {0964-1998},
  doi = {10.1111/rssa.12134},
  abstract = {The paper argues that we need more general statistical indices for the analysis of the European labour markets. First, the paper discusses some normative aspects that are implicit in the current definition of the employment rate, which is a fundamental policy target in the new strategy Europe 2020. Second, it proposes a class of generalized indices based on work intensity, as approximated by the total annual hours of work relative to a benchmark value. Third, it derives, in a consistent framework, household level employment indices. These indices provide a more nuanced picture of the European labour markets, which better reflects the diversity in the use of part-time and fixed term jobs as well as other factors affecting the allocation of work between and within households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment rate,Inequality,Jobless household rate,Work intensity}
}

@article{Brandon2003,
  title = {Determinants of Out-of-School Childcare Arrangements among Children in Single-Mother and Two-Parent Families},
  author = {Brandon, {\relax PD} and Hofferth, {\relax SL}},
  year = {2003},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {129--147},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00022-4},
  abstract = {Little is known about the determinants of out-of-school childcare arrangements of school-age children. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this study compares out-of-school childcare arrangements of children in single-mother and two-parent working families and examines the factors influencing their childcare decisions. Findings suggest that for both types of families, the key factors influencing childcare choices are hours of employment of mothers, degree of economic disadvantage, and children's ages. We also find that single mothers compensate for absence spouses by using kin disproportionately more for childcare. The study shows that after-school programs are used relatively less than other forms of childcare for schoolchildren. We think that less use maybe associated with the inability of after-school programs to meet the hours of childcare needed by full-time working mothers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brandt2019,
  title = {Addressing {{Depression Comorbid With Diabetes}} or {{Hypertension}} in {{Resource-Poor Settings}}: {{A Qualitative Study About User Perception}} of a {{Nurse-Supported Smartphone App}} in {{Peru}}},
  author = {Brandt, Lena R. and Hidalgo, Liliana and {Diez-Canseco}, Francisco and Araya, Ricardo and Mohr, David C. and Menezes, Paulo R. and Jaime Miranda, J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JMIR MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  issn = {2368-7959},
  doi = {10.2196/11701},
  abstract = {Background: Smartphone apps could constitute a cost-effective strategy to overcome health care system access barriers to mental health services for people in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: The aim of this paper was to explore the patients' perspectives of CONEMO (Emotional Control, in Spanish: Control Emocional), a technology-driven, psychoeducational, and nurse-supported intervention delivered via a smartphone app aimed at reducing depressive symptoms in people with diabetes, hypertension or both who attend public health care centers, as well as the nurses' feedback about their role and its feasibility to be scaled up. Methods: This study combines data from 2 pilot studies performed in Lima, Peru, between 2015 and 2016, to test the feasibility of CONEMO. Interviews were conducted with 29 patients with diabetes, hypertension or both with comorbid depressive symptoms who used CONEMO and 6 staff nurses who accompanied the intervention. Using a content analysis approach, interview notes from patient interviews were transferred to a digital format, coded, and categorized into 6 main domains: the perceived health benefit, usability, adherence, user satisfaction with the app, nurse's support, and suggestions to improve the intervention. Interviews with nurses were analyzed by the same approach and categorized into 4 domains: general feedback, evaluation of training, evaluation of study activities, and feasibility of implementing this intervention within the existing structures of health system. Results: Patients perceived improvement in their emotional health because of CONEMO, whereas some also reported better physical health. Many encountered some difficulties with using CONEMO, but resolved them with time and practice. However, the interactive elements of the app, such as short message service, android notifications, and pop-up messages were mostly perceived as challenging. Satisfaction with CONEMO was high, as was the self-reported adherence. Overall, patients evaluated the nurse accompaniment positively, but they suggested improvements in the technological training and an increase in the amount of contact. Nurses reported some difficulties in completing their tasks and explained that the CONEMO intervention activities competed with their everyday work routine. Conclusions: Using a nurse-supported smartphone app to reduce depressive symptoms among people with chronic diseases is possible and mostly perceived beneficial by the patients, but it requires context-specific adaptations regarding the implementation of a task shifting approach within the public health care system. These results provide valuable information about user feedback for those building mobile health interventions for depression.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {depression,developing countries,mental health,mHealth,noncommunicable diseases,smartphone}
}

@article{Branicki2020,
  title = {{{COVID-19}}, Ethics of Care and Feminist Crisis Management},
  author = {Branicki, Layla J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {5, SI},
  pages = {872--883},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12491},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic threatens both lives and livelihoods. To reduce the spread of the virus, governments have introduced crisis management interventions that include border closures, quarantines, strict social distancing, marshalling of essential workers and enforced homeworking. COVID-19 measures are necessary to save the lives of some of the most vulnerable people within society, and yet in parallel they create a range of negative everyday effects for already marginalized people. Likely unintended consequences of the management of the COVID-19 crisis include elevated risk for workers in low-paid, precarious and care-based employment, over-representation of minority ethnic groups in case numbers and fatalities, and gendered barriers to work. Drawing upon feminist ethics of care, I theorize a radical alternative to the normative assumptions of rationalist crisis management. Rationalist approaches to crisis management are typified by utilitarian logics, masculine and militaristic language, and the belief that crises follow linear processes of signal detection, preparation/prevention, containment, recovery and learning. By privileging the quantifiable - resources and measurable outcomes - such approaches tend to omit considerations of pre-existing structural disadvantage. This article contributes a new theorization of crisis management that is grounded in feminist ethics to provide a care-based concern for all crisis affected people.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brathwaite2022,
  title = {The {{Long}} and {{Winding Road}}: {{A Systematic Literature Review Conceptualising Pathways}} for {{Hypertension Care}} and {{Control}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Brathwaite, Rachel and Hutchinson, Eleanor and McKee, Martin and Palafox, Benjamin and Balabanova, Dina},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {257--268},
  doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2020.105},
  abstract = {Background: Hypertension control is poor everywhere, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). An effective response requires understanding factors acting at each stage on the patients' pathway through the health system from entry or first contact with the health system, through to treatment initiation and follow up. This systematic review aimed to identify barriers to and facilitators of hypertension control along this pathway and, respectively, ways to overcome or strengthen them. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL Plus, and Africa-Wide Information (1980-April 2019) were searched for studies of hypertensive adults in LMICs reporting details of at least 2 adequately described health system contacts. Data were extracted and analysed by 2 reviewers. Themes were developed using NVivo in patient-related (sociodemographic, knowledge and health beliefs, health status and co-morbidities, trade-offs), social (social relationships and traditions) and health system domains (resources and processes). Results are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: From 2584 identified records, 30 were included in the narrative synthesis. At entry, \textbackslash textasciigravehealth systems resources and processes' and \textbackslash textasciigraveknowledge and beliefs about hypertension' dominated while \textbackslash textasciigravesocial relations and traditions' and \textbackslash textasciigravecomorbidities' assume greater importance subsequently, with patients making \textbackslash textasciigravetrade-offs' with family priorities during follow up. Socio-demographic factors play a role, but to a lesser extent than other factors. Context matters. Conclusion: Understanding the changing barriers to hypertension control along the patient journey is necessary to develop a comprehensive and efficient response to this persisting problem. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017074786 Copyright: (c) 2020 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Brathwaite R, Hutchinson E, McKee M Palafox B, Balabanova D. The long and winding road: a systematic literature review conceptualising pathways for hypertension care and control in low-and middle-income countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2020;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.105},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health Systems,Healthcare Delivery,Hypertension Control,Pathways to Care,Systematic Review}
}

@article{Brauers2010,
  title = {{{REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN LITHUANIA CONSIDERING MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES BY THE MOORA METHOD}}},
  author = {Brauers, Willem Karel M. and Ginevicius, Romualdas and Podvezko, Valentinas},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {613--640},
  issn = {2029-4913},
  doi = {10.3846/tede.2010.38},
  abstract = {The inequality between the regional incomes in a nation with a developed fiscal and para-fiscal regime including social security will be equilibrated automatically by transfer payments from the richer to the poorer regions. The automatic system is not a guaranty for success. Internationally a project oriented system of the international organizations is known instead of an automatic system but the final goal is not always very clear. Multiple Objectives Optimization looks more robust to obtain regional and international development. Moreover a system of transfer payments is not sufficient to measure the well being of a regional population. In the well-being economy, each individual would have to feel good concerning material wealth, health, education, all kind of security and concerning the environment. With other words, multiple objectives have to be fulfilled. However, these different multiple objectives are expressed in different units. Weights are most of the time used to equalize these different units. Introduction of weights means introduction of subjectivity. In order to avoid this dilemma, the internal mechanical solution of a ratio system, producing dimensionless numbers, is preferred: MOORA. In addition, this outcome creates the opportunity to use an additional non-subjective reference point theory. The choice and importance of the objectives is also non-subjective if all stakeholders involved come to an agreement. This theory is applied on the different counties of Lithuania. At that moment it is no more only a question of redistribution of income but also of a national policy of new constructions, of tourism development, of pollution abatement and of energy renewables, after the European Commission \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverelated to the promotion of local employment\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {labor drain,MOORA (Multiple Objectives Optimization by Ratio Analysis),ratio system,redistribution of income,Reference Point Theory,regional development}
}

@article{Braunstein2018,
  title = {The Impact of Economic Policy and Structural Change on Gender Employment Inequality in {{Latin America}}, 1990-2010},
  author = {Braunstein, Elissa and Seguino, Stephanie},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {REVIEW OF KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {307--332},
  issn = {2049-5323},
  doi = {10.4337/roke.2018.03.02},
  abstract = {Latin America experienced a decline in household income inequality in the 2000s, in sharp contrast to growing inequality in other regions of the world. This has been attributed to macroeconomic policy, social spending, and increased returns to education. This paper explores this issue from a gender perspective by econometrically evaluating how changes in economic structure and policy have impacted gendered employment and unemployment rates, as well as gender inequality in these variables, using country-level panel data for a set of 18 Latin American countries between 1990 and 2010. Three variables stand out as having consistent gender-equalizing effects in the labor market: social spending, minimum wages, and public investment. Less important or consistent were the effects of external factors (such as terms of trade), economic structure, and GDP growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,government spending,labor markets,Latin America,minimum wage}
}

@article{BRAYFIELD1995,
  title = {{{BALANCING THE FAMILY BUDGET}} - {{DIFFERENCES IN CHILD-CARE EXPENDITURES BY RACE ETHNICITY}}, {{ECONOMIC-STATUS}}, {{AND FAMILY-STRUCTURE}}},
  author = {BRAYFIELD, A and HOFFERTH, {\relax SL}},
  year = {1995},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {76},
  number = {1},
  pages = {158--177},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  abstract = {Objective. The cost of child care affects women's economic opportunities, limits children's chances to experience high-quality environments in their early childhood years, and reinforces economic and social inequality. This paper examines several factors that may influence whether employed mothers purchase child care, and, among those who pay, how much they pay for child care services. It also investigates how these factors may be associated with the proportion of total family income and the proportion of the mother's earnings spent on child care. Methods. Whereas past research has relied primarily on cross-tabular techniques, this study uses logistic and OLS regressions to analyze data from the National Child Care Survey 1990. Results. Findings suggest that cultural, economic, and kinship resources and the need for child care are most important in determining whether an employed mother pays for child care. Family resources, cost of living, and availability of alternative providers, such as teenage children, are significant predictors of how much employed mothers pay for child care. Conclusions. It is recommended that policies should emphasize voucher programs over reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenditures.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Breathett2018,
  title = {Trends in {{Early Prenatal Care Among Women}} with {{Pre-Existing Diabetes}}: {{Have Income Disparities Changed}}?},
  author = {Breathett, Khadijah and Filley, Jessica and Pandey, Madhaba and Rai, Nayanjot and Peterson, Pamela N.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {93--98},
  issn = {1540-9996},
  doi = {10.1089/jwh.2016.6031},
  abstract = {Background: Women with pre-existing diabetes are at high maternal risk for comorbidities and death, particularly when early prenatal care is not received. Low income is a known barrier to early prenatal care. It is unknown whether recent policies to expand access to prenatal care have reduced income disparities. We hypothesized that income disparities would be minimized and that the odds of receipt of first trimester prenatal care among women with pre-existing diabetes would become similar across income strata over time. Material and Methods: Using the Colorado birth certificate registry from 2007 to 2014, receipt of prenatal care was assessed retrospectively in 2,497 women with pre-existing diabetes. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between high ({$>\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000), medium (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar25,000-50,000), and low ({$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar25,000) income strata and receipt of first trimester prenatal care by birth year, adjusted for demographics. Results: High, medium, and low income represented 29.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 19.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 51.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the cohort, respectively. Women with high income were more likely to receive first trimester care than women with low income from 2007 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceadjusted odds ratio, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 2.16 (1.18, 3.96)] through 2013 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.66 (1.01, 2.73)], but significant differences were no longer observed in 2014 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.59 (0.89, 2.84)]. The likelihood of receiving first trimester prenatal care was not significantly different between medium- and low-income strata from 2007 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.07 (0.66, 1.74)] through 2014 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.77 (0.48, 1.23)]. Conclusions: From 2007 to 2013, women in Colorado with diabetes were more likely to receive early prenatal care if they were in the highest income stratum than in the lowest stratum. In 2014, receipt of first trimester care became equitable across all income strata. Future work should examine national patterns of income with receipt of prenatal care and outcomes among women with pre-existing diabetes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {policy,pregnancy,socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Brennenstuhl2018,
  title = {Health of Mothers of Young Children in {{Canada}}: Identifying Dimensions of Inequality Based on Socio-Economic Position, Partnership Status, Race, and Region},
  author = {Brennenstuhl, Sarah},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE},
  volume = {109},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--34},
  issn = {0008-4263},
  doi = {10.17269/s41997-018-0038-5},
  abstract = {Objectives Little is known about the nature of health inequalities present among women who are mothers of young children in Canada. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify dimensions of inequalities based on socio-economic position, race, partner status, and region and determine whether each type of inequality is independent of another. Methods Data are from the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. Women identifying as a parent living with a child {$<$}= 5 years, with complete data on the variables of interest, were selected (n = 2656). Poor health was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions. Exposures included partner status, education level, race, income, and region (Quebec vs. rest of Canada). Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of poor health according to each exposure unadjusted and adjusted for all other exposures. All analyses controlled for age and employment status. Results In the fully adjusted model, among mothers of young children, the odds of poor health were significantly higher among non-white identifying (OR = 1.72; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.34-2.21) and lone mothers (OR = 1.80; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.35-2.39), but were significantly lower among those with higher incomes (OR\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceper decile] = 0.86; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.82-0.90) and those from Quebec (vs. the rest of Canada; OR = 0.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.38-0.67). Conclusions Living in Quebec compared to elsewhere in Canada appears to protect against poor health among mothers of young children. Regardless of region, health inequalities exist by socio-economic position, race, and partnership status. These findings have implications for public health programs and policies, such as universal child care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education level,Income,Lone mothers,Maternal health,Quebec,Social policy}
}

@article{Brighton2019,
  title = {Emotional Labour in Palliative and End-of-Life Care Communication: {{A}} Qualitative Study with Generalist Palliative Care Providers},
  author = {Brighton, Lisa Jane and Selman, Lucy Ellen and Bristowe, Katherine and Edwards, Beth and Koffman, Jonathan and Evans, Catherine J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING},
  volume = {102},
  number = {3},
  pages = {494--502},
  issn = {0738-3991},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pec.2018.10.013},
  abstract = {Objective: To explore generalist palliative care providers' experiences of emotional labour when undertaking conversations around palliative and end-of-life care with patients and families, to inform supportive strategies. Methods: Semi-structured interviews conducted with generalist staff (those providing \textbackslash textasciigraveprimary' or \textbackslash textasciigravegeneral' palliative care, not palliative care specialists) who had attended a communication workshop. Sampling was purposive (by gender, profession, experience). Data were analysed using a framework approach; a sample of transcripts were double-coded for rigour. Data collection and analysis were informed by theories of emotional labour, coping, and communication. Results: Four ambulance staff, three nurses, two speech and language therapists, and one therapy assistant were interviewed. Five themes emerged: emotions experienced; emotion \textbackslash textasciigravedisplay rules'; emotion management; support needs; and perceived impact of emotional labour. Participants reported balancing \textbackslash textasciigravehuman' and \textbackslash textasciigraveprofessional' expressions of emotion. Support needs included time for emotion management, workplace cultures that normalise emotional experiences, formal emotional support, and palliative and end-of-life care skills training. Conclusion: Diverse strategies to support the emotional needs of generalist staff are crucial to ensure high-quality end-of-life care and communication, and to support staff well-being. Practice implications: Both formal and informal support is required, alongside skills training, to enable a supportive workplace culture and individual development. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Communication,Education,Emotions,Palliative care,Qualitative research,Terminal care}
}

@article{Brimblecombe2020,
  title = {The High Cost of Unpaid Care by Young People:Health and Economic Impacts of Providing Unpaid Care},
  author = {Brimblecombe, Nicola and Knapp, Martin and King, Derek and Stevens, Madeleine and Cartagena Farias, Javiera},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-09166-7},
  abstract = {Background Many countries worldwide have experienced reductions in provision of formal long-term care services amidst rising need for care. Provision of unpaid care, meanwhile, has grown. This includes care provided by young people. Care responsibilities can affect a young people's health, education and employment. We aimed to investigate the impacts on the employment and health of young people aged 16 to 25 of providing care, and the associated individual and public expenditure costs. Methods We examined employment, earnings and health impacts for individuals, and a range of economic impacts for society, focusing on young people aged 16 to 25 providing unpaid care in England. We applied regression analysis to data from three waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2013/2015, 2014/2016, and 2015/2017) to compare employment and health outcomes among carers and non-carers, and two-part Generalised Linear Models to estimate costs. To address potential selection bias, we then used propensity score matching methods to explore outcomes for a matched sub-sample of young adult carers who started providing care at baseline (2014/16). Results Young people aged 16 to 25 who provided care at baseline (2014/16) were less likely to be in employment, had lower earnings from paid employment, and had poorer mental and physical health at follow-up (2015/17) compared to young people of the same age who were not providing care at baseline.. There were substantial costs to the state of young adults providing care from lower tax revenue, welfare benefit payments, and health service use. In aggregate, these costs amounted to 1048 pound million annually in 2017. Conclusions High individual impacts and costs to the state of providing unpaid care, and the potential of such impacts to compound existing inequalities, have many implications for policy and practice in the health, social care, employment and welfare benefits sectors. In particular, the findings reinforce the case for reducing the need for young people to provide unpaid care, for example through better provision of formal care services, and to provide ongoing support for those young people whodoprovide care. As impacts are seen in a number of domains, support needs to be multidimensional.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brito2017,
  title = {The Contribution of Minimum Wage Valorization Policy to the Decline in Household Income Inequality in {{Brazil}}: {{A}} Decomposition Approach},
  author = {Brito, Alessandra and Foguel, Miguel and Kerstenetzky, Celia},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POST KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS},
  volume = {40},
  number = {4},
  pages = {540--575},
  issn = {0160-3477},
  doi = {10.1080/01603477.2017.1333436},
  abstract = {There is a vast literature that estimates the effect of the minimum wage on wage inequality in various countries. However, as the minimum wage directly affects nonlabor income of families in some countries (in the Brazilian case via the benefits of the pension system and of certain social programs), this article extends the empirical analysis by studying the effects of the minimum wage on the level of inequality of household income as a whole. To accomplish that we employ a decomposition method that gauges the contribution of the increases in the minimum wage that occurred in recent decades in Brazil through the labor and nonlabor sources of household income. The results show that the minimum wage had a contribution of 64 percent to the observed fall in income inequality between 1995 and 2014 and that pensions were the most relevant channel over this period.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decomposition,inequality,labor and nonlabor income,minimum wage,pensions}
}

@article{Broadway2020,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Paid Parental Leave}} on {{Labor Supply}} and {{Employment Outcomes}} in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Broadway, Barbara and Kalb, Guyonne and McVicar, Duncan and Martin, Bill},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {30--65},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175},
  abstract = {The introduction of the Australian Paid Parental Leave scheme in 2011 provides a rare opportunity to estimate the impacts of publicly funded paid leave on mothers in the first year postpartum. The almost universal coverage of the scheme, coupled with detailed survey data collected specifically for the scheme's evaluation, means that eligibility for paid leave under the scheme can be plausibly taken as exogenous, following a standard propensity score-matching exercise. Consistent with much of the existing literature, the study finds a positive impact on mothers' taking leave in the first half year and on mothers' probability of returning to work in the first year. The paper provides new evidence of a positive impact on continuing in the same job under the same conditions, where previous conclusions have been mixed. Further, it shows that disadvantaged mothers - low income, less educated, without access to employer-funded leave - respond most.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Broding2010,
  title = {Working Poor in {{Germany}}: {{Dimensions}} of the Problem and Repercussions for the Health-Care System},
  author = {Broding, Horst Christoph and Weber, Andreas and Glatz, Andreas and Buenger, Juergen},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {298--311},
  issn = {0197-5897},
  doi = {10.1057/jphp.2010.20},
  abstract = {The \textbackslash textasciigraveworking poor' may not exceed the poverty threshold despite full-time (or even double) employment. The general relationship between poverty and illness is understood, but little is known about specific health implications of the \textbackslash textasciigraveworking poor' status. The proportion of \textbackslash textasciigraveworking poor' is increasing in Germany. Poverty-related health problems occur because of a lower standard of nutrition and housing, financial restraints, bad labour conditions, high-risk behaviours, and lack of access to health services. Impaired health status, in turn, adversely affects incomes and wages, raising concern about a vicious circle. Limited health-care resources demand preventive policies to improve employment status and income. Health and economic policy demand specific research on the health implications of precarious employment. In some areas, swift action is required. Journal of Public Health Policy (2010) 31, 298-311. doi:10.1057/jphp.2010.20},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,health resources,health status,poverty,working poor}
}

@article{Brongers2023,
  title = {Comprehensive Approach to Reintegration of Disability Benefit Recipients with Multiple Problems ({{CARm}}) into the Labour Market: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {Brongers, Kor A. and Hoekstra, Tialda and Wilming, Loes and Stewart, Roy E. and Roelofs, Pepijn D. D. M. and Brouwer, Sandra},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {45},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1498--1507},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2065543},
  abstract = {Purpose Although most clients on work disability benefits face multiple problems, most traditional interventions for (re)integration focus on a single problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveComprehensive Approach to Reintegrate clients with multiple problems\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (CARm), which provides a strategy for labour experts to build a relationship with each client in order to support clients in their needs and mobilize their social networks. Methods This study is a stratified, two-armed, non-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT), with a 12-month follow-up period. Outcome measures were: having paid work, level of functioning, general health, quality of life, and social support. Results We included a total of 207 clients in our study; 97 in the intervention group and 110 in the care as usual (CAU) group. The clients' mean age was 35.4 years (SD 12.8), 53.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female, and 179 (86.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported multiple problems. We found the CARm intervention to have no significant effects superior to those of the CAU group on all outcomes. Conclusion As we found no superior effect of the CARm intervention compared to CAU, we cannot recommend widespread adoption of CARm. A process evaluation will give more insight into possible implementation failure of the intervention.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disability benefit,intervention study,Multiple problems,RCT,reintegration,return to work,strength,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Brooke-Sumner2017,
  title = {Community-Based Psychosocial Rehabilitation for Schizophrenia Service Users in the North West Province of {{South Africa}}: {{A}} Formative Study},
  author = {{Brooke-Sumner}, Carrie and Lund, Crick and Selohilwe, One and Petersen, Inge},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SOCIAL WORK IN MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {249--283},
  issn = {1533-2985},
  doi = {10.1080/15332985.2016.1220439},
  abstract = {Psychosocial support is recognized as important for recovery for service users with schizophrenia, in addition to provision of antipsychotic medication. This study aimed to develop a community-based psychosocial rehabilitation programme for service users with schizophrenia to be facilitated by auxiliary social workers, and to investigate acceptability and feasibility of the programme. A task-sharing approach was adopted in which auxiliary social workers were trained to facilitate psychosocial rehabilitation groups. In-depth individual qualitative interviews were conducted with six group members at baseline, midpoint, and end point (18 interviews in total). NVivo 10 was used to store data and conduct qualitative framework analysis. Participants reported benefits of the programme, including improvements in group members' self-esteem, social support, illness knowledge, self-care, and contribution to their households. A key barrier to acceptability was the lack of provision of income generating opportunities. Implementation challenges include difficulties in tracing and engaging service users and families, lack of an appropriate venue, and issues with supply of antipsychotic medication. This study has provided evidence for the benefits and acceptability of this contextually adapted programme. Key barriers to implementation can be addressed through the provision of the necessary resources for auxiliary social worker input in the community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Acceptability,auxiliary social workers,feasibility,low-and middle-income country,mental health,psychosocial intervention,psychosocial rehabilitation,schizophrenia,social support,social work,South Africa,task-sharing}
}

@article{Brooke-Sumner2022,
  title = {Strategies for Supporting the Implementation of a Task-Shared Psychological Intervention in {{South Africa}}'s Chronic Disease Services: Qualitative Insights from Health Managers' Experiences of Project {{MIND}}},
  author = {{Brooke-Sumner}, Carrie and {Petersen-Williams}, Petal and Sorsdahl, Katherine and Kruger, James and Mahomed, Hassan and Myers, Bronwyn},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1080/16549716.2022.2123005},
  abstract = {Background Although evidence indicates that task-shared psychological interventions can reduce mental health treatment gaps in resource-constrained settings, systemic barriers have limited their widespread implementation. Evidence on how to sustain and scale such approaches is scant. This study responds to this gap by examining the experiences of South African health managers involved in the implementation of a task-shared counselling service for Project MIND. Objectives To qualitatively describe managers' experiences of implementing the MIND programme and their insights into potential strategies for supporting sustained implementation. Methods Two focus group discussions (FGDs) and eight in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with managers of urban and rural primary care facilities in the Western Cape province. All managers were female and 30-50 years old. FGDs and IDIs used an identical semi-structured topic guide to explore the experiences of the MIND programme and perceived barriers to sustained implementation. Normalisation process theory (NPT) guided the thematic analysis. Results Four themes emerged that mapped onto the NPT constructs. First, managers noted that their relational work with staff to promote support for the intervention and reduce resistance was key to facilitating implementation. Second, managers emphasised the need for staff reorientation and upskilling to foster openness to mental health practice and for adequate time for quality counselling. Third, managers underscored the importance of strengthening linkages between the health and social service sectors to facilitate delivery of comprehensive mental health services. Finally, managers recommended ongoing monitoring of the service and communication about its impacts as strategies for supporting integration into routine practice. Conclusions Findings contribute to the emerging literature on strategies to support implementation of task-shared interventions in low- and middle-income countries. The findings highlight the leadership role of managers in identifying and actioning these strategies. Investing in managers' capacity to support implementation of psychological interventions is critical for scale-up of these mental health innovations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {global mental health,implementation strategy,low- and-middle-income countries,Psychological interventions}
}

@article{Brooks2019,
  title = {Can Community Health Workers Increase Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women? {{A}} Cross-Sectional Study in Rural {{Niger}}},
  author = {Brooks, Mohamad I. and Johns, Nicole E. and Quinn, Anne K. and Boyce, Sabrina C. and Fatouma, Ibrahima A. and Oumarou, Alhassane O. and Sani, Aliou and Silverman, Jay G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {1742-4755},
  doi = {10.1186/s12978-019-0701-1},
  abstract = {BackgroundThe Republic of Niger has the highest rate of early marriage and adolescent fertility in the world. Recent global health initiatives, such as Family Planning 2020, have reinvigorated investments in family planning in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As part of this initiative, Niger has implemented ambitious plans to increase contraceptive prevalence through policies designed to increase coverage and access to family planning services. One strategy involves the deployment of volunteer community health workers (relais communautaires) in rural settings to improve access to family planning services, especially among adolescents and youth. The objective of this article is to determine if visits by relais are associated with increased use of modern contraception among young married women in rural Niger.MethodsCross-sectional data from a household survey were collected from young married women between the ages of 13 and 19 in three rural districts in the region of Dosso, Niger from May to August 2016. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to assess the odds of married female youth reporting current use of modern contraceptive methods based on being visited by a relais in the past three months.ResultsA total of 956 young married women were included in the final analysis. Among study participants, 9.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported a relais visit to discuss health issues in the past three months and 11.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported currently using a modern method of contraception. Controlling for socio-demographic variables, the odds of current use of modern contraceptive methods were higher among young married women who were visited by a relais in the last three months compared to those not visited by a relais during this period (AOR=1.94\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.07-3.51]). In this study setting, relais were less likely to visit nulliparous women and women that worked in the past 12months.ConclusionYoung married women visited by relais were more likely to use modern contraceptive methods compared to those not visited by a relais. These results are consistent with similar family planning studies from sub-Saharan Africa and suggest that relais in Niger may be able to provide access to essential family planning services in rural and hard-to-reach areas. Additional efforts to understand the contraceptive barriers faced by nulliparous women and working women should be a key research priority in Niger.Trial registrationClinical trial registration number 2016-1430; registered on October 7, 2016 (retrospectively registered). AbstractContexteLa Republique du Niger a le taux le plus eleve de mariages precoces et de fecondite des adolescentes du monde. Les recentes initiatives mondiales pour la sante, telles que Planification Familiale 2020 (FP2020), ont redynamise les investissements dans la planification familiale dans les pays a revenu faible ou intermediaire. Dans le cadre de cette initiative, le Niger a mis en OEuvre des plans ambitieux pour accroitre la prevalence de la contraception par le biais de politiques concues pour accroitre la couverture et l'acces aux services de planification familiale. Une des strategies consiste au deploiement d'agents de sante communautaires volontaires (relais communautaires) en milieu rural pour ameliorer l'acces aux services de planification familiale, en particulier chez les adolescents et les jeunes. L'objectif de cet article est. de determiner si les visites a domicile conduites par des relais sont associees a une utilisation accrue de la contraception moderne chez les jeunes femmes mariees des zones rurales du Niger. MethodesLes donnees transversales d'une enquete-menages ont ete collectees aupres de jeunes femmes mariees agees de 13 a 19 ans dans trois districts ruraux de la region de Dosso, au Niger, de Mai a Aout 2016. Une regression logistique multivariee a ete menee pour evaluer la probabilite que les jeunes femmes mariees declarant utiliser actuellement des methodes contraceptives modernes apres avoir ete visitees par un relai au cours des trois derniers mois.ResultatsAu total, 956 jeunes femmes mariees ont ete incluses dans l'analyse finale. Parmi les participants a l'etude, 9,3\textbackslash textbackslash\% ont signale une visite de relais pour discuter de problemes de sante au cours des trois derniers mois et 11,4\textbackslash textbackslash\% ont declare utiliser actuellement une methode de contraception moderne. En tenant compte des variables sociodemographiques, les probabilites d'utilisation actuelle de methodes contraceptives modernes etaient plus elevees chez les jeunes femmes mariees visitees par un relai au cours des trois derniers mois par rapport a celles qui n'avaient pas ete visitees par un relai au cours de cette periode (AOR=1,94 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% IC 1,07-3,51]). Dans cette etude, les relais etaient moins susceptibles de rendre visite aux femmes nullipares et aux femmes ayant travaille au cours des 12 derniers mois.ConclusionLes jeunes femmes mariees visitees par les relais etaient plus susceptibles d'utiliser des methodes de contraception modernes que celles qui n'etaient pas visitees par les relais. Ces resultats concordent avec ceux d'etudes similaires sur la planification familiale menees en Afrique subsaharienne et suggerent que les relais au Niger pourraient donner acces a des services essentiels de planification familiale dans les zones rurales et difficiles d'acces. Des efforts supplementaires pour comprendre les barrieres contraceptives rencontrees par les femmes nullipares et les travailleuses devraient constituer une priorite de recherche essentielle au Niger.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bross2021,
  title = {A {{Meta-Analysis}} of {{Video Modeling Interventions}} to {{Enhance Job Skills}} of {{Autistic Adolescents}} and {{Adults}}},
  author = {Bross, Leslie Ann and Travers, Jason C. and Huffman, Jonathan M. and Davis, John L. and Mason, Rose A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {356--369},
  issn = {2573-9581},
  doi = {10.1089/aut.2020.0038},
  abstract = {Background: Autistic transition-aged youth and young adults face many societal barriers to competitive integrated employment (CIE). Existing evidence-based practices (EBPs) for autistic individuals, such as video modeling (VM), may be a viable on-the-job training method to enhance employment experiences and outcomes for this population. Methods: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to synthesize VM studies to teach job skills for autistic individuals. We applied the Council for Exceptional Children's (CEC) Standards for Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education to evaluate the methodological rigor of included studies using a weighted coding scheme. We further evaluated methodologically sound studies by calculating an omnibus Tau-U effect size. Results: Twenty articles met our inclusion criteria, and 11 of those studies were classified as methodologically sound according to the CEC's criteria. Results indicate that VM is an EBP to improve job skills of autistic individuals. The overall effect size for methodologically sound studies was strong (0.91), but most studies occurred in contrived or school-based employment settings rather than CIE settings in the local labor market. Conclusions: Employers, transition professionals, and related service providers can consider VM a viable method to teach job skills to autistic employees. However, additional research conducted in CIE settings is needed to better understand the effects of VM in contexts where autistic employees earn regular wages. Lay summary Why was this study done? Autistic adolescents and adults often experience barriers obtaining employment in their local communities. They may also benefit from on-the-job supports for successful employment. Video modeling is one intervention technique that has been used to teach a variety of skills to autistic individuals. Video modeling involves creating short video clips that show the person how to do specific skills or tasks. We wanted to learn about how video modeling has been used to teach job skills to autistic employees. What was the purpose of this study? The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of research studies that used video modeling to teach job skills to autistic employees. Understanding how video modeling interventions can be used in employment settings may help autistic employees have more positive work experiences. What did the researchers do? The researchers analyzed the video modeling research studies with autistic participants aged 14 years or older. We evaluated the quality of each study, type of employment setting, type of job skill, and how much the job skills improved. We used a criteria established by a professional organization, the Council for Exceptional Children, to evaluate the quality of the research studies. What were the results of the study? We analyzed 20 research studies and found that video modeling was an overall effective intervention to teach job skills to autistic adolescents and adults. However, most of the studies focused on general job tasks rather than employment-related social skills. In addition, most of the studies were conducted in employment settings where the autistic employees did not earn regular wages, such as school settings or internships. We encourage future researchers to study how video modeling can be used to promote competitive integrated employment in community settings. What do these findings add to what was already known? Prior research studies have used video modeling to teach skills such as academic, play, and social skills to autistic children and youth. This study showed us that video modeling is an effective intervention to teach job skills to autistic adolescents and adults. What are the potential weaknesses of the study? There are disagreements about how to evaluate the quality of research studies in the field of special education. We used a popular criterion by the Council for Exceptional Children organization, but our results may be different from other researchers. We also did not find a large number of studies, so some of our findings should be considered with caution. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future? These findings demonstrate that video modeling is an effective on-the-job training method for autistic employees. Autistic adults can use video modeling at work to learn new job skills. Employers, job coaches, and secondary transition professionals could use brief videos to support autistic employees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {autism,employment,meta-analysis,transition to adulthood,video modeling}
}

@article{Brouwers2020,
  title = {To {{Disclose}} or {{Not}} to {{Disclose}}: {{A Multi-stakeholder Focus Group Study}} on {{Mental Health Issues}} in the {{Work Environment}}},
  author = {Brouwers, E. P. M. and Joosen, M. C. W. and {van Zelst}, C. and Van Weeghel, J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {84--92},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-019-09848-z},
  abstract = {Purpose Whether or not to disclose mental illness or mental health issues in the work environment is a highly sensitive dilemma. It can facilitate keeping or finding paid employment, but can also lead to losing employment or to not being hired, because of discrimination and stigma. Research questions were: (1) what do stakeholders see as advantages and disadvantages of disclosing mental illness or mental health issues in the work environment?; (2) what factors are of influence on a positive outcome of disclosure? Methods A focus group study was conducted with five different stakeholder groups: people with mental illness, Human Resources professionals, employers, work reintegration professionals, and mental health advocates. Sessions were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was performed by two researchers using AtlasTi-7.5. Results were visually represented in a diagram to form a theoretical model. Results Concerning (dis-)advantages of disclosure, six themes emerged as advantages (improved relationships, authenticity, work environment support, friendly culture) and two as disadvantages (discrimination and stigma). Of influence on the disclosure outcome were: Aspects of the disclosure process, workplace factors, financial factors, and employee factors. Stakeholders generally agreed, although distinct differences were also found and discussed in the paper. Conclusion As shown from the theoretical model, the (non-)disclosure process is complex, and the outcome is influenced by many factors, most of which cannot be influenced by the individual with mental illness. However, the theme \textbackslash textasciigraveAspects of the disclosure process', including subthemes: who to disclose to, timing, preparation, message content and communication style is promising for improving work participation of people with mental illness or mental health issues, because disclosers can positively influence these aspects themselves.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brown2015,
  title = {Engaging Families in Physical Activity Research: A Family-Based Focus Group Study},
  author = {Brown, Helen Elizabeth and Schiff, Annie and {van Sluijs}, Esther M. F.},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-2497-4},
  abstract = {Background: Family-based interventions present a much-needed opportunity to increase children's physical activity levels. However, little is known about how best to engage parents and their children in physical activity research. This study aimed to engage with the whole family to understand how best to recruit for, and retain participation in, physical activity research. Methods: Families (including a \textbackslash textasciigravetarget' child aged between 8 and 11 years, their parents, siblings, and others) were recruited through schools and community groups. Focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured approach (informed by a pilot session). Families were asked to order cards listing the possible benefits of, and the barriers to, being involved in physical activity research and other health promotion activities, highlighting the items they consider most relevant, and suggesting additional items. Duplicate content analysis was used to identify transcript themes and develop a coding frame. Results: Eighty-two participants from 17 families participated, including 17 \textbackslash textasciigravetarget' children (mean age 9.3 +/- 1.1 years, 61.1 \textbackslash textbackslash\% female), 32 other children and 33 adults (including parents, grandparents, and older siblings). Social, health and educational benefits were cited as being key incentives for involvement in physical activity research, with emphasis on children experiencing new things, developing character, and increasing social contact (particularly for shy children). Children's enjoyment was also given priority. The provision of child care or financial reward was not considered sufficiently appealing. Increased time commitment or scheduling difficulties were quoted as the most pertinent barriers to involvement (especially for families with several children), but parents commented these could be overcome if the potential value for children was clear. Conclusions: Lessons learned from this work may contribute to the development of effective recruitment and retention strategies for children and their families. Making the wide range of potential benefits clear to families, providing regular feedback, and carefully considering family structure, may prove useful in achieving desired research participation. This may subsequently assist in engaging families in interventions to increase physical activity in children.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Brucker2019,
  title = {Job Quality for {{Americans}} with Disabilities},
  author = {Brucker, Debra L. and Henly, Megan},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {121--130},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-180994},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: In previous research across a variety of disciplines, job quality is a concept used to assess inequality in employment. Little attention has been paid to examining job quality for workers with disabilities. OBJECTIVE: This article seeks to expand upon existing measures of employment outcomes for people with disabilities by examining the likelihood of having a good quality job compared to workers with no disability. METHODS: Using the 2014-2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC), we estimate the prevalence of good quality jobs for workers with and without disabilities, by full- or part-time employment status. A job of good quality is defined as one that pays more than median wages and offers employer-sponsored health insurance and a retirement savings program. RESULTS: Using logistic regression to estimate the odds of having a good job, we find that disability is not predictive of having a good job after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health status. CONCLUSIONS: Job quality indicators are useful components in tracking employment participation for workers with disabilities. Alternate measures using subjective assessments of job quality should be explored.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,employment outcomes,job inequality,job quality,quality of work life}
}

@article{Bruelle2021,
  title = {Dualisation versus Targeting? {{Public}} Transfers and Poverty Risks among the Unemployed in {{Germany}} and {{Great Britain}}},
  author = {Bruelle, Jan},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ACTA SOCIOLOGICA},
  volume = {64},
  number = {4},
  pages = {420--436},
  issn = {0001-6993},
  doi = {10.1177/0001699320974740},
  abstract = {The paper analyses changes in the generosity of public transfers to the unemployed and their effectiveness for the alleviation of poverty risks in Germany and Great Britain between the 1990s and the 2000s. In the light of changing poverty risks among the unemployed, the contribution of policy changes is assessed using individual-level data on household incomes. The results indicate that the introduction and expansion of the tax credit programmes in Britain led to an increase of public transfers especially for those with low household market incomes and thereby also improved the effectiveness of transfers in combating poverty. In Germany, the generosity of transfers to the unemployed hardly changed over time, whereas the effectiveness of transfers to prevent households from falling into poverty declined. This can be explained by changes in the composition of the unemployed by recent labour force participation and household market incomes. As former labour market insiders are consistently better protected from poverty than former outsiders, the results confirm the stratified nature of unemployment protection in Germany, albeit no significant trend towards increasing dualisation in public benefits is found. Thus, the results do not support notions of a fundamental shift of the system of unemployment protection with respect to the generosity of transfers in Germany but emphasise the importance of changes in the German labour market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dualisation,poverty,social policy,targeting,unemployment,Welfare state}
}

@article{Bruno2019,
  title = {Principal-{{Agent Relation}} and {{Contracting-out}} for {{Employment Case Management}} to {{Enable Third-Country Nationals}}' {{Transition}} to {{Work}}},
  author = {Bruno, Esien Eddy},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {NISPACEE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {9--28},
  issn = {1337-9038},
  doi = {10.2478/nispa-2019-0012},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes the role of public and private employment-service agencies in contracting-out for employment case management under principal-agency relation to understand young third-country immigrants' transition to work in Czechia, Poland, and Hungary. Existing research pointed to contracting-out as a major trend in public-service reforms when the government (principal) hires private employment agencies (agents) to perform service delivery, but overall the control of standards and the accountability to the public remains with the authority. Although the principal-agency relation shows human beings as rational and opportunist in corporate governance, there is still little research in CEE countries explaining the role of public and private employment agencies under principal-agency relation in contracting-out for case management to understand young third-country immigrants' transition to work. Based on a qualitative cross-national case-oriented research approach with fewer-country comparison, documents and scholastic texts are collected and analyzed by means of a document and content analysis technique to fill in this gap. The findings show that open information, regulation, and monitoring administrative devices are a major perceived influence in principal-agency relational governance with a lack of cooperation that may impair the quality and service when looking at issues such as employment-related transition of young third-country immigrants and socio-economically disadvantaged groups in a contracting-out setting. The study demonstrated certain decentralized new public administration governance similarities but dissimilarities from the country's institutional context. The outcome points to regulatory administrative devices to target agencies' behavior and young vulnerable people's need for paid work. This is relevant to performance monitoring in contemporary fluid society targeting benefits and scarce resources that may not only constrain ethnic minorities' upward mobility, but the economy and the social cohesion process.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agency theory,case management,CEE countries,contracting-out,Czech Republic,Hungary,Poland,principal-agency relation,young third-country immigrant}
}

@article{Brussevich2018,
  title = {Does Trade Liberalization Narrow the Gender Wage Gap? {{The}} Role of Sectoral Mobility},
  author = {Brussevich, Masha},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {109},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {305--333},
  issn = {0014-2921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.02.007},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes the impact of import competition and dynamic labor adjustment on gender outcomes in wages and welfare in the U.S.. I consider a dynamic model of sectoral choice and structurally estimate mobility costs using data from the Current Population Survey and O\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbraceNET. A measure of intersectoral distance in task characteristics facilitates the structural estimation of switching costs that vary by gender and across sectors. In a set of trade shock simulations, an import competition shock in the manufacturing sector disproportionately affects male employment and wages. Since manufacturing is male labor intensive and men face higher exit costs from manufacturing, wage and welfare gains from trade are higher for women than men. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender wage gap,Gravity equation,Import competition,Sectoral mobility costs}
}

@article{Bryant-Stephens2020,
  title = {Creating a Community-Based Comprehensive Intervention to Improve Asthma Control in a Low-Income, Low-Resourced Community},
  author = {{Bryant-Stephens}, Tyra and Kenyon, C. and Apter, A. J. and Wolk, Courtney and Williams, Yolanda S. and Localio, R. and Toussaint, K. and Hui, A. and West, C. and Stewart, Yvonne and McGinnis, S. and Gutierrez, M. and Beidas, R.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ASTHMA},
  volume = {57},
  number = {8},
  pages = {820--828},
  issn = {0277-0903},
  doi = {10.1080/02770903.2019.1619083},
  abstract = {Introduction: Asthma evidence-based interventions (EBI) are implemented in the home, school, community or primary care setting. Although families are engaged in one setting, they often have to navigate challenges in another setting. Objective: Our objective is to design and implement a comprehensive plan which integrates EBI's and connects the four sectors in underserved communities such as Philadelphia. Methods: September 2015-April 2016 we implemented a three-pronged strategy to understand needs and resources of the community including 1) focus groups and key informant interviews, 2) secondary data analysis and 3) pilot testing for implementation to determine gaps in care, and opportunities to overcome those gaps. Results: Analysis of the focus group and key informant responses showed themes: diagnosis fear, clinician time, home and school asthma trigger exposures, school personnel training and communication gaps across all four sectors. EBI's were evaluated and selected to address identified themes. Pilot testing of a community health worker (CHW) intervention to connect home, primary care and school resulted in an efficient transfer of asthma medications and medication administration forms to the school nurse office for students with uncontrolled asthma addressing a common delay leading to poor asthma management in school. Conclusion: Thus far there has been limited success in reducing asthma disparities for low-income minority children. This study offers hope that strategically positioning CHWs may work synergistically to close gaps in care and result in improved asthma control and reduced asthma disparities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bryant2006,
  title = {Predictors of Compliance with the Postpartum Visit among Women Living in Healthy Start Project Areas},
  author = {Bryant, Allison S. and Haas, Jennifer S. and McElrath, Thomas F. and McCormick, Marie C.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {511--516},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-006-0128-5},
  abstract = {Objectives: Few studies have examined factors associated with compliance with a postpartum visit (PPV). The identification of such factors is of particular importance in populations with high rates of unintended pregnancies and medical complications of pregnancy. This study seeks to determine factors associated with compliance with a PPV among low-income women in the population served by fourteen Healthy Start sites. Methods: Data from the Healthy Start Survey of Postpartum Women were reviewed to identify variables associated with compliance with a PPV at or beyond 6 weeks. Multiple logistic regression models were created, based on a sociobehavioral model of health services use, to examine which types of factors (demographic, social, enabling or need) are most strongly associated with the use of a PPV. Results: The study population consisted of survey respondents interviewed six weeks or more following delivery. Eighty-five percent of respondents had had a PPV at time of interview. In a multiple regression analysis, enabling factors such as multiple moves (OR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI) = 0.34 (0.18, 0.67)), trouble understanding the provider (OR (95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI) = 0.65 (0.43, 0.99)) and appointment reminders (OR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI) = 2.37 (1.40, 4.02)) were most strongly associated with a PPV. Conclusions: This work finds that women with unstable housing, transportation barriers, and difficulties communicating with providers are at risk for not receiving a PPV. This suggests that access to postpartum health services in the Healthy Start communities studied may not be entirely equitable. Policies aimed at improving interconception care will need to address these barriers to accessing health services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {compliance,health services,postpartum visit}
}

@article{Brydsten2018,
  title = {Health Inequalities between Employed and Unemployed in Northern {{Sweden}}: A Decomposition Analysis of Social Determinants for Mental Health},
  author = {Brydsten, Anna and Hammarstrom, Anne and San Sebastian, Miguel},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-018-0773-5},
  abstract = {Background: Even though population health is strongly influenced by employment and working conditions, public health research has to a lesser extent explored the social determinants of health inequalities between people in different positions on the labour market, and whether these social determinants vary across the life course. This study analyses mental health inequalities between unemployed and employed in three age groups (youth, adulthood and mid-life), and identifies the extent to which social determinants explain the mental health gap between employed and unemployed in northern Sweden. Methods: The Health on Equal Terms survey of 2014 was used, with self-reported employment (unemployed or employed) as exposure and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) as mental health outcome. The social determinants of health inequalities were grouped into four dimensions: socioeconomic status, economic resources, social network and trust in institutional systems. The non-linear Oaxaca decomposition analysis was applied, stratified by gender and age groups. Results: Mental health inequality was found in all age groups among women and men (difference in GHQ varying between 0.12 and 0.20). The decomposition analysis showed that the social determinants included in the model accounted for 43-51\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the inequalities among youths, 42-98\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the inequalities among adults and 60-65\textbackslash textbackslash\% among middle-aged. The main contributing factors were shown to vary between age groups: cash margin (among youths and middle-aged men), financial strain (among adults and middle-aged women), income (among men in adulthood), along with trust in others (all age groups), practical support (young women) and social support (middle-aged men); stressing how the social determinants of health inequalities vary across the life course. Conclusions: The health gap between employed and unemployed was explained by the difference in access to economic and social resources, and to a smaller extent in the trust in the institutional systems. Findings from this study corroborate that much of the mental health inequality in the Swedish labour market is socially and politically produced and potentially avoidable. Greater attention from researchers, policy makers on unemployment and public health should be devoted to the social and economic deprivation of unemployment from a life course perspective to prevent mental health inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Life course,Mental health,Northern Sweden,Oaxaca decomposition analysis,Social determinants of health inequality,unemployment}
}

@article{Brydsten2019,
  title = {Social Integration and Mental Health - a Decomposition Approach to Mental Health Inequalities between the Foreign-Born and Native-Born in {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Brydsten, Anna and Rostila, Mikael and Dunlavy, Andrea},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-019-0950-1},
  abstract = {Background: The increasing mental health inequalities between native- and foreign-born persons in Sweden is an important public health issue. Improving social integration has been stressed as a key strategy to combat this development. While a vast amount of studies have confirmed the importance of social integration for good mental health, less is known about the role of different types of social integration, and how they relate to mental health inequalities. This study aimed to examine the extent to which indicators of social integration explained mental health inequalities between the native- and foreign-born. Methods: Based on the Health on Equal Terms survey from 2011/2015 in Vastra Gotaland, Sweden (n=71,643), a non-linear Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis was performed comparing native- and foreign-born individuals from Nordic-, European- and non-European countries. The General Health Questionnaire was used to assess psychological distress, while 11 items assessed employment conditions and economic disparities, social relations, and experiences of discrimination to measure different aspects of social integration. Results: Differences in social integration explained large proportions of observed mental health differences between the native- and foreign-born. Important indicators included low levels of social activity (20\textbackslash textbackslash\%), trust in others (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and social support (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but also labour market disadvantages, such as being outside the labour market (15\textbackslash textbackslash\%), unemployment (10\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and experiencing financial strain (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In analyses stratified by region of origin, low trust in others and discrimination contributed to the mental health gap between the native-born and European-born (17 and 9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively), and the native-born and non-European-born (19 and 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively). Precarious labour market position was a particularly important factor in the mental health gap between the native-born and Nordic-origin (22\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and non-European origin (36\textbackslash textbackslash\%) populations. Conclusion: Social integration factors play a central role in explaining the mental health inequality between natives and migrants in Sweden. Our findings suggest that public health actions targeting mental health gaps could benefit from focusing on inequalities in social and economic recourses between natives and migrants in Sweden. Areas of priority include improving migrants' financial strain, as well as increasing trust in othersand social support and opportunities for civic engagement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Foreign-born,Mental health inequality,Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition,Social integration,Sweden}
}

@article{Brzezinski2019,
  title = {What Accounts for the Rise of Low Self-Rated Health during the Recent Economic Crisis in {{Europe}}?},
  author = {Brzezinski, Michal},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-019-0926-1},
  abstract = {Background: A growing literature investigates health effects of the recent economic crisis. This study examines how different economic mechanisms affected low self-rated health (SRH) in Europe over the crisis period (20082011). We measure changes in low SRH over 2008-2011 and analyze how they are accounted for by changes in household income levels and income distribution (income poverty, income inequality), labour market developments (increasing unemployment, falling employment, changes in labour market inactivity), and non-income poverty (material deprivation). Methods: We use balanced panel data for 2008-2011 covering 26 European countries and 43,456 participants. The data come from longitudinal 2011 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database. Increases in low SRH incidence over time are decomposed into the contributions of changes in the distribution of covariates and changes in returns to the covariates. Main covariates include household income and its distribution, labour market developments, and non-income poverty (material deprivation). The decompositions are performed using a detailed non-linear multivariate regression-based decomposition methodology. Results: Low SRH incidence increased in Europe during the crisis by almost 2 percentage points, and by 3.7 percentage points in case of the Baltic countries. Decomposition analysis shows that: 1) decreasing household incomes and changing income distribution had no impact on low SRH incidence, 2) rise of material deprivation accounts for a significant portion (12\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the overall growth in low SRH rates (27\textbackslash textbackslash\% for the Baltic countries), 3) decreasing levels of full-time and part-time employment as well as transitions to unemployment, economic inactivity, disability, or retirement account jointly for about 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the rise in low SRH in Europe (73\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Baltic countries). Conclusion: Together, the recession-related economic factors account for about 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the increase in low SRH incidence in Europe during the crisis, and for about 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the increase in the Baltic countries. Public health policy during recessions should focus also on reducing material deprivation through free or subsidized access to public services, public housing, and other means.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decomposition,Economic crisis,Material deprivation,Oaxaca-Blinder,Self-rated health,Unemployment}
}

@article{Brzinsky-Fay2016,
  title = {Compressed, Postponed, or Disadvantaged? {{School-to-work-transition}} Patterns and Early Occupational Attainment in {{West Germany}}},
  author = {{Brzinsky-Fay}, Christian and Solga, Heike},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {46},
  number = {A},
  pages = {21--36},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2016.01.004},
  abstract = {We study school-to-work-transition (STWT) patterns and early occupational attainment for five West German birth cohorts. Although these cohorts experienced very different macro conditions, their STWTs were facilitated by Germany's strong vocational education and training (VET) system. The main research question is whether linearity of STWTs differed across and within cohorts. Linearity concerns the normatively expected order of different activity statuses during this life phase. High linearity is ideal-typically defined as entering VET or tertiary education programs after leaving general education, followed by rather direct entry into employment. Non-linear patterns diverge from this ordering or may also include other status activities, like unemployment and inactivity. We use data of the Adult Starting Cohort of the German National Education Panel Study (NEPS) and employ sequence analysis and regression methods. Our analyses reveal that the proportion of young people experiencing the ideal-typical transition patterns increased over the cohorts. Yet, the degree of non-linearity (in terms of number of status activities and status shifts, and some non-employment experience) of these ideal-typical STWT patterns also increased over the cohorts. Moreover, we find strong differences between men and women in early occupational attainment. Higher-educated women in particular had higher risks of long-term disadvantage, whereas men were able to compensate for disadvantages by achieving higher educational attainment and establishing themselves more quickly in the labor market. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Early occupational attainment,Labor market entry,School-to-work transition,Vocational education and training,West Germany}
}

@article{Buchmueller2017,
  title = {Work, {{Health}}, {{And Insurance}}: {{A Shifting Landscape For Employers And Workers Alike}}},
  author = {Buchmueller, Thomas C. and Valletta, Robert G.},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HEALTH AFFAIRS},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {214--221},
  issn = {0278-2715},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1200},
  abstract = {We examined the complex relationship among work, health, and health insurance, which has been affected by changing demographics and employment conditions in the United States. Stagnation or deterioration in employment conditions and wages for much of the workforce has been accompanied by the erosion of health outcomes and employer-sponsored insurance coverage. In this article we present data and discuss the research that has established these links, and we assess the potential impact of policy responses to the evolving landscape of work and health. The expansion of insurance availability under the Affordable Care Act may have helped reduce the burden on employers to provide health insurance. However, the act's encouragement of wellness programs has uncertain potential to help contain the rising costs of employer-sponsored health benefits.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Buckley2015,
  title = {Evolving {{Methods}} for {{Inference}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Healthy Worker Survivor Bias}}},
  author = {Buckley, Jessie P. and Keil, Alexander P. and McGrath, Leah J. and Edwards, Jessie K.},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {204--212},
  issn = {1044-3983},
  doi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000217},
  abstract = {Healthy worker survivor bias may occur in occupational studies due to the tendency for unhealthy individuals to leave work earlier, and consequently accrue less exposure, compared with their healthier counterparts. If occupational data are not analyzed using appropriate methods, this bias can result in attenuation or even reversal of the estimated effects of exposures on health outcomes. Recent advances in computing power, coupled with state-of-the-art statistical methods, have greatly increased the ability of analysts to control healthy worker survivor bias. However, these methods have not been widely adopted by occupational epidemiologists. We update the seminal review by Arrighi and Hertz-Picciotto (Epidemiology. 1994; 5: 186-196) of the sources and methods to control healthy worker survivor bias. In our update, we discuss methodologic advances since the publication of that review, notably with a consideration of how directed acyclic graphs can inform the choice of appropriate analytic methods. We summarize and discuss methods for addressing this bias, including recent work applying g-methods to account for employment status as a time-varying covariate affected by prior exposure. In the presence of healthy worker survivor bias, g-methods have advantages for estimating less biased parameters that have direct policy implications and are clearly communicated to decision-makers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Budig2016,
  title = {Work-{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}? {{Unpacking}} the {{Cross-National Variation}} in {{Motherhood Earnings Penalties}}},
  author = {Budig, Michelle J. and Misra, Joya and Boeckmann, Irene},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {WORK AND OCCUPATIONS},
  volume = {43},
  number = {2},
  pages = {119--177},
  issn = {0730-8884},
  doi = {10.1177/0730888415615385},
  abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work-family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,family,social policy,women}
}

@article{Budig2023,
  title = {Israeli {{Ethno-Religious Differences}} in {{Motherhood Penalties}} on {{Employment}} and {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Budig, Michelle J. and Kraus, Vered and Levanon, Asaf},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {208--239},
  issn = {0891-2432},
  doi = {10.1177/08912432231155913},
  abstract = {Israeli society presents a unique context for studying motherhood's impacts on employment and earnings: High fertility and marriage rates coincide with high rates of women's education and employment. While past research finds low motherhood penalties in Israel, ethno-religious group differences in these penalties are unexplored. Ours is the first longitudinal study to examine simultaneously motherhood's employment and wage penalties among Israeli ethno-religious groups. Using newly available panel data, we find that motherhood deters employment among Israeli-Palestinians more strongly than among Jews, and particularly among less-educated Israeli-Palestinians. Similarly, motherhood wage penalties and ethno-religious disparities are greatest among the least-educated women. For all groups, highly educated women incur smaller motherhood penalties in employment and earnings, and in some cases receive motherhood wage premiums. Public-sector employment, particularly for Muslims, is associated with higher postnatal employment, lower motherhood penalties, and motherhood premiums among the highly educated. The stronger enforcement of anti-discrimination and work-family policies in the public sector, along with its schoolteachers' collective bargaining agreement that raises maternal earnings, may contribute to its more positive outcomes for Israeli-Palestinian mothers. Our findings suggest that increasing educational attainment and public-sector employment among Israeli-Palestinians may reduce ethno-religious inequality in motherhood's impact on employment and earnings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {demography,education,ethnicity,inequality,population,race,religion,stratification and mobility,work-family}
}

@book{Bueno-Sanchez2019,
  title = {{{DIGITAL INCLUSION OF SENIOR COLLECTIVES THROUGH PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES OF CO-CREATION OF DIGITAL TOOLS}}: {{DESIGN OF A MOOC}}},
  author = {{Bueno-Sanchez}, L. and {Martinez-Molina}, S. and {de Almeida Cunha}, S. Marques and Garces, J. and Perez, D. and Quilez, M.},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {EDULEARN19: 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION AND NEW LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES},
  series = {{{EDULEARN Proceedings}}},
  issn = {2340-1117},
  abstract = {In a historical moment where senior citizens in advanced societies increase their life expectancy and, in turn, new information and communication technologies evolve, develop and advance at breakneck speed; the participatory inclusion of the senior generations in the digital society becomes necessary. Life expectancy has increased in recent years, as shown in the report \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEvolution of the family in Europe 2018 European Parliament\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace: on average about 10 years in the last 50 years. On the other hand, 1 in 5 Europeans (19.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) is over 65 years old, surpassing 97.7 million people. The population over 80 years old reaches 25 million people, and now represents 5.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population(1). The Committee on Culture and Education of the European Parliament, at its meeting on education in the digital age: challenges, opportunities and lessons for the design of the Union's policies carried out in December 2018, warned that 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population of the Union The European population between the ages of 16 and 74 years lack basic digital capabilities, which causes a situation that threatens to create a new social fracture and significant gaps between men and women and between generations and social groups'. For this reason, the commission proposes lifelong learning in digital competencies of different governments in cooperation with all stakeholders, such as companies and civil society organizations, and through formal and non-formal frameworks, to guarantee a sustainable digital transformation. in which no one is excluded. The social constructions on aging, where care principles prevailed, have been transformed in the last decades towards some improvements in which potentiality and active aging form the pillars of previous generations. In this sense, new technologies stand out as necessary entry doors for digital inclusion, empowerment and the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveactivation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of the elders of our time. For all the above, this article aims to serve as an example of the achievement of the appropriation of digital skills by including older people in the processes of co-creation and co-validation of online tools and their content, specifically through the Design of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) designed to promote the active life of older people through the collaborative economy. MOOCs, as demonstrated in recent years, allow to facilitate and guarantee the quality training of any group, regardless of their geographical situation or age(2). The participants of this project met in two sessions (co-creation and co-validation) in Spain, Greece, Germany, France and Austria, at two different times to determine the structure and content of a MOOC for the elderly and the General population interested in the processes of activation of older people and in the collaborative economy. In them, 40 people participated with the following population profiles: elderly people, local representatives of older people and professionals who work daily with these groups. At the conclusion of the sessions, significant improvements were made in aspects such as the autonomy in the management of ICT, the adaptation of tools to all groups, the construction of new meanings on the opportunities offered by ICT for the elderly, overcoming barriers and encouraging creativity through assets. Participation of the entire process of gestation of the tool.},
  isbn = {978-84-09-12031-4},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {active aging,co-creation,digital society,MOOCs},
  note = {11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), Palma, SPAIN, JUL 01-03, 2019}
}

@article{Buhai2023,
  title = {A {{Social Network Analysis}} of {{Occupational Segregation}}},
  author = {Buhai, I. Sebastian and {van der Leij}, Marco J.},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CONTROL},
  volume = {147},
  issn = {0165-1889},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jedc.2022.104593},
  abstract = {We propose an equilibrium interaction model of occupational segregation and labor market inequality between two social groups, generated exclusively through the documented tendency to refer informal job seekers of identical \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial color\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The expected social color homophily in job referrals strategically induces distinct career choices for individuals from different social groups, which further translates into stable partial occupational segregation equilibria with sustained wage and employment inequality - in line with observed patterns of racial or gender labor market disparities. Supporting the qualitative analysis with a calibration and simulation exercise, we furthermore show that both first and second best utilitarian social optima entail segregation, any integration policy requiring explicit distributional concerns. Our framework highlights that the mere social interaction through homophilous contact networks can be a pivotal channel for the propagation and persistence of gender and racial labor market gaps, complementary to long studied mechanisms such as taste or statistical discrimination. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Homophily,Job Referrals,Labor Market Inequality,Occupational Segregation,Social Networks,Social Welfare}
}

@article{Bukey2021,
  title = {{The Effect of Financial Deepening on Income Distribution: The Case of BRICS-T}},
  author = {Bukey, Abdullah Mirac and Akgul, Osman},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOSYOEKONOMI},
  volume = {29},
  number = {47},
  pages = {301--318},
  issn = {1305-5577},
  doi = {10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.01.15},
  abstract = {The Oil Crisis erupted in 1974 has caused severe contractions in global investment and aggregate demand. In order to combat the consequences of this crisis, a new process has been initiated in the global economy under the leadership of developed countries such as the USA, Japan and Germany. This process dominated by neo-liberal economic policies has included opening up economies to foreign markets, and initiating deregulation policies in domestic labour, goods and capital markets. Since then, the production of new goods and services and their financing has become a new global agenda. In order to manage this new process, new economic associations have started to be established. One of these new associations is the BRICS countries. This process, called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveglobalization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, has also affected financial markets. In this period, the types of financial instruments have increased, their usage has become widespread and financial markets have deepened. One of the most important areas affected by financial deepening, which has an increasing impact on the global economy, and has many economic impacts ranging from employment to balance of payments, from monetary policies to fiscal policies, is the distribution of income. In the present study, the effect of financial deepening on income distribution is examined for BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey). The study utilizes annual panel data for the period of 1993-2015. According to the results of the econometric analyses, an increase of 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in domestic credits, which is one of the financial deepening indicators, decreases the Gini coefficient by about 0.068\textbackslash textbackslash\%, an increase of 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the stock exchange value increases the Gini coefficient by approximately 0.011\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and an increase of 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the financial system deposits increases the Gini coefficient by about 0.061\textbackslash textbackslash\%. In other words, financial deepening affects income distribution positively in one aspect and negatively in other. Therefore, it can be said that the empirical findings of the study support both the Inequality-Narrowing Hypothesis and the Inequality-Extending Hypothesis in the literature.},
  langid = {turkish},
  keywords = {BRICS,BRICS-T,Financial Deepening,Financial Development,Income Distribution,Panel Data Analysis,Turkey}
}

@article{Bullock2019,
  title = {Psychology's {{Contributions}} to {{Understanding}} and {{Alleviating Poverty}} and {{Economic Inequality}}: {{Introduction}} to the {{Special Section}}},
  author = {Bullock, Heather E.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST},
  volume = {74},
  number = {6},
  pages = {635--640},
  issn = {0003-066X},
  doi = {10.1037/amp0000532},
  abstract = {In the United States and around the world, economic inequality is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Psychological research is crucial to illuminating and interrupting the damaging consequences of economic hardship and disparities, understanding interpersonal and institutional responses to poverty and economic inequality, and developing effective poverty alleviation programs and policies. The articles in this special section explore psychology's contributions to understanding and alleviating poverty and economic inequality, focusing on mitigating the effects of economic hardship on children and youth, how employment and work-related dynamics contribute to economic inequality, and psychology's presence in federal policymaking. Collectively, this body of work highlights the need for psychologists' engagement in a full spectrum of antipoverty and economic justice initiatives.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic inequality,income,poverty,wealth}
}

@article{Bundervoet2022,
  title = {The Short-Term Impacts of {{COVID-19}} on Households in Developing Countries: {{An}} Overview Based on a Harmonized Dataset of High-Frequency Surveys},
  author = {Bundervoet, Tom and Davalos, Maria E. and Garcia, Natalia},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {153},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105844},
  abstract = {We combine new data from high-frequency surveys with data on the stringency of containment measures to examine the short-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in developing countries. This paper is one of the first to document the impacts of COVID-19 on households across a large number of developing countries and to do so for a comparable time-period, corresponding to the peak of the pandemic-induced drop in human mobility, and the first to systematically analyze the cross- and within-country effects on employment, income, food security and learning. Using representative data from 31 countries, accounting for a combined population of almost 1.4 billion, we find that in the average country 36 percent of respondents stopped working in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic, 65 percent of households reported decreases in income, and 30 percent of children were unable to continue learning during school closures. Pandemic-induced jobs and income losses translated into heightened food insecurity at the household level. The more stringent the virus containment measures, the higher the likelihood of jobs and income losses. The pandemic's effects were widespread and regressive, disproportionally affecting vulnerable segments of the population. Women, youth, and workers without higher education - groups disadvantaged in the labor market before the COVID-19 shock - were significantly more likely to lose their jobs and experience decreased incomes. Self-employed and casual workers the most vulnerable workers in developing countries - bore the brunt of the pandemic-induced income losses. Interruptions in learning were most salient for children from lower-income countries, and within countries for children from lower-income households with lower-educated parents and in rural areas. The unequal impacts of the pandemic across socio-economic groups risk cementing inequality of opportunity and undermining social mobility and calls for policies to foster an inclusive recovery and strengthen resilience to future shocks. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Burbyka2017,
  title = {Separate Aspects of Legal Regulation of Women's Labour Rights},
  author = {Burbyka, Mykhailo and Klochko, Alyona and Logvinenko, Mykola and Gorbachova, Kateryna},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {59},
  number = {2},
  pages = {271--283},
  issn = {1754-243X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJLMA-02-2016-0021},
  abstract = {Purpose - This paper aims to cover the problems arising in the process of women employment. The purpose is to investigate problems arising in the process of women employment, to analyse the existence of discriminatory aspects with regard to certain categories of workers, and to give recommendations for overcoming discrimination against women in the labour market. Design/methodology/ approach - The research was based on formal-logical and general scientific cognitive methods (analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization and deduction and induction). Systems and functional methods were used. The methods of concrete-sociological researches were used to gather, analyse and process legal information. The comparative-legal methods determined the actual realization of gender equality principles in different countries. Findings - The Ukrainian labour legislation is imperfect and should be reformed, so as to not only declare but also protect women's rights, in accordance with the current realities and fluctuations in the labour market. Practical implications - The research helps overcome gender and age discrimination in Ukraine's labour market, especially the relations that emerge at the employment stage. Discrimination against women at this stage is one of the most common forms of gender inequality. Originality/value - Certain gaps in the labour legislation were found. The level of conformity of the current labour-relations-regulating legislation with the policy of equal rights and opportunities for women and men was determined. Recommendations, aimed at changing legal regulations to prevent gender discrimination, were developed, with a view to solving existing gender-related problems in the field of labour.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Gender inequality,Labour legislation,Social rights,Wage inequality}
}

@article{Burchardt2010,
  title = {Time, Income and Substantive Freedom: {{A}} Capability Approach},
  author = {Burchardt, Tania},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  journal = {TIME \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {318--344},
  issn = {0961-463X},
  doi = {10.1177/0961463X10369754},
  abstract = {This article offers a conceptual model of how resources, including time and human and social capital, interact with responsibilities, including personal care, childcare and other unpaid work, to produce a range of feasible time allocations. Each allocation generates a combination of disposable income and free time. This set of feasible income-time combinations provides a measure of the individual's capability set or his/her substantive freedom. The approach is illustrated empirically with data and simulations based on the UK Time Use Survey 2000. The results show that having low educational qualifications (reflecting limited command over resources), having more or younger children (implying greater caring responsibilities), being single and being disabled (both of which adversely affect the rate at which resources can be converted into valuable outcomes) are each independently associated with having a small capability set, defined in terms of the level and range of combinations of disposable income and free time that can be achieved. The paper concludes that the range of combinations of disposable income and free time that a person can achieve provides a useful metric for assessing inequality in individuals' substantive freedom to pursue their goals in life - a key target for liberal egalitarians.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {capability approach,discretionary time,income,poverty,time use survey}
}

@article{Burkhauser2017,
  title = {{{MEASURING HEALTH INSURANCE BENEFITS}}: {{THE CASE OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES}}},
  author = {Burkhauser, Richard V. and Larrimore, Jeff and Lyons, Sean},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {439--456},
  issn = {1074-3529},
  doi = {10.1111/coep.12213},
  abstract = {Since 2012, the Congressional Budget Office has included an estimate of the market value of government-provided health insurance coverage in its measures of household income. We follow this practice for both public and private health insurance to capture the impact of greater access to government-provided health insurance for working-age people with disabilities, whose market value rose in 2010 dollars from \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar11.7 billion in 1980 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar114.3 billion in 2012. We then consider the more general implications of incorporating estimates of the market price of insurance, equivalent to that provided by the government, into policy analyses in a post-Affordable Care Act world. (JEL D31, H24, I18, J31)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Burkhauser2021,
  title = {Policies to {{Help}} the {{Working Class}} in the {{Aftermath}} of {{COVID-19}}: {{Lessons}} from the {{Great Recession}}},
  author = {Burkhauser, Richard V. and Corinth, Kevin and {Holtz-Eakin}, Douglas},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {695},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {314--330},
  issn = {0002-7162},
  doi = {10.1177/00027162211031772},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government-mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings losses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic well-being of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravek-shaped\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides and that progrowth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19 Recession,employment,Great Recession,income growth,safety net policy,working class}
}

@article{Burman2020,
  title = {A {{UNIVERSAL EITC}}: {{MAKING WORK PAY IN THE AGE OF AUTOMATION}}},
  author = {Burman, Leonard E.},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {NATIONAL TAX JOURNAL},
  volume = {73},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1187--1218},
  issn = {0028-0283},
  doi = {10.17310/ntj.2020.4.12},
  abstract = {The universal earned income tax credit is a worker subsidy designed to offset wage stagnation. The base proposal would replace existing subsidies for working families with a refundable 100 percent tax credit on individual wages up to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10,000 and a larger, refundable child tax credit. The maximum credit grows with gross domestic product, guaranteeing that low-wage workers benefit from economic growth. The credits are offset by a broad-based value-added tax or income surtax. The proposals are progressive: After-tax income for the bottom quintile would increase by about 2.5 percent. The tax burden on the top 1 percent would increase by 7-14 percent of income, depending on financing.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Burr2019,
  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveI}} Just Felt as Though {{I}} Had to Drop Something': The Implications of Care for Female Working Elder Carers' Working Lives},
  author = {Burr, Viv and Colley, Helen},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {39},
  number = {5},
  pages = {877--898},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X17001179},
  abstract = {This paper explores the challenges that female elder carers in the United Kingdom face in combining paid work with elder care, and the implications of this care for their current and future working lives. In-depth interviews with 11 working women from a large organisation were conducted, and five of the women were re-interviewed after a period of one year to examine any changes in their situation. The interviews revealed the precarious nature of their daily schedules, which required constant effort to maintain, the intrusion of elder care into their working lives, and the impact it had upon their career development and future aspirations. The findings provide insight into the reasons why carers, especially women, are more likely to reduce their working hours, do not take advantage of training opportunities and retire early. The findings are discussed in relation to the expectation of an extended working age and gender equality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care,elder carers,gender,retirement,work}
}

@article{Burrmann2022,
  title = {Women's {{Volunteering}} and {{Voluntary Leadership Positions}} in {{Sport-Secondary Analyses}} of the {{German Survey}} on {{Volunteering}}},
  author = {Burrmann, Ulrike and Sielschott, Stephan},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING},
  volume = {4},
  doi = {10.3389/fspor.2022.871907},
  abstract = {For decades, the German sports policy mission statement \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveSport for All\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has been aimed at attracting women to voluntary work in the sports sector. Nevertheless, women are consistently underrepresented in volunteering within sports organizations and especially on boards. One-dimensional gender analyses that exclude other factors like class and ethnicity cannot, however, adequately describe different modes of disadvantage. In order to analyze the unequal access to volunteering and leadership positions in sport, we refer to inequality theory and intersectional approaches, which include different factors of disadvantage. Our study is based on a quantitative population survey on volunteering in Germany with more than 25,000 respondents conducted in 2014 and 2019. We examine factors and interactions that can predict women's volunteering and leadership in sport. The results show that the proportion of women who volunteer is lower than the proportion of men and that fewer women than men take on leadership positions. The gender differences were not as pronounced in 2019 as they were in 2014. Independent of gender, the likelihood of volunteering increases with higher income, A-levels, no immigration status, marriage and the presence of children in the household. Part-time and marginal employment is more often associated with volunteering among women than among men; however, the likelihood of volunteering decreases more for women than for men when they are not employed at all. Moreover, higher income for women is less likely to be associated with voluntary work than for men while volunteering in other areas has a more positive effect on volunteering in sports for women than for men. Independent of gender, the likelihood of holding a leadership position increases with higher income, with marriage, and decreases with immigration background and with the presence of children in the household. Part-time and marginal employment increase the likelihood of having a leadership position to a greater extent for men than for women. In terms of leadership positions men benefit more than women if there are no children in the household. The results suggest that practical and policy efforts should focus more on improving the conditions for women to gain voluntary leadership positions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,intersectional analysis,leadership position,voluntary work,volunteering}
}

@article{Burrows2011,
  title = {Influence of Social and Material Individual and Area Deprivation on Suicide Mortality among 2.7 Million {{Canadians}}: {{A}} Prospective Study},
  author = {Burrows, Stephanie and Auger, Nathalie and Gamache, Philippe and {St-Laurent}, Danielle and Hamel, Denis},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-11-577},
  abstract = {Background: Few studies have investigated how area-level deprivation influences the relationship between individual disadvantage and suicide mortality. The aim of this study was to examine individual measures of material and social disadvantage in relation to suicide mortality in Canada and to determine whether these relationships were modified by area deprivation. Methods: Using the 1991-2001 Canadian Census Mortality Follow-up Study cohort (N = 2,685,400), measures of individual social (civil status, family structure, living alone) and material (education, income, employment) disadvantage were entered into Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CI) for male and female suicide mortality. Two indices of area deprivation were computed one capturing social, and the other material, dimensions - and models were run separately for high versus low deprivation. Results: After accounting for individual and area characteristics, individual social and material disadvantage were associated with higher suicide mortality, especially for individuals not employed, not married, with low education and low income. Associations between social and material area deprivation and suicide mortality largely disappeared upon adjustment for individual-level disadvantage. In stratified analyses, suicide risk was greater for low income females in socially deprived areas and males living alone in materially deprived areas, and there was no evidence of other modifying effects of area deprivation. Conclusions: Individual disadvantage was associated with suicide mortality, particularly for males. With some exceptions, there was little evidence that area deprivation modified the influence of individual disadvantage on suicide risk. Prevention strategies should primarily focus on individuals who are unemployed or out of the labour force, and have low education or income. Individuals with low income or who are living alone in deprived areas should also be targeted.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Burzynski2018,
  title = {The {{Changing Structure}} of {{Immigration}} to the {{OECD}}: {{What Welfare Effects}} on {{Member Countries}}?},
  author = {Burzynski, Michal and Docquier, Frederic and Rapoport, Hillel},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {IMF ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {66},
  number = {3},
  pages = {564--601},
  issn = {2041-4161},
  doi = {10.1057/s41308-018-0059-3},
  abstract = {We investigate the welfare implications of two pre-crisis immigration waves (1991-2000 and 2001-2010) and of the post-crisis wave (2011-2015) for OECD native citizens. To do so, we develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for the main channels of transmission of immigration shocks - the employment and wage effects, the fiscal effect and the market size effect - and for the interactions between them. We parameterize our model for 20 selected OECD member states. We find that the three waves induce positive effects on the real income of natives; however, the size of these gains varies considerably across countries and across skill groups. In relative terms, the post-crisis wave induces smaller welfare gains compared to the previous ones. This is due to the changing origin mix of immigrants, which translates into lower levels of human capital and smaller fiscal gains. With a few exceptions, differences across cohorts explain a tiny fraction of the highly persistent, cross-country heterogeneity in the economic benefits from immigration.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Crisis,General equilibrium,Immigration,Inequality,Welfare}
}

@article{Busemeyer2022,
  title = {Social {{Investment}}, {{Redistribution}} or {{Basic Income}}? {{Exploring}} the {{Association Between Automation Risk}} and {{Welfare State Attitudes}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Busemeyer, Marius R. and Sahm, Alexander H. J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {51},
  number = {4},
  pages = {751--770},
  issn = {0047-2794},
  doi = {10.1017/S0047279421000519},
  abstract = {Rapid technological change - the digitalization and automation of work - is challenging contemporary welfare states. Most of the existing research, however, focuses on its effect on labor market outcomes, such as employment or wage levels. In contrast, this paper studies the implications of technological change for welfare state attitudes and preferences. Compared to previous work on this topic, this paper adopts a much broader perspective regarding different kinds of social policy. Using data from the European Social Survey, we find that individual automation risk is positively associated with support for redistribution, but negatively with support for social investment policies (partly depending on the specific measure of automation risk that is used), while there is no statistically significant association with support for basic income. We also find a moderating effect of the overall size of the welfare state on the micro-level association between risk and preferences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {automation,basic income,digitalization,redistribution,technological change,welfare state attitudes}
}

@article{Bushway2012,
  title = {A {{Signaling Perspective}} on {{Employment-Based Reentry Programming}}: {{Training Completion}} as a {{Desistance Signal}}},
  author = {Bushway, Shawn D. and Apel, Robert},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CRIMINOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& PUBLIC POLICY},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17--50},
  issn = {1538-6473},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00785.x},
  abstract = {This study argues that employment programs for individuals exiting prison can benefit society even if they do not directly reduce recidivism, by helping to identify quickly and efficiently those desisters who are ready to work. We make the following basic claims: 1. Individuals exiting prison have poor work experience, low levels of education, and generally qualify for only low-skill, entry-level jobs. Moreover, the majority will recidivate within 3 years. Employment training programs are designed to ameliorate these deficits, but to date, they have demonstrated only limited potential to improve employment prospects and recidivism risk. 2. Despite a poor track record for employment-based reentry programming, a substantial minority of individuals exiting prison has desisted from crime and has the capacity to maintain stable employment. 3. Growing evidence suggests that this desistance process occurs quickly-almost instantaneously-and is driven by decisions on the part of the individual to change. 4. This type of instantaneous, agent-based change is difficult to predict using static risk prediction tools. As a result, desistance is fundamentally unobservable to employers and others who might wish to identify good employees from the group of people who have criminal history records. In lieu of additional information, one's true desistance state will only be revealed through time. This situation is a classic case of a market with asymmetric information. 5. Although growing numbers of employers refuse to hire individuals with criminal history records, some are in fact willing to hire from this pool of workers. More might be willing to do so if they could reliably identify desisters. The current legal environment is increasingly hostile to across-the-board bans on hiring individuals with criminal history records without documentation of business necessity. 6. Program participation, completion, and endorsement from a training organization can provide a reliable signal to employers that a given individual has desisted and is prepared to be a productive employee, as long as the cost to program completion is high for those who have not desisted, and low for those who have desisted. Effective signals must be voluntary. Requiring program completion, or graduating all participants, renders the signal useless. 7. Existing evidence demonstrates that program participants (or program completers) do in fact recidivate less often and have better employment outcomes than program nonparticipants (or program dropouts), even in cases where the program does not seem to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in a causal sense. This evidence can be taken to suggest that program completion provides valuable information-a signal-to the labor market. 8. Limited anecdotal evidence suggests that some employers-among those willing to hire individuals with a criminal history record-may already be using completion of employment training programs to identify \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood employees\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace among the pool of low-skill labor. 9. The development of effective signals could create a net gain to society if, in the absence of signals, employers will largely avoid hiring individuals with criminal history records. Evidence suggests that individuals with prison records are exiting the labor market at higher rates than in the past. 10. The signaling approach is different than risk prediction because it relies on actions taken by individuals to reveal information about them that is, by definition, unobservable. Information about program completion can be valuable even if the program has not caused individuals to change. 11. Other actions besides completion of employment training programs also could function as useful signals in domains other than employment. Policy Implications Reframing the problem of reentry as a case of asymmetric information could potentially have dramatic implications for policy makers struggling to deal with the growing number of individuals with criminal history records, who are increasingly disconnected from the labor market. This disconnection occurs, at least in part, because this group is more readily identifiable through the use of criminal background checks. Although restricting the use of background checks may be infeasible in the current legal climate, policy makers are actively working to create standards for hiring individuals with criminal history records. For example, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is currently revising its guidance for hiring individuals with criminal history records. It is hard to overstate the level of interest, by both advocates and employers, in these ongoing discussions. Research insight could be incorporated into government statutes that currently bar individuals with criminal history records from certain types of employment. Indirectly, such guidelines also would help individuals with criminal history records trying to identify themselves to employers as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood bets.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Key elements of a research plan needed to develop this idea further include: 1. Formalizing the argument with a theoretical model that can be explicitly parameterized. Key elements of the argument depend crucially on factors such as the size of the desisting population, the outcome in the absence of effective signals, and the magnitude of the correlation between the cost of the signal and desistance. Proper specification of the requirements for effective signals in this context could then inform empirical tests of the model. . 2. Empirical testing for evidence that employers are already using factors such as program completion as signals. This testing can include surveys of employers who hire individuals with criminal history records to develop some idea of how they discriminate between individuals with criminal history records. Other potential methods include attempts to compare labor market outcomes of individuals with otherwise similar skill levels, one who has identifiably completed a program and one who has not. Empirical research testing the strength of the link between the concept of crime desistance and work productivity also would be valuable. 3. Calculating the relative costs of programs that provide signals with more traditional risk prediction tools that take advantage of currently available information. Creating these programs to generate signals only can be justified if the additional information generates savings over and above what can be gained by more passive methods. 4. Better understanding the trade-offs between maintaining voluntary programs to generate signals and creating mandatory programs, like Project HOPE, that might enhance rehabilitation. Although signaling and rehabilitation are not competing concepts, the requirement that signals be voluntarily acquired could potentially conflict with mandatory rehabilitation programs. In the short term, it might not be necessary to wait for the completion of this research before policy makers can make progress in this area. We are aware of one set of programs, often called Certificates of Relief, Rehabilitation, or Good Conduct, by which policy makers explicitly identify individuals with criminal history records who have met certain requirements, including program completion. In the strongest cases, these certificates carry with them explicit removal of statutory restrictions on individuals with criminal history records. In our view, these government-run programs are an attempt to create an explicit signal for employers that these individuals have desisted from crime. However, we are not aware of attempts to validate the standards used to qualify individuals for these certificates, nor are we aware of attempts to verify whether these signals work to create better opportunities for the involved individuals. We urge those involved in these programs to redouble their efforts to validate these promising programs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Desistance,Employment programs,Prisoner reentry,Signaling}
}

@article{Buss2019,
  title = {Public Opinion towards Workfare Policies in {{Europe}}: {{Polarisation}} of Attitudes in Times of Austerity?},
  author = {Buss, Christopher},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {431--441},
  issn = {1369-6866},
  doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12368},
  abstract = {Increasing wage inequality, strong labour market divides and welfare retrenchment are widely believed to result in more polarised public opinion towards the welfare state. The present study examined if attitudes towards workfare policies have become more polarised in Europe over recent decades. To achieve this aim, the study analysed public opinion data from the European Value Study (EVS) from 23 European countries in the years 1990-2008, using multi-level regression analysis. It is found that individuals who are most affected by workfare - the unemployed, the poor and the young - most strongly oppose workfare concepts. Against expectations, there was no evidence of an increasing polarisation of attitudes in Europe. Attitudinal cleavages based on employment status, income and education have remained stable. Differences between age groups have even dissolved because younger cohorts increasingly favour strict workfare policies. The results suggest that warnings of increasing social conflicts and an erosion of solidarity in European societies are exaggerated.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cleavages,Europe,public attitudes,social policy,welfare policy,workfare}
}

@book{Busygina2019,
  title = {{{UNLOCKING THE FEMALE EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL}}: {{GENDER ASPECT}}},
  author = {Busygina, A. L. and Shtrikova, D. B.},
  editor = {Mantulenko, V},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {GCPMED 2018 - INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF THE MODERN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT},
  series = {European {{Proceedings}} of {{Social}} and {{Behavioural Sciences}}},
  volume = {57},
  issn = {2357-1330},
  doi = {10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.104},
  abstract = {The participation of women in labor activity makes a significant contribution to unlocking the employment potential of the region and the country as a whole. At the same time, the traditional division of gender roles, which is typical for Russia, affects the position of women in the labor market. Although in modern Russian society, the family model is actually dominant, where a man is not the only bread winner in the family, and a woman continues to work after the birth of the children. However, despite the undeniable progress in the issue of integrating women into the labor market, it is too early to speak about the complete equality in distribution of work. The current situation shows that women, in comparison with men, are the most vulnerable social group. Women are more likely to be discriminated when they are employed and promoted. Modern scientists, for the most part, recognize that women have a high level of the employment potential. The authors conducted a study on the probability of unlocking the female employment potential in leadership positions. The paper analyzes and identifies the main socially determined and personal gender stereotypes in the Russian labor market. It has been determined which factors, such as education, marital status, motherhood, social status of a husband, self-confidence have a positive or negative influence on unlocking the female employment potential in leadership positions. In modern society, from a legal point of view, women have every opportunity to be successful professionals. (c) 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,Employment potential,female professional mentality,gender stereotypes,labour market,women},
  note = {International Scientific Conference on Global Challenges and Prospects of the Modern Economic Development (GCPMED), Samara State Univ Econ, Samara, RUSSIA, DEC 06-08, 2018}
}

@article{Butt2022,
  title = {Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Performance in {{UK}} Urban Areas},
  author = {Butt, Thomas and Mohareb, Eugene and Egbor, Kelvin and Hashemi, Arman and Heidrich, Oliver},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CARBON MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {463--481},
  issn = {1758-3004},
  doi = {10.1080/17583004.2022.2120418},
  abstract = {As the threat of irreversible climate change has increased over time, the UK has continued to set increasingly ambitious policies to reduce its carbon emission. An assessment of mitigation progress to date at the local authority level clarifies the factors that have affected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the path to carbon neutrality. This research uses regression analyses between local authorities' GHG emission redcutions and selected explanatory variables (including population density, household income, and manufacturing employment) identified from the literature to explore mitigation performance over time, focusing on GHG emissions changes between 2005 and 2016. Substantial and relatively consistent GHG emissions reductions were achieved in this time frame, with average total reductions across UK local authorities of 31.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Population density was moderately-to-strongly correlated with the success of transportation GHG emissions mitigation, though this sector has seen the smallest percentage declines over this period. Local authorities with densities below 25 inhabitants per hectare were generally among the poorest performers in transportation GHG mitigation. This underscores the need to support remote working and electrification of personal transportation in areas where public/active transportation options are not viable alternatives. Furthermore, consideration of population density in conjunction with domestic and urban planning will allow for future emissions reductions to occur across the UK. Fundamentally, GHG emissions reductions to date are largely driven by historic factors (density), shifting economic structures (deindustrialisation), and centralised initiatives (decarbonisation of electricity generation).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {domestic emissions,industrial \textbackslash textbackslash\& commercial emissions,Local authorities,transportation emissions,United Kingdom}
}

@article{Buttery2021,
  title = {Contemporary Perspectives in {{COPD}}: {{Patient}} Burden, the Role of Gender and Trajectories of Multimorbidity},
  author = {Buttery, Sara C. and Zysman, Maeva and Vikjord, Sigrid A. A. and Hopkinson, Nicholas S. and Jenkins, Christine and Vanfleteren, Lowie E. G. W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {RESPIROLOGY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {419--441},
  issn = {1323-7799},
  doi = {10.1111/resp.14032},
  abstract = {An individual's experience of COPD is determined by many factors in addition to the pathological features of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and the symptoms that derive directly from them. Multimorbidity is the norm rather than the exception, so most people with COPD are living with a range of other medical problems which can decrease overall quality of life. COPD is caused by the inhalation of noxious particles or gases, in particular tobacco smoke, but also by early life disadvantage impairing lung development and by occupations where inhaled exposures are common (e.g. industrial, farming and cleaning work). Wealthy people are therefore relatively protected from developing COPD and people who do develop the condition may have reduced resources to cope. COPD is also no longer a condition that predominantly affects men. The prevalence of COPD among women has equalled that of men since 2008 in many high-income countries, due to increased exposure to tobacco, and in low-income countries due to biomass fuels. COPD is one of the leading causes of death in women in the USA, and death rates attributed to COPD in women in some countries are predicted to overtake those of men in the next decade. Many factors contribute to this phenomenon, but in addition to socioeconomic and occupational factors, there is increasing evidence of a higher susceptibility of females to smoking and pollutants. Quality of life is also more significantly impaired in women. Although most medications (bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids) used to treat COPD demonstrate similar trends for exacerbation prevention and lung function improvement in men and women, this is an understudied area and clinical trials frequently have a preponderance of males. A better understanding of gender-based predictors of efficacy of all therapeutic interventions is crucial for comprehensive patient care. There is an urgent need to recognize the increasing burden of COPD in women and to facilitate global improvements in disease prevention and management in this specific population. Many individuals with COPD follow a trajectory of both lung function decline and also multimorbidity. Unfavourable lung function trajectories throughout life have implications for later development of other chronic diseases. An enhanced understanding of the temporal associations underlying the development of coexisting diseases is a crucial first step in unravelling potential common disease pathways. Lessons can be learned from exploring disease trajectories of other NCD as well as multimorbidity development. Further research will be essential to explain how early life risk factors commonly influence trajectories of COPD and other diseases, how different diseases develop in relation to each other in a temporal way and how this ultimately leads to different multimorbidity patterns in COPD. This review integrates new knowledge and ideas pertaining to three broad themes (i) the overall burden of disease in COPD, (ii) an unappreciated high burden in women and (iii) the contrast of COPD trajectories and different multimorbidity patterns with trajectories of other NCD. The underlying pathology of COPD is largely irreversible, but many factors noted in the review are potentially amenable to intervention. Health and social care systems need to ensure that effective treatment is accessible to all people with the condition. Preventive strategies and treatments that alter the course of disease are crucial, particularly for patients with COPD as one of many problems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {frailty,inequality,patient perspective,patient\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8208,reported outcome measure,symptoms}
}

@article{Buwule2022,
  title = {Implications of the {{Covid-19}} Mitigation Model on People's Right to Health in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Buwule, Robert Stalone and Ssebunya, Margaret and Kisitu, Gyaviira},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTH CARE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {388--398},
  issn = {2056-4902},
  doi = {10.1108/IJHRH-01-2021-0017},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the approach used by the Ugandan Government in implementing the Covid-19 mitigation model and establish whether it did not expose government's failure to soundly protect and respect all her citizens' right to health during the first four months of the Covid-19 crisis in the country. Design/methodology/approach The study was qualitative focusing on a population of households of vulnerable and chronically ill patients in Mukono and Wakiso districts of Uganda. The sample was identified through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Purposive and snowball sampling was chosen for this study to select unique informative cases which were subjected to in-depth interviews. Findings The findings of the study revealed that disadvantaged and vulnerable citizens of Uganda experienced severe and increased shortages of food, increased cases of ill-health, compromised ability and mobility to access health services as a result of the government's Covid-19 mitigation model. Research limitations/implications The data collection exercise was conducted during the Covid-19 lockdown when the mobility was restricted to only essential services so data was collected in the two districts of Mukono and Wakiso in Uganda. Practical implications Pandemic mitigation models ought to be people-centred executed by a multidisciplinary team which are empathetic towards the views of disadvantaged communities and thereby cultivate a culture of care over time. Social implications Public health models and policies work more effectively if they are contextualized to work for both the high and low classes of people across the whole spectrum. Originality/value Given this awareness of the Covid-19 mitigation model, this paper unveils the immediate consequential effects of the model considering the manner under which it was formulated and implemented in the Ugandan society. While the government implemented the model in exercise of its obligations, contextual factors had advance limitations to the efficacy of the model. Most significantly, among the expectant mothers, the old, the sick with terminal illnesses, the physically challenged and hunger-stricken families with no daily sources of income.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Coronavirus,Covid-19,Covid-19 mitigation model,Right to health,Uganda}
}

@article{Buys2022,
  title = {Clinics and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Community Reintegration in People with Spinal Cord Injury in {{eThekwini Municipality}}, {{KwaZulu-Natal}} Province},
  author = {Buys, Estelle and Nadasan, Thayananthee and Pefile, Ntsikelelo and Ogunlana, Michael O. and Naidoo, Deshini},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY},
  volume = {78},
  number = {1},
  issn = {0379-6175},
  doi = {10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1631},
  abstract = {Background: Community reintegration is a major outcome of rehabilitation after the acute phase in people with spinal cord injury (PWSCI). Objective: To investigated clinical and socio-demographic factors determining community participation in PWSCI, living in the greater eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province. Method: Our quantitative, cross-sectional study had a convenient sample of 41 PWSCI. A trained interviewer obtained socio-demographic information using a structured questionnaire. Participants completed the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI). Descriptive statistics were used in summarising the data; inferential statistics, -a t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the association of clinical and socio-demographic factors with the extent of community reintegration. A multiple linear regression investigated the determinants of community reintegration with the alpha level set at p = 0.05. Results: Mean age of the participants was 41 years (s.d.: 10, range 25-66), with the majority (n = 32, 78\textbackslash textbackslash\%) being male. The mean RNLI score was 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% (s.d.: 22, range 24-100). Participants scored higher on the RNLI if they were male (mean difference \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceMD] 18\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI]: 2-34), were employed (MD 16\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0-32), had a salary (MD 19\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 5-32) and had no muscle spasms (MD 14\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1-27. Muscle spasms (p = 0.012, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 3.85-29.05) and being female PWSCI (p = 0.010, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -35.75 to -5.18) were significant negative predictors of community reintegration. Conclusion: Community reintegration may be influenced by socio-economic factors. Special interventions for muscle spasms and support for women living with spinal cord injuries may enhance community reintegration. Clinical implication: Therapists need to focus on community reintegration with female PWSCI and on returning to PWSCI to work as this was improved community reintegration.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community reintegration,functioning,participation,Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI),spinal cord injury}
}

@article{Buyse2017,
  title = {Pension Reform in an {{OLG}} Model with Heterogeneous Abilities},
  author = {Buyse, Tim and Heylen, Freddy and {Van de Kerckhove}, Renaat},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {144--172},
  issn = {1474-7472},
  doi = {10.1017/S1474747215000281},
  abstract = {We study the effects of pension reform on hours worked, human capital, income and welfare in an open economy populated by four overlapping generations: three active generations (the young, the middle aged and the older) and one generation of retired. Within each generation we distinguish individuals with high, medium or low ability to build human capital. Our simulation results prefer a pay-as-you-go pension system with a particular earnings-related linkage above a fully-funded private system. This pay-as-you-go system conditions pension benefits on past individual labor income, with a high weight on labor income earned when older and a low weight on labor income earned when young. Uncorrected, however, such a system implies welfare losses for current low-ability generations and rising inequality. Complementing or replacing it by basic and/or minimum pension components is negative for aggregate employment and welfare. Better is to maintain the tight link between individual labor income and the pension also for low-ability individuals, but to strongly raise their replacement rate. An additional correction improving the welfare of low-ability individuals would be to maintain for these individuals equal weights on past labor income.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment by age,heterogeneous abilities,overlapping generations,pension reform,retirement}
}

@article{Cabana2008,
  title = {Selective Provision of Asthma Self-Management Tools to Families},
  author = {Cabana, Michael D. and Chaffin, D. Curt and Jarlsberg, Leah G. and Thyne, Shannon M. and Clark, Noreen M.},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {121},
  number = {4},
  pages = {E900-E905},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2007-1559},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Providing asthma education in a primary care setting can be challenging because of time and resource constraints. The purpose of this work was to determine factors associated with the provision of different asthma self-management tools. METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 896 parents of children with asthma (age 2-12 years). We collected information regarding demographics and asthma care, including parent receipt of an asthma action plan, a symptom diary, and asthma information materials; whether an asthma management plan was sent to the child's school; and whether the physician reviewed written instructions on use of a metereddose inhaler. We used multivariate logistic regression methods to determine factors associated with receipt of different asthma self-management tools controlling for demographic factors. RESULTS. For families where parents only completed high school, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan and physician review of written instructions about how to use an inhaler. For families with a household income less than twice the poverty line, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan, the physician sending a letter to the child's school regarding the child's asthma, and receipt of an asthma symptom diary. CONCLUSIONS. In our sample, primary care pediatricians do not routinely provide asthma education in accordance with National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravetriage\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which families receive additional asthma education. We believe that the use of targeted asthma education is a symptom of the limited time and competing demands during a typical visit. As a result, those involved in quality improvement need to help physicians become more efficient and effective at providing asthma education within such time constraints or develop alternative systems of providing asthma education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asthma action plan,asthma diary,physician guideline adherence,physician practice patterns}
}

@article{Cahyani2022,
  title = {Between Insufficiency and Efficiency: {{Unraveling}} Households' Electricity Usage Characteristics of Urban and Rural {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Cahyani, Ambarsari Dwi and Nachrowi, Nachrowi Djalal and Hartono, Djoni and Widyawati, Diah},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {103--117},
  issn = {0973-0826},
  doi = {10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.005},
  abstract = {Indonesia has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7, namely to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The Indonesian government improves electricity access through various programs, from the fast-track program for coal-fired power plants to the electricity subsidy for lowincome households. In contrast, energy efficiency has been a crucial problem, given that most power plants work with coal. This study raised the electricity usage issue between insufficiency and efficiency by investigating factors associated with electricity consumption inequality using quantile regression in urban and rural areas. It revealed that most Indonesian households still encountered energy insufficiency. Households vulnerable to falling into the energy poverty category were low-income households characterized by: female-headed households in urban areas, non-educated household heads, renters in urban areas, elderlies, and self-employed in rural areas. On the other hand, energy efficiency may target high-usage households characterized by: urban self-employed, university-level education, and houses 2200 VA power outlet or more. However, only 1 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of households were electricity productive users. Therefore, the government should provide affirmative action by promoting access to affordable energy for energy-poor households while considering sustainable energy for future generations. This condition will mean clean and sustainable energy development must be embedded in the country's energy plan to increase the electrification ratio and consumption. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Energy Initiative.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Electricity consumption,Energy efficiency,Energy insufficiency,Quantile regression,Urban and rural}
}

@article{Cain2018,
  title = {Palliative Care in Women's Cancer Care: {{Global}} Challenges and Advances},
  author = {Cain, Joanna M. and Denny, Lynette},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& OBSTETRICS},
  volume = {143},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {153--158},
  issn = {0020-7292},
  doi = {10.1002/ijgo.12624},
  abstract = {Women's cancer rates are increasing in low- and middle-income countries, with presentations that are often far advanced requiring intense symptom management, thus advancing the urgent need to address palliative care. Most resource settings have some options available to assist women with advanced gynecologic cancer, and a combination of leveraging these and expanding on emerging models for palliative care could lessen suffering and improve care for women with gynecologic cancers globally. Providing palliative care for women with cancer is constrained by resources (human and physical), lack of equipment, lack of access, and policy absence or barriers. There is important work to be done in advocating for appropriate infrastructure development and legislation to assure that these options are available to women and their families. Access to adequate opioid and other pain relief options for cancer-related pain is a particular concern given that availability, cost, and legislative prohibitions create barriers that cause suffering for patients and grief for their families who are unable to address their suffering. All of these require ongoing advocacy for continual advances to improve access and infrastructure for palliative care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {FIGO Cancer Report,Global palliative care,Gynecologic oncology,Women's cancers}
}

@article{Calderon-Auaricio2019,
  title = {Precision Oncology in {{Latin America}}: Current Situation, Challenges and Perspectives},
  author = {{Calderon-Auaricio}, Ali and Orue, Andrea},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECANCERMEDICALSCIENCE},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1754-6605},
  doi = {10.3332/ecancer.2019.920},
  abstract = {Background: Anti-cancer cytotoxic treatments like platinum-derived compounds often show low therapeutic efficacy, high-risk side effects and resistance. Hence, targeted treatments designed to attack only tumour cells avoiding these harmful side effects are highly needed in clinical practice. Due to this, precision oncology has arisen as an approach to specifically target alterations present only in cancer cells, minimising side effects for patients. It involves the use of molecular biomarkers present in each kind of tumour for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Since these biomarkers are specific for each cancer type, physicians use them to stratify, diagnose or take the best therapeutic options for each patient depending on the features of the specific tumour. Aim: This review aims to describe the current situation, limitations, advantages and perspectives about precision oncology in Latin America. Main body: For many years, many biomarkers have been used in a clinical setting in developed countries. However, in Latin American countries, their broad application has not been affordable partially due to financial and technical limitations associated with precarious health systems and poor access of low-income populations to quality health care. Furthermore, the genetic mixture in Latin American populations could generate differences in treatment responses from one population to another (pharmacoethnicity) and this should be evaluated before establishing precision therapy in particular populations. Some research groups in the region have done a lot of work in this field and these data should be taken as a starting point to establish networks oriented to finding clinically useful cancer biomarkers in Latin American populations. Conclusion: Latin America must create policies allowing excluded populations to gain access to health systems and next generation anti-cancer drugs, i.e. high-cost targeted therapies to improve survival. Also, cancer clinical research must be oriented to establish cancer biomarkers adapted to specific populations with different ethnicity, allowing the improvement of patient outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to health care,biomarkers,cancer,Latin America,precision oncology,targeted therapy}
}

@article{Caliendo2011,
  title = {Start-up Subsidies for the Unemployed: {{Long-term}} Evidence and Effect Heterogeneity},
  author = {Caliendo, Marco and Kuenn, Steffen},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {95},
  number = {3-4, SI},
  pages = {311--331},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.003},
  abstract = {Turning unemployment into self-employment has become an increasingly important part of active labor market policies (ALMP) in many OECD countries. Germany is a good example where the spending on start-up subsidies for the unemployed accounted for nearly 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total spending on ALMP in 2004. In contrast to other programs like vocational training, job creation schemes, or wage subsidies the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such schemes is still scarce: especially regarding long-term effects and effect heterogeneity. This paper aims to close this gap. We use administrative and survey data from a large sample of participants in two distinct start-up programs and a control group of unemployed individuals. We find that over 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants are integrated in the labor market and have relatively high labor income five years after start-up. Additionally, participants are much more satisfied with their current occupational situation compared to previous jobs. Based on propensity score matching methods we estimate the long-term effects of the programs against non-participation and take great care in assessing the sensitivity of our results with respect to deviations from the identifying assumption. Our results turn out to be robust and show that both programs are effective with respect to income and employment outcomes in the long-run, i.e., five years after start-up. Moreover, we consider effect heterogeneity with respect to several dimensions and show that startup subsidies for the unemployed tend to be most effective for disadvantaged groups in the labor market. (C) 2010 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Califf2023,
  title = {Now Is the Time to Fix the Evidence Generation System},
  author = {Califf, Robert M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CLINICAL TRIALS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--12},
  issn = {1740-7745},
  doi = {10.1177/17407745221147689},
  abstract = {Despite enormous advances in biomedical science, corresponding improvements in health outcomes lag significantly. This is particularly true in the United States, where life expectancy trails far behind that of other high-income countries. In addition, substantial disparities in life expectancy and other health outcomes exist as a function of race, ethnicity, wealth, education, and geographic location. A major reformation of our national system for generating medical evidence-the clinical research enterprise-is needed to facilitate the translation of biomedical research into useful products and interventions. Currently, premarket systems for generating and evaluating evidence work reasonably well, but the postmarket phase is disaggregated and often fails to answer essential questions that must be addressed to provide optimal clinical care and public health interventions for all Americans. Solving these problems will require a focus on three key domains: (1) improving the integration of and access to high-quality data from traditional clinical trials, electronic health records, and personal devices and wearable sensors; (2) restructuring clinical research operations to support and incentivize the involvement of patients and frontline clinicians; and (3) articulating ethical constructs that enable responsible data sharing to support improved implementation. Finally, we must also address the systemic tendency to optimize individual components of the clinical research enterprise without considering the effects on the system as a whole. Overcoming suboptimization by creating incentives for integration and sharing will be essential to achieve more timely and equitable improvement in health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {clinical trial protocol,evidence-based medicine,healthcare delivery,healthcare systems,pragmatic clinical trials,precision medicine,Randomized controlled trials}
}

@article{Callaghan-Koru2020,
  title = {Factors That Influence the Scale up of New Interventions in Low-Income Settings: A Qualitative Case Study of the Introduction of Chlorhexidine Cleansing of the Umbilical Cord in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {{Callaghan-Koru}, Jennifer A. and Islam, Munia and Khan, Marufa and Sowe, Ardy and Islam, Jahrul and Mannan, Imteaz Ibne and George, Joby and Stu, Bangladesh Chlorhexidine Scale},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {35},
  number = {4},
  pages = {440--451},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czz156},
  abstract = {There is a well-recognized need for empirical study of processes and factors that influence scale up of evidence-based interventions in low-income countries to address the \textbackslash textasciigraveknow-do' gap. We undertook a qualitative case study of the scale up of chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord (CHX) in Bangladesh to identify and compare facilitators and barriers for the institutionalization and expansion stages of scale up. Data collection and analysis for this case study were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and the WHO/ExpandNet model of scale up. At the national level, we interviewed 20 stakeholders involved in CHX policy or implementation. At the district level, we conducted interviews with 31 facility-based healthcare providers in five districts and focus group discussions (FGDs) with eight community-based providers and eight programme managers. At the community level, we conducted 7 FGDs with 53 mothers who had a baby within the past year. Expanded interview notes were thematically coded and analysed following an adapted Framework approach. National stakeholders identified external policy and incentives, and the engagement of stakeholders in policy development through the National Technical Working Committee for Newborn Health, as key facilitators for policy and health systems changes. Stakeholders, providers and families perceived the intervention to be simple, safe and effective, and more consistent with family preferences than the prior policy of dry cord care. The major barriers that delayed or decreased the public health impact of the scale up of CHX in Bangladesh's public health system related to commodity production, procurement and distribution. Bangladesh's experience scaling up CHX suggests that scale up should involve early needs assessments and planning for institutionalizing new drugs and commodities into the supply chain. While the five CFIR domains were useful for categorizing barriers and facilitators, additional constructs are needed for common health systems barriers in low-income settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bangladesh,Chlorhexidine,implementation,newborn health,Scale up}
}

@article{Callander2015,
  title = {Multidimensional {{Poverty}} and {{Health Status}} as a {{Predictor}} of {{Chronic Income Poverty}}},
  author = {Callander, Emily J. and Schofield, Deborah J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {24},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1638--1643},
  issn = {1057-9230},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.3112},
  abstract = {Longitudinal analysis of Wave 5 to 10 of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia dataset was undertaken to assess whether multidimensional poverty status can predict chronic income poverty. Of those who were multidimensionally poor (low income plus poor health or poor health and insufficient education attainment) in 2007, and those who were in income poverty only (no other forms of disadvantage) in 2007, a greater proportion of those in multidimensional poverty continued to be in income poverty for the subsequent 5years through to 2012. People who were multidimensionally poor in 2007 had 2.17 times the odds of being in income poverty each year through to 2012 than those who were in income poverty only in 2005 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.23-3.83). Multidimensional poverty measures are a useful tool for policymakers to identify target populations for policies aiming to improve equity and reduce chronic disadvantage. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {education,health status,income poverty,multidimensional poverty,SF-6D}
}

@article{Camara2015,
  title = {Multidimensionality of the Relationship between Social Status and Dietary Patterns in Early Childhood: Longitudinal Results from the {{French EDEN}} Mother-Child Cohort},
  author = {Camara, Soumaila and {de Lauzon-Guillain}, Blandine and Heude, Barbara and Charles, Marie-Aline and Botton, Jeremie and Plancoulaine, Sabine and Forhan, Anne and {Saurel-Cubizolles}, Marie-Josephe and {Dargent-Molina}, Patricia and Lioret, Sandrine and Grp, EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/s12966-015-0285-2},
  abstract = {Background: The association between socioeconomic position and diet in early childhood has mainly been addressed based on maternal education and household income. We aimed to assess the influence of a variety of social factors from different socio-ecological levels (parents, household and child-care) on multi-time point dietary patterns identified from 2 to 5 y. Method: This study included 974 children from the French EDEN mother-child cohort. Two multi-time point dietary patterns were derived in a previous study: they correspond to consistent exposures to either core-or non-core foods across 2, 3 and 5 y and were labelled \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGuidelines\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveProcessed, fast-foods\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The associations of various social factors collected during pregnancy (age, education level) or at 2-y follow-up (mother's single status, occupation, work commitments, household financial disadvantage, presence of older siblings and child-care arrangements) with each of the two dietary patterns, were assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: The adherence to a diet close to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGuidelines\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace was positively and independently associated with both maternal and paternal education levels. The adherence to a diet consistently composed of processed and fast-foods was essentially linked with maternal variables (younger age and lower education level), household financial disadvantage, the presence of older sibling (s) and being cared for at home by someone other than the mother. Conclusions: Multiple social factors operating at different levels (parents, household, and child-care) were found to be associated with the diet of young children. Different independent predictors were found for each of the two longitudinal dietary patterns, suggesting distinct pathways of influence. Our findings further suggest that interventions promoting healthier dietary choices for young children should involve both parents and take into account not only household financial disadvantage but also maternal age, family size and options for child-care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dietary patterns,Preschool children,Social inequalities,Socio-economic position,Toddlers}
}

@article{Cambron2014,
  title = {Physical and {{Mental Health Correlates}} of {{Adverse Childhood Experiences}} among {{Low-Income Women}}},
  author = {Cambron, Christopher and Gringeri, Christina and {Vogel-Ferguson}, Mary Beth},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4},
  pages = {221--229},
  issn = {0360-7283},
  doi = {10.1093/hsw/hlu029},
  abstract = {The present study used secondary data gathered from a statewide random sample of 1,073 adult women enrolled in Utah's single-parent cash assistance program and logistic regression to examine associations between self-reported physical, emotional, and sexual abuse during childhood and later life physical and mental health indicators. Results demonstrated significant associations between low-income women's self-reports of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse in childhood, and current and lifetime anxiety disorder, domestic violence, current posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, physical health or mental health issues, and any mental health diagnosis. These results build on previous research to paint a fuller picture of the associations between childhood abuse and physical and mental health for low-income women in Utah. Consistent with research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, findings suggest the applicability of conceptualizing childhood abuse as a public health issue. Social workers can play an integral role in promoting and implementing broader screening practices, connecting affected individuals with long-term interventions, and applying research findings to the design and provision of services within a public health model.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adverse childhood experiences,barriers to work,child abuse,mental health,welfare}
}

@article{Cameron2021,
  title = {How Might We Best Support the Effective and Meaningful Employment of Autistic People and Improve Outcomes?},
  author = {Cameron, Carl and Townend, Abbey},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ADVANCES IN AUTISM},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {41--48},
  issn = {2056-3868},
  doi = {10.1108/AIA-08-2020-0046},
  abstract = {Purpose To determine the most appropriate and effective support to enable autistic people to gain and maintain employment in their chosen field. This paper aims to determine this and by which methods are most suitable for this kind of support, with a focus on mentoring. Design/methodology/approach Mentoring is an intervention that has shown promise in assisting people who encounter barriers in finding work (for example, Roycroft, 2014). This research was conducted to determine whether the mentoring of autistic adults is effective in helping them to gain and maintain employment. The study examined the mentoring records of 90 autistic adults who were in receipt of funded mentoring with 18 separate organisations across England. Findings The authors found that the nationally recognised statistic of autistic people in full-time employment as 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% (National Autistic Society, 2016) was ambitious and subject to regional variation. Based on the results of a programme providing employment and mentoring support that is available and accessible to autistic people, however, outcomes improve and employment is more likely to be achieved and maintained - including in areas of, especially low employment. It was found that 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% of autistic job seekers who were supported by specialist mentors found paid employment (full-time or part-time), demonstrating a 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in paid employment between those who received mentoring support and those who did not. Research limitations/implications A wider study across the UK would first determine if the nationally recognised figure is incorrect and also highlight those areas of the country which perform particularly well or badly. Originality/value This paper believes that this is the only research of it is kind in the UK and that it is a springboard for others who have greater resources available to them. This study is two very early-career academics on the autism spectrum with limited resources available to us.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment}
}

@article{Camlin2022,
  title = {Understanding the Role of Incentives for Achieving and Sustaining Viral Suppression: {{A}} Qualitative Sub-Study of a Financial Incentives Trial in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Camlin, Carol S. and Marson, Kara and Ndyabakira, Alex and Getahun, Monica and Emperador, Devy and Byamukama, Ambrose and Kwarisiima, Dalsone and Thirumurthy, Harsha and Chamie, Gabriel},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {6},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0270180},
  abstract = {Background Viral suppression among people living with HIV (PLHIV) is essential for protecting health and preventing HIV transmission, yet globally, rates of viral suppression are sub-optimal. Interventions to improve HIV prevention and care cascade outcomes remain vital. Financial incentives hold promise for improving these outcomes, yet to date, clinical trial results have been mixed. Methods This qualitative sub-study, embedded in a trial (NCT02890459) in Uganda to test whether incentives are effective for achieving viral suppression in PLHIV, sought to enhance our understanding of the factors that influence this outcome. Forty-nine (n = 49) PLHIV, purposely sampled to balance across gender, study arm, and viral suppression status, were interviewed to explore barriers and motivations for care engagement, adherence, and viral suppression, and attributions for decision-making, including perceived influence of incentives on behaviors. Results While many participants with undetectable viral load (VL) who received incentives said the incentives motivated their ART adherence, others expressed intrinsic motivation for adherence. All felt that incentives reduced burdens of transport costs, lost income due to time spent away from work, and food insecurity. Incentives may have activated attention and memory for some, as excitement about anticipating incentives helped them adhere to medication schedules. In comparison, participants who were randomized to receive incentives but had detectable VL faced a wider range, complexity and severity of challenges to care engagement. Notably, their narratives included more accounts of poor treatment in clinics, food insecurity, and severe forms of stigma. With or without incentives, adherence was reinforced through experiencing restored health due to ART, social support (especially from partners), and good quality counseling and clinical care. Conclusions In considering why incentives sometimes fail to achieve behavior change, it may be helpful to attend to the full set of factors- psychological, interpersonal, social and structural- that militate against the behavior change required to achieve behavioral outcomes. To be effective, incentives may need to be combined with other interventions to address the spectrum of barriers to care engagement.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Camp2022,
  title = {Toxic Stress and Disconnection from Work and School among Youth in {{Detroit}}},
  author = {Camp, Jessica K. and Hall, Tracy S. and Chua, Jiahu C. and Ralston, Kyle G. and Leroux, Danielle F. and Belgrade, Andrea and Shattuck, Sadie},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {876--895},
  issn = {0090-4392},
  doi = {10.1002/jcop.22688},
  abstract = {This study explores toxic stress and youth disconnection from work and school using data from the Detroit Jobs for Michigan's Graduates (JMG) program. A secondary cross-sectional analysis was conducted using a program census of 1934 youth participating in JMG between 2014 and 2019. Youth with criminal justice contact, parenting responsibilities, and toxic stress barriers showed the greatest disparity in graduating or become employed following participation in the JMG program. Youth without toxic stress-aligned barriers were 1.87 times the odds more likely of successful program outcomes when controlling for program enrollment year, program type, Detroit residency, gender, and age. Toxic stress is associated with disconnection from education and employment before and after participation in the JMG program. This indicates that expanding trauma-informed systems and community approaches in youth-serving programs can play a role in mitigating the impact of toxic stress exposure on connection to opportunity for Detroit youth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic opportunity,employment,high school,toxic stress,youth}
}

@article{Campbell2012,
  title = {Part-Time of What? {{Job}} Quality and Part-Time Employment in the Legal Profession in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Campbell, Iain and Charlesworth, Sara and Malone, Jenny},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {149--166},
  issn = {1440-7833},
  doi = {10.1177/1440783311408970},
  abstract = {This article examines the quality of part-time employment for solicitors in private practice in Australia. Although full-time jobs based on long hours are dominant in the legal profession, part-time jobs, primarily taken by women, have attracted attention in recent years. The article seeks to answer fundamental questions about the extent and quality of these jobs, and how well they serve the needs of the increasingly diverse workforce. The article draws on recent surveys and in-depth interviews, as well as Census and other secondary data to describe the features of the part-time workforce and to explore aspects of poor quality such as limited access, inferior job content, stalled career progression and narrow schedules. It suggests that the major barrier to improving the quality of part-time jobs is the dominant model of full-time work in law firms, centred on heavy workloads, high targets of \textbackslash textasciigravebillable hours' and long working hours.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,job quality,legal profession,long hours,part-time work}
}

@article{Campolieti2010,
  title = {Labour {{Market Outcomes}} and {{Skill Acquisition}} of {{High-School Dropouts}}},
  author = {Campolieti, Michele and Fang, Tony and Gunderson, Morley},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1},
  pages = {39--52},
  issn = {0195-3613},
  doi = {10.1007/s12122-009-9074-5},
  abstract = {We estimate the effect that dropping out of high school has on 8 outcomes pertaining to wages, employment and subsequent skill acquisition for youths. Our analysis is based on the older cohort of the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) for 2003, an ideal data set because it contains a rich array of outcome measures and characteristics on individuals when they are in high school and a few years later. Our analysis indicates that dropouts have poorer wage and employment outcomes, and they do not make up for their lack of education through additional skill acquisition and training. The analysis thereby suggests that policies to curb dropping out could have both desirable efficiency effects (high returns) as well as distributional effects (high returns to otherwise more disadvantaged groups) and potential social spillover effects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dropouts,Skill acquisition,Youth employment,Youth in transition survey}
}

@article{Canelas2018,
  title = {Horizontal Inequality as an Outcome},
  author = {Canelas, Carla and Gisselquist, Rachel M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Oxford Development Studies},
  volume = {46},
  number = {3},
  pages = {305--324},
  publisher = {{Informa UK Limited}},
  doi = {10.1080/13600818.2018.1508565},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JEFWTZ7G/Canelas_Gisselquist_2018_Horizontal inequality as an outcome.pdf}
}

@article{Capasso2022,
  title = {Employment Conditions as Barriers to the Adoption of {{COVID-19}} Mitigation Measures: How the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic May Be Deepening Health Disparities among Low-Income Earners and Essential Workers in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Capasso, Ariadna and Kim, Sooyoung and Ali, Shahmir H. and Jones, Abbey M. and DiClemente, Ralph J. and Tozan, Yesim},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-13259-w},
  abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted economically-disadvantaged populations in the United States (US). Precarious employment conditions may contribute to these disparities by impeding workers in such conditions from adopting COVID-19 mitigation measures to reduce infection risk. This study investigated the relationship between employment and economic conditions and the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors among US workers during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Employing a social media advertisement campaign, an online, self-administered survey was used to collect data from 2,845 working adults in April 2020. Hierarchical generalized linear models were performed to assess the differences in engagement with recommended protective behaviors based on employment and economic conditions, while controlling for knowledge and perceived threat of COVID-19, as would be predicted by the Health Belief Model (HBM). Results Essential workers had more precarious employment and economic conditions than non-essential workers: 67\textbackslash textbackslash\% had variable income; 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not have paid sick leave; 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% had lost income due to COVID-19, and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% were food insecure. The adoption of protective behaviors was high in the sample: 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants avoided leaving home, and 93\textbackslash textbackslash\% increased hand hygiene. Consistent with the HBM, COVID-19 knowledge scores and perceived threat were positively associated with engaging in all protective behaviors. However, after controlling for these, essential workers were 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely than non-essential workers, who by the nature of their jobs cannot stay at home, to stay at home and increase hand hygiene, respectively. Similarly, participants who could not afford to quarantine were 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to avoid leaving home (AOR: 0.5; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.4, 0.6) than those who could, whereas there were no significant differences concerning hand hygiene. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the accumulating evidence that the employment conditions of essential workers and other low-income earners are precarious, that they have experienced disproportionately higher rates of income loss during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and face significant barriers to adopting protective measures. Our findings underscore the importance and need of policy responses focusing on expanding social protection and benefits to prevent the further deepening of existing health disparities in the US.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Economic precarity,Employment conditions,Essential workers,Health Belief Model,Health disparities,Precarious employment,Risk of infection,Social determinants of health}
}

@book{Cardim2018,
  title = {Implementation of {{Balanced ScoreCard}}: {{Simplify}} Strategic Thinking Development in {{Portuguese SMEs}}},
  author = {Cardim, Sofia and Nunes, Alcina and Fernandes, Paula Odete and Branco, Frederico},
  editor = {Costa, C and AuYongOliveira, M and Amorim, {\relax MPC}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (ECIE 2018)},
  series = {Proceedings of the {{European Conference}} on {{Entrepreneurship}} and {{Innovation}}},
  issn = {2049-1050},
  abstract = {The Portuguese business structure is essentially composed of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which, despite their size, generate employment and contribute to the increase of national income. In many of these companies, some of them having less than ten employees, management and operational functions are often carried out by the entrepreneur. In addition, the entrepreneur does not always have technical knowledge in management, nor do they have the available time (since they have various responsibilities within the company) to develop and implement a management strategy that allows the enterprise to remain in the market while adopting a more conscious, consistent and sustained orientation. Within the scope of the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization - Portugal 2020, the Balanced ScoreCard (BSC) strategic management instrument was developed and implemented in several companies and sectors of the Portuguese economy. This instrument was crucial in initiating a process of strategic thinking which, quite possibly, would not have happened in such a short time horizon. This research work analyses through an essentially qualitative research the way the BSC instrument was developed and implemented. Another objective is to understand the main advantages of its use and its main application constraints. The data was gathered through a semi-structured interview developed for the owners of four Portuguese SMEs in the northern region Portugal, targeted under the abovementioned programme framework. The results demonstrate the instrument was essential for the development of a structured strategic thinking, as well as for a better performance and, consequently, to the improvement of the competitiveness of the targeted companies. The results also show the instrument had to be adapted and simplified and its implementation has to involve all the employees of the enterprises.},
  isbn = {978-1-911218-98-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Balanced ScoreCard,competitiveness,performance,Portugal,SMEs,strategic thinking},
  note = {13th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (ECIE), Aveiro, PORTUGAL, SEP 20-21, 2018}
}

@article{Cardona2021,
  title = {The Pitfalls of Personalization Rhetoric in Time of Health Crisis: {{COVID-19}} Pandemic and Cracks on Neoliberal Ideologies},
  author = {Cardona, Beatriz},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  pages = {714--721},
  issn = {0957-4824},
  doi = {10.1093/heapro/daaa112},
  abstract = {The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the incongruity of individualization ideologies that position individuals at the centre of health care, by contributing, making informed decisions and exercising choice regarding their health options and lifestyle considerations. When confronted with a global health threat, government across the world, have understood that the rhetoric of individualization, personal responsibility and personal choice would only led to disastrous national health consequences. In other words, individual choice offers a poor criterion to guide the health and wellbeing of a population. This reality has forced many advanced economies around the world to suspend their pledges to \textbackslash textasciigravesmall government', individual responsibility and individual freedom, opting instead for a more rebalanced approach to economic and health outcomes with an increasing role for institutions and mutualization. For many marginalized communities, individualization ideologies and personalization approaches have never worked. On the contrary, they have exacerbated social and health inequalities by benefiting affluent individuals who possess the educational, cultural and economic resources required to exercise \textbackslash textasciigraveresponsibility', avert risks and adopt health protecting behaviours. The individualization of the management of risk has also further stigmatized the poor by shifting the blame for poor health outcomes from government to individuals. This paper will explore how the COVID-19 pandemic exposes the cracks of neoliberal rhetoric on personalization and opens new opportunities to approach the health of a nation as socially, economically and politically determined requiring \textbackslash textasciigraveupstream' interventions on key areas of health including housing, employment, education and access to health care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australian social policy,health equity,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Carmichael2020,
  title = {Health and {{Well-being}} of {{Young People}} in {{Ethiopia}}, {{India}}, {{Peru}} and {{Vietnam}}: {{Life Course Impacts}}},
  author = {Carmichael, Fiona and Darko, Christian K. and Vasilakos, Nicholas},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {56},
  number = {5},
  pages = {964--983},
  issn = {0022-0388},
  doi = {10.1080/00220388.2019.1626835},
  abstract = {Using data from four waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey, we follow the lives of 3,064 eight-year-old children over 12 years in four developing countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) to explore the links between children's lives and their health and wellbeing in early adulthood. We apply a novel combination of sequence analysis with clustering and difference-in-differences estimation techniques to identify links between health and wellbeing outcomes in early adulthood and six distinct clusters grouping similar life course pathways. The latter are characterised by family living conditions, economic status and experience of critical life events (including economic shocks). Our results indicate that there were significant differences in health and wellbeing between children in the most advantaged and less advantaged clusters. These wellbeing gaps all narrowed over time but only completely closed for one cluster. In contrast, only some of the initial health gaps narrowed. These results suggest that policy aimed at improving health and wellbeing outcomes in early adulthood needs to focus on supporting disadvantaged young children.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Carmichael2023,
  title = {The {{Contribution}} of {{Girls}}' {{Longer Hours}} in {{Unpaid Work}} to {{Gender Gaps}} in {{Early Adult Employment}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Ethiopia}}, {{India}}, {{Peru}} and {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Carmichael, Fiona and Darko, Christian and Kanji, Shireen and Vasilakos, Nicholas},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--37},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2022.2084559},
  abstract = {Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey for Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Spending longer hours in unpaid household work in adolescence positively predicts later employment participation but has a scarring effect in negatively predicting job quality (that is a job with a private or public organization) and hourly earnings, particularly for women. Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions of the gender wage gap show young women's penalty for past household work is due to longer hours of such work rather than a higher penalty for women for a given amount of unpaid work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender inequality,gender wage gap,life course,unpaid household work,Young adults}
}

@article{Carney2014,
  title = {How Do Occupational Norms Shape Mothers' Career and Caring Options?},
  author = {Carney, Tanya and Junor, Anne},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {465--487},
  issn = {0022-1856},
  doi = {10.1177/0022185614538442},
  abstract = {Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions critical to mothers' work and caring security are: contracts providing two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security. Occupations can be clustered into \textbackslash textasciigraveshapes', based on the relative mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring security; others involve types of \textbackslash textasciigraveflexibility focusing a trade-off between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms - that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be grouped into five shapes that were associated with different concentrations of mothers. Occupational \textbackslash textasciigraveshapes' may thus act as barriers or enablers to mothers' labour market transitions. They may tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation, and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve mothers' access to both career and caring security.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care arrangements,flexi-place,flexible rosters,mothers,occupational segregation,paid leave,part-time work,segmentation,work security,work/life,working hours}
}

@article{Caron2021,
  title = {Disability, Employment and Wages: Evidence from {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Caron, Laura},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {42},
  number = {5},
  pages = {866--888},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-01-2020-0022},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify the labor market outcomes of people with disabilities (PwD) in Indonesia and compares them to people without disabilities. It first studies the labor force participation of PwD before examining the large and persistent wage gaps they face. It explores whether these wage gaps are explained by differences in productivity, a distinction which has important implications for policies addressing these gaps. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey Wave 5, which includes unique questions allowing for several definitions of disability. Multinomial logistic regression is used to study differences in type of employment for PwD. Wage gaps are estimated and corrected for selection using propensity score matching, supported by a Heckman selection model and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Comparisons with other physically disadvantaged subgroups and the analysis of heterogeneity by job requirements and sector of work explore whether productivity gaps help explain wage gaps. Findings PwD generally have lower unconditional labor force participation, but disparities largely disappear when controlling for characteristics. Moreover, patterns vary depending on whether the measure of disability used depends on prior medical diagnosis. PwD that do not require prior diagnosis tend to work in more vulnerable employment. When they are employed for wages, people with these types of disabilities face lower wages, up to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower. Meanwhile, (surprisingly) those with medically diagnosed conditions face no difference or a wage premium. This paper finds compelling evidence that, where a wage penalty exists, a substantial part is unexplained by observable characteristics. Originality/value Previous literature on disability has been mostly based on studies of high-income economies. This paper extends the literature to Indonesia, which differs from high-income contexts due to lack of mental healthcare resources and assistive technologies, as well as weaker rule of law. It provides unique insights based on types of disability and the salient dimensions of disability in the workplace. It also provides evidence that productivity differences do not explain the wage gap.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Employment,Wages}
}

@article{Carr2011,
  title = {An Evidence Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative Research on Component Intervention Techniques, Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, Equity and Acceptability of Different Versions of Health-Related Lifestyle Advisor Role in Improving Health},
  author = {Carr, S. M. and Lhussier, M. and Forster, N. and Geddes, L. and Deane, K. and Pennington, M. and Visram, S. and White, M. and Michie, S. and Donaldson, C. and Hildreth, A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT},
  volume = {15},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1+},
  issn = {1366-5278},
  doi = {10.3310/hta15090},
  abstract = {Background: There is a need to identify and analyse the range of models developed to date for delivering health-related lifestyle advice (HRLA), or training, for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in improving the health and well-being of individuals and communities in the UK, with particular reference to the reduction of inequalities. Objectives: To identify the component intervention techniques of lifestyle advisors (LAs) in the UK and similar contexts, and the outcomes of HRLA interventions. Data sources: Stakeholder views, secondary analysis of the National Survey of Health Trainer Activity, telephone survey of health trainer leads/coordinators. A search of a range of electronic databases was undertaken \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceincluding the Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), EMBASE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), MEDLINE, Psyc INFO, etc.], as well searching relevant journals and reference lists, conducted from inception to September 2008. Review methods: Identified studies were scanned by two reviewers and those meeting the following criteria were included: studies carrying out an evaluation of HRLA; those taking place in developed countries similar to the UK context; those looking at adult groups; interventions with the explicit aim of health improvement; interventions that involved paid or voluntary work with an individual or group of peers acting in an advisory role; advice delivered by post, online or electronically; training, support or counselling delivered to patients, communities or members of the public. After quality assessment, studies were selected for inclusion in the review. Data were abstracted from each study according to an agreed procedure and narrative, and realist and economic approaches were used to synthesise the data. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions was undertaken. Results: In total, 269 studies were identified but 243 were excluded. The 26 included studies addressing chronic care, mental health, breastfeeding, smoking, diet and physical activity, screening and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevention. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of LAs to promote health and improve quality of life (QoL), and thus uncertainty about the interventions' cost-effectiveness. However, the economic analysis showed that LA interventions were cost-effective in chronic care and smoking cessation, inconclusive for breastfeeding and mental health and not cost-effective for screening uptake and diet/physical activity. LA interventions for HIV prevention were cost-effective, but not in a UK context. Limitations: The wide variety of LA models, delivery settings and target populations prevented the reviewers from establishing firm causal relationships between intervention mode and study outcomes. Conclusions: Evidence was variable, giving only limited support to LAs having a positive impact on health knowledge, behaviours and outcomes. Levels of acceptability appeared to be high. LAs acted as translational agents, sometimes removing barriers to prescribed behaviour or helping to create facilitative social environments. Reporting of processes of accessing or capitalising on indigenous knowledge was limited. Ambiguity was apparent with respect to the role and impact of lay and peer characteristics of the interventions. A future programme of research on HRLA could benefit from further emphasis on identification of needs, the broadening of population focus and intervention aims, the measurement of outcomes and the reviewing of evidence.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Carr2016,
  title = {The Living Wage: {{Theoretical}} Integration and an Applied Research Agenda},
  author = {Carr, Stuart C. and Parker, Jane and Arrowsmith, James and Watters, Paul A.},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {155},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {1--24},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1564-913X.2015.00029.x},
  abstract = {The concept of a living wage is defined by quality of life and work life, not merely economic subsistence. It extends to adequate participation in organizational and social life. In development economics, these crucial components of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedecent work\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace connect with \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecapabilities\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, whose development is important to individuals, organizations and society. However, the links between income and capabilities remain unknown, and living wages are often set by fiat. By integrating theories from development studies, management, psychology and employment relations into a single concentric, contingency model, the authors derive a series of propositions with which to test this context-sensitive model in empirical research.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Carr2018,
  title = {Occupational and Educational Inequalities in Exit from Employment at Older Ages: Evidence from Seven Prospective Cohorts},
  author = {Carr, Ewan and Fleischmann, Maria and Goldberg, Marcel and Kuh, Diana and Murray, Emily T. and Stafford, Mai and Stansfeld, Stephen and Vahtera, Jussi and Xue, Baowen and Zaninotto, Paola and Zins, Marie and Head, Jenny},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {75},
  number = {5},
  pages = {369--377},
  issn = {1351-0711},
  doi = {10.1136/oemed-2017-104619},
  abstract = {Objectives Past studies have identified socioeconomic inequalities in the timing and route of labour market exit at older ages. However, few studies have compared these trends cross-nationally and existing evidence focuses on specific institutional outcomes (such as disability pension and sickness absence) in Nordic countries. We examined differences by education level and occupational grade in the risks of work exit and health-related work exit. Methods Prospective longitudinal data were drawn from seven studies (n=99164). Participants were in paid work at least once around age 50. Labour market exit was derived based on reductions in working hours, changes in self-reported employment status or from administrative records. Health-related exit was ascertained by receipt of health-related benefit or pension or from the reported reason for stopping work. Cox regression models were estimated for each study, adjusted for baseline self-rated health and birth cohort. Results There were 50003 work exits during follow-up, of which an average of 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% (range 2-32\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were health related. Low level education and low occupational grade were associated with increased risks of health-related exit in most studies. Low level education and occupational grade were also associated with an increased risk of any exit from work, although with less consistency across studies. Conclusions Workers with low socioeconomic position have an increased risk of health-related exit from employment. Policies that extend working life may disadvantage such workers disproportionally, especially where institutional support for those exiting due to poor health is minimal.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Carrillo2021,
  title = {Pediatric {{Orthopaedic Observerships}} in {{North America}} for {{International Surgeons The Visitor}}'s {{Perspective}}},
  author = {Carrillo, Laura A. and Sabharwal, Sanjeev},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME},
  volume = {103},
  number = {7},
  issn = {0021-9355},
  doi = {10.2106/JBJS.20.01464},
  abstract = {Background: There is substantial disparity in access to surgical care worldwide that largely impacts children in resource-limited environments. Although it has been suggested that surgeons in high-income countries work alongside their overseas peers to bridge this gap, there is limited information regarding the impact of pediatric orthopaedic observerships that are available to international surgeons. This study aimed to assess the perceived impact of such visitations on overseas surgeons, including their professional development and clinical practice. Methods: A survey was distributed to overseas surgeons who participated in a pediatric orthopaedic observership in North America in the years 2009 to 2019. Details were collected regarding each respondent's demographics and observership program, and the impact of this short-term clinical experience as perceived by the visiting surgeon. Results: Of the 181 international surgeons from 56 countries who participated in a pediatric orthopaedic observership, most were young male surgeons residing in a middle-income nation. The majority of surgeons observed in outpatient clinics (98\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and in the operating room (96\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and attended educational in-house conferences (92\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most observers (75\textbackslash textbackslash\%) acknowledged gaining relevant orthopaedic knowledge and clinical skills that improved local patient care, and nearly all (99\textbackslash textbackslash\%) shared the newly acquired knowledge with their peers and trainees. Most (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were still living and working in the country that had been their residence at the time of their observership. No noteworthy trends were identified between the income classification of the surgeons' country of residence and their ability to incorporate the acquired skills into their practice. Conclusions: Participating in a North American pediatric orthopaedic observership has a positive perceived impact on the majority of visiting surgeons, with potential gains in clinical skills and knowledge that likely benefit their patients, peers, and trainees. Such participation does not contribute to substantial brain drain and may assist with local capacity building. Identifying ways to increase access to such educational opportunities, particularly for surgeons from lower-income countries, should be explored further.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Carrougher2017,
  title = {An {{Intervention Bundle}} to {{Facilitate Return}} to {{Work}} for {{Burn-Injured Workers}}: {{Report From}} a {{Burn Model System Investigation}}},
  author = {Carrougher, Gretchen J. and Brych, Sabina B. and Pham, Tam N. and Mandell, Samuel P. and Gibran, Nicole S.},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF BURN CARE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& RESEARCH},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {E70-E78},
  issn = {1559-047X},
  doi = {10.1097/BCR.0000000000000410},
  abstract = {Rates of return to work (RTW) after burn injury vary. A 2012 systematic review of the burn literature reported that nearly 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all adult burn survivors never return to any form of employment. These authors called for interventions designed to assist survivors' ability to function in an employed capacity. In 2010, our burn center outpatient clinic instituted an intervention aimed to return injured workers to employment within 90 days of their insurance claims. The interventions include patient/family education focused on recovery rather than disability, employer contact and education by the vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselor, physician recommendations for work accommodations, provision of employee status letters, and Activity Prescription Forms (APFs). The purpose of this study is to report on the effectiveness of these interventions. Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, medical records of adults with occupation-related burn injuries and receiving care at a single regional burn center from June 2010 to July 2015 were reviewed. Data on patient and injury characteristics and outpatient VR services provided were collected. The primary outcome of interest was the percentage of patients who RTW; 338 individuals met study entry criteria. The VR counselor evaluated all patients. All patients received an employer letter(s) and APF documentation. Workplace accommodations were provided to more than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients. RTW rate was 93\textbackslash textbackslash\%, with an average of 24 days from injury to RTW. In an intervention bundle involving the patient, employer, Workers' compensation, and the burn clinic staff, injured workers achieved a high rate of RTW. Although we cannot correlate individual bundle components to outcome, we postulate that the combination of employer/employee/insurer engagement and flexibility contributed to the success of this program.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Carter2021,
  title = {A Paradigm Shift to Address Racial Inequities in Perinatal Healthcare},
  author = {Carter, Ebony B. and Mazzoni, Sara E. and Collaborative, EleVATE Women},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY},
  volume = {224},
  number = {4},
  pages = {359--361},
  issn = {0002-9378},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.040},
  abstract = {Health inequities are not caused by personal failings or shortcomings within disadvantaged groups, which can be erased with behavioral interventions. The scope of the problem is much greater and will only fully be addressed with the examination of the systems, structures, and policies that perpetuate racism, classism, and an economic, class, race, or gender divide between patients and the people who care for them. Solution-oriented strategies to achieve health equity will remain elusive if researchers continue to focus on behavior modification in patients while failing to do harder work that includes focusing on the institutions, community, and societal contexts in which pregnant women are living; addressing social determinants of health; considering racism in study design, analysis, and reporting; valuing the voices of patients, practitioners, and researchers from historically disadvantaged groups; disseminating research findings back to the community; and developing policy and reimbursement structures to support care delivery change that advances equitable outcomes. A case study shows us how group prenatal care may be one viable vehicle through which to affect this change. Group prenatal care is one of the few interventions shown to improve pregnancy outcomes for black women. Studies of group prenatal care have predominantly focused on the patient, but here we propose that the intervention may exert its greatest impact on clinicians and the systems in which they work. The underlying mechanism through which group prenatal care works may be through increased quantity and quality of patient and practitioner time together and communication. We hypothesize that this, in turn, fosters greater opportunity for cross-cultural exposure and decreases clinician implicit bias, explicit bias, and racism, thus increasing the likelihood that practitioners advocate for systems-level changes that directly benefit patients and improve perinatal outcomes. taged groups, which can be erased with behavioral interventions. The scope of the problem is much greater and will only fully be addressed with the examination of the systems, structures, and policies that perpetuate racism, classism, and an economic, class, race, or gender divide between patients and the people who care for them. Solution-oriented strategies to achieve health equity will remain elusive if researchers continue to focus on behavior modification in patients while failing to do harder work that includes focusing on the institutions, community, and societal contexts in which pregnant women are living; addressing social determinants of health; considering racism in study design, analysis, and reporting; valuing the voices of patients, practitioners, and researchers from historically disadvantaged groups; disseminating research findings back to the community; and developing policy and reimbursement structures to support care delivery change that advances equitable outcomes. A case study shows us how group prenatal care may be one viable vehicle through which to affect this change. Group prenatal care is one of the few interventions shown to improve pregnancy outcomes for black women. Studies of group prenatal care have predominantly focused on the patient, but here we propose that the intervention may exert its greatest impact on clinicians and the systems in which they work. The underlying mechanism through which group prenatal care works may be through increased quantity and quality of patient and practitioner time together and communication. We hypothesize that this, in turn, fosters greater opportunity for cross-cultural exposure and decreases clinician implicit bias, explicit bias, and racism, thus increasing the likelihood that practitioners advocate for systems-level changes that directly benefit patients and improve perinatal outcomes. Key words: centering pregnancy, group prenatal care, health equity, racism},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {centering pregnancy,group prenatal care,health equity,racism}
}

@article{Carvajal2016,
  title = {Interaction of Gender and Age in Pharmacists' Labour Outcomes},
  author = {Carvajal, Manuel J. and Popovici, Ioana},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--29},
  issn = {1759-8885},
  doi = {10.1111/jphs.12118},
  abstract = {ObjectivesWorkers from different genders and age groups may encounter unequal opportunities and/or structural barriers that grant them access to, or limit, the acquisition of human capital and the ability to apply it, which are likely to affect labour outcomes such as job entry, mobility, hours of work, and wages and salaries. The objective was to assess whether labour outcomes of young women differ from those of the rest of the workforce, if at all, due to gender, age, or the interaction of both classifications. MethodsThe study was based on survey data self-reported by licensed pharmacists. A 2x3 (genderxage-group) factorial design was used to assess differences in seven labour outcomes. Key findingsWages and salaries were greater for men than for women, and the disparity was observed in all age groups. Gender differences in average workweek and part-time employment were heavily mediated by age. Age also mediated gender differences in annual household income. While the age-group classification was statistically significant for all labour outcomes, the gender classification lacked significance for household income, distance to work and one-way commute time. Wages and salaries, the wage rate, distance to work and one-way commute time failed to show a significant interaction effect. ConclusionsPharmacists of different genders and age groups vary widely in terms of labour outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {age-group disparities,gender disparities,labour outcomes,pharmacist workforce}
}

@article{Carvajal2018,
  title = {A Theoretical Framework for the Interpretation of Pharmacist Workforce Studies throughout the World: {{The}} Labor Supply Curve},
  author = {Carvajal, Manuel J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {11},
  pages = {999--1006},
  issn = {1551-7411},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.11.017},
  abstract = {Despite geographic, financial, and cultural diversity, publications dealing with the pharmacist workforce throughout the world share common concerns and focus on similar topics. Their findings are presented in the literature in a seemingly unrelated way even though they are connected to one another as parts of a comprehensive theoretical structure. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model that relates some of the most salient topics addressed in the international literature on pharmacist workforce. The model is developed along two fundamental ideas. The first identifies the shape and location of the pharmacist's labor supply curve as the driving force behind all workforce decisions undertaken by pharmacists; the second argues that gender and age differences are two of the most important factors determining the shape and location of this supply curve. The paper then discusses movements along the curve attributed to changes in the wage rate, as well as displacements of the curve attributed to disparities in personal characteristics, investments in human capital, job-related preferences, opinions and perceptions, and institutional rigidities. The focus is on the individual pharmacist, not on groups of pharmacists or the profession as a whole. Works in multiple countries that address each topic are identified. Understanding these considerations is critical as employers' failure to accommodate pharmacists' preferences for work and leisure are associated with negative consequences not only for them but also for the healthcare system as a whole. Possible consequences include excessive job turnover, absenteeism, decreased institutional commitment, and lower quality of work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Labor supply,Pharmacist workforce,Theoretical framework,Worldwide literature}
}

@article{Carvajal2019,
  title = {A {{Probe}} into the {{Wages}} and {{Salaries}} of {{Health Economics}}, {{Outcomes Research}}, and {{Market Access Professionals}}},
  author = {Carvajal, Manuel J. and Peeples, Patti and Popovici, Ioana},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {741--751},
  issn = {1175-5652},
  doi = {10.1007/s40258-019-00493-4},
  abstract = {Objective To estimate the central tendency and spread of health economics, outcomes research, and market access (HE/OR/MA) professionals' wage-and-salary earnings; compare male versus female and US versus non-US earnings levels; and examine inequality in their distribution. Methods Self-reported survey data were collected in 2015 from HE/OR/MA professionals in the HealthEconomics.com global subscriber list. The study design consisted of a two-way classification model with multiple replications and three inequality indicators. HE/OR/MA professionals from the HealthEconomics.com global subscriber list completed a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 403 participants. Results Within each location, men earned higher wages and salaries than women, and within each gender, HE/OR/MA professionals living in the USA earned higher wages and salaries than those living outside the USA. Evidence of a gap was suggested by the presence of gender and location disparities in earnings determinants. Results also suggested the presence of moderate inequality that was similar for both genders and greater for non-US than US residents. Conclusions This study shed light into the labor market structure of HE/OR/MA professionals and may be conducive to more rational and efficient workforce management policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Castaneda-Navarrete2021,
  title = {{{COVID-19}}'s Impacts on Global Value Chains, as Seen in the Apparel Industry},
  author = {{Castaneda-Navarrete}, Jennifer and Hauge, Jostein and {Lopez-Gomez}, Carlos},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {39},
  number = {6},
  pages = {953--970},
  issn = {0950-6764},
  doi = {10.1111/dpr.12539},
  abstract = {Motivation The COVID-19 pandemic has massively disrupted international trade and global value chains. Impacts, however, differ across regions and industries. This article contributes to a better understanding of the scale of disruptions to industries and value chains integral to the economies of and livelihoods in developing countries, and what role policy can play to mitigate harm. Purpose This article aims to: (1) analyse and characterize disruptions to the global apparel value chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on how developing countries have been impacted, and; (2) identify key policies to support a resilient, inclusive and sustainable recovery. Approach and methods We review COVID-19 related reports published by international and non-governmental organizations, international trade and production statistics, industry surveys and media reports. We frame our analysis predominantly within the Global Value Chains literature. Findings The global apparel value chain has been severely disrupted by the pandemic, owing to direct effects of sickness on workers in factories, reduced output of materials-cloth, thread, etc.-used to fabricate clothing, and to reduced demand for apparel in high-income countries. Developing countries are suffering disproportionately in terms of profits, wages, job security and job safety. Women workers in the apparel chain have been hit especially hard, not only because most workers in the chain are women, but also because they have experienced increasing unpaid care work and higher risk of gender-based violence. Policy implications Five key areas of policy to support a resilient, inclusive and sustainable recovery stand out: (1) delivering emergency responses to ensure firm survival and the protection of workers' livelihoods; (2) reformulating FDI attraction strategies and promoting market diversification; (3) supporting technology adoption and skills development; (4) deploying labour standards to improve workers' conditions and strengthening social protection systems; and (5) adopting gender-sensitive responses.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {apparel industry,COVID-19,economic development,global value chains,power disparities,reshoring,supply chains}
}

@article{Castellano2014,
  title = {Gender Gap and Labour Market Participation {{A}} Composite Indicator for the Ranking of {{European}} Countries},
  author = {Castellano, Rosalia and Rocca, Antonella},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {345--367},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-07-2012-0107},
  abstract = {Purpose - The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. Findings - The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification. Research limitations/implications - In order to take into account the subjectivity of some choices in composite indicator construction and to test robustness of results, different aggregation techniques were applied. Practical implications - The authors hope that this new index will stimulate the release of a sort of best practices useful to close labour market gaps, starting from best countries' scenarios, and the launching of pilot gender parity task forces, as it happened with the Global Gender Gap Index in some countries. Finally, relating gender gap indexes with country policies frameworks for gender inequalities and the connected policy outcomes, it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness and to identify the most adequate initiatives to undertake because policies reducing gender gaps can significantly improve economic growth and standard of living. Social implications - The analysis gives a contribution in the evaluation of the policies and regulations effectiveness at national level considering the existing welfare regimes and the associated gaps in labour market. It can help policy makers to understand the ramifications of gaps between women and men. The Gender Gap Labour Market Index is constrained by the need for international comparability, but limiting its analysis to European countries; it has been based on ad hoc indicators concerning developed economies and could be readily adapted for use at the national and local levels. Originality/value - In this paper the authors propose a new composite indicator index specifically focused on gender gap in labour market. Several papers analysed gender differences in wages, employment or segregation, but few of them consider them together, allowing to get a satisfactory informative picture on gender inequalities in labour market and studying in deep its multiple aspects, including discrimination indicators ad hoc calculated, giving to policy makers an useful tool to evaluate female employees conditions and put them in relation with the different input factors existing within each country.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Composite indicator,Discrimination in employment,Gender gap,Labour market}
}

@article{Castellano2018,
  title = {Gender Disparities in {{European}} Labour Markets: {{A}} Comparison of Conditions for Men and Women in Paid Employment},
  author = {Castellano, Rosalia and Rocca, Antonella},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {157},
  number = {4},
  pages = {589--608},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/ilr.12122},
  abstract = {Although the dramatic increase in female labour force participation in recent decades has been connected to significant changes in economic opportunities for women, gender disparities in the labour market persist in many forms. This article seeks to assess whether higher gender differentials in European labour markets are directly related to poor economic conditions. To this end, the results of a composite indicator designed and developed by the authors in a previous study are updated and three new composite indicators are constructed for a separate analysis of female and male labour market conditions and gender gap for paid employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {comparative study,economic indicator,EU countries,gender equality,labour market segmentation,sex discrimination,statistical analysis,women workers,working conditions}
}

@article{Castellanos-Navarrete2019,
  title = {Development without Change: {{Oil}} Palm Labour Regimes, Development Narratives, and Disputed Moral Economies in {{Mesoamerica}}},
  author = {{Castellanos-Navarrete}, Antonio and {Tobar-Tomas}, William V. and {Lopez-Monzon}, Carlos E.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {169--180},
  issn = {0743-0167},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.08.011},
  abstract = {Government officials and representatives of corporations and international organisations promoting oil palm argue this crop brings development by creating numerous jobs for the rural poor, even through large-scale plantations. This study critically assesses this narrative as deployed in Mesoamerica and analyses oil palm labour regimes in two study regions in Mexico and one in Guatemala where both smallholders and private sector plantations are producing oil palm. Following a political ecology framework, we analyse labour practices as embodied and political, taking into account larger processes of agrarian change. Based on interviews and surveys of producers and field labourers, we found oil palm production was characterised by low employment rates (one job or less for every 10 hectares of land) and flexible labour regimes under which field labourers face uncertain, poorly paid and risky circumstances at work. The palm oil industry defines development narrowly, as access to income without social change, while it profits from contemporary and historical inequalities that have turned young men, many of them indigenous Maya, rural women, and Guatemalan peasants into cheap labour. However, in oil palm production, profit oriented neoliberal arrangements by the private sector clash with a peasant moral economy that emphasise the value of physical labour and smallholder-worker solidarity. Despite being highly profitable, the palm oil industry offers limited livelihood opportunities for field labourers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dispossession,Moral economy,Neoliberalism,Precarisation,Rural Employment}
}

@article{Catanzarite2002,
  title = {Working with Co-Ethnics: {{Earnings}} Penalties for {{Latino}} Immigrants at {{Latino}} Jobsites},
  author = {Catanzarite, L and Aguilera, {\relax MB}},
  year = {2002},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL PROBLEMS},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--127},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  doi = {10.1525/sp.2002.49.1.101},
  abstract = {We demonstrate that Mexicans and Central Americans legalized through he 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act suffer a substantial pay penalty for working at jobsites where co-ethnics predominate, above and beyond the influences of low levels of human capital, employment in informal or secondary sector jobs, or in less-skilled occupations. Utilizing the 1992 Legalized Population Survey, we regress wages on individual, job, and occupational characteristics. These models demonstrate a sizable, negative effect of employment in a Latino ghetto, which outweighs the effects of many years of education, labor force experience, or job tenure. Most of the respondents work at jobsites saturated with co-ethnics, and such segregation puts them at a pronounced monetary disadvantage. We argue that policies to improve immigrant Latinos' labor market outcomes must move beyond prescriptions for enhancing workers' human capital to address structural factors that contribute to underpayment at Latino jobsites.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cavalieri2011,
  title = {Between {{Victim}} and {{Agent}}: {{A Third-Way Feminist Account}} of {{Trafficking}} for {{Sex Work}}},
  author = {Cavalieri, Shelley},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {INDIANA LAW JOURNAL},
  volume = {86},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1409--1458},
  issn = {0019-6665},
  abstract = {Feminist legal theorists have devoted enormous attention to conceptualizing the issues of sex work and trafficking for sexual purposes. While these theories vary, they typically fall into one of two camps. The abolitionist perspective, having grown out of dominance feminist theory, perceives sex work as inherently exploitative. In contrast, a second group of theorists adopts a liberal notion of individual choice and draws on the poststructuralist rejection of gender essentialism to envision a theoretical model of sex-worker rights. The legal and public policies that grow from these two models are similarly polarized. Radical feminist abolitionists are often strange bedfellows with evangelical Christian organizations, working to end all sex work by rescuing women, regardless of any individual volition exercised in choosing the profession. On the other hand, organizations focused on sex-worker rights seek to help sex workers take care of themselves without fully questioning the social circumstances that lead women to make such a choice. This Article proposes a new theoretical model of trafficking for sexual purposes: a third-way feminist account of sex trafficking. Leveraging the feminist literature on constrained autonomy, the author draws on her own experience working with trafficked African and Asian populations to offer this new approach. This model relies on the dominance feminist critique of social conditions generative of women's economic desperation, which often underlies women's choice to engage in sexual labor. At the same time, the author rejects gender essentialism and endorses a liberal notion of the individual woman as an actor with real, though constrained, personal autonomy. Having explored this theoretical model, the Article identifies a series of interventions in trafficking for sexual purposes that recognize the individual and her personal resources while ultimately seeking to further her own autonomy. In proposing these interventions, this Article directly offers a vision of how feminist legal theory can work to alleviate poverty and other social barriers that third-world women encounter in trying to support themselves and their families. Finally, the Article closes with a consideration of the relationship between the author's proposed third-way feminist model and the international development literature on the capabilities approach. The interventions that arise from this third-way conception of feminist theory complement the capabilities model of development, as both seek to broaden the individual's life options in pursuit of a more robust individual agency.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cavalieri2013,
  title = {Geographical Variation of Unmet Medical Needs in {{Italy}}: A Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis},
  author = {Cavalieri, Marina},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1476-072X},
  doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-12-27},
  abstract = {Background: Unmet health needs should be, in theory, a minor issue in Italy where a publicly funded and universally accessible health system exists. This, however, does not seem to be the case. Moreover, in the last two decades responsibilities for health care have been progressively decentralized to regional governments, which have differently organized health service delivery within their territories. Regional decision-making has affected the use of health care services, further increasing the existing geographical disparities in the access to care across the country. This study aims at comparing self-perceived unmet needs across Italian regions and assessing how the reported reasons - grouped into the categories of availability, accessibility and acceptability - vary geographically. Methods: Data from the 2006 Italian component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions are employed to explore reasons and predictors of self-reported unmet medical needs among 45,175 Italian respondents aged 18 and over. Multivariate logistic regression models are used to determine adjusted rates for overall unmet medical needs and for each of the three categories of reasons. Results: Results show that, overall, 6.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the Italian population stated having experienced at least one unmet medical need during the last 12 months. The unadjusted rates vary markedly across regions, thus resulting in a clear-cut north-south divide (4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the North-East vs. 10.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the South). Among those reporting unmet medical needs, the leading reason was problems of accessibility related to cost or transportation (45.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by acceptability (26.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and availability due to the presence of too long waiting lists (21.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In the South, more than one out of two individuals with an unmet need refrained from seeing a physician due to economic reasons. In the northern regions, working and family responsibilities contribute relatively more to the underutilization of medical services. Logistic regression results suggest that some population groups are more vulnerable than others to experiencing unmet health needs and to reporting some categories of reasons. Adjusting for the predictors resulted in very few changes in the rank order of macro-area rates. Conclusions: Policies to address unmet health care needs should adopt a multidimensional approach and be tailored so as to consider such geographical heterogeneities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to health care,Barriers to health care,Decentralization,Italy,Unmet health care needs}
}

@article{Cavanagh2021,
  title = {Subtle Workplace Discrimination Inhibiting Workers with Intellectual Disability from Thriving at the Workplace},
  author = {Cavanagh, Jillian and Meacham, Hannah and {Pariona-Cabrera}, Patricia and Bartram, Timothy},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PERSONNEL REVIEW},
  volume = {50},
  number = {7-8, SI},
  pages = {1739--1756},
  issn = {0048-3486},
  doi = {10.1108/PR-10-2021-0723},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of the article is to examine the experiences of workers with intellectual disability (WWID) and subtle discriminatory practices that hold these workers back from thriving at the workplace. Design/methodology/approach The research design employs the Shore et al. (2011) framework of inclusion supported by optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT) (Brewer, 1991). These theoretical frames are used to examine the potential for WWID to become members of a work group and experience the opportunity to develop their unique selves, negotiate and thrive through their work for purposeful career outcomes. A qualitative case study approach was adopted through interviews and focus groups with a total of 91 participants: 41 WWID, 5 human resource (HR) managers, 5 duty/department managers (DMs), 24 colleagues and 16 supervisors. Findings The authors found that enhancing inclusion is underpinned by the positive impact of human resource management (HRM) practices and line management support for WWID feelings of belongingness and uniqueness that enable them to thrive through their work activities. The authors demonstrate that WWID need manager support and positive social interactions to increase their learning and vitality for work to embrace opportunities for growth. However, when WWID do not have these conditions, there are fewer opportunities for them to thrive at the workplace. Practical implications There is a need for formal HRM and management support and inclusive organisational interventions to mitigate discriminatory practices and better support WWID at work. There is an opportunity for HRM to design training and development around belongingness and uniqueness for this cohort of workers to maximise WWID opportunities to thrive through their work. Originality/value This study examines a cohort of WWID who are often forgotten and subtly discriminated against more so than other minority or vulnerable cohorts in the workplace, especially in terms of their development and reaching their full potential at work, which has an impact on their ability to thrive through their work. The paper makes an innovative contribution to the HRM literature through unpacking the processes through which Shore et al.'s (2011) conceptualisation of belongingness and uniqueness contributes to thriving for a marginalised and often overlooked cohort of workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Belongingness,Discrimination,HRM,Intellectual disability,Line managers,Thriving and inclusion,Uniqueness}
}

@article{Caven2022,
  title = {Gender Inequality in an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveEqual}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Environment},
  author = {Caven, Valerie and Navarro Astor, Elena and Urbanaviciene, Vita},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {29},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1658--1675},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12715},
  abstract = {Lithuania, as a part of the former Soviet Union, has a long-standing history of perceived equality for women in the workplace. Women played an equal role in economic production as it was a constitutional expectation that all citizens had both a right and an obligation to work. Consequently, at the time of independence in 1990 the levels of participation of women in the workplace including at managerial and professional levels were much higher than other western European countries. In architecture, women achieved parity in terms of numbers, but this equality did not transfer into all aspects of economic activity. Drawing on qualitative survey and interview data from 31 Lithuanian women architects, our findings show, despite the historical emphasis on equality, the existence of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecritical mass\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of women in the profession and the adoption of EU gender equality policy, the position of women remains poor with clear evidence of sex discrimination, harassment, and lack of opportunities for career advancement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {architects,equality,gender,inequality,Lithuania,women}
}

@article{Cawley2005,
  title = {Morbid Obesity and the Transition from Welfare to Work},
  author = {Cawley, J and Danziger, S},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4},
  pages = {727--743},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.20135},
  abstract = {This paper utilizes a rich longitudinal data set-the Women Employment Study (WES)-to investigate whether obesity, which is common among women of low socioeconomic status, is a barrier to employment and earnings for current and former welfare recipients. We find that former welfare recipients who are both White and morbidly obese have been less successful in transitioning from welfare to work. These women are less likely to work at any survey wave, spend a greater percentage of months between waves receiving cash welfare, and have lower monthly earnings at each wave. The magnitude of the difference in labor market outcomes between the morbidly obese and those who are less heavy is in some cases similar in magnitude to the differences in these labor market outcomes between high school dropouts and graduates. In contrast, we find no such labor market differences associated with morbid obesity for African-American respondents. This paper documents the relationship between weight and labor market outcomes for the first time among the welfare population. In addition, it investigates whether the correlation for White females is due to unobserved heterogeneity. We find that after controlling for individual fixed effects, the point estimate of the correlation of morbid obesity and each of the labor market outcomes falls considerably and is no longer statistically significant. These results are consistent with unobserved heterogeneity causing the correlation between morbid obesity and labor market outcomes. Findings are similar after controlling for the respondent's mental and physical health. (c) 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cech2010,
  title = {Perceiving {{Glass Ceilings}}? {{Meritocratic}} versus {{Structural Explanations}} of {{Gender Inequality}} among {{Women}} in {{Science}} and {{Technology}}},
  author = {Cech, Erin A. and {Blair-Loy}, Mary},
  year = {2010},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL PROBLEMS},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3},
  pages = {371--397},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  doi = {10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.371},
  abstract = {Americans often rely on meritocratic ideologies rather than structural factors to explain unequal labor market outcomes, but we know little about how such beliefs are contingent upon individuals' social locations. Taking advantage of unique survey data, this article examines how gender inequality in professional advancement is explained among successful women professionals in science, technology, and allied fields-an employment arena potentially characterized simultaneously by potent meritocratic ideologies and persistent gendered barriers. Using multinomial logistic regressions comparing structural and meritocratic frames for explaining the paucity of women at high levels, we show how respondents in different career and family circumstances use these conflicting perceptual lenses. We find that married women, those with business education, and those in the top levels of their organizations are more likely to account for gender inequality by invoking deficiencies in women's human capital or motivation, whereas mothers, primary breadwinners, sellers of professional services, and those working in unsupportive organizations are more likely to invoke structural explanations. This research has implications for social action. Successful women's beliefs about gender inequality may influence whether they help remove structural obstacles for other women, or whether, through adherence to the meritocratic ideology, they help reconstruct the glass ceilings they have cracked.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,glass ceilings,meritocratic ideology,perceptions of inequality,women in science and technology}
}

@article{Cerciello2019,
  title = {The Caring Hand That Cripples? {{The}} Effects of the {{European}} Regional Policy on Local Labour Market Participation in {{Southern Italy}}},
  author = {Cerciello, Massimiliano and Agovino, Massimiliano and Garofalo, Antonio},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES},
  volume = {68},
  issn = {0038-0121},
  doi = {10.1016/j.seps.2019.03.009},
  abstract = {The European Regional Policy supports the most disadvantaged regions of the EU, aiming to foster a long-run convergence process. Between 2007 and 2013, the EU devoted substantial resources to low-income convergence regions, covering about one quarter of the EU population. Like other disadvantaged areas, Southern Italy received conspicuous funding. This work attempts to evaluate the effect of the intensive funding on local labour market participation across the convergence regions of Southern Italy, using a Diff-in-Diff identification strategy in a Dynamic Spatial Framework. An element of strength in this study is represented by the NUTS-3 dataset employed, drawn from official records. Controlling for socio-economic covariates, autoregressive components and spatial spillovers, the results obtained show a negative impact of the intensive EU funding on labour market participation. Many reasons may account for this phenomenon, ranging from poor targeting and monitoring, to the distortionary effects of the funds, to the strategic behaviour of the national government.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cervantes2021,
  title = {Experiences of {{Latinx Individuals Hospitalized}} for {{COVID-19 A Qualitative Study}}},
  author = {Cervantes, Lilia and Martin, Marlene and Frank, Maria G. and Farfan, Julia F. and Kearns, Mark and Rubio, Luis A. and Tong, Allison and Matus Gonzalez, Andrea and Camacho, Claudia and Collings, Adriana and Mundo, William and Powe, Neil R. and Fernandez, Alicia},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JAMA NETWORK OPEN},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0684},
  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Latinx individuals, particularly immigrants, are at higher risk than non-Latinx White individuals of contracting and dying from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about Latinx experiences with COVID-19 infection and treatment. OBJECTIVE To describe the experiences of Latinx individuals who were hospitalized with and survived COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The qualitative study used semistructured phone interviews of 60 Latinx adults who survived a COVID-19 hospitalization in public hospitals in San Francisco, California, and Denver, Colorado, from March 2020 to July 2020. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Data analysis was conducted from May 2020 to September 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Themes and subthemes that reflected patient experiences. RESULTS Sixty people (24 women and 36 men; mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD] age, 48 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace12] years) participated. All lived in low-income areas, 47 participants (78\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had more than 4 people in the home, and most (44 participants \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace73\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) were essential workers. Four participants (9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) could work from home, 12 (20\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had paid sick leave, and 21 (35\textbackslash textbackslash\%) lost their job because of COVID-19. We identified 5 themes (and subthemes) with public health and clinical care implications: COVID-19 was a distant and secondary threat (invincibility, misinformation and disbelief, ingrained social norms); COVID-19 was a compounder of disadvantage (fear of unemployment and eviction, lack of safeguards for undocumented immigrants, inability to protect self from COVID-19, and high-density housing); reluctance to seek medical care (worry about health care costs, concerned about ability to access care if uninsured or undocumented, undocumented immigrants fear deportation); health care system interactions (social isolation and change in hospital procedures, appreciation for clinicians and language access, and discharge with insufficient resources or clinical information); and faith and community resiliency (spirituality, Latinx COVID-19 advocates). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In interviews, Latinx patients with COVID-19 who survived hospitalization described initial disease misinformation and economic and immigration fears as having driven exposure and delays in presentation. To confront COVID-19 as a compounder of social disadvantage, public health authorities should mitigate COVID-19-related misinformation, immigration fears, and challenges to health care access, as well as create policies that provide work protection and address economic disadvantages.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cetin2022,
  title = {{The effects of women's joining in paid employment on public place usage: Sakarya Geyve case}},
  author = {Cetin, Reycan and Turkun, Asuman},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {MEGARON},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {107--116},
  issn = {1309-6915},
  doi = {10.14744/MEGARON.2022.08566},
  abstract = {This research is about the effects of women's being a part of paid employment on the usage of public places by using women's daily life experiences. Joining paid labour is a crucial strategy for women's empowerment policies. Working outside means leaving home, private space, and being a part of the public places for women. But creating job opportunities for women is not a magical tool that solves all the gender inequalities, on the contrary, Marxist feminists argue that the gendered structure of labour even expands the gap between genders. And feminist geographers underline that women experience public places with a range of barriers created by the patriarchal form of built environments. Even the women have decent works, it is not easy for women to be in public just because the built environment avoids their needs. But despite this hopeless and adverse framework, microanalyses that focus on female workers from developing countries show that women embrace working outside of the home. And when they have proper conditions, they create their empowerment strategies which are slow but deep and strong. This study aims to reveal these empowerments strategies and the needed necessary conditions from the usage of public place perspective. The study case, Geyve in Sakarya, has rural and urban characteristics at the same time. Patriarchal and religious values are deeply embedded in the place. And these values affect the gender roles, labour, and the usage of public places too. Traditionally, women used to work in the agricultural sector as unpaid workers. And their public place usage is limited. But in the 1990s, two food factories opened in Geyve and offered uneducated women a job opportunity aside from the agricultural sector. Women's participation in paid labour in 30 years changed many dynamics, usage of public places too. The study was conducted with the feminist method, focusing on women's standpoint, to understand these changes from the women's perspective. The main data source of this study is the daily life experiences of blue-collar women. These daily life experiences were obtained through in-depth interviews with twenty two female workers. The factory representatives declared that the majority of the female workers are married with children. For this reason, the interviewees were mainly selected from married women with children. The working conditions are critically important in women's changing behaviours, for this reason, the study focused on a work environment where women work in the same environment with men, under the same conditions, and have the same rights. In this context, the study didn't include Geyve's automotive sector. Because this sector is mostly dominated by men. And the textile sector is also out of the scope of the study for a similar reason. Textile sector workers are mostly female and, there is a strong gender hierarchy in this sector. The food factories, which are built in the 1990s and have 1500 workers together, provide the appropriate conditions for the study. In-deep interviews focused on revealing gendered forms of public places, women's questioning interiorised gender roles, and the reflections of these questionings on public place usage. The study showed that women's strategies diversify based on their marital status, owning children, and age. For example, mothers with school-aged children justify their existence in public places with their motherhood identity. And young and single women prefer the same cafes as college students. Older women with adult children do not care to be in public or themselves, but they admire the youngsters and support their younger female members. There are two important common statements from interviews. All interviewees emphasised that they have the same rights to be in public because they work under the same conditions as men, and earn the same money. And they feel safe when they are surrounded by other females when they are in public places. These two statements show that although the women are aware of the unfair patriarchal form of public places, they don't try to demolish it to get their rights. Instead of resisting, they bargain, negotiate, and create small freedom areas for themselves. Joining paid labour and public life are crucial elements of women's empowerment. But women face many barriers in this way because of the patriarchy. Having local information about the women's struggle and survival strategies can be helpful to create ideal working places, empowerment policies, and place-making choices. Hopefully, this study will be useful to understand women's standpoint and include their needs and struggles during the policy-making processes.},
  langid = {turkish},
  keywords = {gender,Join in paid labour,public place,women's empowerment}
}

@article{Chacaltana2019,
  title = {Peruvian Pharmacist Employment and Wage: {{Gender}}, University and Type of Job Influences},
  author = {Chacaltana, Luz and Pari, Josefa and Cuba, Pompeyo and Hernandez, Luzmila and La Rosa, Juana and Solano, Cecilia and Quispe, Melisa and Oyola, Alfredo},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {284--291},
  issn = {2630-6344},
  doi = {10.12991/jrp.2019.135},
  abstract = {Wage is a key element for the performance of the health professional. Because of that, an observational study was carried out based on the secondary analysis of the main results from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveNational Survey of University Graduates and Universities (NSUGU), 2014\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to identify the conditioning factors of inequality in accessing to the labor market and low wage of Peruvian pharmacists. Chi square, crude Odds Ratio (cOR) and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval were calculated. In the bivariate analysis the work not related to pharmaceutical training exposed pharmacists to almost four and a half times the risk of a remuneration lower than 1000 PEN compared to those who had a job related to their professional training (cOR=4.473) and it increased to six times in the multivariate analysis (cOR=5.938). Women were less likely to have this remuneration than men (cOR = 0.544) and maintained this characteristic in the multivariate analysis. The graduation from a public university was a protective factor of remuneration lower than 1000 PEN in the multivariate analysis, but not in the bivariate analysis. Women and graduates from public universities are more likely to be unemployed, while exposure to low income is measured by occupation not related to professional training.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,inequality,Pharmacyst,wage}
}

@article{Chai2018,
  title = {Does Extending the Duration of Legislated Paid Maternity Leave Improve Breastfeeding Practices? {{Evidence}} from 38 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Chai, Yan and Nandi, Arijit and Heymann, Jody},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMJ GLOBAL HEALTH},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  issn = {2059-7908},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001032},
  abstract = {Introduction Among all barriers to breastfeeding, the need to work has been cited as one of the top reasons for not breastfeeding overall and for early weaning among mothers who seek to breastfeed. We aimed to examine whether extending the duration of paid maternity leave available to new mothers affected early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months and breastfeeding duration in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We merged longitudinal data measuring national maternity leave policies with information on breasffeeding related to 992 419 live births occurring between 1996 and 2014 in 38 LMICs that participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys. We used a difference-in-differences approach to compare changes in the prevalence of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, as well as the duration of breasffeeding, among treated countries that lengthened their paid maternity leave policy between 1995 and 2013 versus control countries that did not. Regression models included country and year fixed effects, as well as measured individual-level, household-level and country-level covariates. All models incorporated robust SEs and respondent-level sampling weights. Results A 1-month increase in the legislated duration of paid maternity leave was associated with a 7.4 percentage point increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 3.2 to 11.7) in the prevalence of early initiation of breasffeeding, a 5.9 percentage point increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.0 to 9.8) in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and a 2.2- month increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1 to 3.4) in breasffeeding duration. Conclusion Extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave appears to promote breasffeeding practices in LMICs. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism to reduce barriers to breasffeeding for working mothers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Chakrapani2022,
  title = {Mental Health, Economic Well-Being and Health Care Access amid the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study among Urban Men Who Have Sex with Men in {{India}}},
  author = {Chakrapani, Venkatesan and Newman, Peter A. and Sebastian, Aleena and Rawat, Shruta and Mittal, Sandeep and Gupta, Vanita and Kaur, Manmeet},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1080/26410397.2022.2144087},
  abstract = {Scant empirical research from Asia has addressed the impact of COVID-19 on sexual minority health. We aimed to explore and understand the impact of COVID-19 on income security, mental health, HIV risk and access to health services among men who have sex with men (MSM) in India. We conducted a concurrent mixed methods study from April to June 2020, including a cross-sectional survey and in-depth semi-structured interviews with MSM recruited from three non-governmental organisations providing HIV prevention services in Chandigarh, India. We examined the associations of sexual minority stressors (sexual stigma, internalised homonegativity), economic stressors, and stress due to social distancing, with depression and anxiety, HIV risk, and access to health services. Survey findings (n = 132) indicated that internalised homonegativity and stress related to social distancing were significantly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results also showed reduced access to condoms, HIV testing and counselling services. Qualitative findings (n = 10) highlighted adverse economic impacts of COVID-19, including loss of employment/wages and engaging in survival sex work, which contributed to psychological distress and HIV risk. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in considerable psychological and financial distress among low socioeconomic status MSM in India, including those involved in sex work - communities already marginalised in economic, family and healthcare sectors. Structural interventions to improve access to mental health and HIV services and decrease financial burden are critical to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anxiety,COVID-19,depression,income security,MSM,social distancing}
}

@article{Chamberlain2016,
  title = {The Impact of the Spatial Mismatch between Parolee and Employment Locations on Recidivism},
  author = {Chamberlain, Alyssa W. and Boggess, Lyndsay N. and Powers, Rachael A.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CRIME \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& JUSTICE},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {398--420},
  issn = {0735-648X},
  doi = {10.1080/0735648X.2014.965264},
  abstract = {Prior research has shown that employed parolees are less likely to recidivate. Yet, these studies often ignore the underlying employment context of the neighborhoods to which parolees return. Given that parolees often reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods, it is likely that few potential employment opportunities exist nearby, and those opportunities that do exist are of relatively poor quality. This study examines the influence of geographic access to employment opportunities on the likelihood of recidivism. We use a unique data set of parolees and jobs in Ohio to determine whether parolees living closer to a greater number of potential employers or higher-paying jobs are less likely to recidivate. Further, we examine if these relationships are conditioned by parolee race. More job opportunities and higher paying jobs closer to the parolees' homes increase recidivism, and the likelihood of recidivating is highest within smaller geographic distances. Because many parolees reside in the inner city, jobs located within close proximity of parolees are likely white-collar, reflecting the increased competition for low-skill jobs close to where the parolee lives. Our findings indicate that this may be particularly true for black parolees. This suggests policy changes that reduce competition for low-skill positions and facilitate parolees' ability to secure employment are needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,parolees and recidivism,spatial mismatch}
}

@article{Chamberlain2020,
  title = {Association of Measures of Socioeconomic Position with Survival Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  author = {Chamberlain, Rosemary C. and Barnetson, Calum and Clegg, Gareth R. and Halbesma, Nynke},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RESUSCITATION},
  volume = {157},
  pages = {49--59},
  issn = {0300-9572},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.025},
  abstract = {Background: Survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is low, and poor survival appears associated with low socioeconomic position (SEP). We aimed to synthesise the evidence regarding association of specific SEP measures with OHCA survival, as well as effect modification and potential mediators, with the goal of informing efforts to improve survival by highlighting characteristics of populations requiring additional resources, and identifying modifiable factors. Methods: MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched on 23 May 2019. Quantitative primary studies considering the association of any SEP measure with any OHCA survival measure were eligible. SEP could be measured at the level of the patient, their residential area, or OHCA location. Data on study characteristics and outcomes were extracted and a narrative review performed; this considered the evidence for overall SEP-survival association, variation in association of different SEP measures with survival, effect modification, and mediation. Results: Twenty-three studies were included. These were highly heterogeneous, particularly regarding SEP measures and eligibility criteria. Several studies report a SEP-survival association, with this being almost exclusively in the direction of lower survival with lower SEP. There is some indication that the education-survival association is particularly consistent but further work is needed to increase confidence here. No evidence of effect modification by age, sex or other factors was seen, although few studies considered this. No mediators were conclusively identified. Conclusions: Low SEP is associated with poorer OHCA survival in at least some settings. It may be appropriate to consider populations' socioeconomic characteristics when targeting interventions to improve OHCA survival.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Epidemiology,Income,Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival,Socioeconomic position,Systematic review}
}

@article{Champion1997,
  title = {Factors Influencing Effect of Mammography Screening in a University Workplace},
  author = {Champion, {\relax VL} and Skinner, {\relax CS} and Miller, {\relax AM} and Goulet, {\relax RJ} and Wagler, K},
  year = {1997},
  journal = {CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {231--241},
  issn = {0361-090X},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between theoretically identified variables and participation in mammography screening in a university workplace. A sample of 1093 women 50 and over returned a questionnaire following the offer of a free workplace breast cancer screening. Anderson's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use identified factors predisposing and enabling women to have mammograms. Predisposing variables included attitudes and experience related to mammography. Enabling variables included income, willingness to pay for mammography, health insurance coverage, and regular source of health care. Comparisons were made among: (i) those who were screened in the workplace, (ii) those who were screened elsewhere, and (iii) those who were not screened. Differences in perceived barriers, perceived benefits, practice of breast self-examination (BSE), and education surfaced. Results indicated, among other things, that women who were older, had no more than 12 years of education, had a family member with breast cancer, and were proficient with breast self-examination were more likely to have participated in the university work-site screening.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cancer screening,mammography,mammography utilization,workplace screening}
}

@article{Chan2017,
  title = {Oncology Practitioners' Perspectives and Practice Patterns of Post-Treatment Cancer Survivorship Care in the {{Asia-Pacific}} Region: Results from the {{STEP}} Study},
  author = {Chan, Raymond Javan and Yates, Patsy and Li, Qiuping and Komatsu, Hiroko and Lopez, Violeta and Thandar, Myat and Chacko, Selva Titus and So, Winnie Kwok Wei and Pongthavornkamol, Kanaungnit and Yi, Myungsun and Pittayapan, Pongpak and Butcon, Jessica and Wyld, David and Molassiotis, Alex and Collaborators, STEP Study},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC CANCER},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {1471-2407},
  doi = {10.1186/s12885-017-3733-3},
  abstract = {Background: Most efforts to advance cancer survivorship care have occurred in Western countries. There has been limited research towards gaining a comprehensive understanding of survivorship care provision in the Asia-Pacific region. This study aimed to establish the perceptions of responsibility, confidence, and frequency of survivorship care practices of oncology practitioners and examine their perspectives on factors that impede quality survivorship care. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of hospital-based oncology practitioners in 10 Asia-Pacific countries was undertaken between May 2015-October 2016. The participating countries included Australia, Hong Kong, China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, India, Myanmar, and The Philippines. The survey was administered using paper-based or online questionnaires via specialist cancer care settings, educational meetings, and professional organisations. Results: In total, 1501 oncology practitioners participated in the study. When comparing the subscales of responsibility perception, frequency and confidence, Australian practitioners had significantly higher ratings than practitioners in Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, and Singapore (all p {$<$} 0.05). Surprisingly, practitioners working in Low-and Mid-Income Countries (LMICs) had higher levels of responsibility perception, confidence and frequencies of delivering survivorship care than those working in High-Income Countries (HICs) (p {$<$} 0.001), except for the responsibility perception of care coordination where no difference in scores was observed (p = 0.83). Physicians were more confident in delivering most of the survivorship care interventions compared to nurses and allied-health professionals. Perceived barriers to survivorship care were similar across the HICs and LMICs, with the most highly rated items for all practitioners being lack of time, dedicated educational resources for patients and family members, and evidence-based practice guidelines informing survivorship care. Conclusions: Different survivorship practices have been observed between HICs and LMICs, Australia and other countries and between the professional disciplines. Future service planning and research efforts should take these findings into account and overcome barriers identified in this study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asia-Pacific region,Barriers,Cancer survivorship,Health professionals,Oncology practitioner,Perspectives,Practice patterns}
}

@article{Chanda2017,
  title = {Barriers and {{Facilitators}} to {{HIV Testing Among Zambian Female Sex Workers}} in {{Three Transit Hubs}}},
  author = {Chanda, Michael M. and {Perez-Brumer}, Amaya G. and Ortblad, Katrina F. and Mwale, Magdalene and Chongo, Steven and Kamungoma, Nyambe and Kanchele, Catherine and Fullem, Andrew and Barresi, Leah and Baernighausen, Till and Oldenburg, Catherine E.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS},
  volume = {31},
  number = {7},
  pages = {290--296},
  issn = {1087-2914},
  doi = {10.1089/apc.2017.0016},
  abstract = {Zambia has a generalized HIV epidemic, and HIV is concentrated along transit routes. Female sex workers (FSWs) are disproportionately affected by the epidemic. HIV testing is the crucial first step for engagement in HIV care and HIV prevention activities. However, to date little work has been done with FSWs in Zambia, and little is known about barriers and facilitators to HIV testing in this population. FSW peer educators were recruited through existing sex worker organizations for participation in a trial related to HIV testing among FSWs. We conducted five focus groups with FSW peer educators (N=40) in three transit towns in Zambia (Livingstone, Chirundu, and Kapiri Mposhi) to elicit community norms related to HIV testing. Emerging themes demonstrated barriers and facilitators to HIV testing occurring at multiple levels, including individual, social network, and structural. Stigma and discrimination, including healthcare provider stigma, were a particularly salient barrier. Improving knowledge, social support, and acknowledgment of FSWs and women's role in society emerged as facilitators to testing. Interventions to improve HIV testing among FSWs in Zambia will need to address barriers and facilitators at multiple levels to be maximally effective.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {female sex workers,HIV testing,Zambia}
}

@article{Chandola2021,
  title = {The Role of Workplace Accommodations in Explaining the Disability Employment Gap in the {{UK}}},
  author = {Chandola, Tarani and Rouxel, Patrick},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {285},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114313},
  abstract = {There has been limited theoretical and empirical research into the role of workplace accommodations in enabling workers with and without impairments to remain in work. This study used the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model to examine (a) whether workplace accommodations enable workers, particularly those with different impairments, to remain economically active; and (b) the predictors of the onset of work accommodations. Data from two waves of a large-scale longitudinal survey of disability in Great Britain, the Life Opportunities Survey (2009-2012) were analysed. 2307 workers with an impairment and 4308 workers without an impairment were followed up for a year. Work accommodations appear to enable workers with impairments to remain economically active, especially those with mental impairments. There was no difference in the employment rates of workers with and without mental impairments who had two or more work accommodations, in contrast to the 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% employment gap between workers with and without mental impairments who did not have any work accommodations. While there was no gender difference in the disability employment gap, barriers to employment related to caregiving were much greater for women compared to men. Moreover, only workers with incident pain impairments were associated with an increase in their work accommodations, not workers with incident mental impairments. Despite the evidence that workers with mental impairments could benefit considerably from workplace accommodations, they are less likely to have their workplace adjusted. The ICF model is particularly useful in analysing the role of work accommodations because it considers a much wider range of factors that are relevant not just to workers with different types of impairments, but are also relevant to the wider group of workers who use workplace accommodations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Economically inactive,ICF-Model,Impairment,Mental health,Unemployment,Work accommodations,Work adjustments}
}

@book{Chang-Richards2019,
  title = {Effects of {{Disasters}} on {{Displaced Workers}}},
  author = {{Chang-Richards}, Alice and Seville, Erica and Wilkinson, Suzanne and Walker, Bernard},
  editor = {Asgary, A},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {RESETTLEMENT CHALLENGES FOR DISPLACED POPULATIONS AND REFUGEES},
  series = {Sustainable {{Development Goals Series}}},
  issn = {2523-3084},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-92498-4\textbackslash_14},
  abstract = {Natural disasters can have significant impacts on the workforce in affected regions. There are often widespread disruptions to labour supply due to displacement of people from their jobs, either by disrupting their place of work or by disrupting a worker's ability to attend work. This research aims to investigate the patterns of impact that disasters have on the workforce and the employment and livelihood issues that emerge during post-disaster recovery. By using comparative case study approach, this research compares recent disaster events, including the June 2013 Southern Alberta floods in Canada, the 2010 and 2011 Queensland floods in Australia, the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes in New Zealand, the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. It was found that common disaster effects on displaced workers included job and worker displacement, loss of income, disruptions to workers' livelihoods and creation of additional participation barriers, particularly for females, youth and individuals with lower skill sets. Comparison of different disaster events also revealed insights into how disasters can change the local labour market structure post-disaster. General economic conditions, sectoral structure as well as business and individual coping mechanisms all influence livelihood outcomes for the affected workers. As the post-disaster recovery progresses in Queensland (Australia), Canterbury (New Zealand) and Tohoku (Japan), coordination of employment and livelihood initiatives with housing and other welfare policies is critical for ensuring that job opportunities are available to everyone, especially those with disadvantage.},
  isbn = {978-3-319-92498-4 978-3-319-92497-7},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Displacement,Livelihood,Natural hazard,Recovery,Workforce},
  note = {8th I-Rec Conference on Reconstruction and Recovery for Displaced Populations and Refugees, York Univ, Toronto, CANADA, JUN 01-02, 2017}
}

@article{Chang2007,
  title = {The Effects of Welfare and Employment Programs on Children's Participation in {{Head Start}}},
  author = {Chang, Young Eun and Huston, Aletha C. and Crosby, Danielle A. and Gennetian, Lisa A.},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17--32},
  issn = {0272-7757},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.01.009},
  abstract = {We examine the effects of 10 welfare and employment programs on single mothers' use of Head Start for their 3- to 4-year-old children, considering concurrent program effects on employment, income, and the use of other types of childcare settings. In general, these welfare and employment experiments increased parental employment and the use of center- and home-based childcare, but decreased families' use of Head Start. The findings suggest that two types of policies affecting low-income families-welfare and employment on the one hand, and early childhood intervention on the other - are operating independently, and may actually conflict. Policy-induced increases in maternal employment generated an increased need for childcare; however, mothers did not appear to use Head Start to meet this need, instead increasing their use of other types of care arrangements. The part-day, part-year structure of Head Start at the time of these programs and issues of eligibility are discussed as potential barriers to the use of Head Start among low-income families under a welfare system that requires parents to work. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childcare,Head Start,policy,welfare}
}

@article{Chang2018,
  title = {Conspicuous Consumption and Trade Unionism},
  author = {Chang, Juin-jen and Liu, Chia-ying and Wang, Wei-neng},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MACROECONOMICS},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {350--366},
  issn = {0164-0704},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jmacro.2018.06.006},
  abstract = {This paper examines the equilibrium optimality with consumption-induced social comparisons in a unionized economy which entails unemployment. We show that social comparisons of consumption lead to excessive labor supply for employed workers, but trade unionism results in under-employment. When conspicuous consumption meets trade unionism, the labor force exhibits an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveintensive margin\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace under which the excessive labor supply caused by social comparisons of consumption is restrained by unionization. Conspicuous consumption can then achieve the social sub-optimum, without a need for government intervention, creating no distortions in consumption, capital accumulation, and output in a competitive equilibrium. When social comparisons in consumption are more intensive, a higher degree of unionization is required for restoring optimality. Given a specific degree of social comparison in consumption, a higher degree of unionization is socially desirable if the output elasticity of labor, the elasticity of labor supply, or the elasticity of substitution between working hours and employment is high. By contrast, a lower degree of unionization is socially desirable when the trade union displays a more favorable orientation toward wages. By shedding light on the role of trade unionism, our study also provides a reconciliation of the disparity between the theoretical prediction and the empirical findings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Conspicuous consumption,Intensive/extensive margin of labor supply,Social optimum,Trade unionism}
}

@article{Chang2021,
  title = {Women's and {{Employers}}' {{Experiences}} and {{Views}} of {{Combining Breastfeeding}} with a {{Return}} to {{Paid Employment}}: {{A Systematic Review}} of {{Qualitative Studies}}},
  author = {Chang, Yan-Shing and Harger, Laura and Beake, Sarah and Bick, Debra},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MIDWIFERY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {66},
  number = {5},
  pages = {641--655},
  issn = {1526-9523},
  doi = {10.1111/jmwh.13243},
  abstract = {Introduction Returning to paid employment is one of the reasons women stop breastfeeding earlier than they planned to. This systematic review aimed to provide insight into the experiences and views of women and employers on breastfeeding and returning to paid employment, with findings used to inform practice and policy. Methods The review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published in English. JBI's meta-aggregative approach informed data analysis. The studies in this analysis included women who stopped breastfeeding before, and those who continued breastfeeding after, returning to paid employment and the employers, work managers, or supervisors of women who continued breastfeeding after returning to paid employment. Results Twenty-six articles presenting findings from 25 studies were included and critically appraised. Synthesized findings showed that women experienced physical and emotional difficulties and described gender and employment inequalities in accessing and receiving the support they needed. Women reported that the importance of their own motivation and having workplace legislation in place facilitated breastfeeding during employment. Support from employers, colleagues, and family members, as well as access to convenient child care, helped women continue breastfeeding on return to paid employment. Employers' personal experiences influenced their views on breastfeeding and working, and the need for more education and communication between employers and employers on breastfeeding in the workplace was recognized. Discussion Support from family, work colleagues, and employers was important to reduce the physical and emotional challenges women experienced when combing breastfeeding with return to paid employment. Gender inequalities, especially in low- and middle-income countries, in accessing support exacerbated the difficulties women experienced. Limited data were identified regarding employers' experiences and views, suggesting an urgent need for further research to explore employers' and work colleagues' experiences and views.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NNBJSYFS/Chang et al_2021_Women's and Employers' Experiences and Views of Combining Breastfeeding with a.pdf}
}

@article{Changzheng2015,
  title = {Legal {{Protection}} of the {{Right}} to {{Old-Age Insurance}} for {{Migrant Workers}} from {{Rural Areas}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Changzheng, Zhou},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CHINA-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {135--150},
  issn = {0219-7472},
  abstract = {China's main comparative advantage in international competition is its cheap labour, mostly migrant workers from rural areas. Migrant workers play an important role in the economic development of China. Since 1978 when China began to adopt the reform and opening-up policy, more and more migrant workers have poured into cities and towns to seek better employment opportunities. However, besides low wages, they have to endure long working hours and dangerous working environments. In addition, many employers do not contribute social insurance for migrant workers at all, leaving them vulnerable to unexpected living costs. According to a survey conducted in the Yangtze Delta Region by the Legal Aid Program for Migrant Workers at Nanjing University in August 2009, only 39.3 per cent of migrant workers have pension schemes, and 31.5 per cent of migrant workers have not joined any social insurance schemes of any sort. In some cities such as Wenzhou, even fewer are covered, as only 15.4 per cent of migrant workers have a pension scheme and 50 per cent of migrant workers have not joined any social insurance scheme. When migrant workers become old, sick, unemployed or injured in industrial accidents, they fall into poverty because they cannot apply for social insurance benefits. Among these problematic issues, old-age insurance should be specifically highlighted because more migrant workers are reaching their retirement age. There has been an increasing number of pension cases filed at the courts of law. However, many courts refuse to proceed with the hearings of these social insurance cases, or apply inappropriate legal doctrines in the trial process. It is also almost impossible for migrant workers to get legal redress for their pension benefits when their employers fail to comply with the law and contribute fees for them. It is imperative for the Chinese government to unify the old-age insurance system countrywide.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{ChanV2023,
  title = {Mental Health Counseling Is Rated as Most Helpful by Autistic Adults: {{Service}} Perspectives in Adulthood},
  author = {Chan V, Dara and Doran, Julie D.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {AUTISM},
  issn = {1362-3613},
  doi = {10.1177/13623613231197446},
  abstract = {The growing number of autistic adults challenges the limited adult service system. While data on service use and barriers are available, there is limited information from the individual's perspective on which services are most helpful in adulthood and how service use is connected to community participation outcomes. Forty autistic adults participated in a study combining global positioning system community participation measures with survey and interview data on service use, including which services are most helpful in adulthood, barriers to services, and service needs. Participation outcomes were analyzed relative to demographics, number and types of services received in the past 2 years, and current mental health service use. Participants received an average of two services in the past 2 years, most frequently mental health and employment services. Individuals currently seeing a mental health counselor were more likely to be working full-time and visit more community locations compared to those who were not seeing a counselor. Participants reported mental health services as the most helpful service received in adulthood followed by employment services. While an emphasis is often placed on employment services in the transition to adulthood, findings suggest a need for integrated mental health and employment services for autistic adults. Lay Abstract The number of autistic adults is growing, but there are fewer services to support them in adulthood. Many autistic adults need some support services to lead successful adult lives. We know a lot about the services autistic adults use and some of the problems with using these services, but we do not know which services are most helpful to them and how the services they use relate to how they interact with their communities. Forty autistic adults took part in a study about service use and community participation. They completed surveys, interviews, and carried a global positioning system tracker. They answered questions about which services are most helpful in adulthood, things that make it hard to use services, and what services they needed. Most participants used two services in the past 2 years, most frequently mental health and employment services. Adults who were currently seeing a mental health counselor were more likely to be working full-time and visit more locations in the community compared to those who were not seeing a counselor. Mental health services were reported as the most helpful service they received as adults, followed by employment services. We often focus on the importance of employment services after high school, but our findings show a need for both mental health and employment services for autistic adults.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adults,autism,community participation,employment,mental health,psychiatric treatment,service use}
}

@article{Chaouni2020,
  title = {Caring for Migrant Older {{Moroccans}} with Dementia in {{Belgium}} as a Complex and Dynamic Transnational Network of Informal and Professional Care: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Chaouni, Saloua Berdai and Smetcoren, An-Sofie and De Donder, Liesbeth},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES},
  volume = {101},
  issn = {0020-7489},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103413},
  abstract = {Background: Due to its labour migration history, Belgium is confronted with an increasingly older population of people of Moroccan background who have been diagnosed with dementia. These migrants came to the country during the labour migration wave of the nineteen-sixties and seventies to work in mines and other industries and they are now ageing. Yet little is known about how dementia care is provided to this older population. Objectives: This study explores how dementia care is provided to these Moroccan older people with dementia, and what challenges do caregivers face in providing care. Methods: A qualitative study including 31 informal caregivers of older Moroccan migrants with dementia and professional caregivers in the field of dementia care in several Belgian cities was conducted. After an initial focus group including 6 informal and professional caregivers, individual in-depth interviews were held with 12 informal caregivers of Moroccan decent and 13 professional caregivers. In order to be included in the study, informal caregivers had to have a recent experience in caring for an older family member with dementia. The professional caregivers had to be active in the field of dementia care (General Practitioners, nurses, psychologists,...) and have experience with older migrants with dementia. Results: Analyses of the collected data reveal that current dementia care is a challenging, complex and dynamic search process. This process is shaped by (1) multiple factors reflecting the changing care needs of the care recipient during the course of the dementia, (2) the individual (transnational) recourses of the informal caregivers and the (3) current (lack of) accessibility of professional dementia care (driven by the absence of an accessible migration-, culture- and religion-sensitive professional care). The limited professional service-use is predominantly compensated through the search for transnational external helpers. The limited migration, cultural and religious sensitivity of current dementia care is often overlooked by professional caregivers. Conclusion: The study provides a better understanding of the complex reality of dementia care for older migrants in which these different aspects intersect. This understanding enable health professionals and policy makers to develop a better suited care for older migrants with dementia. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caregivers' perspectives,Dementia care,Informal care,Older migrants,Othering,Transnational care}
}

@article{Chapin2001,
  title = {Factors Affecting Employment Following Spinal Cord Injury: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Chapin, {\relax MH} and Kewman, {\relax DG}},
  year = {2001},
  month = nov,
  journal = {REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {46},
  number = {4},
  pages = {400--416},
  issn = {0090-5550},
  doi = {10.1037/0090-5550.46.4.400},
  abstract = {Objective: To examine factors that differentiated persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) who returned to work from those who did not, Participants: Six employed persons with SCI matched with 6 unemployed persons with SCI on the basis of education, race, age, gender, time since injury, and level of function. Study Design: Semi-structured interviews 1 to 2 hr in length were completed and transcribed. The responses of the employed were compared with those of the unemployed using grounded theory. The theory is inductively derived from the qualitative data. Results: Psychological and environmental factors were the most salient factors affecting employment in this matched sample. Key psychological factors associated with employment were optimism, self-esteem, achievement orientation, and role models. Key environmental factors were monetary incentives, disincentives, access, and accommodation. Conclusions: The development of increased optimism may promote employment for persons with SCI. Employment barriers and the perception of these barriers as insurmountable need to be decreased. Policies that promote return to work with former employers are likely to improve employment rates for persons with SCI. A more intensive job exploration process using job shadowing of peers and positive peer models may also improve employment after SCI.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {13th Annual Conference of the Ameican-Association-of-Spinal-Cord-Injury-Psychologists-and-Social-Worke rs, LAS VEGAS, NV, SEP 08, 1999}
}

@article{Chapin2013,
  title = {Reclaiming {{Joy}}: {{Pilot Evaluation}} of a {{Mental Health Peer Support Program}} for {{Older Adults Who Receive Medicaid}}},
  author = {Chapin, Rosemary K. and Sergeant, Julie F. and Landry, Sarah and Leedahl, Skye N. and Rachlin, Roxanne and Koenig, Terry and Graham, Annette},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GERONTOLOGIST},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {345--352},
  issn = {0016-9013},
  doi = {10.1093/geront/gns120},
  abstract = {Purpose: Stigma and lack of access to providers create barriers to mental health treatment for older adults living in the community. In order to address these barriers, we developed and evaluated a peer support intervention for older adults receiving Medicaid services. Design and Methods: Reclaiming Joy is a mental health intervention that pairs an older adult volunteer with a participant (older adult who receives peer support). Volunteers receive training on the strengths-based approach, mental health and aging, goal setting and attainment, community resources, and safety. Participantvolunteer pairs meet once a week for 10 weeks. Participants establish and work toward goals (e.g., better self-care, social engagement) that they feel would improve their mental health and well-being. Aging services agencies provide a part time person to manage the program, match volunteers and participants, and provide ongoing support. Outcomes evaluation for this pilot study included pre/postintervention assessments of participants. Results: Thirty-two participants completed the intervention. Pre/postassessment group means showed statistically significant improvement for depression but not for symptoms of anxiety. Quality-of-life indicators for health and functioning also improved for participants with symptoms of both depression and anxiety. Implications: The Reclaiming Joy peer support intervention has potential for reducing depression and increasing quality of life in low-income older adults who have physical health conditions. It is feasible to administer and sustain the intervention through collaborative efforts with minimal program resources and a small amount of technical assistance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Medicaid,Medicare,Mental health (services therapy),Outcomes evaluation,Peer support,Strengths based}
}

@article{Char2023,
  title = {Macro-Structural Predictors of {{Australian}} Family Day Care Quality},
  author = {Char, Vincent and Harrison, Linda J. and Li, Hui},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114256},
  abstract = {IntroductionThis study explores the predictive power of macro-structural characteristics on quality rating and improvement system (QRIS) outcomes of Family Day Care (FDC) services in Australia. MethodsThe dataset consisted of 441 FDC National Quality Standard (NQS) ratings from all Australian states and territories, with overall ratings of Exceeding NQS, Meeting NQS, Working Towards NQS, or Significant Improvement Required. ResultsMultinomial logistic regressions confirmed that management type, community socioeconomic status (SES), level of urbanization, and government jurisdiction explained 6.9 to 19.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the variation in QRIS outcomes. Results indicated that lower FDC NQS ratings were more likely for (1) private for-profit vs. not-for-profit; (2) low-SES vs. high-SES area; and (3) regional or remote area vs. metropolitan. State/territory jurisdiction also influenced NQS ratings. DiscussionThese findings imply the need for policy attention to inequalities in FDC quality associated with systemic and organizational differences. Greater effort is needed to promote equality and equity in FDC services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {early childcare,family day care,national quality framework,QRIS,systemic features}
}

@article{Charlesworth2015,
  title = {Australia's Gender Pay Equity Legislation: How New, How Different, What Prospects?},
  author = {Charlesworth, Sara and Macdonald, Fiona},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CAMBRIDGE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {421--440},
  issn = {0309-166X},
  doi = {10.1093/cje/beu044},
  abstract = {Australia's equal pay laws have recently been renovated through the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 and the Fair Work Act 2009. In light of these changes, it is timely to ask how effective Australia's legislative approach is likely to be for progressing pay equity. This article presents an analysis of Australia's current equal pay provisions, assessing their potential on the basis of their operation to date and through recent experience in Canada and the UK. Although focused on outcomes, we argue that Australia's new workplace-based mechanism under the Workplace Gender Equality Act may prove relatively ineffective in both diagnosing and remedying pay inequality. In comparative perspective the Fair Work Act provisions provide significant capacity to improve pay equity across large sectors of the labour market. To date the use of these provisions point to some practical limitations in realising this potential. Moreover, the inadequate legislative and policy integration between labour market, sectoral, workplace and individual approaches together with a wavering political commitment to equality legislation generally suggest gender pay inequity will remain a persistent feature of Australian employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Equal pay,Labour regulation,Workplace programmes}
}

@article{Chau2017,
  title = {Defamilization/Familization Measures and Women's Pension {{incomeThe}} Case of {{Taiwan}}},
  author = {Chau, Ruby C. M. and Foster, Liam and Yu, Sam W. K. and Yu, Yuk Pun},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ASIAN SOCIAL WORK AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {116--123},
  issn = {1753-1403},
  doi = {10.1111/aswp.12118},
  abstract = {This paper examines how defamilization and familization measures can affect women's capacity to accumulate pension income and their subsequent standard of living after retirement. Firstly, it highlights the concepts of defamilization and familization and discusses the potential of these measures in assisting women to save pension income through the commodification and decommodification of labor. Secondly, it examines the major pension policies and examples of defamilization and familization measures in Taiwan. It shows how the current limited provision of such measures could create double jeopardy for women, affecting access to paid employment or resources to enable women who wish to undertake caring responsibilities to do so, ultimately impacting their capacity to accumulate pension income. Thirdly, it suggests ways to strengthen defamilization and familization measures in order to enable women to accumulate sufficient retirement income on the basis of three preconditions: policy attention to the reciprocal relationship between familization/defamilization measures and pension schemes for women; a recognition of differences between women in their preferred strategies to accumulate pension income; and an emphasis on a life course perspective to understand the double jeopardies faced by women in saving for retirement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {defamilization,familization,life course approach,pension income,Taiwan,women}
}

@article{Chaudhuri2017,
  title = {Subsidizing Healthcare in the Presence of Market Distortions},
  author = {Chaudhuri, Sarbajit and Dwibedi, Jayanta Kumar and Biswas, Anindya},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ECONOMIC MODELLING},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {539--552},
  issn = {0264-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econmod.2017.04.011},
  abstract = {The paper develops a three-sector full-employment general equilibrium model for a small open developing economy with exogenous labour market imperfection and a non-traded sector providing healthcare services, the consumption of which generates positive externalities. Our main objective is :to show that the optimal consumption subsidy to healthcare, if solely judged from the standpoint of economic growth, is strictly positive (zero) when the production technology of the healthcare sector is of the variable (fixed) coefficient type. However, in the variable coefficient case, the optimal per capita expenditure on healthcare crucially hinges on the degree of labour market imperfection and the quality of services provided by the healthcare sector. The latter result can possibly be considered as a theoretical justification why the magnitude of per capita public spending on healthcare services is significantly lower in the developing countries compared to that in the developed nations. Besides, using the Sen's (1974) index of social welfare that takes into consideration both the growth and income inequality aspects, we have proved that the optimal health subsidy is positive irrespective of the nature of production technology of the healthcare sector. Furthermore, most of these results are found to be valid even in the presence of Harris-Todaro type unemployment. Finally, the results lead to a few important policy implications in the context of the developing countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Consumption externality,Developing countries,Efficiency of labour,General equilibrium,Health subsidy,Healthcare,Sen's (1974) welfare index}
}

@article{Chaudhuri2021,
  title = {Coping {{Behaviours}} and the Concept of {{Time Poverty}}: A Review of Perceived Social and Health Outcomes of Food Insecurity on Women and Children},
  author = {Chaudhuri, Sriroop and Roy, Mimi and McDonald, Louis M. and Emendack, Yves},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {FOOD SECURITY},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {1049--1068},
  issn = {1876-4517},
  doi = {10.1007/s12571-021-01171-x},
  abstract = {Mounting concerns over food insecurity have emerged as a key agenda in many recent global development dialogues, on accounts of observed and expected health outcomes. The present study attempts a reflective summary around a yet little-explored aspect of food insecurity: health and social ramifications of coping behaviours (adaptive strategies to improve food availability, accessibility, utilisation, and stability), with specific emphasis on women and children. We conducted a systematic literature with different search engines and databases to identify a diversity of recent journal articles, reports, working papers, white papers, proceedings, dissertations, newspaper articles, book chapters, and grey literature, published in the post-2000s period. We thus identified two broad generic categories in the relevant global literature: coping behaviours that are (a) non-food (livelihood alterations) and (2) food-based. For women, the former includes outdoor employment, selling asset bases, borrowing food and/or money, and purchasing food on credit. Food-based coping strategies included reduced daily meal portion sizes and reducing the frequency of food uptake or skipping meals altogether (i.e., Food Rationing); nutritional switch (i.e., Food Stretching); and Food Sharing. Coping behaviours involving children primarily include dropping out of school, begging, stealing, and Food Seeking (i.e., eating outside home, with relatives or friends, or at charitable institutions). The likely health outcomes included stunting and wasting, disrupted socio-cognitive development among children. A subsidiary idea to conduct this study was to offer the concerned authorities an insight into the breadth of coping behaviours, so as to help them anticipate targeted and gender-responsive interventions on a priori basis. We offer a discourse on what we refer to as time poverty, especially for farm women, resulting from obligatory outdoor employment, mostly as farm labourers to highlight a social paradox: women provide massive contributions in the translation of high value goods and services of a vibrant global agricultural system, and yet are among the first victims of food insecurity themselves. This situation contradicts a number of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and aggravates gender disparity. In final section we appeal for more targeted, evidence-based research to establish direct causal linkages between food insecurity and coping behaviours, distinguishing them from life-as-usual scenarios. To that end, we present a brief critique on Coping Strategy Index (CSI) -a widely used tool to evaluate severity of coping behaviours.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DA48J8QM/Chaudhuri et al_2021_Coping Behaviours and the concept of Time Poverty.pdf}
}

@article{Chaudhuri2022,
  title = {Anti-Immigration Policy in Developed Countries: {{Welfare}} and Distributional Implications for Developing Economies},
  author = {Chaudhuri, Sarbajit and Dwibedi, Jayanta Kumar},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {358--381},
  issn = {1742-7355},
  doi = {10.1111/ijet.12309},
  abstract = {We develop a 3 x 4 full-employment small open economy model for examining the consequences of anti-immigration policy against skilled labor adopted in the developed country on both national income and wage inequality in a source developing economy, keeping aside the aspect of immigration of unskilled labor. We find that both social welfare and wage inequality are likely to deteriorate when, ceteris paribus, the degree of distortion in the unskilled labor market is sufficiently high. In addition, through quantitative analysis we have recommended a couple of policies that are likely to lessen the adverse outcomes on both the economic indicators.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anti-immigration policy,general equilibrium model,national income,skilled labor,source economy,trade unionism,unskilled labor,wage inequality}
}

@article{Chaurasia2021,
  title = {Is {{Socioeconomic Inequality Boosting Intimate Partner Violence}} in {{India}}? {{An Overview}} of the {{National Family Health Survey}}, 2005-2006 and 2015-2016},
  author = {Chaurasia, Himanshu and Debnath, Paramita and Srivastava, Shobhit and Purkayastha, Naina},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GLOBAL SOCIAL WELFARE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {263--277},
  issn = {2196-8799},
  doi = {10.1007/s40609-021-00215-6},
  abstract = {Purpose Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a breach of fundamental human rights, and a global health issue. While the literature is rich in research on the determinants of IPV, the possible effect of socioeconomic inequality on IPV has received little attention. The present paper is aimed at examining the effect of socioeconomic inequality on IPV in India, a nation where VAW is among the highest in the world. Methods We used data from the third and fourth round of National Family Health Survey for India, a nationally representative sample survey conducted in 2005-2006 and 2015-2016, respectively. It is claimed that, by eroding social capital in the living community, socioeconomic inequality raises the likelihood of witnessing violence. To estimate the impact of socioeconomic inequality on IPV, we rely on concentration curve, and decomposition analysis method. Results Our findings show a clear statistically significant positive association between IPV and socioeconomic inequality in India, though the percentage has decreased from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016 (39.7 to 31.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The large age gap between couples was found to be positively associated where younger women have a higher risk of IPV from their spouses. In addition, other covariates such as no education, husband's unemployment status, poor economic status of household increases the risk of IPV and were also statistically significant. Women's working status protected them against IPV (A.O.R = 0.80 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2005-2006]; A.O.R = 0.70 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2015-2016]), though there was a greater risk of IPV among uneducated women. Conclusion Poverty and deprivation among men often emerge as potentially important drivers of this. Interventions to empower women would not only expand women's access to economic services and opportunities, but should also collaborate with men and women to tackle men's livelihoods, male gender stereotypes, and masculinity norms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Empower women,Intimate partner violence,Socioeconomic inequality,Violence against women}
}

@article{Chavez2023,
  title = {The Effects of Mining Presence on Inequality, Labor Income, and Poverty: Evidence from {{Peru}}},
  author = {Chavez, Carlos},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {MINERAL ECONOMICS},
  issn = {2191-2203},
  doi = {10.1007/s13563-023-00370-6},
  abstract = {This paper studies the effects of mining intensity and presence on Peru's mining districts' welfare from 2004 to 2019. A pooled cross-section regression is used which is constructed from different sources and two sets of comparisons are made: the first compare districts with and without mining presence within mining provinces, and the second compares districts with and without mining presence without the constraint of being within mining provinces. The primary dependent variables included in the model are income inequality, labor income, and poverty rate. In mining districts, inequality has increased, but labor income has increased, and poverty has decreased compared to non-mining districts. However, once control for province-fixed effects and clustered by standard errors at the district level, the significance of inequality is lost, while the impacts on labor income and poverty remain. The transmission mechanisms are human capital, employment, and redistributive policies. Also the mining presence has had positive effects on labor income in other sectors such as construction and commerce; Finally, the labor incomes of unskilled workers increases but not the labor incomes of skilled workers, and it has negatively impacted informal employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inequality,Labor income,Mining presence,Poverty}
}

@article{Chawla2016,
  title = {Musculoskeletal Disease in {{Nepal}}: {{A}} Countrywide Cross-Sectional Survey on Burden and Surgical Access},
  author = {Chawla, Sagar S. and Khanal, Subrat and Ghimire, Pranita and Nagarajan, Neeraja and Gupta, Shailvi and Varadaraj, Varshini and Nwomeh, Benedict C. and Kushner, Adam L.},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {122--126},
  issn = {1743-9191},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.522},
  abstract = {Introduction: Musculoskeletal disease (MSD) is a major cause of disability in the global burden of disease, yet data regarding the magnitude of this burden in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. The Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) survey was designed to measure incidence and prevalence of surgically treatable conditions, including MSD, in patients in LMICs. Methods: A countrywide survey was done in Nepal using SOSAS in May-June 2014. Clusters were chosen based on population weighted random sampling. Chi squared tests and multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between demographic variables and MSD. Results: Self-reported MSDs were seen in 14.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of survey respondents with an unmet need of 60\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The majority of MSDs (73.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) occurred between 1 and 12 months prior to the survey. Female sex (OR = 0.6; p {$<$} 0.000), access to motorized transport (for secondary facility, OR = 0.714; p {$<$} 0.012), and access to a tertiary health facility (OR = 0.512; p {$<$} 0.008) were associated with lower odds of MSD. Discussion: Based on this study, there are approximately 2.35 million people living with MSDs in Nepal. As the study identified non-availability, lack of money, and fear and/or lack of trust as the major barriers to orthopedic care in Nepal, future work should consider interventions to address these barriers. Conclusion: There is a need to increase surgical capacity in LMICs; in particular, there is a need to bolster trauma and orthopedic care. Previous studies have suggested ways to allocate resources to build capacity. We recommend targeting the alleviation of these identified barriers in parallel with capacity building. (C) 2016 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Essential surgery,Low- and middle-income countries,Musculoskeletal disease,Nepal,Orthopedic surgery,Surgical capacity}
}

@article{Chaykowski1999,
  title = {Women and the Labour Market: {{Recent}} Trends and Policy Issues},
  author = {Chaykowski, {\relax RP} and Powell, {\relax LM}},
  year = {1999},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CANADIAN PUBLIC POLICY-ANALYSE DE POLITIQUES},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {S1-S25},
  issn = {0317-0861},
  doi = {10.2307/3552314},
  abstract = {This paper provides a review of the progress of women in the labour market over the last 30 years. We begin with a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings and the empirical evidence of the labour supply decisions of women. We then draw on Labour Force Survey data to examine the trends in labour force participation, and employment trends by industry and work patterns. We also draw on the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics to examine changes in women's wages and income inequality. Our results show that the labour supply behaviour of women has increased such that: it now more closely mirrors that of their male counterparts, though children remain a key defining difference. Part-time labour market participation also reflects this difference. We show that while wages have improved, a sizable earnings differential remains. Changes in women's education levels were shown to underlie many of these trends. Finally, we conclude the paper by addressing policy issues related to the trends and position of women in the labour market. We focus this discussion on social assistance, child-care policies, child benefits, employment insurance, non-wage benefits, and pay and employment equity.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Conference on Women and Work, KINGSTON, CANADA, 1998}
}

@article{Chen2013,
  title = {Globalization and {{Gender Wage Inequality}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Chen, Zhihong and Ge, Ying and Lai, Huiwen and Wan, Chi},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {256--266},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.007},
  abstract = {This paper uses an enterprise-population-level dataset to investigate the link between globalization and gender inequality in the Chinese labor market. We find that foreign and exporting firms employ more female workers than domestic nonexporters. Foreign participation and export orientation within the same region and industry significantly encourage female employment and reduce the gender wage gap. Furthermore, we show that while a large gender wage gap exists for foreign and exporting firms, it mainly reflects the difference in gender productivity. Gender wage discrimination is observed only among private nonexporting firms. Overall, our results highlight the importance of globalization in encouraging female employment and reducing gender discrimination. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asian,China,gender wage inequality,globalization}
}

@article{Chen2016,
  title = {Effects of Neighborhood Types \& Socio-Demographics on Activity Space},
  author = {Chen, Na and Akar, Gulsah},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {112--121},
  issn = {0966-6923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.017},
  abstract = {This paper examines the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics, travel time, the built environment and resulting average activity spaces for all activities and non-work activities separately using data from the 2012 Northeast Ohio Regional Travel Survey. Multiple regression models are developed to analyze these relationships at individual level. First K-means cluster analysis is conducted to create seven neighborhood types based on five built environment variables. These new neighborhood types are used as discrete explanatory variables to explain average activity spaces, while controlling for travel time, individual and household features, access to transit facilities and the job-population balance. The modeling results indicate that residential location characteristics have significant influences on activity spaces. People living in places away from suburban and rural areas and with a high mix of population and employment tend to have smaller activity spaces. Moreover, this study finds out that while the effects of some explanatory variables (such as age and gender) vary for all activities and non-work activities, socially disadvantaged people (such as the elderly and low income households) generally experience smaller activity spaces. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Activity space,Cluster analysis,Neighborhood types,Non-work activity space}
}

@article{Chen2018,
  title = {A Decomposition Method on Employment and Wage Discrimination and Its Application in Urban {{China}} (2002-2013)},
  author = {Chen, Yiu Por (Vincent) and Zhang, Yuan},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.012},
  abstract = {Labor market discrimination is an important issue in developing countries where path-dependent institutions have been dominant, while effective institutional arrangements and policies have been hidden by local customs and culture. However, the existing applications of classical Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition face criticism for their imprecise understanding of the factors affecting institutional discrimination in labor markets, as well as for their lack of power in formulating well-targeted anti-discrimination policies. Following Oaxaca (1973), we propose a new method to decompose the total discrimination index (TDI) to analyze employment and wage discrimination in the labor markets of developing countries. The TDI is decomposed into the employment discrimination index (EDI) and the wage discrimination index (WDI), then into the underpayment index to majorities (UPI) and the overpayment index to minorities (OPI). We apply this method to the institutional discrimination against rural migrants in China's urban areas. Using national representative data from 2002 to 2013, we have found that, 1) the TDI increased quickly after China entered the WTO, then dropped after anti-discrimination policies were implemented. 2) The TDI is mainly determined by the UPI, while the TDI's fluctuation is mainly determined by the WDI. Our method provides insights into the changing composition of employment and wage discrimination and their respective labor market outcomes in developing countries. As a result, appropriate policy measures may be developed accordingly. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Labor market discrimination,Overpayment to majorities,Rural-urban labor migration,Two-tier labor market,Underpayment to minorities}
}

@article{Chen2021,
  title = {{{CITY-LEVEL HUKOU-BASED LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION AND MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHINA}}},
  author = {Chen, Jie and Hu, Mingzhi},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY},
  volume = {27},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1095--1118},
  issn = {2029-4913},
  doi = {10.3846/tede.2021.15006},
  abstract = {A previously undocumented association between city-level degree of hukou-based labor market discrimination and migrant's individual entrepreneurship engagement is examined. Applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis on the micro data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) suggests that hukou-based labor market discrimination can on average explain a 6.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% differential in personal income for rural migrants relative to otherwise identical urban migrants. A one standard deviation increase in a city's average hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with roughly 2.9 percentage point higher of entrepreneurship rate among rural migrants, holding other things equal. Furthermore, city-level hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with much higher propensity for engagement in necessity-based entrepreneurship compared with opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Our empirical work also suggests that the association between city-level hukou discrimination and migrant entrepreneurship is more prominent for people with middle level of education, young people, married people, and renters. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,hukou discrimination,labor market,migrant entrepreneurship}
}

@article{Chen2021a,
  title = {A Demand Partitioning Framework to Reserve Production for Small Enterprises},
  author = {Chen, Ying-Ju and Seshadri, Sridhar and Sohoni, Milind G.},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {NAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS},
  volume = {68},
  number = {8, SI},
  pages = {1037--1053},
  issn = {0894-069X},
  doi = {10.1002/nav.21953},
  abstract = {The reservation of goods to be produced in the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) sector, in the early years after India's independence, addressed the dual needs of development of the industrial sector and production of goods. However, these industrial policies created an incentive for firms to remain small so that they can continue to avail of the benefits provided by the Government. On the positive side, the MSMEs typically employ more labor intensive production processes and consequently contribute significantly to the provision of employment opportunities, generation of income, and poverty reduction. But, on the negative side, the policies have also partly facilitated the creation of a divide in terms of productivity between the MSMEs and large sized firms. In particular the policy raises important questions for a firm auctioning supply contracts among suppliers with a significant cost differential. In this paper we propose an idea to allocate supply contracts wherein a manufacturing firm partitions the stochastic demand into mutually exclusive portions and awards each portion to a different supplier. We characterize such an optimal procurement mechanism when there are two types of suppliers and an arbitrary number of demand portions. We show that the optimal procurement may require the manufacturer to intentionally withhold some demand portion, and this arises when one type of supplier is considerably inefficient in serving a demand portion. We extend our analysis to the cases with multiple types with two suppliers and two types with multiple suppliers. The optimal partition is composed of at most six contiguous demand portions, and it may include a detrimental demand portion that only generates a negative expected payoff to both supplier types. Our demand partitioning mechanism leads to a strictly higher manufacturer's expected payoff than the conventional winner-take-all case unless one supplier type completely dominates the other. We present numerical experiments that indicate when such a mechanism holds the greatest advantage for the buyer.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {demand partitioning,industrial policy,mechanism design,procurement}
}

@article{Chen2022,
  title = {Can Supplementary Private Health Insurance Further Supplement Health},
  author = {Chen, Xinlin and Guo, Dandan and Tan, Huawei and Zhang, Yunfan and Liu, Yanchen and Chen, Xinlan and Chen, Yingchun},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2022.961019},
  abstract = {BackgroundChina advocates a health insurance system with social health insurance (SHI) as the main body and private health insurance (PHI) as the supplement. The study of PHI's complementary role in health is conducive to providing evidence for PHI's policy expansion and encouraging the public to participate in PHI, which is insufficient in China. MethodsWe used the three-wave balanced panel data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). Taking the ownership of supplementary PHI as the independent variable and EQ-5D index scores as the dependent variable, the panel instrumental variable (IV) method was used to analyze the impact of participation in PHI on health. We also assessed the heterogeneity of the health effects of PHI between chronic and non-chronic disease groups and between low- and high-income groups. ResultsThe coverage rate of PHI at baseline was 10.53\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The regression results showed that participating in PHI on the basis of SHI could result in an additional 8.21\textbackslash textbackslash\% health gain (p {$<$} 0.001). At the same time, PHI had greater health gain for chronic disease population than for healthy population (9.25 vs. 6.24\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), and greater health gain for high-income population than for low-income population (8.32 vs. 5.31\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001). ConclusionParticipating in supplementary PHI can effectively enhance the health status of the insured, and has a more significant effect on patients with chronic diseases. The development of PHI should be further supported, while the health inequality in different income groups should be paid attention to.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {EQ-5D,health promotion,instrumental variable,private health insurance,social health insurance}
}

@article{Chen2023,
  title = {Regional {{Differences}} in {{Chinese Female Demand}} for {{Childcare Services}} of 0-3 {{Years}}: {{The Moderating}} and {{Mediating Effects}} of {{Family Childcare Context}}},
  author = {Chen, Chuanfang and Hu, Huimin and Shi, Renbing},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {CHILDREN-BASEL},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.3390/children10010151},
  abstract = {There are multiple reasons to consider the use of formal childcare: parental employment, child development, fertility choices, elderly health, generational relations, etc. This study explores the relationship between regional differences (urban/rural; eastern/central/western) and demand for childcare services (quantity, price, quality) from birth to three years of age, moderated and mediated by the family childcare contexts among Chinese women. Altogether, 1770 mothers of children aged 0-3 were selected from a national survey and analyzed. There are three major findings: (1) Urban mothers show a willingness to spend on the higher monetary cost of center-based childcare compared to rural mothers, as a result of more severe work-child conflicts faced by urban women. Urban-rural gaps in individual and household income also contribute to the differences in affordability. (2) Mothers in eastern China have a more substantial need to place their infants or toddlers in nurseries before the age of three than their counterparts in central and western China, primarily due to a lack of grandparental and paternal childcare support and an expectation of higher quality programs. (3) There is no significant regional disparity in terms of care-related or education-related quality preferences. The paper proposes regional prioritized strategies and targeted services to address the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave3A\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace problems of childcare provision.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {demand for childcare services,family childcare context,mediating effect,moderating effect,regional differences}
}

@article{Chen2023a,
  title = {Health and {{Economic Outcomes Associated With Musculoskeletal Disorders Attributable}} to {{High Body Mass Index}} in 192 {{Countries}} and {{Territories}} in 2019},
  author = {Chen, Ningjing and Fong, Daniel Yee Tak and Wong, Janet Yuen Ha},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JAMA NETWORK OPEN},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50674},
  abstract = {IMPORTANCE The degree to which health and economic outcomes of musculoskeletal disorders are attributable to high body mass index (BMI) has not been quantified on a global scale. OBJECTIVE To estimate global health and economic outcomes associated with musculoskeletal disorders-low back pain (LBP), gout, and osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI in 2019. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used data of 192 countries and territories from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure, World Bank, and International Labour Organization databases. Data analyses were conducted from February 24 to June 16, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), health care costs, and productivity losses due to morbidity from LBP, gout, and osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI by region and country. Prevalence and YLDs were calculated with the population attributable fraction approach. The economic burden, including health care costs and productivity losses due to morbidity, was also quantified. Health care costs borne by the public, private, and out-of-pocket sectors were estimated based on their corresponding payment shares. Productivity losses were estimated based on the output per worker. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to arrive at the base, minimum, and maximum estimates (ie, uncertainty interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceUI]) by using the mean, lower, and upper bounds of all input variables. RESULTS High BMI was estimated to be responsible for 36.3 million (UI, 18.4-61.0 million), 16.9 million (UI, 7.5-32.5 million), and 73.0 million (UI, 32.4-131.1 million) prevalent cases of LBP, gout, and osteoarthritis, respectively, which accounted for 7.3 million (UI, 3.0-15.0 million) YLDs across 192 countries and territories in 2019. Globally, the YLDs of musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high BMI accounted for 1.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all-cause YLDs in the working-age population aged 15 to 84 years. The global total costs of musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high BMI reached \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar180.7 billion (UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar83.8-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar333.1 billion), including \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar60.5 billion (UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar30.7-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar100.5 billion) in health care costs and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar120.2 billion (UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar53.1-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar232.7 billion) in productivity losses. In terms of the global health care costs, 58.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35.6 billion; UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar17.8-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar59.6 billion) was borne by the public sector, 24.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar14.5 billion; UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar7.8-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar23.2 billion) by the private sector, and 17.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%(\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10.3 billion; UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5.1-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar17.6 billion) by the out-of-pocket sector. On average, the total costs accounted for 0.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of global gross domestic product. Great inequalities in the disease and economic burden existed across regions and countries. Nearly 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of global health care (82.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and morbidity-related costs (82.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were paid by high-income countries, whereas more than 60\textbackslash textbackslash\%(61.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of global YLDs occurred in middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of 192 countries and territories, a substantial amount of the health and economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders was attributable to high BMI. Developing effective policies and active participation from health professionals to prevent excessive weight gain are needed. More available estimates are also needed to facilitate a global analysis.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cheney2018,
  title = {Inequality and Health among Foreign-Born Latinos in Rural Borderland Communities},
  author = {Cheney, Ann M. and Newkirk, Christine and Rodriguez, Katheryn and Montez, Anselmo},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {215},
  pages = {115--122},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.011},
  abstract = {Thousands of Mexicans and Central Americans settle in communities along the borderlands between Mexico and the United States. Many live and work in rural communities characterized by poverty and limited access to basic resources. Drawing on qualitative research, this article reports on inequalities and health among foreign-born Latinos in rural borderland communities. From 2015 to 2016, the study team conducted research in Inland Southern California's Eastern Coachella Valley with Mexican farmworkers, farmworker advocates, community leaders, healthcare service providers, and local political leaders. The analysis of field notes and interviews demonstrates how situational and temporal factors position this foreign-born population as vulnerable to inequalities across multiple social systems resulting in low social status, lack of employment and housing stability, and limited access to healthcare services. Over time, the experience of both situational life events and persistent and daily chronic strain infringes on self-concept, including mastery or control over life and self-worth, and contributes to stress and subsequent poor mental health outcomes (e.g., depression). The research calls for local community action, healthcare policy change, and further in-depth research on structural inequalities in health among foreign-born Latinos.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Borderlands,Community based participatory research,Latino health,Mental health,Rural health}
}

@article{Cheng2019,
  title = {Educational {{Variations}} in {{Cohort Trends}} in the {{Black-White Earnings Gap Among Men}}: {{Evidence From Administrative Earnings Data}}},
  author = {Cheng, Siwei and Tamborini, Christopher R. and Kim, ChangHwan and Sakamoto, Arthur},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHY},
  volume = {56},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2253--2277},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  doi = {10.1007/s13524-019-00827-w},
  abstract = {Despite efforts to improve the labor market situation of African Americans, the racial earnings gap has endured in the United States. Most prior studies on racial inequality have considered its cross-sectional or period patterns. This study adopts a demographic perspective to examine the evolution of earnings trajectories among white and black men across cohorts in the United States. Using more than 40 years of longitudinal earnings records from the U.S. Social Security Administration matched to the Survey of Income and Program Participation, our analyses reveal that the cohort trends in the racial earnings gap follow quite different patterns by education. Race continues to be a salient dimension of economic inequality over the life course and across cohorts, particularly at the top and the bottom of the educational distribution. Although the narrowing of the racial gap among high school graduates is in itself a positive development, it unfortunately derives primarily from the deteriorating economic position for whites without a college degree rather than an improvement in economic standing of their black counterparts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Administrative data,Cohort trends,Labor market,Life course,Racial and ethnic inequalities}
}

@article{Cherng2019,
  title = {Holding up {{Half}} the {{Sky}}? {{Ethno-Gender Labour Market Outcomes}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Cherng, Hua-Yu Sebastian and Hasmath, Reza and Ho, Benjamin},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA},
  volume = {28},
  number = {117},
  pages = {415--433},
  issn = {1067-0564},
  doi = {10.1080/10670564.2018.1542222},
  abstract = {Studies looking at gender and ethnic minority outcomes in China's labour market have generally suggested that women and minorities are separately experiencing a wage disadvantage relative to males and the Han majority, respectively. But, what is the experience of this combined cohort, ethnic minority women? Using data from China's 2005 one percent mini-census, this article discerns ethno-gender labour market outcomes by factoring education, labour force participation, working hours, age, family structure (e.g. married, number of dependents) and geography (e.g. urban/rural, bordering province). It surprisingly finds that ethnic minority women are less disadvantaged in the labour market than Han women. This is largely due to smaller penalties linked to marriage and having children.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cherrie2021,
  title = {A Data Linkage Study of the Effects of the {{Great Recession}} and Austerity on Antidepressant Prescription Usage},
  author = {Cherrie, Mark and Curtis, Sarah and Baranyi, Gergo and Cunningham, Niall and Dibben, Chris and Bambra, Clare and Pearce, Jamie},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {297--303},
  issn = {1101-1262},
  doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa253},
  abstract = {Background: International literature shows unemployment and income loss during the Great Recession worsened population mental health. This individual-level longitudinal study examines how regional economic trends and austerity related to depression using administrative prescription data for a large and representative population sample. Methods: Records from a sample of the Scottish Longitudinal Study (N=86 500) were linked to monthly primary care antidepressant prescriptions (2009-15). Regional economic trends were characterized by annual full-time employment data (2004-14). Economic impact of austerity was measured via annual income lost per working age adult due to welfare reforms (2010-15). Sequence analysis identified new cases of antidepressant use, and group-based trajectory modelling classified regions into similar economic trajectories. Multi-level logistic regression examined relationships between regional economic trends and new antidepressant prescriptions. Structural equation mediation analysis assessed the contributory role of welfare reforms. Results: Employed individuals living in regions not recovering post-recession had the highest risk of beginning a new course of antidepressants (AOR 1.23; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.08-1.38). Individuals living in areas with better recovery trajectories had the lowest risk. Mediation analyses showed that 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 7-61 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) of this association was explained by the impact of welfare benefit reforms on average incomes. Conclusions: Following the Great Recession, local labour market decline and austerity measures were associated with growing antidepressant usage, increasing regional inequalities in mental health. The study evidences the impact of austerity on health inequalities and suggests that economic conditions and welfare policies impact on population health. Reducing the burden of mental ill-health primarily requires action on the social determinants.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Chetty2022,
  title = {Social Capital {{I}}: Measurement and Associations with Economic Mobility},
  author = {Chetty, Raj and Jackson, Matthew O. and Kuchler, Theresa and Stroebel, Johannes and Hendren, Nathaniel and Fluegge, Robert B. and Gong, Sara and Gonzalez, Federico and Grondin, Armelle and Jacob, Matthew and Johnston, Drew and Koenen, Martin and {Laguna-Muggenburg}, Eduardo and Mudekereza, Florian and Rutter, Tom and Thor, Nicolaj and Townsend, Wilbur and Zhang, Ruby and Bailey, Mike and Barbera, Pablo and Bhole, Monica and Wernerfelt, Nils},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {NATURE},
  volume = {608},
  number = {7921},
  pages = {108+},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4},
  abstract = {Social capital-the strength of an individual's social network and community-has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health(1-8). However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers(9), we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES-which we term economic connectedness-is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date(10,11). Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% on average. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality(12-14). To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at https://www.socialcapital.org.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cheung2014,
  title = {Ethno-Religious Minorities and Labour Market Integration: Generational Advancement or Decline?},
  author = {Cheung, Sin Yi},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {140--160},
  issn = {0141-9870},
  doi = {10.1080/01419870.2013.808757},
  abstract = {This paper examines the generational progress of ethnic minorities in Britain by analysing four labour market outcomes: economic inactivity, unemployment, access to salaried jobs and self-employment. An important contribution of this paper is the possibility to examine the impact of a range of cultural and social resources on employment outcomes, namely language fluency, co-ethnic spouse, co-ethnic employer, bridging and bonding social capital. Controlling for ethnic and religious identities, individual, social and human capital characteristics, it finds clear advantages of language proficiency in obtaining employment and salaried jobs. However, the second generation shows little advancement in all the outcomes examined and a particularly strong religious penalty is found among Muslim women. It concludes that persistent ethno-religious penalty experienced by the second generation poses a serious policy challenge and does little to strengthen our economy or in building a cohesive society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ethnicity,generation,labour market integration,language fluency,religion}
}

@article{Cheung2016,
  title = {Working {{Poor}} in {{Hong Kong}}},
  author = {Cheung, Kelvin Chi-Kin and Chou, Kee-Lee},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {129},
  number = {1},
  pages = {317--335},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-015-1104-5},
  abstract = {In-work poverty is becoming an important category of poverty in many developed economies, where labour polarization and income disparity have trapped in poverty a growing number of people, particularly low-skilled workers, despite their active participation in the labour force. In Hong Kong, the government has acknowledged the seriousness of the problem and has made the working poor one of the main target groups of its poverty reduction strategy. Existing studies have identified various individual, employment and household factors that contribute to the poverty risk of households with working members. These factors operate through three mechanisms: low earnings, the lack of other earners in the household and high living costs related to the care of dependent members in the household. The relative importance of these mechanisms varies according to the socio-economic contexts of different societies. In order to formulate an effective poverty reduction policy, it is necessary to understand which mechanisms lead to in-work poverty in a local context. In this paper, we sought to identify the characteristics of households affected by in-work poverty, and the mechanisms that lead to such poverty, by analysing a data sample from the 2011 Hong Kong Population Census. The results show that low-paid work and the absence of a second earner in the household are the two main mechanisms that lead to in-work poverty in Hong Kong. The results also show that the risk of in-work poverty differs for high- and low-skilled labour. We propose that the government should strengthen the poverty reduction strategy by countering the income disparity in the labour market and adopting an integrated approach in the formulation of policy to improve the labour participation of working-poor households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Hong Kong,In-work poverty,Income disparity,Labour participation,Labour polarization}
}

@article{Chhea2010,
  title = {Health Worker Effectiveness and Retention in Rural {{Cambodia}}},
  author = {Chhea, C. and Warren, N. and Manderson, L.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1445-6354},
  abstract = {Introduction: A decade after health sector reform, public health services in rural Cambodia remain under-utilised for multiple reasons related to financial, structural and personnel factors. Ineffectiveness of rural public health services has led to a significant increase in private providers, often the same people who staff public facilities. Public health clinics are often portrayed as low quality, with long waiting times and unexpected costs; in contrast, private clinics are seen to provide more convenient health care. Several strategies, including contract management and health equity funds, have been introduced to improve public sector performance and encourage utilization; these efforts are ongoing. However, the feasibility of these strategies remains in question, particularly in terms of cost-effectiveness and sustainability. Methods: In this article the strategies of and barriers met by health workers who remain in rural areas and deliver public health services are elucidated. Ethnographic research conducted in 2008 with health providers involved in treating tuberculosis patients in Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia is drawn on. Participants were recruited from the provincial health department, provincial hospital and four health centres. Data collection involved in-depth interviews, participation in meetings and workshops aimed at health workers, and observation of daily activities at the health facilities. Data were transcribed verbatim, imported into NVivo software (www.qsrinternational.com) for management, and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Results: Primary healthcare service delivery in rural Cambodia was reliant on the retention of mid-level of health staff, primarily midwives and nurses. Its performance was influenced by institutional characteristics relating to the structure of the health system. Personal factors were impacted on by these structural issues and affected the performance of health staff. Institutional factors worked against the provision of high-quality public health services, and included the fragmentation of service delivery and structure, limited capacity and shortage of high-qualified health staff, competition with the private sector, and shortage of medical supplies. These factors all de-motivated health staff, and undermined their performance in public service positions. Personal factors were paramount for staff retention. These included: optimism and appreciation of work responsibilities and position, the personal ability to cope with financial barriers, and institutional benefits such as opportunities for professional development, job security, financial opportunities (via performance-based allowances), and status in society. Individual financial coping strategies were the dominant factor underlying retention, but alone were often de-motivating: clients were diverted from the public services, which led to distrust, and thus undermined the capacity of public system. There was significant interaction between institutional and personal factors, which impacted on the effectiveness of health staff retention in rural areas. Health workers tended to remain in their government positions for prolonged periods of time because they experienced personal rewards. At the same time, however, their job performance in the public health services were hindered by challenges related to the institutional factors. Conclusions: The interaction between institutional factors and personal factors was crucial for effectiveness of health staff retention in rural Cambodia. Efforts aimed at ensuring quality of care and encouraging health staff retention should attempt to remove the institutional barriers that discourage the use of rural public health services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cambodia,health personnel,institutional factors,personal factors,retention,rural health services}
}

@article{Chikovore2015,
  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveFor}} a Mere Cough, Men Must Just Chew {{Conjex}}, Gain Strength, and Continue Working': The Provider Construction and Tuberculosis Care-Seeking Implications in {{Blantyre}}, {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Chikovore, Jeremiah and Hart, Graham and Kumwenda, Moses and Chipungu, Geoffrey A. and Corbett, Liz},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {10.3402/gha.v8.26292},
  abstract = {Background: Delay by men in seeking healthcare results in their higher mortality while on HIV or tuberculosis (TB) treatment and contributes to ongoing community-level disease transmission before going on treatment. Objective: To understand masculinity's role in delay in healthcare seeking for men, with a focus on TB-suggestive symptoms. Design: Data were collected between March 2011 and March 2012 in low-income suburbs in urban Blantyre using focus group discussions with community members (n = 8) and health workers (n = 2), in-depth interviews with 20 TB patients (female = 14) and 20 uninvestigated chronic coughers (female = 8), and a 3-day participatory workshop with 27 health stakeholder representatives. The research process drew to a large extent on grounded theory principles in the manner of Strauss and Corbin (1998) and also Charmaz (1995). Results: Role descriptions by both men and women in the study universally assigned men as primary material providers for their immediate family, that is, the ones earning and bringing livelihood and additional material needs. In a context where collectivism was valued, men were also expected to lead the provision of support to wider kin. Successful role enactment was considered key to achieving recognition as an adequate man; at the same time, job scarcity and insecurity, and low earnings gravely impeded men. Pressures to generate continuing income then meant constantly looking for jobs, or working continuously to retain insecure jobs or to raise money through self-employment. All this led men to relegate their health considerations. Conclusions: Early engagement with formal healthcare is critical to dealing with TB and HIV. However, role constructions as portrayed for men in this study, along with the opportunity costs of acknowledging illness seem, in conditions of vulnerability, important barriers to care-seeking. There is a need to address hidden care-seeking costs and to consider more complex interventions, including reducing precarity, in efforts to improve men's engagement with their health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,healthcare seeking,low income,Malawi,masculinity,provider,qualitative,tuberculosis}
}

@article{Chiquetto2022,
  title = {Work, Housing, and Urban Mobility in the Megacity of {{Sao Paulo}}, {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Chiquetto, Julio B. and Leichsenring, Alexandre R. and Ribeiro, Flavia N. D. and Ribeiro, Wagner C.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES},
  volume = {81},
  issn = {0038-0121},
  doi = {10.1016/j.seps.2021.101184},
  abstract = {Urban mobility conditions play a main role in shaping inequalities in megacities. In the municipality of Sao Paulo, work-related trips take 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% longer, are 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% more lengthy and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% more motorized compared to other reasons. The objective of this work is to quantitatively assess the city's master plan guidelines which encourage the decrease in the job-housing distance, through the creation of local job offers in the suburbs to effectively decrease the commuting time of the suburban population. The analysis was carried out using a specific spatial regression model (the Spatial Error Durbin Model), using data from an extensive origin-destination survey. Results show that an increase in 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% in local job offers in a 7-km radius buffer in Sao Paulo would decrease the mean distance travelled in about 5.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, which would be particularly beneficial for the suburban areas. This highlights the importance of incorporating the spatial planning of land use within transport planning in a megacity environment. Therefore, policymakers should consider strategies to bring housing and jobs closer as means to not only decrease transport inequities, but also to mitigate pollutant emissions, health burdens and economic losses, leading to overall improvements in quality of life. With the growing trend in remote work imposed by the pandemic, it will be necessary to improve our understanding of the relationship between employment and urban mobility conditions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inequality,Megacities,Sao Paulo,Spatial regression,Urban mobility,Urban planning}
}

@article{Chirgwin2021,
  title = {Interventions Promoting Uptake of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ({{WASH}}) Technologies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{An}} Evidence and Gap Map of Effectiveness Studies},
  author = {Chirgwin, Hannah and Cairncross, Sandy and Zehra, Dua and Waddington, Hugh Sharma},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  doi = {10.1002/cl2.1194},
  abstract = {Background Lack of access to and use of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) cause 1.6 million deaths every year, of which 1.2 million are due to gastrointestinal illnesses like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections like pneumonia. Poor WASH access and use also diminish nutrition and educational attainment, and cause danger and stress for vulnerable populations, especially for women and girls. The hardest hit regions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 calls for the end of open defecation, and universal access to safely managed water and sanitation facilities, and basic hand hygiene, by 2030. WASH access and use also underpin progress in other areas such as SDG1 poverty targets, SDG3 health and SDG4 education targets. Meeting the SDG equity agenda to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveleave none behind\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace will require WASH providers prioritise the hardest to reach including those living remotely and people who are disadvantaged. Objectives Decision makers need access to high-quality evidence on what works in WASH promotion in different contexts, and for different groups of people, to reach the most disadvantaged populations and thereby achieve universal targets. The WASH evidence map is envisioned as a tool for commissioners and researchers to identify existing studies to fill synthesis gaps, as well as helping to prioritise new studies where there are gaps in knowledge. It also supports policymakers and practitioners to navigate the evidence base, including presenting critically appraised findings from existing systematic reviews. Methods This evidence map presents impact evaluations and systematic reviews from the WASH sector, organised according to the types of intervention mechanisms, WASH technologies promoted, and outcomes measured. It is based on a framework of intervention mechanisms (e.g., behaviour change triggering or microloans) and outcomes along the causal pathway, specifically behavioural outcomes (e.g., handwashing and food hygiene practices), ill-health outcomes (e.g., diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality), nutrition and socioeconomic outcomes (e.g., school absenteeism and household income). The map also provides filters to examine the evidence for a particular WASH technology (e.g., latrines), place of use (e.g., home, school or health facility), location (e.g., global region, country, rural and urban) and group (e.g., people living with disability). Systematic searches for published and unpublished literature and trial registries were conducted of studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Searches were conducted in March 2018, and searches for completed trials were done in May 2020. Coding of information for the map was done by two authors working independently. Impact evaluations were critically appraised according to methods of conduct and reporting. Systematic reviews were critically appraised using a new approach to assess theory-based, mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Results There has been an enormous growth in impact evaluations and systematic reviews of WASH interventions since the International Year of Sanitation, 2008. There are now at least 367 completed or ongoing rigorous impact evaluations in LMICs, nearly three-quarters of which have been conducted since 2008, plus 43 systematic reviews. Studies have been done in 83 LMICs, with a high concentration in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya. WASH sector programming has increasingly shifted in focus from what technology to supply (e.g. , a handwashing station or child's potty), to the best way in which to do so to promote demand. Research also covers a broader set of intervention mechanisms. For example, there has been increased interest in behaviour change communication using psychosocial \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravetriggering\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, such as social marketing and community-led total sanitation. These studies report primarily on behavioural outcomes. With the advent of large-scale funding, in particular by the Bill \textbackslash textbackslash\& Melinda Gates Foundation, there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies on sanitation technologies, particularly latrines. Sustaining behaviour is fundamental for sustaining health and other quality of life improvements. However, few studies have been done of intervention mechanisms for, or measuring outcomes on sustained adoption of latrines to stop open defaecation. There has also been some increase in the number of studies looking at outcomes and interventions that disproportionately affect women and girls, who quite literally carry most of the burden of poor water and sanitation access. However, most studies do not report sex disaggregated outcomes, let alone integrate gender analysis into their framework. Other vulnerable populations are even less addressed; no studies eligible for inclusion in the map were done of interventions targeting, or reporting on outcomes for, people living with disabilities. We were only able to find a single controlled evaluation of WASH interventions in a health care facility, in spite of the importance of WASH in health facilities in global policy debates. The quality of impact evaluations has improved, such as the use of controlled designs as standard, attention to addressing reporting biases, and adequate cluster sample size. However, there remain important concerns about quality of reporting. The quality and usefulness of systematic reviews for policy is also improving, which draw clearer distinctions between intervention mechanisms and synthesise the evidence on outcomes along the causal pathway. Adopting mixed-methods approaches also provides information for programmes on barriers and enablers affecting implementation. Conclusion Ensuring everyone has access to appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities is one of the most fundamental of challenges for poverty elimination. Researchers and funders need to consider carefully where there is the need for new primary evidence, and new syntheses of that evidence. This study suggests the following priority areas: Impact evaluations incorporating understudied outcomes, such as sustainability and slippage, of WASH provision in understudied places of use, such as health care facilities, and of interventions targeting, or presenting disaggregated data for, vulnerable populations, particularly over the life-course and for people living with a disability; Improved reporting in impact evaluations, including presentation of participant flow diagrams; and Synthesis studies and updates in areas with sufficient existing and planned impact evaluations, such as for diarrhoea mortality, ARIs, WASH in schools and decentralisation. These studies will preferably be conducted as mixed-methods systematic reviews that are able to answer questions about programme targeting, implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and compare alternative intervention mechanisms to achieve and sustain outcomes in particular contexts, preferably using network meta-analysis.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Chisholm2022,
  title = {A {{Realist Evaluation Analysis}} of a {{Novel Multi-Faceted Inpatient Patient Navigation Program}}},
  author = {Chisholm, Hillary and Kershaw, Trace and Guerra, Laura Sotelo and Bocek, Kevin and Garcia, Yesenia and Lion, K. Casey},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ACADEMIC PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5},
  pages = {789--796},
  issn = {1876-2859},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Children of color and from low-income families experience disparities in hospital care and outcomes. This study examined the experiences of parents and providers who participated in a novel patient navigation program designed to address these disparities. METHODS: Between April and October 2018, we conducted semistructured interviews with parents enrolled in the Family Bridge navigation pilot study, and inpatient care providers. Each set of interviews was thematically coded and analyzed according to the Realist Evaluation Framework of context, mechanism and outcomes; to identify how and when the pro-gram worked, for whom, and with what results. RESULTS: Of 60 parents enrolled in the intervention, 50 (83\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed an interview. All enrolled children had public insurance; 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Hispanic, 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% were non -His-panic Black, and 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of parents preferred Spanish for communication. Of 23 providers who completed an inter-view, 16 (70\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were attending physicians. Parents identified 4 contexts influencing intervention effectiveness: past clinical experience, barriers to communication, access to resources, and timing of intervention delivery. Four mechanisms were identified by both parents and providers: emotional support, information collection and sharing, facilitating communication, and addressing unmet social needs. Parent-level outcomes included improved communication, feeling supported, and increased parental knowledge surrounding the child's care and the health system. Provider-level outcomes included providing tailored communication and attending to family nonmedical needs. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided insight into the mechanisms by which an inpatient navigation program may improve communication, support, and knowledge for parents of low-income children of color, both directly and by changing provider behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {emotional support,low-income/minority,patient navigation,patient-centered communication,pediatric hospital medicine}
}

@article{Cho2013,
  title = {How {{Did}} the {{Great Recession Affect Different Types}} of {{Workers}}? {{Evidence}} from 17 {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Cho, Yoonyoung and Newhouse, David},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {31--50},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.06.003},
  abstract = {This paper examines how different types of workers in middle-income countries fared during the immediate aftermath of the great recession. Youth suffered extraordinary increases in unemployment and declines in wage employment. Employment to population ratios also plummeted for men, primarily due to their higher initial employment rates. Percentage employment declines within sector were gender-neutral, and there is little indication of strong added worker effects. Traditionally disadvantaged groups such as less educated and female workers were not necessarily most affected during the crisis, underscoring the importance of implementing targeted mitigation measures that focus on displaced youth and wage employees. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {great recession,labor market,middle-income countries,types of workers}
}

@article{Cho2018,
  title = {The Ethics of Uninsured Participants Accessing Healthcare in Biomedical Research: {{A}} Literature Review},
  author = {Cho, Hae Lin and Danis, Marion and Grady, Christine},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {CLINICAL TRIALS},
  volume = {15},
  number = {5},
  pages = {509--521},
  issn = {1740-7745},
  doi = {10.1177/1740774518792277},
  abstract = {Background/aims Sparse literature exists on the challenges and ethical considerations of including people with limited access to healthcare, such as the uninsured and low-income, in clinical research in high-income countries. However, many ethical issues should be considered with respect to working with uninsured and low-income participants in clinical research, including enrollment and retention, ancillary care, and post-trial responsibilities. Attention to the uninsured and low-income is particularly salient in the United States due to the high rates of uninsurance and underinsurance. Thus, we conducted a scoping review on the ethical considerations of biomedical clinical research with uninsured and low-income participants in high-income countries in order to describe what is known and to pinpoint areas of needed research on this issue. Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched using terms that described main concepts of interest (e.g., uninsured, underinsured, access to healthcare, poverty, ethics, compensation, clinical research). Articles were included if they met four inclusion criteria: (1) English, (2) high-income countries context, (3) about research participants who are uninsured or low-income, which limits their access to healthcare, and in biomedical clinical research that either had a prospect of direct medical benefit or was offered to them on the basis of their ill health, and (4) recognizes and/or addresses challenges or ethical considerations of uninsured or low-income participants in biomedical clinical research. Results The searches generated a total of 974 results. Ultimately, 23 papers were included in the scoping review. Of 23 articles, the majority (n = 19) discussed enrollment and retention of uninsured or low-income participants. Several barriers to enrolling uninsured and low-income groups were identified, including limited access to primary or preventive care; lack of access to institutions conducting trials or physicians with enough time or knowledge about trials; overall lack of trust in the government, research, or medical system; and logistical issues. Considerably fewer articles discussed treatment of these participants during the course of research (n = 5) or post-trial responsibilities owed to them (n = 4). Thus, we propose a research agenda that builds upon the existing literature by addressing three broad questions: (1) What is the current status of uninsured research participants in biomedical clinical research in high-income countries? (2) How should uninsured research participants be treated during and after clinical research? (3) How, if at all, should additional protections for uninsured research participants affect their enrollment? Conclusions This review reveals significant gaps in both data and thoughtful analysis on how to ethically involve uninsured research participants. To address these gaps, we propose a research agenda to gather needed data and theoretical analysis that addresses three broad research questions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ancillary care,clinical research,enrollment,Ethic,income,insurance,post-trial,socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Cho2022,
  title = {Driver?S License Reforms and Job Accessibility among Undocumented Immigrants},
  author = {Cho, Heepyung},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {76},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102174},
  abstract = {I analyze how allowing undocumented immigrants to legally obtain driver's licenses shifts commuting patterns, increases job accessibility, and improves labor market outcomes. Using state-and nativity-level variation in reforms, I show that granting driving privileges to the undocumented increases vehicle ownership and the probability of car commute by 3 percentage points. This improvement in accessibility leads to a 1 percentage point increase in the employment rate. The employment effects are larger in low-accessibility localities, which are more rural and entail longer commuting times. Undocumented immigrants exhibit stronger positive employment effects in more vehicle-dependent occupations. These findings highlight the quantitative importance of transportation barriers in determining the labor market outcomes of minority workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Commuting,Immigration policy,Labor market,Spatial mismatch,Undocumented immigrants}
}

@article{Choi2015,
  title = {The Effects of {{English}} Training Abroad on Labor Market Outcomes in {{Korea}}},
  author = {Choi, Yool},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {11--24},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2015.04.003},
  abstract = {This study examines the effects of English training abroad (hereafter ETA) on labor market outcomes in South Korea. ETA has become increasingly popular in many non-English speaking countries and refers to short-term language study training abroad where students spend anywhere from 6 months to 2 years taking language courses at an educational institutions. In this article, I conduct survival analysis and quantile regression using data from the 2007 Korea Employment Information Service's Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey. This study finds that although the average effects of ETA seem to be modest as most prior research has indicated, ETA does appear to have substantial positive effects on getting a good job and earning higher wages. ETA proved especially helpful for those who did not attend elite colleges. That is, ETA is a useful tool for students with weaker formal education (often non-elite students) to supplement their educational credentials. Based on these findings, I conclude that ETA has a substantial impact on labor market outcomes in South Korea. This means that labor market opportunities are strongly determined by an individual's socioeconomic background, as the cost of participation in ETA presents a barrier to entry for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Credentialism,English proficiency,English training abroad,Human capital,Transition from college to the labor market}
}

@article{Choi2017,
  title = {Health {{Inequalities Among Korean Employees}}},
  author = {Choi, Eunsuk},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {371--377},
  issn = {2093-7911},
  doi = {10.1016/j.shaw.2017.03.002},
  abstract = {Background: Social status might be a determinant of occupational health inequalities. This study analyzed the effects of social status on both work environments and health outcomes. Methods: The study sample consisted of 27,598 wage employees aged 15 years and older from among the Korean Working Condition Survey participants in 2011. Work environments included atypical work, physical risks, ergonomic risks, work demands, work autonomy, social supports, and job rewards. Health outcomes comprised general health, health and safety at risk because of work, the World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index, work-related musculoskeletal disease, and work-related injury. Multivariable logistic-regression models were used to identify the associations between social status and work environments and health outcomes. Results: Employees in the demographically vulnerable group had lower occupational status compared with their counterparts. Low social status was largely related to adverse work environments. Especially, precarious employment and manual labor occupation were associated with both adverse work environments and poor health outcomes. Conclusion: Precarious and manual workers should take precedence in occupational health equity policies and interventions. Their cumulative vulnerability, which is connected to demographics, occupational status, adverse work environments, or poor health outcomes, can be improved through a multilevel approach such as labor market, organizations, and individual goals. (C) 2017 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employee health,health equity,social status}
}

@article{Choi2019,
  title = {Impact of Vocational Education and Training on Adult Skills and Employment: {{An}} Applied Multilevel Analysis},
  author = {Choi, Su Jung and Jeong, Jin Chul and Kim, Seoung Nam},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {129--138},
  issn = {0738-0593},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.09.007},
  abstract = {Vocational education and training has played a central role in promoting the school-to-work transition of young people. Despite this role, the return to Vocational Education and Training (VET) has been neglected in previous studies. This paper aims to examine individual returns to VET over a lifespan and to assess the effects of national VET systems, including school-based and work-based VET systems, on economic outcomes. We use the OECD's Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) dataset for conducting our analyses. The results of this study indicate that vocational track graduates are more likely to have literacy skill disadvantages, short-term employment advantages, and long-term employment disadvantages compared to general track graduates. The most significant finding is that there are substantial differences between work-based and school-based VET systems with regard to their literacy and employment effects. Compared to VET graduates from general education-oriented countries, VET graduates from work-based VET-oriented countries are initially more likely to be employed, but that employment premium narrows faster over time. Therefore, a lifespan overview and the characteristics of national VET systems should enter into policy debates on national educational systems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Multilevel model,Returns to education,Returns to vocational education,Vocational education and training,Vocational education and training-oriented country,Work-based vocational education and training oriented country}
}

@article{Choi2020,
  title = {Factors in a {{Sustainable Labor Market}}: {{Evidence}} from {{New College Graduates}}' {{Initial Job Placement}} in {{Korea}}},
  author = {Choi, Daeheon and Chung, Chune Young and Yoon, Mira and Young, Jason},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  doi = {10.3390/su12062386},
  abstract = {Young Koreans have been experiencing stress and employment barriers due to progressively worsening employment issues since the late 1990s. College graduates spend excessive amounts of time job hunting, necessitating institutional and policy measures to improve their initial labor-market performance. We, therefore, attempt to empirically analyze the relevant factors. Focusing on sustainable job quality, company size, wages, and satisfaction levels for students' first jobs after graduation, and we specifically use college education quality and graduates' employment-preparation activities as independent variables and initial labor-market performance as a dependent variable. First, we measure education quality using vocational education and training, satisfaction with college education, and studying a language abroad. We find that they are positively associated with new graduates' initial labor-market performance. Second, we measure employment preparation activities using internship experience, certificates obtained, and scores on standardized English exams. Internship experiences are positively associated with new graduates' initial labor-market performance. These findings suggest that the Korean government should focus on establishing a sustainable labor market for new graduates and offer specific, diverse support programs to improve employment among young Koreans.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {college education quality,employment-preparation activities,initial labor-market performance,sustainable labor market}
}

@article{Chopra2022,
  title = {Effective Primary Care Management of Type 2 Diabetes for Indigenous Populations: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  author = {Chopra, Sahil and Lahiff, Tahne Joseph and Franklin, Richard and Brown, Alex and Rasalam, Roy},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {11},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0276396},
  abstract = {Background Indigenous peoples in high income countries are disproportionately affected by Type 2 Diabetes. Socioeconomic disadvantages and inadequate access to appropriate healthcare are important contributors. Objectives This systematic review investigates effective designs of primary care management of Type 2 Diabetes for Indigenous adults in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Primary outcome was change in mean glycated haemoglobin. Secondary outcomes were diabetes-related hospital admission rates, treatment compliance, and change in weight or Body Mass Index. Methods Included studies were critically appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal checklists. A mixed-method systematic review was undertaken. Quantitative findings were compared by narrative synthesis, meta-aggregation of qualitative factors was performed. Results Seven studies were included. Three reported statistically significant reductions in means HbA1c following their intervention. Seven components of effective interventions were identified. These were: a need to reduce health system barriers to facilitate access to primary care (which the other six components work towards), an essential role for Indigenous community consultation in intervention planning and implementation, a need for primary care programs to account for and adapt to changes with time in barriers to primary care posed by the health system and community members, the key role of community-based health workers, Indigenous empowerment to facilitate community and self-management, benefit of short-intensive programs, and benefit of group-based programs. Conclusions This study synthesises a decade of data from communities with a high burden of Type 2 Diabetes and limited research regarding health system approaches to improve diabetes-related outcomes. Policymakers should consider applying the seven identified components of effective primary care interventions when designing primary care approaches to mitigate the impact of Type 2 Diabetes in Indigenous populations. More robust and culturally appropriate studies of Type 2 Diabetes management in Indigenous groups are needed. Trail registration Registered with PROSPERO (02/04/2021: CRD42021240098).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Choudhury2023,
  title = {Analysing Gender Differences in Academic Performance and Labour Market Outcomes of Engineering Graduates: Evidence from {{India}}},
  author = {Choudhury, Itishree and Singh, Seema},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-04-2022-0179},
  abstract = {PurposeParticipation of women in engineering education is considerably low in India, although it is increasing in recent years. Also, engineering is primarily treated as a male-dominated profession, and the authors do not find many women in this sector. What factors contribute to this significant gender differences in engineering education and labour market in India? In this context, this study aims to examine the factors that explain the gender variations in academic performance and labour market outcomes (placement and earnings) of engineering graduates in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on primary survey data from fourth-year engineering students in Delhi, collected in 2018-2019, with a total sample size of 3186. The study uses Ordinary least square method (OLS) and Heckman selection model to analyse gender differences in academic performance and labour market outcomes of engineering graduates, respectively.FindingsThe study finds that academic performance of male students is around 10.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% more than female students. However, this difference is heavily influenced by various socioeconomic and institutional factors. Interestingly, 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female engineering graduates have received more job offers than males, which contradicts the common belief that women engineers face job discrimination in the labour market in India. However, the authors find that male engineers earn around 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% more than female engineers shows the evidence of pro-male gender wage inequality in earnings. The findings support that there is a considerable variation in academic performance and earnings between male and female engineering graduates.Originality/valueWhile the authors find some literature in the area of gender difference in the academic performance and labour market among university graduates in India, studies in the field of engineering education are sparse. In a context where fewer women are found in the field of engineering education along with low participation in the labour market, the findings of this study significantly contribute to the policy making.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Academic performance,Engineering education,Gender difference,Labour market,Women participation}
}

@article{Chowdhury2013,
  title = {Bangladesh: {{Innovation}} for {{Universal Health Coverage}} 1 {{The Bangladesh}} Paradox: Exceptional Health Achievement despite Economic Poverty},
  author = {Chowdhury, A. Mushtaque R. and Bhuiya, Abbas and Chowdhury, Mahbub Elahi and Rasheed, Sabrina and Hussain, Zakir and Chen, Lincoln C.},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {LANCET},
  volume = {382},
  number = {9906},
  pages = {1734--1745},
  issn = {0140-6736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62148-0},
  abstract = {Bangladesh, the eighth most populous country in the world with about 153 million people, has recently been applauded as an exceptional health performer. In the first paper in this Series, we present evidence to show that Bangladesh has achieved substantial health advances, but the country's success cannot be captured simplistically because health in Bangladesh has the paradox of steep and sustained reductions in birth rate and mortality alongside continued burdens of morbidity. Exceptional performance might be attributed to a pluralistic health system that has many stakeholders pursuing women-centred, gender-equity-oriented, highly focused health programmes in family planning, immunisation, oral rehydration therapy, maternal and child health, tuberculosis, vitamin A supplementation, and other activities, through the work of widely deployed community health workers reaching all households. Government and non-governmental organisations have pioneered many innovations that have been scaled up nationally. However, these remarkable achievements in equity and coverage are counterbalanced by the persistence of child and maternal malnutrition and the low use of maternity-related services. The Bangladesh paradox shows the net outcome of successful direct health action in both positive and negative social determinants of health-ie, positives such as women's empowerment, widespread education, and mitigation of the effect of natural disasters; and negatives such as low gross domestic product, pervasive poverty, and the persistence of income inequality. Bangladesh offers lessons such as how gender equity can improve health outcomes, how health innovations can be scaled up, and how direct health interventions can partly overcome socioeconomic constraints.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Christensen2011,
  title = {Families with {{School-Age Children}}},
  author = {Christensen, Kathleen and Schneider, Barbara and Butler, Donnell},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {69--90},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  abstract = {Most working parents face a common dilemma-how to care for their children when they are not in school but the parents are at work. In this article Kathleen Christensen, Barbara Schneider, and Donnell Butler describe the predictable and unpredictable scheduling demands school-age children place on working couples and single working parents. The authors assess the potential capacity of schools to help meet the needs of working families through changes in school schedules and after-school programs and conclude that the flexibility parents need to balance family-work responsibilities probably cannot be found in the school setting. They argue that workplaces are better able than schools to offer the flexibility that working parents need to attend to basic needs of their children, as well as to engage in activities that enhance their children's academic performance and emotional and social well-being. Two types of flexible work practices seem especially well suited to parents who work: flextime arrangements that allow parents to coordinate their work schedules with their children's school schedules, and policies that allow workers to take short periods of time off-a few hours or a day or two-to attend a parent-teacher conference, for example, or care for a child who has suddenly fallen ill. Many companies that have instituted such policies have benefited through employees' greater job satisfaction and employee retention. Yet despite these measured benefits to employers, workplaces often fall short of being family friendly. Many employers do not offer such policies or offer them only to employees at certain levels or in certain types of jobs. Flexible work practices are almost nonexistent for low-income workers, who are least able to afford alternative child care and may need flexibility the most. Moreover the authors find that even employees in firms with flexible practices such as telecommuting may be reluctant to take advantage of them, because the workplace culture explicitly or implicitly stigmatizes or penalizes employees for choosing these work arrangements. The authors conclude by making a case for creating a workplace culture that supports flexibility. Such a culture, they argue, would enable working parents to better meet the responsibilities of their jobs as they care for and build strong relationships with their children.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Christofides2013,
  title = {Gender Wage Gaps, \textbackslash textasciigravesticky Floors' and \textbackslash textasciigraveglass Ceilings' in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Christofides, Louis N. and Polycarpou, Alexandros and Vrachimis, Konstantinos},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {86--102},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003},
  abstract = {We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 26 European countries, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.(4)The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries, definitions of the gap, and selection-correction mechanisms. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in a number of countries, the wage gap is wider at the top ('glass ceilings') and/or at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). We find larger mean/median gender gaps and more evidence of glass ceilings for full-time full-year employees, suggesting more female disadvantage in \textbackslash textasciigravebetter' jobs. These features may be related to country-specific policies that cannot be evaluated at the individual-country level, at a point in time. We use the cross-country variation in the unexplained wage gaps of this larger-than-usual sample of states to explore the influence of (i) country policies that reconcile work and family life and (ii) their wage-setting institutions. We find that country policies and institutions are related to features of their unexplained gender wage gaps in systematic, quantitatively important, ways. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender wage gap,Quantiles,Selection,Wage-setting institutions,Work-family reconciliation}
}

@article{Christopher2002,
  title = {Welfare State Regimes and Mothers' Poverty},
  author = {Christopher, K},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {60--86},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/9.1.60},
  abstract = {This article assesses the extent to which welfare states reduce poverty among single mothers and all mothers. I focus on two different typologies of welfare states: one identifies the gendered assumptions underlying social policies, while the other focuses on bow welfare states and labor markets affect class inequality. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study, I show bow tax and transfer systems and employment supports in nine Western nations affect the poverty rates of single mothers and all mothers vis-a-vis other groups. I find that, particularly in the Scandinavian nations and to a lesser extent in France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, the tax and transfer system, employment supports, or a combination of the two allow most single mothers to form autonomous households that escape poverty. I conclude by discussing bow these findings speak to the different typologies of welfare state regimes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Chumo2023,
  title = {Community Advisory Committee as a Facilitator of Health and Wellbeing: {{A}} Qualitative Study in Informal Settlements in {{Nairobi}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Chumo, Ivy and Kabaria, Caroline and Oduor, Clement and Amondi, Christine and Njeri, Ann and Mberu, Blessing},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2022.1047133},
  abstract = {IntroductionA range of community engagement initiatives to advance health and wellbeing are currently taking place in informal settlements in low and middle income countries (LMICs), including community and stakeholder meetings, use of radio, film, TV programs and other information, education and communication materials (IECs) organized by different stakeholders. While these initiatives tend to focus on unidirectional flow of information to communities, the need to incorporate initiatives focusing on bi or multi-directional flow of information have been identified. Despite the extensive body of literature on community engagement, the role of Community Advisory Committees (CACs) in advancing health and wellbeing in informal settlements is still a puzzle, occasioned by considerable ambiguity. A community advisory committee is a dedicated group of volunteers to support health and wellbeing needs of their community using a community approach. Researchers and project implementers work in partnership with CACs to successfully implement their activities within the target community. MethodsIn this paper, using in-depth interviews, we document the roles of CACs in advancing health and wellbeing in Korogocho and Viwandani informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. ResultsStudy participants described the role of CAC in advancing health and wellbeing through education and awareness creation, advisory roles in research and implementation goals, protecting community interests and acting as gatekeepers and collaborators to community partners. Identified barriers to achieving CAC roles include lack of finance and other field resources, being labeled as organization staff and low involvement by some upcoming and emerging local leaders on issues which involve the CAC constituents. Enablers of CACs in their roles include possession of appropriate skills and values by members; involvement of the community in the selection of members, regular consultative and advisory meetings, representativeness in the composition of CAC membership and knowledge about the community. ConclusionWe conclude that CACs play key roles in advancing health and wellbeing in informal settlements and that existing CACs mechanisms and operations need to be given due consideration by researchers, project implementers and local authorities right from project conceptualization. CACs need recognition beyond consultations and placations during research and project implementation to a veritable social structure for community's social viability and survival as well as partners in development for inclusive urbanization process. While CACs have contributed in advancing health and wellbeing in informal settlements, there is need for a long-term strategy to optimize their impact and reduce puzzles around their roles.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community advisory board (CAB),community advisory committee,community based participatory research,health and wellbeing,informal settlements,qualitative study}
}

@article{Chung2022,
  title = {A {{Social Policy Case}} for a {{Four-Day Week}}},
  author = {Chung, Heejung},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {51},
  number = {3},
  pages = {551--566},
  issn = {0047-2794},
  doi = {10.1017/S0047279422000186},
  abstract = {There has been an explosion of interest in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefour-day-week\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace movement across the globe, especially due to its potential in addressing many of the societal challenges left by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four-day-week is a movement set to shorten the working hours of full-time workers without a reduction in pay. I aim to set out the case for a national move towards a four-day-week explaining why social policy scholars should lead the debate. First, I provide evidence of the societal costs that the current long-hours work culture has on workers' and their family's well-being and welfare, social inequality, and social cohesion. Shorter working can help tackle these issues by giving workers right to time, shifting the balance between work and non-work activities in our lives and valuing them both. Social policy scholars need to lead this debate owing to our existing knowledge and expertise in dealing with these social issues and state-level interventions. In addition, without pressing for fundamental changes in our labour market, we cannot adequately address some of the key challenges we face as a society. The paper ends with key research questions social policy scholars should address as a part of this move.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {four-day-week,labour market,reform,Social Policy,working hours}
}

@article{Chyi2013,
  title = {{{THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE MOTHERS}}' {{WELFARE USE AND EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS ON CHILDREN}}'{{S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT}}},
  author = {Chyi, Hau and Ozturk, Orgul Demet},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ECONOMIC INQUIRY},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {675--706},
  issn = {0095-2583},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00466.x},
  abstract = {We examine the effects of single mothers' welfare use and employment decisions on children's short-run cognitive development, as measured by their preschool standardized math test scores. We control for three mechanisms through which these decisions might affect children's outcomes: direct monetary benefits, parental time invested in the child, and nonpecuniary benefits from in-kind transfer programs such as Medicaid. We employ a correction function approach and control for state-fixed effects to address the endogenous nature of welfare participation and employment decisions. Our estimates suggest that although each additional quarter of either mother's employment or welfare use results in only a small increase in a child's standardized math test score, the total effects after several quarters are sizable. We allow mothers' decisions to have varying effects on attainment by children's observed innate ability and by the intensity of welfare use and employment. A child who has the mean level of observed innate ability with a mother who simultaneously worked and used welfare in all 20 quarters after childbirth experiences an 8.25 standardized-point increase in standardized scores. The positive impact is more pronounced for the more disadvantaged children, who tend to be born to mothers with low Armed Forces Qualification Test scores, or have lower birth weights. We also examine the effects using timing of employment and welfare use, as well as children's maturity and gender. (JEL I3, J13, J22)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ciarini2016,
  title = {The Social Investment Approach as a Field of Job Creation. {{From}} the \textbackslash textasciigraverecalibration' to a Resurgent Trade-off between Employment Growth and Low Wage (White) Jobs. {{A}} Comparison between {{Germany}} and {{Italy}}},
  author = {Ciarini, Andrea},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE SOCIOLOGIE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {497--512},
  issn = {0390-6701},
  doi = {10.1080/03906701.2016.1206295},
  abstract = {The social investment approach emerged as a new welfare paradigm, aimed at reconciling the traditional functions of the welfare supply with a productive social agenda, designed at preparing people to confront the \textbackslash textasciigravenew social risks', whether they be related to the problem of balancing paid work and family responsibilities, upgrading the skills, preventing inequalities and promoting the availability of in-kind services. In order to achieve these objectives, especially those related to care needs and work-life balance, the adoption of social investment-based strategies necessarily implies an expansion of the jobs related to health and social care services. In more recent years, many studies have analysed the limitations of the social investment policies because of their different redistributive impacts on social groups. Several studies have found a higher use of these policies for high-income families. Another source of criticism on social investment is that spending on these policies would seem to crowd out more traditional passive social expenditures. In this article, we examine another question related to the widespread of this approach: what are the effects of the social investment policies in terms of direct job creation? In fact, one of the more controversial issues, related to social investment policies, is their direct contribution to the labour market in terms of both quantity and quality of work within welfare services. The article analyses these issues focusing on Germany and Italy, two countries that represent not only two different care regimes but also two distinct models regarding job creation strategies in the care sector. In doing so, particular attention will be paid to long-term care policies, as they represent one of the pivotal areas of the social investment approach, both in terms of social services, to address new social risks, and new jobs related to welfare services},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care labour market,welfare regimes,White jobs}
}

@article{Ciarli2019,
  title = {Structural Changes and Growth Regimes},
  author = {Ciarli, Tommaso and Lorentz, Andre and Valente, Marco and Savona, Maria},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {119--176},
  issn = {0936-9937},
  doi = {10.1007/s00191-018-0574-4},
  abstract = {We study the relation between income distribution and growth, mediated by structural changes on the demand and supply sides. Using the results from a multi-sector growth model, we compare two growth regimes that differ in three aspects: labour relations, competition and consumption patterns. Regime one, similar to Fordism, is assumed to be relatively less unequal, more competitive and to have more homogeneous consumers than regime two, which is similar to post-Fordism. We analyse the parameters that define the two regimes to study the role of the economy's exogenous institutional features and endogenous structural features on output growth, income distribution, and their relation. We find that regime one exhibits significantly lower inequality, higher output and productivity and lower unemployment compared to regime two, and that both institutional and structural features explain these differences. Most prominent amongst the first group are wage differences, accompanied by capital income and the distribution of bonuses to top managers. The concentration of production magnifies the effect of wage differences on income distribution and output growth, suggesting the relevance of competition norms. Amongst structural determinants, firm organisation and the structure of demand are particularly relevant. The way that final demand is distributed across sectors influences competition and overall market concentration; demand from the least wealthy classes is especially important. We show also the tight linking between institutional and structural determinants. Based on this linking, we conclude by discussing a number of policy implications that emerge from our model.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Competition,Consumption behaviour,Income distribution,Structural change,Technological change}
}

@article{Cieplinski2023,
  title = {Narrowing Women?S Time and Income Gaps: {{An}} Assessment of the Synergies between Working Time Reduction and Universal Income Schemes},
  author = {Cieplinski, Andre and D'Alessandro, Simone and Dwarkasing, Chandni and Guarnieri, Pietro},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {167},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106233},
  abstract = {This paper departs from the hypothesis that policies targeting time poverty have the potential to reduce the gender income gap through the redistribution of time use between women and men. To this purpose, we compare two policy mixes and assess the synergies between working time reduction and two univer-sal income schemes: a basic income and care income programme. While the former provides every indi-vidual with an equal monetary benefit, the latter ties monetary benefits to the amount of unpaid and care work performed by individuals. We assess the impact of these policy mixes by applying Eurogreen, a macrosimulation model tailored to Italy. Results suggest that while working time reduction directly drives a reduction of the aggregate amount of time spent by women in unpaid work, this does not imply a reduction in time poverty. The universal income schemes - and in particular the care income - promote a reduction of gender inequality in terms of income by sustaining women's total income, but leave the wage gap between women and men unchanged.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Basic income,Care work,Inequality,Time use,Unpaid work,Working time reduction}
}

@article{Cin2021,
  title = {Women's Empowerment in the Period of the Rapid Expansion of Higher Education in {{Turkey}}: Developments and Paradoxes of Gender Equality in the Labour Market},
  author = {Cin, F. Melis and Gumus, Sedat and Weiss, Felix},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {81},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {31--50},
  issn = {0018-1560},
  doi = {10.1007/s10734-020-00587-2},
  abstract = {Turkey has experienced an expansion in its higher education sector over the last 15 years, fuelled by the cancellation of tuition fees, the establishment of at least one public university in each city, an increase in the number of foundation universities, and the abolition of the headscarf ban. Within this period, women have overtaken men in terms of higher education attainment. In this paper, we study whether this development has gone alongside improved gender equality in the labour force. We analyse household labour force survey data for the years 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2017 to track the changes in core SDG5-indicators for gender equality: labour force participation, gender segregation in employment, and the gender pay gap. Overall, we find that women with higher education still enter the labour force at a significantly higher rate than women without higher education. While both the occupational gender segregation and the gender wage gap persist among graduates, these gaps remain relatively small when compared to other countries. Our analysis shows that higher education has contributed significantly to the development of a somewhat more equal labour market outcomes for the most recent cohort, despite the nuanced and entrenched gender inequalities that are difficult to change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender inequality in the labour market,Gender pay gap,Higher education expansion,Occupational gender segregation,Turkey}
}

@article{Cinaroglu2021,
  title = {Interaction {{Between Self-rated Health}} and {{Labour Force Participation}}: {{A Panel Data Probit Model}} with {{Survival Estimates}}},
  author = {Cinaroglu, Songul},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {594--613},
  issn = {0972-0634},
  doi = {10.1177/09720634211050483},
  abstract = {This study aimed to reveal the relationship between health and labour in Turkey under the intervention of demographic variables. Four waves of the TurkStat Income and Living Conditions Panel Survey (2008-2011) were used. Demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation indicators were used to examine different generalised linear model (GLM)-like panel binomial probit model specifications using self-assessed health (SAH) status and self-reported working status (SRWS) as dependent variables. Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates for the probability of survival in SAH and SRWS were examined using the X-2 values of the log-rank and Peto-Peto-Prentice tests for equality of survivor functions by study variables. Study results reveal that the hazard of assessing good health and currently working increases for individuals who are married (p {$<$} 0.001), highly educated (p {$<$} 0.001), do not have any chronic disease (p {$<$} 0.001), do not have any health restrictions (p {$<$} 0.001) and occupy high-qualification jobs (p {$<$} 0.001). KM estimates support the panel model results. The present study reveals that demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation are the driving forces in the interaction of health and labour dynamics. Reducing income inequality, increasing the minimum wage and improving working conditions, while promoting gender equality, are essentials of better management of health and labour markets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health,labour,occupational health,panel data,Turkey}
}

@article{Cipollone2010,
  title = {Discriminating Factors of Women's Employment},
  author = {Cipollone, Angela and D'Ippoliti, Carlo},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1055--1062},
  issn = {1350-4851},
  doi = {10.1080/00036840902762712},
  abstract = {Italy exhibits a dramatic level of territorial heterogeneity in terms of socioeconomic dynamics and in the economic position of women. We employ this territorial variance to assess the impact of selected policies and institutions on men's and women's employment using microeconomic data. Such an analysis provides results partly different from what was expected on the basis of cross-country aggregate evidence on industrialized countries. Aggregate growth and tertiarization of the economy are surprisingly found beneficial only to men's employment, while culture and discrimination are relevant for women's. Social Assistance is found highly significant too, with the provision of services being more beneficial to women's employment than monetary transfers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ciprikis2020,
  title = {Transgender Labour Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from the {{United States}}},
  author = {Ciprikis, Klavs and Cassells, Damien and Berrill, Jenny},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1378--1401},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12501},
  abstract = {Alternative labour market outcomes for men and women have been studied extensively in past literature. However, existing studies fail to directly compare labour market differences between transgender and non-transgender people. We utilize data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in the United States to examine employment and wage differentials between transgender persons and non-transgender people using the Fairlie decomposition method of 2005. Our findings suggest that transgender people are less likely than non-transgender people to be employed, and are more likely than non-transgender people to receive lower wages. While some of the difference in employment and wage gaps is explained by sociodemographic characteristics, part of the gap remains unexplained. Approximately 64 per cent of the employment differential and 43 per cent of the wage differential is unexplained and may be due to discrimination. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of appropriate anti-discrimination policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cisgender,discrimination,employment gap,transgender,wage gap}
}

@article{Cislaghi2022,
  title = {Gender {{Norms}} and {{Gender Equality}} in {{Full-Time Employment}} and {{Health}}: {{A}} 97-{{Country Analysis}} of the {{World Values Survey}}},
  author = {Cislaghi, Beniamino and Bhatia, Amiya and Hallgren, Emma Sofia Thonander and Horanieh, Nour and Weber, Ann M. and Darmstadt, Gary L.},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.689815},
  abstract = {BackgroundAlmost nowhere in the world do women participate as much as men in the labor force. Despite differences in countries' economic, social and cultural contexts, gender norms-unwritten rules of acceptable actions for men and women-have been found to affect women's labor participation across contexts. Gender norms include those regulating who takes care of children, who is expected to earn more, and in which sectors men and women should work. Importantly, norms affect access to labor markets at times of scarcity: when there's only work for one, gender norms can dictate whether a woman or man gets the job. Advocates of equal labor force participation point to evidence that employment can contribute to people's health and well-being; yet the evidence is mixed and contradictory, and mostly comes from high-income countries. In restrictive normative contexts in which women are assigned the role of family caretaker, full time employment (FTE) might be particularly burdensome. At the same time, the literature lacks a cross-country analysis of how gender norms affect women's FTE and their health when employed full time, despite qualitative research providing clear evidence of the influence of gender norms on labor participation. AimsIn this paper we examine: (1) how gender norms affect women's access to FTE across 97 countries; (2) associations between FTE and women's self-reported health self-rated (SRH) across different normative contexts (i.e., countries where it is common vs. uncommon for women to stay home); and (3) how women's FTE and gender norms changed over time in four countries. DataWe used time-series data from the World Values Survey and European Values Survey conducted in over 100 countries between 1981 and 2014. Both surveys attempt to capture norms, beliefs and values in addition to sociodemographic information among a nationally representative adult population in each country. The sample for the cross-sectional analyses (aims 1 and 2) included 97 countries and 131,132 respondents. The sample for aim 3 included data from Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan. VariablesOur outcome of interest was pro-equality norms in the context of access to the labor market for women. Respondents were asked \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveif jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women do?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Response options included no, neither or yes. We created a binary variable to represent pro-equality norms. We included employment status and SRH as exposures of interest. AnalysisWe used individual-level data to generate on-average and sex-stratified estimates of the outcome and exposures for each country, at each time point. We estimated the percentage of all respondents, of women, and of men who held pro-equality norms (believe that men should not have more right to a job than women), the percentage who were employed full time, and the average level of SRH. To measure gender inequality in FTE, we also estimated the absolute difference in FTE between women and men for each country at each time point. First, we conducted descriptive, cross-sectional ecological analyses using one survey per country from wave 5 or 6 (whichever was most recent) to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status as a proxy for associations between norms and the context of employment in each country. We also examined associations between pro-equality norms and SRH. We then specified adjusted logistic regression models with controls for age, sex and education to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status. To examine if the relationship between FTE and SRH varied by normative context, we grouped countries in quartiles of pro-equality norms. Finally, we conducted descriptive ecological analyses of the relationship between pro-equality norms and employment status over time in four countries. ResultsObjective 1: Gender norms intersect with socio-cultural contexts in determining women's FTE. While in some countries gender norms aligned positively with women's access to employment (i.e., more equal norms matched more equality in FTE), in Eastern Europe and South America we observed a mismatch. In Eastern Europe we found strong norms against equal access but small sex differences in FTE. In South America, we observed a stark difference in FTE favoring men, despite positive gender norms promoting women's paid employment. Objective 2: We found the association between SRH and FTE to vary across normative contexts. For instance, while in Scandinavian countries it was protective to be a woman in FTE and harmful not to work full-time, we found the opposite effect in Middle Eastern countries. Objective 3: We found a general tendency to move toward greater equality in norms and FTE over time everywhere in the world. However, political and economic events can generate variations over time and setbacks in progress toward equality.We specifically looked at 4 countries: Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan and assessed the effects of economic, political and national legislative changes on FTE over time. ImplicationsThis paper contributes to the conversation on tensions between universal justice and contextual factors affecting one's health. To achieve purposeful and global universal health and justice, policy makers and global health practitioners must design effective, context-relevant interventions that are deeply and transparently informed by the values they embody. As we strive to achieve global gender equality, its meanings and purposes will vary across contexts in ways that demand people-led conversations and interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {full-time employment,gender equality,gender norms,self-reported health (SRH),women empowerment}
}

@article{Clark2012,
  title = {Community-{{Based Approaches}} to {{Controlling Childhood Asthma}}},
  author = {Clark, Noreen M.},
  editor = {Fielding, {\relax JE}},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH, VOL 33},
  series = {Annual {{Review}} of {{Public Health}}},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {193+},
  issn = {0163-7525},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124532},
  abstract = {The prevalence and burden of childhood asthma remain high and are increasing. Asthma hot spot neighborhoods around the country face particular challenges in controlling the effects of the condition. Increasing attention is being paid to developing interventions that recognize the child and family as the primary managers of disease and to introducing assistance that reaches beyond the clinical care setting into the places where families live and work. A range of types of community-focused interventions has been assessed in the past decade in schools, homes, and community health clinics, and programs using electronic media and phone links have been evaluated. Stronger evidence for all these approaches is needed. However, school-based programs and community coalitions designed to bring about policy and systems changes show particular promise for achieving sustainable improvements in asthma control. Research is needed that emphasizes comparisons among proven asthma control interventions, translation of effective approaches to new settings and communities, and institutionalization of effective strategies.},
  isbn = {978-0-8243-2733-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disease prevalence,disparities,social/behavioral interventions}
}

@article{Clark2018,
  title = {Addressing People and Place Microenvironments in Weight Loss Disparities ({{APP-Me}}): {{Design}} of a Randomized Controlled Trial Testing Timely Messages for Weight Loss Behavior in Low Income {{Black}} and {{White Women}}},
  author = {Clark, Daniel O. and Srinivas, Preethi and Bodke, Kunal and Keith, NiCole and Hood, Sula and Tu, Wanzhu},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {74--80},
  issn = {1551-7144},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2018.01.006},
  abstract = {Background: Behavioral interventions for weight loss have been less effective in lower income and black women. These poorer outcomes may in part be related to these women having more frequent exposures to social and physical situations that are obesogenic, i.e., eating and sedentary cues or situations. Objectives: Working with obese, lower income Black and White Women, Addressing People and Place Microenvironments (APP-Me) was designed to create awareness of self-behavior at times and places of frequent eating and sedentary behavior. Design: APP-Me is being evaluated in a randomized controlled trial with 240 participants recruited from federally qualified health centers located in a single Midwestern city. All participants complete four weeks of ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of situations and behavior. At the end of the four weeks, participants are randomized to enhanced usual care (UC) or UC plus APP-Me. Methods: APP-Me is an automated short messaging system (SMS). Messages are text, image, audio, or a combination, and are delivered to participants' mobile devices with the intent of creating awareness at the times and places of frequent eating or sedentary behavior. The EMA data inform the timing of message deliveries. Summary: This project aims to create and test timely awareness messages in a subpopulation that has not responded well to traditional behavioral interventions for weight loss. Novel aspects of the study include the involvement of a low income population, the use of data on time and place of obesogenic behavior, and message delivery time tailored to an individual's behavioral patterns.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health disparities,Mobile health,Randomized controlled trial,User-centered design,Weight loss}
}

@article{Clark2019,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Childcare}} on {{Poor Urban Women}}'s {{Economic Empowerment}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Clark, Shelley and Kabiru, Caroline W. and Laszlo, Sonia and Muthuri, Stella},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHY},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1247--1272},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  doi = {10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3},
  abstract = {Despite evidence from other regions, researchers and policy-makers remain skeptical that women's disproportionate childcare responsibilities act as a significant barrier to women's economic empowerment in Africa. This randomized control trial study in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, demonstrates that limited access to affordable early childcare inhibits poor urban women's participation in paid work. Women who were offered vouchers for subsidized early childcare were, on average, 8.5 percentage points more likely to be employed than those who were not given vouchers. Most of these employment gains were realized by married mothers. Single mothers, in contrast, benefited by significantly reducing the time spent working without any loss to their earnings by shifting to jobs with more regular hours. The effects on other measures of women's economic empowerment were mixed. With the exception of children's health care, access to subsidized daycare did not increase women's participation in other important household decisions. In addition, contrary to concerns that reducing the costs of childcare may elevate women's desire for more children, we find no effect on women's fertility intentions. These findings demonstrate that the impact of subsidized childcare differs by marital status and across outcomes. Nonetheless, in poor urban Africa, as elsewhere, failure to address women's childcare needs undermines efforts to promote women's economic empowerment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare,Daycares,Employment,Sub-Saharan Africa,Women's economic empowerment}
}

@article{Clark2020,
  title = {Income Inequality in the Post-2000 Era: {{Development}}, Globalization, and the State},
  author = {Clark, Rob},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {260--283},
  issn = {0268-5809},
  doi = {10.1177/0268580920905464},
  abstract = {During the late 20th century, income inequality rose in most countries around the world, and by a substantial amount in some cases. By contrast, income disparities have stabilized during the post-2000 era, and have even begun to decline in a small majority of states. What accounts for this recent change? Unfortunately, existing work is not well-positioned to address this question. Researchers commonly restrict their attention to affluent nations or use empirical models that have not kept pace with either the changing landscape or the availability of newer measures, all of which suggests a path forward in this area of research. This article focuses on the post-2000 era, drawing from a large global sample (1284 observations across 129 states), while utilizing novel measures that better reflect the contemporary period. The study reports results from Prais-Winsten regression with panel-corrected standard errors and two-way fixed effects. The models show that income inequality is shaped by the major employment sectors (agriculture, industry, and services), the relative supply of unskilled/skilled labor (as indicated by population growth and tertiary school enrollment, respectively), globalization (international trade and migration), state characteristics (the size of government and regulation of labor), gender dynamics (female participation in paid work and government), and the unemployment rate. In sum, the results reveal a set of equalizing and disequalizing factors that shape each country's income distribution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-national,development,inequality}
}

@article{Clarke1999,
  title = {Predicting the Short Term Direct Medical Costs Incurred by Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis},
  author = {Clarke, {\relax AE} and Levinton, C and Joseph, L and Penrod, S and Zowall, H and Sibley, {\relax JT} and Grover, {\relax SA} and Esdaile, {\relax JM}},
  year = {1999},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1068--1075},
  issn = {0315-162X},
  abstract = {Objective. With increasing interest in revising the mechanisms of health care funding, the ability to anticipate patients' medical expenditures as well as to identify potentially modifiable predictors would be informative for health care providers, payers, and policy makers. Methods. Eight hundred fifty-eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis from 2 Canadian centers reported semi-annually on their health services utilization and health status for up to 12 years. Annual direct costs were calculated using 1993 Canadian prices. Regression models for the variation in total direct costs and the individual resource components (i.e., physicians, tests, medications, acute and non-acute hospital care) were estimated using previous values of age, sex, disease duration, education, methotrexate availability, employment status, global well being, pain, duration of morning stiffness, and functional disability as predictor variables. The models were developed using all available data except the last 2 observations (i.e., data collected on the last 2 self-report questionnaires) from each patient, which were reserved for model validation. The predictive abilities of the models were assessed by comparing the most recent costs with those predicted by the model using values of the predictor variables from the previous time period. Further, to assess whether the models conferred any advantage over cost estimates based only on previous costs, most recent observed costs were also compared with costs observed in the preceding time period. Results. Self-reported indices of either global well being, pain, or functional disability predicted total direct costs as well as the costs of the 5 individual resource components. Being younger, female, disabled from the work force, having shorter disease duration, and receiving more formal education also predicted higher costs in at least on health resource category. However, being older predicted higher acute and non-acute care hospital costs. Regression models incorporating longitudinal data did not perform better than average costs in the preceding rime period in predicting future short term costs. Conclusion. Global well being, pain, functional disability, and previous costs are the most important predictors of short term direct medical costs. Although we have demonstrated that regression models do not perform better than previous costs in predicting future short term costs, previous costs are a much less informative predictor than health status variables. Variables such as functional disability and pain identify potentially modifiable disease features and suggest interventions that may improve patient well being and reduce costs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disability,health care costs,predictors,rheumatoid arthritis}
}

@article{Clarke2003,
  title = {A Note on the Decomposition of the Health Concentration Index},
  author = {Clarke, {\relax PM} and Gerdtham, {\relax UG} and Connelly, {\relax LB}},
  year = {2003},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {511--516},
  issn = {1057-9230},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.767},
  abstract = {In recent work, the concentration index has been widely used as a measure of income-related health inequality. The purpose of this note is to illustrate two different methods for decomposing the overall health concentration index using data collected from a Short Form (SF-36) survey of the general Australian population conducted in 1995. For simplicity, we focus on the physical functioning scale of the SF-36. Firstly we examine decomposition \textbackslash textasciigraveby component' by separating the concentration index for the physical functioning scale into the ten items on which it is based. The results show that the items contribute differently to the overall inequality measure, i.e. two of the items contributed 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively, to the overall measure. Second, to illustrate the \textbackslash textasciigraveby subgroup' method we decompose the concentration index by employment status. This involves separating the population into two groups: individuals currently in employment; and individuals not currently employed. We find that the inequality between these groups is about five times greater than the inequality within each group. These methods provide insights into the nature of inequality that can be used to inform policy design to reduce income related health inequalities. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,concentration index,decomposition,health inequality,short form 36,unemployment}
}

@article{Clarke2014,
  title = {Life Course Health and Socioeconomic Profiles of {{Americans}} Aging with Disability},
  author = {Clarke, Philippa and Latham, Kenzie},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {S15-S23},
  issn = {1936-6574},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.08.008},
  abstract = {Background: While cross-sectional data have been invaluable for describing national trends in disability over time, we know comparatively little, at a population level, about the long term experiences of persons living with a disability over the adult life course. Objective: In this paper we use nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics to describe the life course health and socioeconomic profiles of Americans who are aging with a work-limiting disability. Methods: Data come from a cohort of adults age 20-34 in 1979, who were followed annually for 30 years to 2009 (to age 50-64). Disability is defined according to repeated measures of work limitations in prime working years. Using growth curve models we describe the life course profile of these Americans aging with work-limiting disability with respect to health, educational attainment, family formation, economic fortunes, and occupational history, and compare them to those who have not experienced repeated work-limiting disability in adulthood. Results: Persons with persistent work-limiting disability prior to age 50 experienced lower rates of employment and lower household incomes over adulthood in comparison to those aging without a work-limiting disability. Additionally, in the mid-life period, adults with work-limiting disabilities were more likely to practice poor health behaviors (reflected by smoking, obesity, and sedentary activity) and to experience restrictions in functional independence than those without a work-limiting disability. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there are critical risk factors that make adults aging with work-limiting disability more vulnerable with respect to their health and independence as they age, suggesting avenues for intervention that may equalize the health and independence of Americans aging with and aging into disability in the years ahead. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cumulative disadvantage,Life course,Self-rated health,Socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Clarke2014a,
  title = {Microeconomic Determinants of Spatial Mobility in Post-Apartheid {{South Africa}}: {{Longitudinal}} Evidence from the {{National Income Dynamics Study}}},
  author = {Clarke, Rowan and Eyal, Katherine},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT SOUTHERN AFRICA},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {168--194},
  issn = {0376-835X},
  doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2013.857592},
  abstract = {Migration, important for many areas in development, is strongly related to employment. Debate over labour supply in developing countries frequently hinges on labour migration. This paper examines the determinants of spatial mobility of working-age adults in South Africa, using the first nationally representative longitudinal survey - the National Income Dynamics Study - for 2008-10. The paper outlines the unique advantages of these data for the study of individual mobility - data that open the possibility of a new research project. Specifically, it asks how policy-relevant programmes, such as social transfers and housing assistance, affect migration. This paper finds, on balance, that transfers are negatively correlated with subsequent relocation. Previous migration is also predictive of future migration and both are tightly related to attrition, while there is an increasing but strongly non-linear relationship between income and mobility. Further, we highlight potential pitfalls - including attrition, and definitional difficulties - in the study of migration and illustrate possible solutions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cash transfers,general migration,labour migration,public policy,South Africa,spatial mobility}
}

@article{Clayton2011,
  title = {Assembling the Evidence Jigsaw: Insights from a Systematic Review of {{UK}} Studies of Individual-Focused Return to Work Initiatives for Disabled and Long-Term Ill People},
  author = {Clayton, Stephen and Bambra, Clare and Gosling, Rachael and Povall, Sue and Misso, Kate and Whitehead, Margaret},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-11-170},
  abstract = {Background: Employment rates of long-term ill and disabled people in the UK are low and 2.63 million are on disability-related state benefits. Since the mid-1990 s, UK governments have experimented with a range of active labour market policies aimed to move disabled people off benefits and into work to reduce the risk of poverty and social exclusion. This systematic review asks what employment impact have these interventions had and how might they work better? Methods: A systematic review of observational and qualitative empirical studies and systematic reviews published between 2002 and mid-2008 reporting employment effects and/or process evaluations of national UK government interventions focused on helping long-term sick or disabled people (aged 16-64) into the open labour market. This built on our previous systematic review which covered the years 1970 to 2001. Results: Searches identified 42 studies, 31 of which evaluated initiatives with an individual focus (improving an individual's employability or providing financial support in returning to work) while 11 evaluated initiatives with an environmental focus (directed at the employment environment or changing the behaviour of employers). This paper synthesises evidence from the 31 studies with an individual focus. The use of personal advisors and individual case management in these schemes helped some participants back to work. Qualitative studies, however, revealed that time pressures and job outcome targets influenced advisors to select \textbackslash textasciigraveeasier-to-place' claimants into programmes and also inhibited the development of mutual trust, which was needed for individual case management to work effectively. Financial incentives can help with lasting transitions into work, but the incentives were often set too low or were too short-term to have an effect. Many of the studies suffered from selection bias into these programmes of more work-ready claimants. Even though these were national programmes, they had very low awareness and take-up rates, making it unlikely that a population-level impact would be achieved even if effective for participants. Conclusions: The evidence reveals barriers and facilitators for the effective implementation of these types of interventions that could inform the continuing welfare reforms. The evidence points towards the need for more long-term, sustained and staged support for those furthest from the labour market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/E7LJBKAR/Clayton et al_2011_Assembling the evidence jigsaw.pdf}
}

@article{Clemens2023,
  title = {Disparities in Functional Recovery after Dysvascular Lower Limb Amputation Are Associated with Employment Status and Self-Efficacy},
  author = {Clemens, Sheila M. and Kershaw, Kiarri N. and McDonald, Cody L. and Darter, Benjamin J. and Bursac, Zoran and Garcia, Stephanie J. and Rossi, Mark D. and Lee, Szu Ping},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {45},
  number = {14},
  pages = {2280--2287},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2087762},
  abstract = {Purpose Employment status is considered a determinant of health, yet returning to work is frequently a challenge after lower limb amputation. No studies have documented if working after lower limb amputation is associated with functional recovery. The study's purpose was to examine the influence of full-time employment on functioning after lower limb amputation. Methods Multisite, cross-sectional study of 49 people with dysvascular lower limb amputation. Outcomes of interest included performance-based measures, the Component Timed-Up-and-Go test, the 2-min walk test, and self-reported measures of prosthetic mobility and activity participation. Results Average participant age was 62.1 +/- 9.7 years, 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female and 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% were persons of color. Results indicated that 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants were not employed full-time. Accounting for age, people lacking full-time employment exhibited significantly poorer outcomes of mobility and activity participation. Per regression analyses, primary contributors to better prosthetic mobility were working full-time (R-2 ranging from 0.06 to 0.24) and greater self-efficacy (R-2 ranging from 0.32 to 0.75). Conclusions This study offers novel evidence of associations between employment and performance-based mobility outcomes after dysvascular lower limb amputation. Further research is required to determine cause-effect directionalities. These results provide the foundation for future patient-centered research into how work affects outcomes after lower limb amputation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Amputation,disparities,employment,lower extremity,mobility}
}

@article{Cmar2021,
  title = {Job-{{Search Activities}}, {{Job-Seeking Barriers}}, and {{Work Experiences}} of {{Transition-Age Youths With Visual Impairments}}},
  author = {Cmar, Jennifer L. and Steverson, Anne},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& BLINDNESS},
  volume = {115},
  number = {6, SI},
  pages = {479--492},
  issn = {0145-482X},
  doi = {10.1177/0145482X211059182},
  abstract = {Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the job-seeking and work experiences of transition-age youths with visual impairments. Methods: We analyzed follow-up data from a quasi-experimental study of a job-search intervention conducted from 2016 to 2019. Participants were 88 youths with visual impairments from three states; approximately half received the job-search intervention, and the other half served as a comparison group. Measures included job-search activities and outcomes, job-seeking barriers, volunteer and work experiences, and parental support for job-seeking. Results: Commonly reported job-search activities were preparing or revising resumes, talking to people about jobs, submitting applications, and submitting resumes, but most participants performed these activities infrequently. Many job-seekers encountered barriers during their job search, and few searches resulted in paid employment. Participants generally reported moderate levels of preparation to handle job-seeking barriers and parental support for job-seeking. Intervention and comparison participants had similar results on most measures, with few exceptions. Discussion: When youths actively search for a job but do not find one, their motivation to continue job-seeking may be reduced, particularly if their preparedness to overcome job-seeking barriers is low. Although many participants had some engagement in volunteer or work activities, short-term work experiences were the most common-and perhaps most misunderstood-work activity. Implications for practitioners: Youths with visual impairments may benefit from feedback on their job-seeking approach, application materials, and interview skills so they can make changes and determine how to focus or refocus their efforts. In addition to offering feedback, service providers can provide ongoing support to youth job-seekers and encourage them to persist in their job search. Explicit discussions about different types of work activities may help transition-age youths understand how short-term work experiences differ from paid jobs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {blind,employment,job-search behavior,job-search outcomes,job-seeking barriers,low vision,parental support,transition-age youths,visual impairment,work experience}
}

@article{Cobb2017,
  title = {Growing {{Apart}}: {{The Changing Firm-Size Wage Premium}} and {{Its Inequality Consequences}}},
  author = {Cobb, J. Adam and Lin, Ken-Hou},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ORGANIZATION SCIENCE},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {429--446},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  doi = {10.1287/orsc.2017.1125},
  abstract = {Wage inequality in the United States has risen dramatically over the past few decades, prompting scholars to develop a number of theoretical accounts for the upward trend. This study argues that large firms have been a prominent labor-market institution that mitigates inequality. By compensating their low-and middle-wage employees with a greater premium than their higher-wage counterparts, large U.S. firms reduced overall wage dispersion. Yet, broader changes to employment relations associated with the demise of internal labor markets and the emergence of alternative employment arrangements have undermined large firms' role as an equalizing institution. Using data from the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we find that in 1989, although all private-sector workers benefited from a firm-size wage premium, the premium was significantly higher for individuals at the lower end and middle of the wage distribution compared to those at the higher end. Between 1989 and 2014, the average firm-size wage premium declined markedly. The decline, however, was exclusive to those at the lower end and middle of the wage distribution, while there was no change for those at the higher end. As such, the uneven declines in the premium across the wage spectrum could account for about 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of rising wage inequality during this period, suggesting that firms are of great importance to the study of rising inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment relationship,firm-size wage premium,inequality,internal labor market}
}

@article{Cohen2022,
  title = {Lactation in Quarantine: {{The}} (in)Visibility of Human Milk Feeding during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Cohen, Mathilde and Botz, Corinne},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL BREASTFEEDING JOURNAL},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1746-4358},
  doi = {10.1186/s13006-022-00451-2},
  abstract = {Background In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, billions of people were asked by their state and local governments not to go to work and not leave the house unless they had to. The goal of this qualitative study was to collect the lived experiences of a small group of parents and lactation professionals in the United States about what it was like to feed babies human milk under these conditions of quarantine. Methods This project is a social constructionist analysis of lactation narratives of 24 parents feeding their children human milk and 13 lactation professionals. They were interviewed remotely in 2020-21 via videoconferencing about their experiences and perspectives on the pandemic's effect on lactation. Additionally, photographs of 16 of the parents are provided to visualize their practices and how they chose to represent them. Results Four interrelated themes were identified in participants' narratives about how they experienced and made sense of human milk feeding during the pandemic: the loneliness of lactation during the pandemic, the construction of human milk as a resource to cope with the crisis, the (in)visibility of lactation amidst heightened multitasking, and the sense of connection created by human milk feeding at a time of unprecedented solitude. Conclusions While the pandemic may have had both positive and negative effects on lactation, it exposed continuing inequities in infant feeding, generating new forms of (in)visibility for lactating labor. Going forward, one lesson for policy and lawmakers may be that to adequately support lactation, they should take cues from the families who had positive experiences during the crisis. This would call for systemically overhauling of US laws and policies by guaranteeing: universal basic income, paid parental leave for at least six months, paid lactation leaves and breaks, affordable housing, universal health care, subsidized childcare programs, and equal access to high-quality, non-discriminatory, and culturally appropriate medical care-including lactation counseling-, among other initiatives.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breastfeeding,COVID-19,Donor human milk,Gender inequality,Human milk feeding,Lactation,Milk sharing,Pandemic,Parenting}
}

@article{Colby2021,
  title = {{{ReImagine}}: {{A}} Multi-Disciplinary Quality Improvement Plan to Work at Top of Scope},
  author = {Colby, Amy and Yanco, Abigail and Inson, Ann and {Gance-Cleveland}, Bonnie},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NURSING-NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILIES},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {92--99},
  issn = {0882-5963},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pedn.2021.02.023},
  abstract = {Background: There is a growing need for quality, community care models centered on the care of the child with medical complexity. This quality improvement project was conducted in a community-based medical daycare program within a large, metropolitan, pediatric hospital network of care location. A multi-disciplinary team, led by a clinical nurse specialist, occupational therapist, and early childhood special education teacher, addressed staff frustrations and low morale related to barriers to working at top of scope and feelings of a chaotic care and learning environment for children. Aims: To improve staff satisfaction through a decrease in perceived barriers to practicing at top of scope and to refocus each discipline's role. A secondary aim was to improve child engagement through restructuring the ther-apeutic and learning environment and reducing distractions to better meet the unique needs of the children the program serves. Methods: This quality improvement (QI) project used multiple methods, including staff surveys, child observa-tions and timecard review, to measure the project's impact on ability to work at top scope, child engagement and staff satisfaction. Results: The QI project resulted in positively impacting work culture and structure by increased time professional staff practiced at the top of scope, decreased perceived barriers to do so, improved overall job satisfaction and im -proved child engagement. Conclusion: Increased multidisciplinary collaboration and increased structure promoted an enhanced learning environment, healthier staff environment, and a more fiscally responsible program. There is little knowledge about medical daycares and further investigations in this setting is warranted. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Medical daycare,Multidisciplinary,Quality improvement,Staff satisfaction,Top of scope}
}

@article{Colen2006,
  title = {Getting a Piece of the Pie? {{The}} Economic Boom of the 1990s and Declining Teen Birth Rates in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Colen, Cynthia G. and Geronimus, Arline T. and Phipps, Maureen G.},
  year = {2006},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {63},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1531--1545},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.006},
  abstract = {In the United States, the 1990s was a decade of dramatic economic growth as well as a period characterized by substantial declines in teenage childbearing. This study examines whether falling teen fertility rates during the 1990s were responsive to expanding employment opportunities and whether the implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act (PRWORA), increasing rates of incarceration, or restrictive abortion policies may have affected this association. Fixed-effects Poisson regression models were estimated to assess the relationship between age-specific birth rates and state-specific unemployment rates from 1990 to 1999 for Black and White females aged 10-29. Falling unemployment rates in the 1990s were associated with decreased childbearing among African-American women aged 15-24, but were largely unrelated to declines in fertility for Whites. For 18-19 year-old African-Americans, the group for whom teen childbearing is most normative, our model accounted for 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the decrease in rates of first births. Young Black women, especially older teens, may have adjusted their reproductive behavior to take advantage of expanded labor market opportunities. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fertility timing,poverty,race,social mobility,teenage childbearing,United States}
}

@article{Coley2014,
  title = {Low-{{Income Women}}'s {{Employment Experiences}} and {{Their Financial}}, {{Personal}}, and {{Family Well-Being}}},
  author = {Coley, Rebekah Levine and Lombardi, Caitlin McPherran},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {88--97},
  issn = {0893-3200},
  doi = {10.1037/a0034998},
  abstract = {Low-income women's rates of employment have grown dramatically in recent years, yet the stability and quality of their employment remain low. Using panel data from the Three-City Study following 1,586 low-income African American, Latina, and European American women, this study assessed associations between women's employment quality (wages; receipt of health insurance) and stability (work consistency; job transitions) and their financial, personal, and family well-being. Hierarchical linear models assessing within-person effects found that increases in wages were associated with improved financial well-being and physical health. Average wages over time similarly were associated with greater levels of income and financial stability as well as mental and physical health at the end of the study. In contrast, few significant associations emerged for receipt of health insurance or for the stability and consistency of women's employment. Results have implications for programs and policies seeking to support disadvantaged women's employment in order to improve family resources and functioning.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Collins2012,
  title = {Do Great Local Minds Think Alike? {{Comparing}} Perceptions of the Social Determinants of Health between Non-Profit and Governmental Actors in Two {{Canadian}} Cities},
  author = {Collins, Patricia A.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {371--384},
  issn = {0268-1153},
  doi = {10.1093/her/cys009},
  abstract = {Cities are important sites for intervention on social determinants of health (SDOH); yet, little is known about how influential local actors, namely workers in municipal governments (GOVs) and community-based organizations (CBOs), perceive the SDOH. Capturing and comparing perceptions between these groups are important for assessing how SDOH discourse has permeated local actors' thinking-a meaningful endeavour as local-level health equity action often invokes inter-institutional partnerships. This paper compares SDOH perceptions between CBO workers in Hamilton, Ontario, with politicians and senior-level staff in GOVs in Vancouver, British Columbia, based on two studies with surveys containing identical questions on SDOH perceptions. Overall, there was high comparability between the groups in their relative ratings of the SDOH. Both groups assigned high levels of \textbackslash textasciigraveinfluence' and \textbackslash textasciigravepriority' to \textbackslash textasciigravehealthy lifestyles' and \textbackslash textasciigraveclean air and water' and lower levels to \textbackslash textasciigravestrong community' and \textbackslash textasciigraveincome'. Given the importance of a shared vision in collaborative enterprises, the comparability of perceptions between the groups found here holds promise for the prospect of inter-institutional partnerships. However, the low rating assigned to more structural health determinants suggests that more work is needed from researchers and advocates to effectively advance a health equity agenda at the local level in Canada.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Colom2018,
  title = {Expanding Access to Primary Healthcare for Women through a Microfinance Institution: {{A}} Case Study from Rural {{Guatemala}}},
  author = {Colom, Marcela and Austad, Kirsten and Sacuj, Neftali and Larson, Karen and Rohloff, Peter},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTHCARE-THE JOURNAL OF DELIVERY SCIENCE AND INNOVATION},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {223--230},
  issn = {2213-0764},
  doi = {10.1016/j.hjdsi.2017.12.003},
  abstract = {The utilization of existing social networks is increasingly being recognized as a powerful strategy for delivering healthcare services to underserved populations in low- and middle-income countries. In Guatemala, multiple barriers prevent access to healthcare services for rural and indigenous populations, and strategies for delivering healthcare in more efficient ways are needed. The case study we describe here is a unique collaboration between a microfinance institution (Friendship Bridge) and a primary care organization (Wuqu' Kawoq vertical bar Maya Health Alliance) to scale up healthcare through an existing lending-borrowing social network. The program provides primary care services to female clients of Friendship Bridge in rural areas of Guatemala, with nurses working as frontline primary care providers, providing door-to-door healthcare services. Over the first 22 months of the project, we have reached over 3500 of Friendship Bridge's clients, with overall high acceptance of services. All clinical documentation and program monitoring and evaluation are done through audit trails within an electronical medical record system, which improves efficiency and lowers the associated time and resources costs. We utilize quality improvement methodologies to aid in decision making and programmatic adjustments scale up. These strategies have allowed us to expand services rapidly under challenging geographic and logistical constraints, while concurrently iteratively improving staff training and supervision, clinical care, and client engagement processes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Guatemala,Microfinance,Primary healthcare,Quality improvement,Social networks,Women's health}
}

@article{Colvin2015,
  title = {Shared Workplace Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Police Officers in the {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Colvin, Roddrick},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {POLICING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLICE STRATEGIES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {333--349},
  issn = {1363-951X},
  doi = {10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2014-0121},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explores the contemporary workplace experiences of lesbian and gay officers who serve across the UK. Design/methodology/approach - Using an online survey, the research asked lesbian and gay officers to share their experiences in law enforcement environments. Acknowledging the changing climate in many law enforcement environments, this respondents here were asked to focus on both positive and negative experiences in the workplace. Findings - The responses of 243 police officers revealed that lesbian and gay officers face barriers to equal employment opportunities similar to those faced by women and other minorities in law enforcement, but lesbian officers appear to experience and witness lower levels of discrimination than gay male police officers. Attitudinal bias against lesbian and gay officers remains a significant problem in the force. Lesbian officers report feelings of tokenism at higher levels than gay male police officers. Research limitations/implications - Future research endeavors should analyze any differences between the experiences of different lesbians and gay men at different levels of visibility within law enforcement, including \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveout\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecloseted\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace officers. Research about when officers come out as lesbian or gay - during training, on the force, after they retire - would be insightful in understanding officers' perceptions. Practical implications - The research suggests that police departments in the UK have made good strides in opening the law enforcement workforce, but continue to face on-going challenges in creating fair, diverse, and representative work environments for lesbian and gay officers. Specifically, agencies should review policies where supervisor have discretion over the employment-related actions. By not meetings the challenges of a more diverse workplace, agencies risk lower job satisfaction, and decreased police effectiveness, especially on community policing environments. Originality/value - This research joins a small, but growing body of research that offers specific barriers and opportunities - as perceived by the officers. As other agencies engage in efforts to recruit and retain diversity police forces, the results of this research can enhance policies and practices, with regards to lesbian and gay officers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Gender,Police,Police culture,Quality of policing,Training}
}

@article{Conde2015,
  title = {{The Brazilian Social Macrodynamic: Changes, Continuities and Challenges}},
  author = {Conde, Eduardo Salomao and Fonseca, Francisco},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {DADOS-REVISTA DE CIENCIAS SOCIAIS},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--185},
  issn = {0011-5258},
  doi = {10.1590/00115258201541},
  abstract = {Contemporary Brazil is portrayed based on aggregate data on work, employment, income, poverty, and inequality, seeking to establish the recent of the social macrodynamic. To this end, the authors analyze role of the exponential increase of employment, the reduction of unemployment and informalization; real minimum wage increases and the rise of average salaries, the strengthening of Social Security and social programs; the retreat of extreme poverty. This set of data comparatively indicates that, while the Cardoso government turned toward private investment, monetary and fiscal restriction, and state reform (in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemodern\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace sense of decreasing its size), in the Lula government another perspective of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemodernization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace: the reinforcement of state capacity to achieve \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveembedded autonomy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. It concludes that the challenge of modernization is still guided towards redistribution of wealth, the creation of an effective Welfare State and sovereign insertion in the international arena.},
  langid = {portuguese},
  keywords = {development,income,inequality,labor,social policy}
}

@article{Connelly2018,
  title = {The {{Care Economy}} in {{Post-Reform China}}: {{Feminist Research}} on {{Unpaid}} and {{Paid Work}} and {{Well-Being}}},
  author = {Connelly, Rachel and Dong, Xiao-yuan and Jacobsen, Joyce and Zhao, Yaohui},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {1--30},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2018.1441534},
  abstract = {As China embarked on the path of economic and social reforms, social provisions from the Maoist era were dismantled, and care responsibilities shifted back from the state to the household. Rural-urban migration, a steep decline in fertility, and increasing longevity have led to changes in the age structure of the population both overall and by region. Using seven different surveys, the eleven contributions in this volume study the distributive consequences of post-reform care policies and the impact of unpaid care responsibilities on women's and men's opportunities and gender inequality. Overall, reduced care services have created care deficits for disadvantaged groups, including low-income rural elderly and children. The shifted care burden has also limited women's ability to participate fully in the market economy and has contributed to rising gender inequalities in labor force participation, off-farm employment, earnings, pensions, and mental health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare,China reforms,eldercare,employment,gender inequality,unpaid work}
}

@article{Contreras2019,
  title = {Inequality in Social Capital in {{Chile}}: {{Assessing}} the Importance of Network Size and Contacts' Occupational Prestige on Status Attainment},
  author = {Contreras, Dante and Otero, Gabriel and Diaz, Juan D. and Suarez, Nicolas},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL NETWORKS},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {59--77},
  issn = {0378-8733},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2019.02.002},
  abstract = {Long-standing literature argues that social capital is closely implicated in labour market outcomes. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in Latin America, the most unequal region in the world. We focus on Chile, one of the most stratified countries in Latin America. This study examines the relationship between social capital and four measures of status attainment, including job prestige and employment income. We use data from the first wave of the Longitudinal Social Study of Chile (ELSOC), a representative survey of the Chilean urban population aged 18-75 years. We analyse a subsample of 1,351 individuals who are currently employed. A Bayesian model of over-dispersion with relational data is used to estimate the size of the network, a novel measure of social capital. We analyse the data set using linear and logistic regression models and a complementary path analysis, first estimating models for the entire sample, and then splitting the sample into three groups to evaluate differences within individuals' socioeconomic background. Results indicate that contacts' occupational prestige has a positive association with job prestige and employment income, while the size of the network increases individuals' salaries and labour participation. We also observe that social capital flows through stratified networks which tend to favour individuals from high socioeconomic backgrounds. We discuss the need to conduct more in-depth evaluations of how better creation of social capital and its effects on status attainment could be closely linked to positions of privilege and advantage accumulation processes in highly unequal contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Contacts,Income,Job prestige,Network size,Social capital,Status attainment}
}

@article{Contzen2019,
  title = {Being a Poor Farmer in a Wealthy Country: {{A Swiss}} Case Study},
  author = {Contzen, Sandra and Crettaz, Eric},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS},
  volume = {59},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {393--418},
  issn = {0038-0199},
  doi = {10.1111/soru.12230},
  abstract = {Many Swiss farming families face socioeconomic disadvantage despite Switzerland being a wealthy country with instruments of agricultural policy financially supporting almost all farmers. However, official poverty statistics exclude Swiss farmers and scientific knowledge is rare about how such situations are experienced. This article scrutinises the situation of Swiss farming families living in poverty or material deprivation by intertwining qualitative and quantitative methods to enrich both types of data and interpretations. By statistically comparing farmers with the self-employed in other economic sectors, it uses a novel way of comparing the farming with the non-farming population. The article shows that the poverty among farmers resembles that of the self-employed with no or few employees in other economic sectors and describes the lived experiences of poverty and material deprivation. It concludes that adaptive preferences make farming families resilient to socioeconomic disadvantage, while possibly leading to a loss of their livelihood in the long run.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adaptive preferences,farming families,financial poverty,material deprivation,Switzerland}
}

@article{Cook2006,
  title = {Employment Barriers for Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities: {{Update}} of a Report for the President's Commission},
  author = {Cook, Judith A.},
  year = {2006},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES},
  volume = {57},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1391--1405},
  issn = {1075-2730},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.57.10.1391},
  abstract = {A major public policy problem is the extremely low labor force participation of people with severe mental illness coupled with their overrepresentation on the public disability rolls. This situation is especially troubling given the existence of evidence-based practices designed to return them to the labor force. This article reviews research from the fields of disability, economics, health care, and labor studies to describe the nature of barriers to paid work and economic security for people with disabling mental disorders. These barriers include low educational attainment, unfavorable labor market dynamics, low productivity, lack of appropriate vocational and clinical services, labor force discrimination, failure of protective legislation, work disincentives caused by state and federal policies, poverty-level income, linkage of health care access to disability beneficiary status, and ineffective work incentive programs. The article concludes with a discussion of current policy initiatives in health care, mental health, and disability. Recommendations for a comprehensive system of services and supports to address multiple barriers are presented. These include access to affordable health care, including mental health treatment and prescription drug coverage; integrated clinical and vocational services; safe and stable housing that is not threatened by changes in earned income; remedial and post-secondary education and vocational training; benefits counseling and financial literacy education; economic security through asset development; legal aid for dealing with employment discrimination; peer support and self-help to enhance vocational self-image and encourage labor force attachment; and active involvement of U.S. business and employer communities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review}
}

@article{Cook2011,
  title = {Harsh {{Choices}}: {{Chinese Women}}'s {{Paid Work}} and {{Unpaid Care Responsibilities}} under {{Economic Reform}}},
  author = {Cook, Sarah and Dong, Xiao-yuan},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {947--965},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01721.x},
  abstract = {China's economic reforms over the past three decades have dramatically changed the mechanisms for allocating goods and labour in both market and non-market spheres. This article examines the social and economic trends that intensify the pressure on the care economy, and on women in particular in playing their dual roles as care givers and income earners in post-reform China. The analysis sheds light on three critical but neglected issues. How does the reform process reshape the institutional arrangements of care for children and elders? How does the changing care economy affect women's choices between paid work and unpaid care responsibilities? And what are the implications of women's work-family conflicts for the well-being of women and their families? The authors call for a gendered approach to both social and labour market policies, with investments in support of social reproduction services so as to ease the pressures on women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cook2016,
  title = {Long-{{Term Effects}} of {{Evidence-Based Supported Employment}} on {{Earnings}} and on {{SSI}} and {{SSDI Participation Among Individuals With Psychiatric Disabilities}}},
  author = {Cook, Judith A. and {Burke-Miller}, Jane K. and Roessel, Emily},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {173},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1007--1014},
  issn = {0002-953X},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101359},
  abstract = {Objective: This study examines the long-term effects of evidence-based supported employment services on three vocational outcomes: tabor force participation, earnings, and attainment of Social Security Administration (SSA) non beneficiary status through suspension or termination of disability cash payments due to work (NSTW). Method: Data from 449 individuals with psychiatric disabilities who participated in a multisite controlled trial of supported employment were matched to SSA data over a 13-year period (2000-2012) following supported employment services. Long-term outcomes were analyzed using random effects regression models comparing participants in the experimental and control conditions on measures of employment, earnings, and attainment of NSTW. The authors adjusted for time, age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, schizophrenia diagnosis, substance abuse history, and geographic region. Results: Overall outcomes were modest across the 13-year follow-up, with 32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants having any earned income and 13.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% ever attaining NSTW. Supported employment recipients were almost three times as likely as control subjects to be employed over 13 years (odds ratio=2.89). Although earnings were low, supported employment participants had significantly higher earnings per month than control subjects over time (parameter estimate=\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar23.82) and were more likely than control subjects to attain NSTW (odds ratio=12.99). The supported employment effect diminished and was completely attenuated over time. Conclusions: The study's findings indicate a small but significant vocational advantage accruing to recipients of evidence-based supported employment in the decade following service delivery, adding to the evidence on the durability of supported employment effects. Results can inform policies designed to help workers enhance economic security and reduce dependence on Social Security disability benefits.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cooklin2015,
  title = {Mothers' Work-Family Conflict and Enrichment: Associations with Parenting Quality and Couple Relationship},
  author = {Cooklin, A. R. and Westrupp, E. and Strazdins, L. and Giallo, R. and Martin, A. and Nicholson, J. M.},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {266--277},
  issn = {0305-1862},
  doi = {10.1111/cch.12137},
  abstract = {BackgroundEmployment participation of mothers of young children has steadily increased in developed nations. Combining work and family roles can create conflicts with family life, but can also bring enrichment. Work-family conflict and enrichment experienced by mothers may also impact children's home environments via parenting behaviour and the couple relationship, particularly in the early years of parenting when the care demands for young children is high. MethodsIn order to examine these associations, while adjusting for a wide range of known covariates of parenting and relationship quality, regression models using survey data from 2151 working mothers of 4- to 5-year-old children are reported. Results/ConclusionResults provided partial support for the predicted independent relationships between work-family conflict, enrichment and indicators of the quality of parenting and the couple relationship.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {maternal employment,parenting,work-family conflict,work-family gains,work-family strains}
}

@article{Corcoran2000,
  title = {How Welfare Reform Is Affecting Women's Work},
  author = {Corcoran, M and Danziger, {\relax SK} and Kalil, A and Seefeldt, {\relax KS}},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {241--269},
  issn = {0360-0572},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.241},
  abstract = {The new welfare system mandates participation in work activity. We review the evolution of the 1996 legislation and how states implement welfare reform. We examine evidence on recipients' employment, well-being, and future earnings potential. to assess the role of welfare in women's work. Policies rewarding work and penalizing nonwork, such as sanctions, time limits, diversion, and earnings \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedisregards,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace vary across states. While caseloads felt and employment rose, most women who left welfare work in low-wage jobs without benefits. Large minorities report material hardships and face barriers to work including depression, low skills, or no transportation. And disposable income decreased among the poorest female-headed families. Among the important challenges for future research is to differentiate between the effects of welfare reform, the economy, and other policies on women's work, and to assess how variations in state welfare programs affect caseloads and employment outcomes of recipients.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZJ4XXP85/Corcoran et al_2000_How welfare reform is affecting women's work.pdf}
}

@article{CornejoEspinoza2022,
  title = {{Association between social determinants and mental health: Effect of the double burden of paid and domestic}},
  author = {Cornejo Espinoza, Natalia and Ligueno Herrero, Tachira and Monsalve Ortiz, Marcela and Moreno Herrera, Ximena},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {MEDISUR-REVISTA DE CIENCIAS MEDICAS DE CIENFUEGOS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {5},
  pages = {907--916},
  issn = {1727-897X},
  abstract = {Background: Common mental disorders are among the leading contributors to the burden of disease in Chile and Latin America. Gender and socioeconomic position are important social determinants of mental health. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the role of the double burden of paid job and unpaid domestic work in the association of social determinants with common mental disorders. Methods: Secondary analyses of a sample representative of the employed or recently employed Chilean population between 2009-2010. Logistic models were used to determine the association between the variables of interest and positive screen for common mental disorders. Results: Positive screen for common mental disorders was two times as frequent in women, compared to men, but the association between gender and the outcome was not observed when controlling for the double burden of paid and unpaid work. Income was associated with common mental disorders only among men. Conclusions: The distribution of the double burden of paid and unpaid work, which is more frequent among women, could contribute to the higher frequency of common mental disorders among them. It is important that social and labor public policies address this issue, to reduce the gap experienced by women with respect to paid work, and to foster co-responsibility in domestic and care tasks.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {adults,gender identity,health status disparities,mental disorders,mental health}
}

@article{Cornwell2013,
  title = {Survey of Recent Developments},
  author = {Cornwell, Katy and Anas, Titik},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BULLETIN OF INDONESIAN ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--33},
  issn = {0007-4918},
  doi = {10.1080/00074918.2013.772937},
  abstract = {The arrival of a new year has brought with it an increased focus on Indonesia's 2014 legislative and presidential elections. While voters may be disillusioned with established political figures, a strong presidential candidate has yet to emerge. Many voters appear to yearn for an experienced and uncorrupt leader with new and proactive policies, which is why Jakarta's new governor, Joko Widodo, is being viewed as a potential candidate. The Constitutional Court has made two major, controversial rulings in recent months: the first concerned the upstream oil and gas regulator BPMigas, the second the international-standard pilot-project schools (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional, RSBIs). The Court ruled both institutions unconstitutional and called for their immediate disbandment. In 2012, Indonesia's year-on-year economic growth slowed slightly, to a still healthy 6.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, owing to continued weak global demand for its exports and a contraction in government expenditure. In contrast, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment were particularly strong, with respective increases of 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% and more than 142\textbackslash textbackslash\%. At 4.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, inflation for the 2012 calendar year still remains well within the government's and Bank Indonesia's expectations. However, inflation expectations are high for 2013, owing to likely reforms to energy subsidies; the expected effect of bad weather on food prices; and increases in minimum wages, which attracted attention in 2012 because of their magnitude and their apparent disparity among regions. Concerns also exist that these rises in minimum wages will hamper Indonesia's international competitiveness and could discourage investment in labour-intensive industries. Minimum-wage policy is also controversial because of doubts about its relevance to the genuinely poor sections of society those in informal employment or with primarily subsistence income, who constitute a large proportion of the population. Indonesia has experienced a steady increase in income inequality in the last decade, indicating that the benefits of strong economic growth have not been shared equally. Potential reasons for this increasing inequality relate to labour-market segmentation amid a growing middle class, weak institutional foundations, and commodity-driven growth. It appeared in 2012 that Indonesia has also been one of the world's poorest performers in HIV/AIDS prevention in recent years. While prevalence rates are low, the number of new HIV infections in 2011 was more than four times that of any other South Asian or Southeast Asian country, and the infection rate among the working-age population has risen by more than 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% since 2001. Infection rates among high-risk groups are also alarmingly high compared with those of other Southeast Asian countries. Targeted prevention, treatment and support programs among these groups are paramount.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Corseuil2019,
  title = {Apprenticeship as a Stepping Stone to Better Jobs: {{Evidence}} from {{Brazilian}} Matched Employer-Employee Data},
  author = {Corseuil, Carlos Henrique and Foguel, Miguel N. and Gonzaga, Gustavo},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {177--194},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.002},
  abstract = {The objective of this paper is to evaluate the Brazilian Apprenticeship program adopted at a large scale since 2000. In particular, we investigate whether the program is a better stepping stone to permanent jobs when compared to other forms of temporary jobs. Similar to other apprenticeship initiatives around the world, the Brazilian program trains young workers under special temporary contracts aiming to help them successfully complete the transition from school to work. We make use of a matched employee-employer dataset covering all formal employees in Brazil, including apprentices. Our identification strategy exploits a discontinuity in the eligibility to enter the program in the early 2000s, when 17 was the age limit to take part in the program. This strategy allows us to consider selection based on unobservable characteristics. We find that the program increases the probability of employment in permanent jobs and decreases turnover rates and formal labor market experience in 2-3- and 4-5-year horizons. These results are consistent with a positive effect of the program on reservation utilities of workers and on their efforts to expand skills. This is also confirmed by the data as we find substantial impacts on schooling attainment. We also find evidence that the skill requirements of the apprentices' occupation affect the likelihood of obtaining an open-ended job in the short run and the education achievement in the medium run. The results also evince much larger effects of the program for workers who had their first job in large firms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adjusted matching,Apprenticeship,Youth-targeted training program}
}

@article{Cortis2013,
  title = {Sustaining Transitions from Welfare to Work: The Perceptions of Employers and Employment Service Providers},
  author = {Cortis, Natasha and Bullen, Jane and Hamilton, Myra},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {363--384},
  issn = {0157-6321},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00287.x},
  abstract = {Successive Australian Governments have sought to improve the capacity of the employment service system to build jobseekers' skills and capabilities and to promote transitions from income support to paid work. Yet despite these efforts, many jobseekers experience only short periods of employment, moving repeatedly between joblessness and positions with low skill requirements, low pay and few or fluctuating hours. This article explores ways to achieve more sustained transitions from welfare to work for disadvantaged jobseekers. We draw on data from a qualitative study of employment service providers who assisted jobseekers into work and the managers in the organisations that employed them. These informants' perspectives underline the importance of improving the quality of jobs that require low levels of skills and experience and demonstrate some ways employers and employment services can better work together and provide more enduring and effective forms of support.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment policy,employment services,job retention,jobseekers,welfare to work}
}

@article{Costa2020,
  title = {The Pandemic and the Labor Market in {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Costa, Simone da Silva},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ADMINISTRACAO PUBLICA},
  volume = {54},
  number = {4},
  pages = {969--978},
  issn = {0034-7612},
  doi = {10.1590/0034-761220200170x},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health problem that has given new dynamics to the world economy. The rapid spread of the disease and the use of social distancing as a form of prevention exposed the social and urban inequalities of capitalist cities. In Brazil, as in other countries, social distancing has promoted rapid changes in the labor market with more severe impacts for 37.3 million people living in the informal sector, as they do not have rights to, for example, the severance pay indemnity fund (FGTS) and unemployment benefit. According to the International Labour Organization, the first layoffs are occurring among those who live off precarious work, such as: outsourced workers, clerks, waiters, kitchen workers, day laborers, baggage handlers, and cleaners. We show a brief synthesis of the consequences that the health crisis has brought to Brazilian workers and propose coping measures that are not limited to emergency aid. The recovery and creation of occupations will depend, among other factors, on the resumption of spending on social and economic programs that were able to reduce social inequalities at the beginning of this century, such as PAC-favelas; Minha Casa, Minha Vida Program; Bolsa Familia Program and the FAT Employment and Income Generation Program. These programs can and must be expanded to bring the economy back to growth in the long run.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,economic crisis,informal work,public policy,unemployment}
}

@article{Costanzo2019,
  title = {How Does Disability Influence Child Care Arrangements for Young Children? {{An}} Examination Using the {{NHES ECPP}}},
  author = {Costanzo, Molly A. and Magnuson, Katherine},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {210--225},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.019},
  abstract = {Affordable child care is an essential support for families with young children, and quality of care impacts a range of child development outcomes. Still, many families face a number of barriers to accessing high-quality care. Given the necessary resources for raising a child with a disability, high-quality child care may be particularly salient for families with a child with a disability. Yet, these families face additional challenges to accessing appropriate care, and children with disabilities may be less likely to be receiving quality care than their nondisabled peers. Despite these challenges, little empirical work has been done to examine differences in child care arrangements between families who have a child with a disability and those who do not. Using data from the National Household Education Surveys (NHES) Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) surveys, this paper seeks to understand if there are differences in the types of arrangements used. Results suggest young children with disabilities are 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% more likely to be enrolled in formal, center-based care compared to no enrollment in child care and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to be enrolled in informal care compared to center-based care than their nondisabled peers, with additional differences by household income and child's age. Findings offer a crucial first step in understanding child care arrangements for young children with disaiblities and indicate that center-based care may be particularly important for families.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child care,Child care policy,Disability}
}

@article{Costas2020,
  title = {{A new post-pandemic social contract. The role of the Social Economy}},
  author = {Costas, Anton},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {100},
  pages = {11--29},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.100.18715},
  abstract = {Beyond the insidious and morally contemptible personality of the authoritarian political leaders that have emerged in the last decade, the political \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesupply\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of populism responds to a real \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedemand\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for popular policies that exists in advanced societies. This demands a rebalancing of economic policies in favour of the working classes, the middle classes and the social groups that have not benefited from the economic growth of the last decades. This social demand responds to an objective cause: the increase in inequalities and economic insecurity. Coinciding with the neoliberal shift in social and economic policies that accompanied the shift to conservatism in the late 1970s and with the hyper-globalization and the change of skin that global corporate capitalism experienced from the 1990s onward, large groups of middle classes in developed countries saw their jobs, their welfare, their opportunities, and the lifestyles of the communities in which they lived disappear or deteriorate. The Covid-19 pandemic has only accentuated these inequalities. This malaise with inequality and economic insecurity is fertile ground for political polarization and authoritarian political populism. In this sense, inequality and economic insecurity have acted as a powerful solvent of the glue that every liberal society needs to function harmoniously, to make the market economy inclusive, and to prevent democracy from falling into the chaos of authoritarian populism. The challenge now is to rebuild that glue, as it was done after the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War 11. This essay argues, first, that this glue must come from a new post-pandemic social contract. Secondly, that the core of that new social contract is in the reform of the enterprise to correct the misallocation of surplus (value added) between wages, top management salaries and dividends. The correction of this malfunctioning distribution requires investigating its causes. Here it is argued that there are two. On the one hand, the bias that capitalism acquired from the eighties in benefit of shareholders and to the detriment of workers, suppliers, customers and communities. On the other hand, that corporate concentration and the market power acquired by large corporations has led to stagnation of real wages and the precarization of employment. The malfunctioning of distribution is not, however, the only source of inequality and economic insecurity. They also come from the malfunctioning of pre-distribution. To the extent that technological change has opened a gap between the capabilities and skills of the population and the professional profiles needed by companies, this gap brings about inequality of income and employment opportunities. On the other hand, the redistributive mechanisms of the Welfare State, both taxes and social programs, have seen their capacity to correct the inequality produced by the economy reduced. To respond to this inequality and economic insecurity, the political offer of new social contracts is wide and varied: the neoliberal, the extreme right, the extreme left and the radical progressive. All try to respond to the problem of distribution, but they do so through different paths, depending on whether they emphasize pre-distribution, redistribution, or distribution. The historical experience of the 1930s teaches us that not everyone is well reconciled with the future. A new progressive social contract must be based on the recovery of the fundamental role of the third pillar of prosperity: the Social Economy. Its abandonment in recent decades in favour of the market and the State is one of the causes of the inability of market economies to generate good jobs now.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {democracy,pandemic,progress,Social contract,Social Economy}
}

@article{Coulborn2018,
  title = {Barriers to Access to Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnosis and Care among Seasonal Mobile Workers in {{Western Tigray}}, {{Northern Ethiopia}}: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Coulborn, Rebecca Marie and Gebrehiwot, Tesfay Gebregzabher and Schneider, Martin and Gerstl, Sibylle and Adera, Cherinet and Herrero, Merce and Porten, Klaudia and {den Boer}, Margriet and Ritmeijer, Koert and Alvar, Jorge and Hassen, Abrahim and Mulugeta, Afework},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES},
  volume = {12},
  number = {11},
  issn = {1935-2735},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0006778},
  abstract = {Background Ethiopia bears a high burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Early access to VL diagnosis and care improves clinical prognosis and reduces transmission from infected humans; however, significant obstacles exist. The approximate 250,000 seasonal mobile workers (MW) employed annually in northwestern Ethiopia may be particularly disadvantaged and at risk of VL acquisition and death. Our study aimed to assess barriers, and recommend interventions to increase access, to VL diagnosis and care among MWs. Methodology/Principal findings In 2017, 50 interviews and 11 focus group discussions were conducted with MWs, mobile residents, VL patients and caretakers, community leaders and healthcare workers in Kafta Humera District, Tigray. Participants reported high vulnerability to VL among MWs and residents engaged in transitory work. Multiple visits to health facilities were consistently needed to access VL diagnosis. Inadequate healthcare worker training, diagnostic test kit unavailability at the primary healthcare level, lack of VL awareness, insufficient finances for care-seeking and prioritization of income-generating activities were significant barriers to diagnosis and care. Social (decision-making and financial) support strongly and positively influenced care-seeking; workers unable to receive salary advances, compensation for partial work, or peer assistance for contract completion were particularly disadvantaged. Participants recommended the government/stakeholders intervene to ensure: MWs access to bed-nets, food, shelter, water, and healthcare at farms or sick leave; decentralization of diagnostic tests to primary healthcare facilities; surplus medications/staff during the peak season; improved referral/feedback/reporting/training within the health system; free comprehensive healthcare for all VL-related services; and community health education. Conclusions/Significance Contrary to what health policy for VL dictates in this endemic setting, study participants reported very poor access to diagnosis and, consequently, significantly delayed access to treatment. Interventions tailored to the socio-economic and health needs of MWs (and other persons suffering from VL) are urgently needed to reduce health disparities and the VL burden.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Coyle2023,
  title = {Families in Quarantine: {{COVID-19}} Pandemic Effects on the Work and Home Lives of Women and Their Daughters},
  author = {Coyle, Emily F. and Fulcher, Megan and Baker, Konner and Fredrickson, Craig N.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  issn = {0022-4537},
  doi = {10.1111/josi.12589},
  abstract = {The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 disrupted the lives of millions of US families, with rising unemployment and initial lockdowns forcing nationwide school and daycare closures. These abrupt changes impacted women in particular, shifting how families navigated roles. Even pre-pandemic, US women were responsible for the majority of household labor and childcare, and daughters bore greater chore responsibility than sons. We surveyed 280 families early in the pandemic (Spring 2020) and another 199 families more than a year later (Summer 2021) about pre-pandemic versus current work-family conflict (WFC), division of labor and schooling, and children's daily activities. Early on, mothers reported increased WFC (especially family impacting work), mothers assumed primary responsibility for children's education at home, and daughters spent more time doing chores and educating siblings. One year in, WFC remained high but mother's stress was lower, parents reported working less from home, and children largely returned to face-to-face schooling. Yet, children, especially daughters, actually spent more time caring for siblings than early in the pandemic, though less time on chores overall. We conclude that policies that support families such as paid family leave and subsidized childcare are needed to right the gender inequalities exacerbated by the pandemic.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Creese2012,
  title = {Survival {{Employment}}': {{Gender}} and {{Deskilling}} among {{African Immigrants}} in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Creese, Gillian and Wiebe, Brandy},
  year = {2012},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION},
  volume = {50},
  number = {5},
  pages = {56--76},
  issn = {0020-7985},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00531.x},
  abstract = {Recent research points to a growing gap between immigrant and native-born outcomes in the Canadian labour market at the same time as selection processes emphasize recruiting highly educated newcomers. Drawing on interviews with well-educated men and women who migrated from countries in sub-Saharan Africa, this paper explores the gendered processes that produce weak economic integration in Canada. Three-quarters of research participants experienced downward occupational mobility, with the majority employed in low-skilled, low-wage, insecure forms of survival employment. In a gendered labour market, where common demands for Canadian experience, Canadian credentials and Canadian accents were uneven across different sectors of the labour market, women faced particular difficulties finding survival employment; in the long run, however, womens greater investment in additional post-secondary education within Canada placed them in a somewhat better position than men. The policy implications of this study are fourfold: first, we raise questions about the efficacy of Canadian immigration policies that prioritize the recruitment of well-educated immigrants without addressing the multiple barriers that result in deskillling; second, we question government policies and settlement practices that undermine more equitable economic integration of immigrants; third, we address the importance of tackling the everyday racism that immigrants experience in the Canadian labour market; and finally, we suggest the need to re-think narrowly defined notions of economic integration in light of the gendered nature of contemporary labour markets, and immigrants own definitions of what constitutes meaningful integration.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Cresswell-Smith2021,
  title = {Untapped Potential? {{Action}} by Non-Governmental Organisations on the Social Determinants of Mental Health in High-Income Countries: An Integrative Review},
  author = {{Cresswell-Smith}, Johanna and Macintyre, Anna K. and Wahlbeck, Kristian},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {VOLUNTARY SECTOR REVIEW},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {189--209},
  issn = {2040-8056},
  doi = {10.1332/204080520X15874661935482},
  abstract = {Civil society in general is widely recognised as having an important role in addressing the social determinants of health. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have a long history of mental health actions, ranging from mental health promotion and advocacy to volunteer work and service provision. An explicit focus on the social determinants of mental health is a more recent development. In this article we review relevant literature on NGO actions on key social determinants of mental health: family; friends and communities; education and skills; good work; money and resources; housing; and surroundings. Searching of relevant bibliographic databases was combined with searching for relevant grey literature to identify relevant evidence and practice on the work of NGOs in this field. We reflect on the inherent tensions involved in understanding the role of NGOs in taking action on the social determinants of mental health and the critical questions raised as a result. Our review highlights a lack of documented evidence of NGO actions, and underscores the significant untapped potential of civil society to contribute to the Mental Health in All Policies (MHiAP) agenda.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {civil society,mental health,mental health promotion,NGO,social determinants of mental health}
}

@article{Crocker2017,
  title = {{{DUPE}}, {{SCHEMER}}, {{MOTHER}}: {{NAVIGATING AGENCY AND CONSTRAINT AT WORK}}},
  author = {Crocker, Jillian},
  editor = {Musolf, {\relax GR}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {OPPRESSION AND RESISTANCE: STRUCTURE, AGENCY, TRANSFORMATION},
  series = {Studies in {{Symbolic Interaction}}},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {157--173},
  issn = {0163-2396},
  doi = {10.1108/S0163-239620180000048011},
  abstract = {Considerable research on the experiences of contemporary workers theorizes everyday acts of resistance as inconsequential, emphasizing their limited impact on overarching structures of inequality. This chapter offers a different perspective. Drawing on a feminist interpretivist paradigm, I argue that such characterizations of everyday resistance fail to account for the ways in which workers themselves make sense of power dynamics at work. Incorporating such accounts complicates conventional understandings of low-income workers engaged in everyday resistance as either dupes, as is often suggested by academic research, or schemers, as is frequently articulated by the self-perceived targets of worker rule-breaking - their managers. Based on 10 months of ethnographic observation and interviews with nurses and nursing assistants in a long-term care facility, I demonstrate that while workers recognize the constraints within which they act, they nonetheless make sense of their acts of everyday resistance as defiant. The realities of precarious labor and family responsibility do not combine to prevent resistance at work for these women; they combine to transform it. Asserting their agency through a series of relatively mundane and covert acts that gain them autonomy and dignity, workers readily acknowledge their policy refusals while at the same time recognizing the factors that shape them. Describing subversions of authority as strategic collaborations, the constrained agency these workers articulate hinges on their own and their coworkers' identities not just as workers, but in many cases as low-income working mothers.},
  isbn = {978-1-78743-167-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agency,care work,everyday resistance,nursing assistants,work-family}
}

@article{Crone2005,
  title = {Southeast {{Alaska}} Economics - {{A}} Resource-Abundant Region Competing in a Global Marketplace},
  author = {Crone, {\relax LK}},
  year = {2005},
  month = apr,
  journal = {LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING},
  volume = {72},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {215--233},
  issn = {0169-2046},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.019},
  abstract = {Questions related to economics figured prominently in the priority information needs identified in the 1997 Tongass Land Management Plan. Follow-on studies in economics were designed to improve understanding of aspects of the competitiveness of the Alaska forest sector, links between Alaska timber markets and other markets as evident in prices, and the relationship between resource allocation decisions and economic conditions in communities and the region. Analysis of the role of recreation and tourism in the regional economy was added to the topics addressed, based on early results of work to describe economic dynamics. Comparisons are undertaken to evaluate the economic changes taking place in southeast Alaska, to analyze the sources of these changes, and to determine if and why they differ from the changes taking place at larger scales and those occurring in a similar rural and resource-abundant region. Divergent views regarding the current role of the Tongass in the regional economy are summarized and assessed by using contemporary evidence. A variety of factors contribute to comparative and competitive disadvantages for the forest products sector in southeast Alaska. Alaska product and log markets are effectively integrated with other markets supplied by producers in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Empirical evidence suggests the need to re-examine assumptions regarding the relation between changes in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebasic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace sector activities and employment (such as timber harvesting and wood products manufacturing) and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenonbasic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (or support sector) employment in the rural communities of southeast Alaska. Many of the changes occurring in the economy of rural southeast Alaska are driven by changes in the international markets in which Alaskan products compete, and are largely independent of Tongass forest management. Unearned income and tourism have replaced resource-extractive industries as the principal sources of income growth in the region. The contribution of the Tongass National Forest to the regional economy has become more complex and difficult to quantify. Forest management policies that enhance the comparative advantages the region enjoys in providing both tourism opportunities and quality of life attributes will aid communities in maintaining and expanding their economic opportunities. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {competitiveness of the Alaska forest sector,economic changes in rural southeast Alaska,forest sector models,market arbitrage,timber prices,timber production,timber supply}
}

@article{Crooks2019,
  title = {Times {{Thirty}}: {{Access}}, {{Maintenance}}, and {{Justice}}},
  author = {Crooks, Roderic N.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HUMAN VALUES},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {118--142},
  issn = {0162-2439},
  doi = {10.1177/0162243918783053},
  abstract = {Based on an ethnographic project in a public high school in a low-income neighborhood in South Los Angeles, this paper argues that access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) cannot be taken as helpful or empowering on its own terms; instead, concerns about justice must be accounted for by the local communities technology is meant to benefit. This paper juxtaposes the concept of technological access with recent work in feminist science and technology studies (STS) on infrastructure, maintenance, and ethics. In contrast to popular descriptions of ICTs as emancipatory and transformative, in the setting of an urban school, access produced extensive demands for attention, time, and information. This paper focuses on the labor of a group of student workers, Student Technology Leaders (STLs), and how they became responsible for the significant amount of repair and maintenance work involved in keeping hundreds of new computing devices available for use. An expanded process of accounting can more realistically frame issues of justice and its relationship to ICTs. I use a town hall meeting held with these students as an example of a processual vision of justice, one that encourages the beneficiaries of technological access to evaluate costs, benefits, and ethical concerns together.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {engagement,ethics,inequality,intervention,justice,maintenance,protest}
}

@article{Crookston2021,
  title = {Understanding Female and Male Empowerment in {{Burkina Faso}} Using the Project-Level {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}} in {{Agriculture Index}} (pro-{{WEAI}}): A Longitudinal Study},
  author = {Crookston, Benjamin T. and West, Josh H. and Davis, Siena F. and Hall, P. Cougar and Seymour, Greg and Gray, Bobbi L.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12905-021-01371-9},
  abstract = {BackgroundAchieving gender equality and women's empowerment is a major global priority. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Communities in Burkina Faso (BRB) project, an agricultural development program, improved women's empowerment, as measured by the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI).MethodsThis study used a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study design. Participants included both treatment and comparison groups (total N=751) comprising female members of savings groups and their husbands or main male household member in Burkina Faso. All participants completed the pro-WEAI questionnaire at both baseline and endline. The treatment group received a comprehensive intervention package consisting of agriculture loans and services, microenterprise loans, and education, nutrition education, and women's empowerment programs including gender-based discussions designed to facilitate personalized changes in gender relations.ResultsThe proportion of the treatment group achieving empowerment did not change from baseline for women, but improved substantially for men. Women from the comparison group saw an increase in empowerment at endline while men saw a substantial decrease. Gender parity was high for women in both groups at baseline and increased slightly at endline. Women were more likely to have adequate empowerment in input in productive decisions, group membership, and membership in influential groups than men while men were more likely to have adequate empowerment in attitudes about domestic violence, control over use of income, and work balance than women. Participants from the treatment group reported an increase in the average number of empowerment indicators that they were adequate in while the comparison group saw a decrease in average adequacy over time (p=0.002) after controlling for age, sex, and level of education.ConclusionDespite starting at an empowerment disadvantage, the treatment group experienced gains in individual indicators of empowerment while the comparison group men and women experienced mixed results, with the women gaining, and the men losing empowerment. This research suggests that the BRB intervention may have provided some protection for the treatment group when they faced an economic down-turn prior to the endline, indicative of household resilience. Future research should consider and strengthen relationships between resilience and empowerment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agricultural development,Burkina Faso,Women's empowerment,Women's health}
}

@article{Crystal2017,
  title = {Cumulative {{Advantage}}, {{Cumulative Disadvantage}}, and {{Evolving Patterns}} of {{Late-Life Inequality}}},
  author = {Crystal, Stephen and Shea, Dennis G. and Reyes, Adriana M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {GERONTOLOGIST},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {910--920},
  issn = {0016-9013},
  doi = {10.1093/geront/gnw056},
  abstract = {Earlier studies have identified a pattern of cumulative advantage leading to increased within-cohort economic inequality over the life course, but there is a need to better understand how levels of inequality by age have changed in the evolving economic environment of recent decades. We utilized Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data to compare economic inequality across age groups for 2010 versus 1983-1984. We examined changing age profiles of inequality using a summary measure of economic resources taking into account income, annuitized value of wealth, and household size. We adjusted for survey underreporting of some income and asset types, based on National Income Accounts and other independent estimates of national aggregates. We examined inequality by age with Gini coefficients. Late-life (65+) inequality increased between the 2 periods, with Gini coefficients remaining higher than during the working years, but with a less steep age difference in inequality in 2010 than in 1983-1984. Inequality increased sharply within each cohort, particularly steeply in Depression-era, war-baby, and leading-edge baby boom cohorts. The top quintile of elderly received increasing shares of most income sources. Increasing inequality among older people, and especially in cohorts approaching late life, presages upcoming financial challenges for elderly persons in the lower part of the income distribution. Implications of this increasingly high-inequality late-life environment need to be carefully evaluated as changes are considered in Social Security and other safety-net institutions, which moderate impacts of economic forces that drive increasingly disparate late-life economic outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Income,Inequality,Social Security,Wealth}
}

@article{Cuberes2023,
  title = {The Aggregate Gains of Eliminating Gender and Ethnic Gaps in the {{Malaysian}} Labor Market},
  author = {Cuberes, David and Schmillen, Achim and Teignier, Marc},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ASIAN ECONOMICS},
  volume = {87},
  issn = {1049-0078},
  doi = {10.1016/j.asieco.2023.101615},
  abstract = {We use microdata to calculate the gains of eliminating gender and ethnic labor market gaps in Malaysia for the period 2010-2017. We document significant gaps in terms of participation in the labor market and entrepreneurship, distinguishing between employers and self-employed. Female-male ratios are 64\textbackslash textbackslash\% for labor market participation, 82\textbackslash textbackslash\% for self-employment, and 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% for being employers. Across different age and ethnic groups, gender gaps in labor force participation are particularly pronounced for older workers and in entrepreneurship for Chinese workers. Our results indicate substantial income gains if gender and ethnic gaps were eliminated. Eliminating the entrepreneurship gender gaps increases income per capita by 6.54\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the long run. When we also include the employment gender gap, the long-run gains are 26.18\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The elimination of ethnic gaps could in the long run result in a smaller but still sizeable increase in income per capita of 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aggregate productivity,Entrepreneurship talent,Gender inequality,Malaysia,Span of control}
}

@article{Cuesta2015,
  title = {The Effect of Child Support on the Labor Supply of Custodial Mothers Participating in {{TANF}}},
  author = {Cuesta, Laura and Cancian, Maria},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {49--56},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.006},
  abstract = {Child support is a critical source of income, especially for the growing proportion of children born to unmarried mothers. Current social policy supports custodial parent employment (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceEITC] and other work supports have largely taken the place of an entitlement to cash assistance for single mothers of young children). Given many single mothers' limited earnings potential, child support from noncustodial fathers is also important. This raises questions about the effects of child support on custodial mothers' labor supply, and whether policies that increase child support receipt will thereby discourage mothers' employment. This paper addresses these questions, taking advantage of data from a statewide randomized experiment conducted in Wisconsin. Unlike previous nonexperimental research, we do not find any negative effect of child support on the likelihood to work for pay or the number of hours worked in a given week. Recent U.S. social welfare policies have focused on increasing both custodial mothers' child support collections and their labor supply. The results suggest that these may be compatible policies; the absence of a negative labor supply effect strengthens the potential antipoverty effectiveness of child support. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child support receipt,Custodial-mother families,Labor supply effect,TANF}
}

@article{Cui2019,
  title = {Accessibility and the Journey to Work through the Lens of Equity},
  author = {Cui, Boer and Boisjoly, Genevieve and {El-Geneidy}, Ahmed and Levinson, David},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {269--277},
  issn = {0966-6923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.12.003},
  abstract = {Inequality in transport provision is an area of growing concern among transport professionals, as it results in low-income individuals travelling at lower speeds while covering smaller distances. Accessibility, the ease of reaching destinations, may hold the key in correcting these inequalities through providing a means to evaluate land use and transport interventions. This article examines the relationship between accessibility and commute duration for low-income individuals compared to the higher-income, in three major Canadian metropolitan regions, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver using separate multilevel mixed effects statistical models for car and public transport commuters. Accessibility measures are generated for jobs and workers both at the origin (home) and the destination (place of work) to account for the impact of competing labor and firms. Our models show that the impacts of accessibility on commute duration are present and in many cases stronger for low-income individuals than for higher income groups. The results suggest that low-income individuals have more to gain (in terms of reduced commute time) from increased accessibility to low-income jobs at the origin and to workers at the destination. Similarly, they also have more to lose from increased accessibility to low-income workers at the origin and to low-income jobs at the destination, which are proxies for increased competition. Policies targeting improvements in accessibility to jobs, especially low-income ones, by car and public transport while managing the presence of competition can serve to bridge the inequality gap that exists in commuting behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessibility,Commute duration,Equity Journey to work}
}

@article{Cui2019a,
  title = {Recruitment Strategies for Predominantly Low-Income, Multi-Racial/Ethnic Children and Parents to 3-Year Community-Based Intervention Trials: {{Childhood Obesity Prevention}} and {{Treatment Research}} ({{COPTR}}) {{Consortium}}},
  author = {Cui, Zhaohui and Truesdale, Kimberly P. and Robinson, Thomas N. and Pemberton, Victoria and French, Simone A. and Escarfuller, Juan and Casey, Terri L. and Hotop, Anne M. and Matheson, Donna and Pratt, Charlotte A. and Lotas, Lynn J. and Po'e, Eli and Andrisin, Sharon and Ward, Dianne S.},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {TRIALS},
  volume = {20},
  doi = {10.1186/s13063-019-3418-0},
  abstract = {BackgroundThe recruitment of participants into community-based randomized controlled trials studying childhood obesity is often challenging, especially from low-income racial/ethnical minorities and when long-term participant commitments are required. This paper describes strategies used to recruit and enroll predominately low-income racial/ethnic minority parents and children into the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) consortium.MethodsThe COPTR consortium has run four independent 3-year, multi-level (individual, family, school, clinic, and community) community-based randomized controlled trials. Two were prevention trials in preschool children and the other two were treatment trials in pre-adolescents and adolescent youth. All trials reported monthly participant recruitment numbers using a standardized method over the projected 18-24months of recruitment. After randomization of participants was completed, recruitment staff and investigators from each trial retrospectively completed a survey of recruitment strategies and their perceived top three recruitment strategies and barriers.ResultsRecruitment was completed in 15-21months across trials, enrolling a total of 1745 parent-child dyads- out of 6314 screened. The number of children screened per randomized child was 4.6 and 3.5 in the two prevention trials, and 3.1 and 2.5 in the two treatment trials. Recruitment strategies reported included: (1) careful planning, (2) working with trusting community partners, (3) hiring recruitment staff who were culturally sensitive, personality appropriate, and willing to work flexible hours, (4) contacting potential participants actively and repeatedly, (5) recruiting at times and locations convenient for participants, (6) providing incentives to participants to complete baseline measures, (7) using a tracking database, (8) evaluating whether participants understand the activities and expectations of the study, and (9) assessing participants' motivation for participating. Working with community partners, hiring culturally sensitive staff, and contacting potential participants repeatedly were cited by two trials among their top three strategies. The requirement of a 3-year commitment to the trial was cited by two trials to be among the top three recruitment barriers.ConclusionsComprehensive strategies that include community partnership support, culturally sensitive recruitment staff, and repeated contacts with potential participants can result in successful recruitment of low-income racial/ethnic minority families into obesity prevention and treatment trials.Trial registrationNET-Works trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01606891. Registered on 28 May 2012.GROW trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01316653. Registered on 16 March 2011.GOALS trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01642836. Registered on 17 July 2012.IMPACT trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01514279. Registered on 23 January 2012.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {African American,Barrier,Children,Hispanic,Intervention,Low-income,Minority,Parent-child dyads,Recruitment,Strategy}
}

@article{Cullati2018,
  title = {Organised Population-Based Programmes and Change in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mammography Screening: {{A}} 1992-2012 Nationwide Quasi-Experimental Study},
  author = {Cullati, Stephane and {von Arx}, Martina and Courvoisier, Delphine S. and Sandoval, Jose Luis and Manor, Orly and {Burton-Jeangros}, Claudine and Bouchardy, Christine and Guessous, Idris},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PREVENTIVE MEDICINE},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {19--26},
  issn = {0091-7435},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.012},
  abstract = {Organised mammography screening programmes may reduce socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer screening, but evidence is contradictory. Switzerland has no national organised mammography screening programme, but regional programmes were progressively introduced since 1999, giving the opportunity to conduct a nationwide quasi-experimental study. We examined the evolution of socioeconomic inequalities in mammography screening in Switzerland and if exposure to regional organised programmes reduced socioeconomic inequalities. Data of 10,927 women aged 50 to 70 years old were collected from the Swiss Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey repeated 5 times (1992-2012). Socioeconomic characteristics were assessed using education, income, employment status, and occupational class. Adjusted prevalence ratios of up-to-date mammography screening were estimated with Poisson regressions and weighted for sampling strategy and non-participation bias. In the absence of organised screening programmes (1992-1997), prevalence of mammography screening increased by 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% and was associated with tertiary education and working part time. During the period of progressive introduction of regionally organised programmes (2002-2012), prevalence of mammography screening increased by 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% every 5 years and was associated with exposure to regional programmes and with independent/artisan occupations. Tertiary education and working part time were no longer associated. Exposure to organised programmes did not modify socioeconomic inequalities except for employment status: not employed women benefitted more from organised programmes compared to women working full time. In conclusion, socioeconomic inequalities in mammography screening decreased over time but organised programmes did not greatly modify them, except women not employed whose prevalence passed employed women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breast screening,Mammography screening programmes,Opportunistic screening,Organised screening,Socioeconomic inequalities,Switzerland}
}

@article{Cunningham2005,
  title = {The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for {{HIV}} Infection in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Cunningham, {\relax WE} and Hays, {\relax RD} and Duan, {\relax NH} and Andersen, {\relax RM} and Nakazono, {\relax TT} and Bozzette, {\relax SA} and Shapiro, {\relax MF}},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {655--676},
  issn = {1049-2089},
  abstract = {HIV-infected people with low socioeconomic status (SES) and people who are members of a racial or ethnic minority have been found to receive fewer services, including treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), than others. We examined whether these groups also have worse survival than others and the degree to which service use and antiretroviral medications explain these disparities in a prospective cohort study of a national probability sample of 2,864 adults receiving HIV care. The independent variables were wealth (net accumulated financial assets), annual income, educational attainment, employment status (currently working or not working), race/ethnicity, insurance status, use of services, and use of medications at baseline. The main outcome variable was death between January 1996 and December 2000. The analysis was descriptive and multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of survival. By December 2000, 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% (13\textbackslash textbackslash\% from HIV, 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% non-HIV causes) of the sample had died. Those with no accumulated financial assets had an 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater risk of death (RR= 1.89, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.15-3.13) and those with less than a high school education had a 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater risk of death (RR= 1.53, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.15-2.04) than their counterparts, after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables only. Further adjusting for use of services and antiretroviral treatment diminished, but did not eliminate, the elevated relative risk of death for those with low SES by three of the four measures. The finding of markedly elevated relative risks of death for those with HIV infection and low SES is of particular concern given the disproportionate rates of HIV infection in these groups. Effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes for low SES groups with HIV infection.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {AIDS,health services,HIV,outcomes,socioeconomic status,survival}
}

@article{Cuomo2020,
  title = {Religiosity and {{Regional Resilience}} to {{Recession}}},
  author = {Cuomo, Raphael E. and Davis, Daniel B. and Goetz, Stephan J. and Shapiro, Josh D. and Walshok, Mary L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {RISK HAZARDS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CRISIS IN PUBLIC POLICY},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {166--187},
  issn = {1944-4079},
  doi = {10.1002/rhc3.12189},
  abstract = {Literature shows that religiosity can provide individual resilience to life shocks as well as regional resilience to disasters caused by natural hazards. Related work has examined the complicated links between religion and economic growth. Yet few, if any, studies examine the role of regional levels of religiosity on a region's resilience to recession-or how quickly the employment rate returns to pre-recession levels (a common measure of resilience in the economics literature). As the recovery period of the Great Recession cools and economists warn of future economic downturns, all known variables that may be linked with regional resilience are worthy of exploration. Using survey results from the Gosling-Potter Internet Project and General Social Surveys, we applied logarithmic functions to pre- and post-Great Recession employment data for 2,836 U.S. counties. We found a modest and statistically significant association between religious belief and regional resilience to recession. Religiosity was the strongest of sixteen psychosocial variables that we examined in association with the speed of job recovery; despite having negative links with other economic variables. This has particular salience for more rural economies; policy implications are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic shock,recovery policy,religiosity,resilience to recession}
}

@article{Curilef2021,
  title = {Analyzing the 2019 {{Chilean}} Social Outbreak: {{Modelling Latin American}} Economies},
  author = {Curilef, Sergio and Gonzalez, Diego and Calderon, Carlos},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256037},
  abstract = {In this work, we propose a quantitative model for the 2019 Chilean protests. We utilize public data for the consumer price index, the gross domestic product, and the employee and per capita income distributions as inputs for a nonlinear diffusion-reaction equation, the solutions to which provide an in-depth analysis of the population dynamics. Specifically, the per capita income distribution stands out as a solution to the extended Fisher-Kolmogorov equation. According to our results, the concavity of employee income distribution is a decisive input parameter and, in contrast to the distributions typically observed for Chile and other countries in Latin America, should ideally be non-negative. Based on the results of our model, we advocate for the implementation of social policies designed to stimulate social mobility by broadening the distribution of higher salaries.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Curl2018,
  title = {Household Car Adoption and Financial Distress in Deprived Urban Communities: {{A}} Case of Forced Car Ownership?},
  author = {Curl, Angela and Clark, Julie and Kearns, Ade},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {TRANSPORT POLICY},
  volume = {65},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {61--71},
  issn = {0967-070X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.01.002},
  abstract = {This paper explores the relationship between car ownership and financial circumstances for people living in disadvantaged urban communities. Assumptions about cars signifying status and income are problematised by an examination of the characteristics of those who adopt cars. We consider the possibility that, despite low incomes and financial problems, cars may be a necessity for some urban dwellers. Patterns of car ownership and adoption are analysed using cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data collected from communities in Glasgow, between 2006 and 2011, before, during and after the recession. Car ownership rates increased, as more people adopted a car than relinquished vehicles. The likelihood of household car adoption was influenced by changes in household size, increased financial difficulties in relation to housing costs, and where householders gained work. A small but growing proportion of households (up to 8.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% by 2011) are deemed \textbackslash textasciigraveforced car owners' by virtue of owning a car despite also reporting financial difficulties: three-quarters of this group maintain a car despite financial problems whilst a quarter adopt a car despite financial problems. Findings suggest that poor households are reluctant to relinquish their cars to ease money problems when under financial stress and that, for some, acquiring a car may be seen as necessary to better their circumstances. In neither case can we see evidence that the sustainable transport agenda is reaching disadvantaged communities and there are concerns that regeneration strategies are failing to promote mobility and accessibility for poor communities via transport policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Deprived communities,Employment,Financial difficulties,Forced car ownership,Regeneration,Transport policy},
  note = {International Workshop on Energy-Related Economic Stress at the Interface Between Transport Poverty, Fuel Poverty and Residential Location, Univ Leeds, Inst Transport Studies, Leeds, ENGLAND, MAY 20-21, 2015}
}

@article{Curran2022,
  title = {Knowledge Translation Strategies for Policy and Action Focused on Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Well-Being: A Rapid Scoping Review},
  author = {Curran, Janet A. and Gallant, Allyson J. and Wong, Helen and Shin, Hwayeon Danielle and Urquhart, Robin and Kontak, Julia and Wozney, Lori and Boulos, Leah and Bhutta, Zulfiqar and Langlois V, Etienne},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053919},
  abstract = {Objective The aim of this study was to identify knowledge translation (KT) strategies aimed at improving sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (SRMNCAH) and well-being. Design Rapid scoping review. Search strategy A comprehensive and peer-reviewed search strategy was developed and applied to four electronic databases: MEDLINE ALL, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. Additional searches of grey literature were conducted to identify KT strategies aimed at supporting SRMNCAH. KT strategies and policies published in English from January 2000 to May 2020 onwards were eligible for inclusion. Results Only 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of included 90 studies were conducted in low-income countries with the majority (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%) conducted in high-income countries. Studies primarily focused on maternal newborn or child health and well-being. Education (81\textbackslash textbackslash\%), including staff workshops and education modules, was the most commonly identified intervention component from the KT interventions. Low-income and middle-income countries were more likely to include civil society organisations, government and policymakers as stakeholders compared with high-income countries. Reported barriers to KT strategies included limited resources and time constraints, while enablers included stakeholder involvement throughout the KT process. Conclusion We identified a number of gaps among KT strategies for SRMNCAH policy and action, including limited focus on adolescent, sexual and reproductive health and rights and SRMNCAH financing strategies. There is a need to support stakeholder engagement in KT interventions across the continuum of SRMNCAH services. Researchers and policymakers should consider enhancing efforts to work with multisectoral stakeholders to implement future KT strategies and policies to address SRMNCAH priorities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Curtis2016,
  title = {Older {{Workers}} and the {{Diminishing Return}} of {{Employment}}: {{Changes}} in {{Age-Based Income Inequality}} in {{Canada}}, 1996-2011},
  author = {Curtis, Josh and McMullin, Julie},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {WORK AGING AND RETIREMENT},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {359--371},
  issn = {2054-4642},
  doi = {10.1093/workar/waw003},
  abstract = {This article assesses age-based income inequality among employed Canadians using Canadian Census data over a 15-year period from 1996 to 2011. We show that income inequality has risen for groups of older workers since 1996 and that incomes have polarized based on level of education and occupation. More specifically, we find that wages have stagnated for those with lower levels of education and those not employed in management or upper-level professional occupations. Few Canadians experienced noticeable income gains (and this is more pronounced for men than for women) suggesting that many older workers have fallen into relative economic hardship since 1996. We argue that this is because, at least in part, Canadian policies have failed to adequately consider the dilemma that older workers face when they lose their jobs in an economy that requires more highly skilled workers now than was true in the past. We argue that increasing the pension eligibility age for Old Age Security (OAS) may put older Canadian workers at heightened risk of experiencing income insecurity. Hence, changes to OAS must be linked to new labor market and education policy so that older workers can gain the skills they need to remain in and compete for well-paying jobs later life.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Curtis2022,
  title = {Does a {{Rising Median Income Lift All Birth Weights}}? {{County Median Income Changes}} and {{Low Birth Weight Rates Among Births}} to {{Black}} and {{White Mothers}}},
  author = {Curtis, David S. and {Fuller-rowell}, Thomas E. and Carlson, Daniel L. and Wen, Ming and Kramer, Michael R.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {MILBANK QUARTERLY},
  volume = {100},
  number = {1},
  pages = {38--77},
  issn = {0887-378X},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0009.12532},
  abstract = {Policy Points Policies that increase county income levels, particularly for middle-income households, may reduce low birth weight rates and shrink disparities between Black and White infants. Given the role of aggregate maternal characteristics in predicting low birth weight rates, policies that increase human capital investments (e.g., funding for higher education, job training) could lead to higher income levels while improving population birth outcomes. The association between county income levels and racial disparities in low birth weight is independent of disparities in maternal risks, and thus a broad set of policies aimed at increasing income levels (e.g., income supplements, labor protections) may be warranted. Context Low birth weight (LBW; {$<$}2,500 grams) and infant mortality rates vary among place and racial group in the United States, with economic resources being a likely fundamental contributor to these disparities. The goals of this study were to examine time-varying county median income as a predictor of LBW rates and Black-White LBW disparities and to test county prevalence and racial disparities in maternal sociodemographic and health risk factors as mediators. Methods Using national birth records for 1992-2014 from the National Center for Health Statistics, a total of approximately 27.4 million singleton births to non-Hispanic Black and White mothers were included. Data were aggregated in three-year county-period observations for 868 US counties meeting eligibility requirements (n = 3,723 observations). Sociodemographic factors included rates of low maternal education, nonmarital childbearing, teenage pregnancy, and advanced-age pregnancy; and health factors included rates of smoking during pregnancy and inadequate prenatal care. Among other covariates, linear models included county and period fixed effects and unemployment, poverty, and income inequality. Findings An increase of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10,000 in county median income was associated with 0.34 fewer LBW cases per 100 live births and smaller Black-White LBW disparities of 0.58 per 100 births. Time-varying county rates of maternal sociodemographic and health risks mediated the association between median income and LBW, accounting for 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this estimate, respectively, but racial disparities in risk factors did not mediate the income association with Black-White LBW disparities. Similarly, county median income was associated with very low birth weight rates and related Black-White disparities. Conclusions Efforts to increase income levels-for example, through investing in human capital, enacting labor union protections, or attracting well-paying employment-have broad potential to influence population reproductive health. Higher income levels may reduce LBW rates and lead to more equitable outcomes between Black and White mothers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fundamental cause theory,health disparities,health equity,low birth weight,median income,US counties}
}

@article{Cvetkovski2012,
  title = {The Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Distress in {{Australian}} Tertiary Students Compared to Their Community Peers},
  author = {Cvetkovski, Stefan and Reavley, Nicola J. and Jorm, Anthony F.},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {46},
  number = {5},
  pages = {457--467},
  issn = {0004-8674},
  doi = {10.1177/0004867411435290},
  abstract = {Objective: To examine differences between university students, vocational education and training (VET) students, tertiary students combined and non-students in the prevalence of psychological distress and the socio-demographic and economic characteristics associated with psychological distress. Method: The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to estimate the prevalence of moderate (16-21) and high (22-50) distress with data from three national surveys: the 2007 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, the 2007-08 National Health Survey (NHS), and the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB). Multinomial logistic regression models were also estimated using the HILDA survey to examine any differences in the characteristics associated with moderate and high distress between the groups. Results: There was evidence of a higher prevalence of moderate distress in tertiary students than non-students in the HILDA survey (27.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 21.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.05) and the NSMHWB (27.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 19.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.05), but not the NHS (26.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$>$} 0.05). However, standardized rates for age and gender attenuated the difference in moderate distress in the HILDA survey and the NSMHWB. The prevalence of high distress was similar between the groups in all three surveys. The multinomial regression analyses using the HILDA survey showed the following subgroups of students to be at a greater risk of high distress relative to those with low distress: younger university students, and university and VET students with financial problems. Compared to VET students and non-students, younger university students and those who worked 1-39 hours per week in paid employment were at a greater risk of high distress. Conclusions: There is evidence that tertiary students have a greater prevalence of moderate, but not high distress than non-students. Financial factors increase the risk of high distress and are likely to take on more importance as the participation rate of socio-economically disadvantaged students increases.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Psychological distress,tertiary students}
}

@article{Cyrus2018,
  title = {Pathways from Trade to Health},
  author = {Cyrus, Teresa},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {REVISTA PANAMERICANA DE SALUD PUBLICA-PAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {42},
  issn = {1020-4989},
  doi = {10.26633/RPSP.2018.51},
  abstract = {International trade has increased over time, both in volume and as a share of gross domestic product, and international trade agreements have proliferated. This rise in trade has many potential impacts on health outcomes. Trade raises living standards, allowing for greater spending on education and medical care, which improves health. However, trade may worsen intranational inequality, leading to increased stress and adverse impacts on mortality. Labor markets are affected by international trade, and the resulting changes in unemployment, working hours, and injury rates have an impact on health outcomes. Trade may induce adverse environmental impacts, such as increased pollution, leading to worsened health. Reductions in prices as a result of changes to trade policy may increase the consumption of unhealthy goods, including tobacco and processed foods, thus worsening the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. Trade agreements may affect the ability of governments to legislate health-improving policies. Overall, international trade and trade agreements may have both positive and negative effects on health outcomes; government policy may be used to ameliorate any adverse effects of trade.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economics,global health,Internationality}
}

@article{Daban2021,
  title = {Improving Mental Health and Wellbeing in Elderly People Isolated at Home Due to Architectural Barriers: {{A}} Community Health Intervention},
  author = {Daban, Ferran and {Garcia-Subirats}, Irene and Porthe, Victoria and Lopez, M. Jose and {De-Eyto}, Begona and Pasarin, M. Isabel and Borrell, Carme and Artazcoz, Lucia and Perez, Anna and Diez, Elia},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ATENCION PRIMARIA},
  volume = {53},
  number = {5},
  issn = {0212-6567},
  doi = {10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102020},
  abstract = {Objectives: To explore the health effects of a community health intervention on older people who are isolated at home due to mobility problems or architectural barriers, to identify associated characteristics and to assess participants' satisfaction. Design: Quasi-experimental before-after study. Setting: Five low-income neighbourhoods of Barcelona during 2010-15. Participants: 147 participants, aged {$>$}= 59, living in isolation due to mobility problems or architectural barriers were interviewed before the intervention and after 6 months. Intervention: Primary Health Care teams, public health and social workers, and other community agents carried out a community health intervention, consisting of weekly outings, facilitated by volunteers. Measurements: We assessed self-rated health, mental health using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and quality of life through the EuroQol scale. Satisfaction with the programme was evaluated using a set of questions. We analysed pre and post data with McNemar tests and fitted lineal and Poisson regression models. Results: At 6 months, participants showed improvements in self-rated health and mental health and a reduction of anxiety. Improvements were greater among women, those who had not left home for {$>$}= 4 months, those with lower educational level, and those who had made {$>$}= 9 outings. Self-rated health \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceaRR: 1.29(1.04-1.62)] and mental health improvements \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracebeta: 2.92(1.64-4.2)] remained significant in the multivariate models. Mean satisfaction was 9.3 out of 10. Conclusion: This community health intervention appears to improve several health outcomes in isolated elderly people, especially among the most vulnerable groups. Replications of this type of intervention could work in similar contexts. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community health intervention,Elderly,Health inequalities,Health outcomes,Loneliness,Social isolation}
}

@article{Dagher2016,
  title = {Determinants of Breastfeeding Initiation and Cessation among Employed Mothers: A Prospective Cohort Study},
  author = {Dagher, Rada K. and McGovern, Patricia M. and Schold, Jesse D. and Randall, Xian J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {1471-2393},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-016-0965-1},
  abstract = {Background: The U.S. continues to have one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the industrialized world. Studies have shown that full-time employment and early return to work decreased breastfeeding duration, but little is known about the relationship between leave policies and breastfeeding initiation and cessation. This study aimed to identify workplace-related barriers and facilitators associated with breastfeeding initiation and cessation in the first 6 months postpartum. Methods: A prospective cohort study design was utilized to recruit 817 Minnesota women aged 18 and older while hospitalized for childbirth. Selection criteria included English-speaking, employed mothers with a healthy, singleton birth. These women were followed up using telephone interviews at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months after childbirth. The main study outcomes were breastfeeding initiation, measured during hospital enrollment, and breastfeeding cessation by 6 months postpartum. Results: Women were 30 years old; 86 \textbackslash textbackslash\% were White, and 73 \textbackslash textbackslash\% were married. Breastfeeding rates were 81 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at childbirth, 67 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 weeks, 49 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at 12 weeks, and 33 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 months postpartum. Logistic regression revealed the odds of breastfeeding initiation were higher for women who: held professional jobs, were primiparae, had graduate degree, did not smoke prenatally, had no breastfeeding problems, and had family or friends who breastfeed. Survival analyses showed the hazard for breastfeeding cessation by 6 months was: higher for women who returned to work at any time during the 6 months postpartum versus those who did not return, lower for professional workers, higher among single than married women, higher for every educational category compared to graduate school, and higher for those with no family or friends who breastfeed. Conclusions: While employer paid leave policy did not affect breastfeeding initiation or cessation, women who took shorter leaves were more likely to stop breastfeeding in the first 6 months postpartum. Future research should examine women's awareness of employer policies regarding paid and unpaid leave.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breastfeeding,Family leave policy,Postpartum,Workplace barriers}
}

@article{DAgostino2021,
  title = {Longitudinal {{Effects}} of {{Transportation Vulnerability}} on the {{Association Between Racial}}/{{Ethnic Segregation}} and {{Youth Cardiovascular Health}}},
  author = {D'Agostino, Emily M. and Patel, Hersila H. and Hansen, Eric and Mathew, M. Sunil and Messiah, Sarah E.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {618--629},
  issn = {2197-3792},
  doi = {10.1007/s40615-020-00821-8},
  abstract = {Background Transportation vulnerability (defined as lack of personal/public transportation access) is particularly prevalent in areas with high racial/ethnic segregation where communities typically lack proximity to quality education, jobs, healthy food, playgrounds, and medical care. Prior research has shown an association between residential segregation and youth cardiovascular health, although little work has examined the effects of transportation vulnerability on this relationship. Methods Longitudinal mixed methods were used to compare the effects of transportation vulnerability on the association between changes in exposure to residential segregation (defined as the uneven geographic distribution of minorities) and five cardiovascular health outcomes across sex in minority youth for up to four consecutive years of participation in an afterschool fitness program during 2010-2018 (n = 2742; Miami-Dade County, Florida, US). Results After accounting for child race/ethnicity, age, year, and poverty, girls with high transportation vulnerability and reduced exposure to segregation (vs. increased or no change in segregation) showed the most improvements across all outcomes, including body mass index percentile (26\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 23.84, 28.30)), sum of skinfold thicknesses (18\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 14.90, 20.46)), run time (17\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 14.88, 18.64)), systolic blood pressure percentile (15\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 11.96, 17.08)), and diastolic blood pressure percentile (12\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 9.09, 14.61)). Conclusion Transportation inequities related to concentrated racial/ethnic segregation may be an important factor in reducing disparities in youth cardiovascular health, particularly among girls. These study findings provide important longitudinal evidence in support of health interventions to reduce transportation vulnerability for racial/ethnic minority youth in underserved areas.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cardiovascular health,ethnic segregation,Fitness,Health disparities,Racial,Transportation vulnerability,Youth}
}

@article{Dai2017,
  title = {The {{Paradox}} of {{Integration}}: {{Work-Integration Social Enterprises}} ({{WISE}}) and {{Productivist Welfare Regime}} in {{Hong Kong}}},
  author = {Dai, Haijing and Lau, Yan and Lee, Ka Ho},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {VOLUNTAS},
  volume = {28},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2614--2632},
  issn = {0957-8765},
  doi = {10.1007/s11266-017-9832-6},
  abstract = {After the Asian Financial Crisis, the government of Hong Kong embraced the model of work-integration social enterprise (WISE) to sustain its facilitative and productivist welfare regime. Using the WISE of Pro-Love for marginalized women as a case study, the article examines the meaning of employment and social disadvantage in the organization. The ethnographic data reveal that while the WISE encourages women to participate in the paid labor market, it constructs employment in the social enterprise as part-time jobs for supplementary family income, restricts the extension of social networks for the female workers, and reinforces the cultural stereotypes of marginalized women. The study reflects on the mechanisms of the project of WISE in the welfare contexts of Hong Kong, and argues that programs targeted at labor participation cannot be automatically translated into reduction of exclusion in other domains. Long-term planning, policy coordination, and social advocacy are necessary to achieve social integration.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Hong Kong,Productivist welfare regime,Reemployment,Women,Work-integration social enterprise}
}

@article{Dale-Perera2015,
  title = {Opioid-Dependence Treatment in the Era of Recovery: Insights from a {{UK}} Survey of Physicians, Patients and out-of-Treatment Opioid Users},
  author = {{Dale-Perera}, Annette and Alam, Farrukh and Barker, Peter},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE},
  volume = {20},
  number = {5},
  pages = {354--362},
  issn = {1465-9891},
  doi = {10.3109/14659891.2014.923532},
  abstract = {Background: Project Access UK was designed to provide real-world observations on the status of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) of opioid dependence. Methods: 544 respondents from three groups (physicians, patients in MAT and out-of-treatment users) were interviewed or completed questionnaires. Results: Patient reasons for seeking treatment included ending their dependence and improving their health and well-being. Patients and users reported a mean of 4.0 versus 2.7 prior MAT episodes, but patient awareness of the main treatment options varied from 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% for methadone to 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% for buprenorphine-naloxone. Among patients, 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% requested a specific medication (mostly methadone) and 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% of requests were granted. Forty percent of patients were not currently receiving psychosocial or key-working support. Daily supervised dosing was most commonly cited as a condition of staying in treatment with the biggest impact on daily life (36\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Among patients, 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% continued to use illicit drugs on top of their MAT and few (7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were in employment. The majority of patients (56\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and users (51\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had been in prison (an average of 6.8 times). Conclusion: Patients are motivated to recover. However, the full range of evidence-based interventions are not fully utilised and many patients cycle repeatedly through periods of treatment, relapse and imprisonment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Opioid-dependence,recovery,survey}
}

@article{Dale2016,
  title = {Behavioural Health Consultants in Integrated Primary Care Teams: A Model for Future Care},
  author = {Dale, Hannah and Lee, Alyssa},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC FAMILY PRACTICE},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1186/s12875-016-0485-0},
  abstract = {Background: Significant challenges exist within primary care services in the United Kingdom (UK). These include meeting current demand, financial pressures, an aging population and an increase in multi-morbidity. Psychological services also struggle to meet waiting time targets and to ensure increased access to psychological therapies. Innovative ways of delivering effective primary care and psychological services are needed to improve health outcomes. Summary: In this article we argue that integrated care models that incorporate behavioural health care are part of the solution, which has seldom been argued in relation to UK primary care. Integrated care involves structural and systemic changes to the delivery of services, including the co-location of multi-disciplinary primary care teams. Evidence from models of integrated primary care in the United States of America (USA) and other higher-income countries suggest that embedding continuity of care and collaborative practice within integrated care teams can be effective in improving health outcomes. The Behavioural Health Consultant (BHC) role is integral to this, working psychologically to support the team to improve collaborative working, and supporting patients to make changes to improve their health across management of long-term conditions, prevention and mental wellbeing. Patients' needs for higher-intensity interventions to enable changes in behaviour and self-management are, therefore, more fully met within primary care. The role also increases accessibility of psychological services, delivers earlier interventions and reduces stigma, since psychological staff are seen as part of the core primary care service. Although the UK has trialled a range of approaches to integrated care, these fall short of the highest level of integration. A single short pilot of integrated care in the UK showed positive results. Larger pilots with robust evaluation, as well as research trials are required. There are clearly challenges in adopting such an approach, especially for staff who must adapt to working more collaboratively with each other and patients. Strong leaderss needed to assist in this, particularly to support organisations to adopt the shift in values and attitudes towards collaborative working. Conclusions: Integrated primary care services that embed behavioural health as part of a multi-disciplinary team may be part of the solution to significant modern day health challenges. However, developing this model is unlikely to be straight-forward given current primary care structures and ways of working. The discussion, developed in this article, adds to our understanding of what the BHC role might consist off and how integrated care may be supported by such behavioural health expertise. Further work is needed to develop this model in the UK, and to evaluate its impact on health outcomes and health care utilisation, and test robustly through research trials.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioural Health,Biopsychosocial,Collaboration,Health Inequalities,Integration,Prevention,Primary Care,Psychology,Service Improvement}
}

@article{Dalve2021,
  title = {Neighborhood Disadvantage and Firearm Injury: Does Shooting Location Matter?},
  author = {Dalve, Kimberly and Gause, Emma and Mills, Brianna and Floyd, Anthony S. and Rivara, Frederick P. and {Rowhani-Rahbar}, Ali},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s40621-021-00304-2},
  abstract = {BackgroundFirearm violence is a public health problem that disparately impacts areas of economic and social deprivation. Despite a growing literature on neighborhood characteristics and injury, few studies have examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and fatal and nonfatal firearm assault using data on injury location. We conducted an ecological Bayesian spatial analysis examining neighborhood disadvantage as a social determinant of firearm injury in Seattle, Washington.MethodsNeighborhood disadvantage was measured using the National Neighborhood Data Archive disadvantage index. The index includes proportion of female-headed households with children, proportion of households with public assistance income, proportion of people with income below poverty in the past 12months, and proportion of the civilian labor force aged 16 and older that are unemployed at the census tract level. Firearm injury counts included individuals with a documented assault-related gunshot wound identified from medical records and supplemented with the Gun Violence Archive between March 20, 2016 and December 31, 2018. Available addresses were geocoded to identify their point locations and then aggregated to the census tract level. Besag-York-Mollie (BYM2) Bayesian Poisson models were fit to the data to estimate the association between the index of neighborhood disadvantage and firearm injury count with a population offset within each census tract.ResultsNeighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with the count of firearm injury in both non-spatial and spatial models. For two census tracts that differed by 1 decile of neighborhood disadvantage, the number of firearm injuries was higher by 21.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% credible interval: 10.5, 32.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in the group with higher neighborhood disadvantage. After accounting for spatial structure, there was still considerable residual spatial dependence with 53.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% credible interval: 17.0, 87.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the model variance being spatial. Additionally, we observed census tracts with higher disadvantage and lower count of firearm injury in communities with proximity to employment opportunities and targeted redevelopment, suggesting other contextual protective factors.ConclusionsEven after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, firearm injury research should investigate spatial clustering as independence cannot be able to be assumed. Future research should continue to examine potential contextual and environmental neighborhood determinants that could impact firearm injuries in urban communities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Firearm violence,Injury epidemiology,Neighborhood disadvantage}
}

@article{Dalve2022,
  title = {Earned {{Income Tax Credit}} and {{Youth Violence}}: {{Findings}} from the {{Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System}}},
  author = {Dalve, Kimberly and Moe, Caitlin A. and Kovski, Nicole and Rivara, Frederick P. and Mooney, Stephen J. and Hill, Heather D. and {Rowhani-Rahbar}, Ali},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PREVENTION SCIENCE},
  volume = {23},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1370--1378},
  issn = {1389-4986},
  doi = {10.1007/s11121-022-01417-w},
  abstract = {Family- and neighborhood-level poverty are associated with youth violence. Economic policies may address this risk factor by reducing parental stress and increasing opportunities. The federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is the largest cash transfer program in the US providing support to low-income working families. Many states have additional EITCs that vary in structure and generosity. To estimate the association between state EITC and youth violence, we conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis using the variation in state EITC generosity over time by state and self-reported data in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) from 2005 to 2019. We estimated the association for all youth and then stratified by sex and race and ethnicity. A 10-percentage point greater state EITC was significantly associated with 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower prevalence of physical fighting among youth, overall (PR: 0.96; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.94-0.99), and for male students, 149 fewer (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -243, -55) students per 10,000 experiencing physical fighting. A 10-percentage point greater state EITC was significantly associated with 118 fewer (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -184,-52) White students per 10,000 experiencing physical fighting in the past 12 months while reductions among Black students (75 fewer; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -176, 26) and Hispanic/Latino students (14 fewer; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -93, 65) were not statistically significant. State EITC generosity was not significantly associated with measures of violence at school. Economic policies that increase financial security and provide financial resources may reduce the burden of youth violence; further attention to their differential benefits among specific population subgroups is warranted.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Income support,Policy,Poverty,Tax policy,Youth violence}
}

@article{DAmours2004,
  title = {{The dimensions of heterogeneity among own-account self-employed: Elements for a typology}},
  author = {D'Amours, M and Crespo, S},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {RELATIONS INDUSTRIELLES-INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {59},
  number = {3},
  pages = {459--489},
  issn = {0034-379X},
  doi = {10.7202/010921ar},
  abstract = {Self-employment is one of the two main non-standard work forms (different from regular full-time employment) in Quebec and Canada. Although some research has documented the differences between the own-account self-employed and those who are employers, little is known about the diversity of situation among the own-account self-employed, the subcategory which underwent tremendous growth between 1976 and 2000, with a slight drop since that time. The present research, based on a sample of 293 respondents whose main job in 2000 was own-account self-employment, analyses such diversity through five dimensions: the worker's characteristics, the type of clientele, the nature of the product, the organization of work (including remuneration) and finally the level and the type of protection against social and professional hazards. A multiple correspondence analysis revealed two main axes of opposition among the sample. The first axis spreads out between two extreme positions: at one end of the continuum stand the self-employed who are economically independent with a high number of customers, mostly individuals, while at the other end are those with only few customers, mostly firms, one of which provides half or more of the worker's income. Generally speaking, the former tend to control their work while the latter tend to be controlled by their clients. The second axis opposes professionals, whose work requires a university degree, to other self-employed. The former tend to combine the advantages of a high level of education and experience, participation in the networks and a superior income, which allow them to purchase protection plans against social risks, especially health and disability insurance plans, professional training and individual pension plans. On the opposite end, non-professionals tend to have less experience, less participation in the networks, and a lower income; in general they do not acquire protection plans and rely on themselves and their families to address professional hazards and life's hazards. A cluster analysis helped identify six types, five of which were statistically differentiated: - Non-professional independents who control their work but are lacking protection against risks; - Small, dependant producers whose customers mainly control the work; these self-employed are not especially associated with a specific professional profile nor with a specific level of protection; - Liberal professionals who mainly control their work but must deal with the intervention of outside forces in establishing pay rates and other contractual terms. Among the sample, they are the most protected against risks but have to pay for those protections; - Advisors and consultants who are set apart by controlling the contractual modalities more than the average self-employed; they also pay for protections but in a lower proportion than liberal professionals; - Other independents and those who combine self-employment and nonstandard work forms (part-time, temporary or contract employment); they have a great deal in common with the members of the first group, but are more educated; - A small group of professionals enjoying collective labour agreements, under which their clients share the cost of protection programs against certain social and professional risks. The results of this research tend to support the hypothesis related to the heterogeneity of the own-account self-employment category, beyond the traditional dichotomies comparing qualified professionals controlling their work to non-professionals with little qualification and control. Incidentally, the results explain part of this diversity by the blurring of boundaries between the two polar forms of work, wage and salary vs. self-employment, as they have been legally defined. Indeed, a portion of own-account self employed does not fully control its work while another part, smaller, does not bear all the risks linked to work.},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{Dannreuther2008,
  title = {Entitled to {{Health}}? {{Social Protection}} in {{Chile}}'s {{Plan AUGE}}},
  author = {Dannreuther, Charles and Gideon, Jasmine},
  year = {2008},
  month = sep,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {39},
  number = {5},
  pages = {845--864},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00508.x},
  abstract = {In theory everyone has the right to health. However, in reality many low income households are unable to fully access health services and therefore cannot fully claim their rights. Recently, in an attempt to overcome these limitations, health reforms in Chile under the Plan AUGE have proposed a series of legal entitlements to health care that are available to everyone regardless of income level. While this is an important starting point in ensuring more universal access to health, the process has raised a number of important issues, particularly on how these entitlements have been defined and how far they will be able to transform (gender) inequalities within the health system. Looking at this from a gender perspective enables us to see that despite the shift from a health care system based on redistributive rights towards one based on the right of recognition, certain sectors of the population remain excluded. Decision-making processes have remained technocratic, and women's groups have been marginalized from the debate around the reform. Moreover, health policy makers continue to ignore the role of the unpaid care economy in health care provision. The current reform has served to reinforce the gender roles around health care.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Danziger2010,
  title = {Labor {{Market Outcomes}} and the {{Transition}} to {{Adulthood}}},
  author = {Danziger, Sheldon and Ratner, David},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {133--158},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  abstract = {According to Sheldon Danziger and David Ratner, changes in the labor market over the past thirty-five years, such as labor-saving technological changes, increased globalization, declining unionization, and the failure of the minimum wage to keep up with inflation, have made it more difficult for young adults to attain the economic stability and self-sufficiency that are important markers of the transition to adulthood. Young men with no more than a high school degree have difficulty earning enough to support a family. Even though young women have achieved gains in earnings, employment, and schooling relative to men in recent decades, those without a college degree also struggle to achieve economic stability and self-sufficiency. The authors begin by describing trends in labor market outcomes for young adults-median annual earnings, the extent of low-wage work, employment rates, job instability, and the returns to education. Then they examine how these outcomes may contribute to delays in other markers of the transition to adulthood-completing an education, establishing independent living arrangements, and marrying and having children. They conclude that adverse changes in labor market outcomes are related to those delays but have not been shown to be the primary cause. Danziger and Ratner next consider several public policy reforms that might improve the economic outlook for young adults. They recommend policies that would increase the returns to work, especially for less-educated workers. They propose raising the federal minimum wage and adjusting it annually to maintain its value relative to the median wage. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit for childless low-wage workers, the authors say, could also raise the take-home pay of many young adult workers, with minimal adverse employment effects. New policies should also provide work opportunities for young adults who cannot find steady employment either because of poor economic conditions or because of physical and mental disabilities or criminal records that make it hard for them to work steadily even when the economy is strong. Finally, the authors recommend increasing federal Pell grants for college and improving access to credit for would-be college students to raise the educational attainment of young adults from low-income families.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dare2018,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveThe}} People Make It Fun, the Activities We Do Just Make Sure We Turn up on Time.\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Factors}} Influencing Older Adults' Participation in Community-Based Group Programmes in {{Perth}}, {{Western Australia}}},
  author = {Dare, Julie and Wilkinson, Celia and Marquis, Ruth and Donovan, Robert J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {6},
  pages = {871--881},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.12600},
  abstract = {Rapid ageing in western societies is placing increasing strain on health and social care services. In response, governments and health agencies have sought to promote healthy ageing through a range of interventions, many of which aim to enhance social engagement and participation among older people. Such interventions are based on evidence that being socially engaged through participation in various activities leads to better physical, mental and psychosocial health outcomes. The research reported here employed focus groups and individual interviews to address research aims: (a) identify enablers and barriers to participation in community-based group activities among a sample of older people (n = 35, median age 71 years) living in a local government area in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, and (b) examine how these factors differ between those who regularly participate and those who do not. Our research highlighted four themes: Friendship and Function; Availability and Accessibility; Competing Responsibilities and Priorities; and Changing of the Guard. In particular, this research highlighted the importance of group activities in offering social support as a platform to develop friendships. The findings also indicated that opportunities for social interaction should be embedded in the structure of the group, beyond that which may occur incidentally during activities. This is important, given that while interest may motivate older people to join a group, a sense of belonging and connectedness generated through the group is more likely to maintain their attendance. Barriers included limited availability of local programmes, limited accessibility related to programme scheduling, and lack of programmes relevant to those who do not find traditional seniors' centres appealing. Recommendations include incorporating social engagement as an outcome measure when evaluating the efficacy of programmes targeting older people, and encouraging local governments to work with seniors' centres in developing activities attractive to a broader cohort of older people.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {group activities,Older people,participation,social connectedness,social engagement,social interaction}
}

@article{Darlow2019,
  title = {The {{Fear Reduction Exercised Early}} ({{FREE}}) Approach to Management of Low Back Pain in General Practice: {{A}} Pragmatic Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial},
  author = {Darlow, Ben and Stanley, James and Dean, Sarah and Abbott, J. Haxby and Garrett, Sue and Wilson, Ross and Mathieson, Fiona and Dowell, Anthony},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS MEDICINE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {9},
  issn = {1549-1277},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002897},
  abstract = {Background Effective and cost-effective primary care treatments for low back pain (LBP) are required to reduce the burden of the world's most disabling condition. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Fear Reduction Exercised Early (FREE) approach to LBP (intervention) with usual general practitioner (GP) care (control). Methods and findings This pragmatic, cluster-randomised controlled trial with process evaluation and parallel economic evaluation was conducted in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand. Eight general practices were randomly assigned (stratified by practice size) with a 1:1 ratio to intervention (4 practices; 34 GPs) or control group (4 practices; 29 GPs). Adults presenting to these GPs with LBP as their primary complaint were recruited. GPs in the intervention practices were trained in the FREE approach, and patients presenting to these practices received care based on the FREE approach. The FREE approach restructures LBP consultations to prioritise early identification and management of barriers to recovery. GPs in control practices did not receive specific training for this study, and patients presenting to these practices received usual care. Between 23 September 2016 and 31 July 2017, 140 eligible patients presented to intervention practices (126 enrolled) and 110 eligible patients presented to control practices (100 enrolled). Patient mean age was 46.1 years (SD 14.4), and 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female. The duration of LBP was less than 6 weeks in 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients. Primary outcome was change from baseline in patient participant Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score at 6 months. Secondary patient outcomes included pain, satisfaction, and psychosocial indices. GP outcomes included attitudes, knowledge, confidence, and GP LBP management behaviour. There was active and passive surveillance of potential harms. Patients and outcome assessors were blind to group assignment. Analysis followed intention-to-treat principles. A total of 122 (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients from 32 GPs in the intervention group and 99 (99\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients from 25 GPs in the control group were included in the primary outcome analysis. At 6 months, the groups did not significantly differ on the primary outcome (adjusted mean RMDQ score difference 0.57, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI - 0.64 to 1.78; p = 0.354) or secondary patient outcomes. The RMDQ difference met the predefined criterion to indicate noninferiority. One control group participant experienced an activity-related gluteal tear, with no other adverse events recorded. Intervention group GPs had improvements in attitudes, knowledge, and confidence compared with control group GPs. Intervention group GP LBP management behaviour became more guideline concordant than the control group. In cost-effectiveness, the intervention dominated control with lower costs and higher QualityAdjusted Life Year (QALY) gains. Limitations of this study were that although adequately powered for primary outcome assessment, the study was not powered for evaluating some employment, healthcare use, and economic outcomes. It was also not possible for research nurses (responsible for patient recruitment) to be masked on group allocation for practices. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that the FREE approach improves GP concordance with LBP guideline recommendations but does not improve patient recovery outcomes compared with usual care. The FREE approach may reduce unnecessary healthcare use and produce economic benefits. Work participation or health resource use should be considered for primary outcome assessment in future trials of undifferentiated LBP.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Daumerie2012,
  title = {{Discrimination perceived by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders. INtemational study of Discrimination and stiGma Outcomes (INDIGO): French results}},
  author = {Daumerie, N. and Bacle, S. Vasseur and Giordana, J. -Y. and Mannone, C. Bourdais and Caria, A. and Roelandt, J. -L.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {224--231},
  issn = {0013-7006},
  doi = {10.1016/j.encep.2011.06.007},
  abstract = {Introduction. - The INDIGO study (INternational study of Discrimination and stiGma Outcomes) aims at assessing the impact of schizophrenic disorders diagnosis on privacy, social and professional life, in terms of discrimination. In the general population, and even among health and social professionals, erroneous negative stereotypes (double personality, dangerosity) lead to high social distance. And this has an impact on various parts of daily life: employment, housing, compliance, self-esteem... About a tenth of the adult population suffers from mental disorders at any one time. These disorders now account for about 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global impact of disability, and this will rise to 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% by the year 2020. People living with schizophrenia, for example, experience reduced social participation, whilst public images of mental illness and social reactions add a dimension of suffering, which has been described as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesecond illness\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Stigmatizing attitudes and discriminatory behavior among the general population against people with severe mental illness are common in all countries. Globally, little is known of effective interventions against stigma. It is clear that the negative effects of stigma can act as formidable barriers to active recovery. Methodology. - The INDIGO study intends to establish detailed international data on how stigma and discrimination affect the lives of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The first aim of the INDIGO study is to conduct qualitative and quantitative interviews with 25 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in each participating site, to elicit information on how the condition affects their everyday lives, with a focus upon sites in Europe. The second is to gather data for all participating countries on the laws, policies and regulations which set a clear distinction between people with a diagnosis of mental illness and others, to establish an international profile of such discrimination. A new scale (Discrimination and Stigma Scale \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceDISC]), used in a face-to-face setting was developed. Interviewers asked service users to comment on how far their mental disorder has affected key areas of their lives, including work, marriage and partnerships, housing, leisure, and religious activities. For country-level information, staff at each national site gathered the best available data on whether special legal, policy or administrative arrangements are made for people with a diagnosis of mental illness. These items included, for example, information on access to insurance, financial services, driving licenses, voting, jury service, or travel visas. The INDIGO study is conducted within the framework of the WPA global program to fight stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia. French interviews occurred in two sites (Lille and Nice) on a sample of 25 patients. Results. - First, expressed disadvantages are high for several items (all relations, work and training, housing). In addition, we wish to highlight three specific points: almost half of the participants (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%) suffer from not being respected because of contacts with services, 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them felt rejected by people who know their diagnosis, and 76\textbackslash textbackslash\% hide/conceal their diagnosis. Positive experienced discrimination was rare. Two thirds of participants anticipated discrimination for job seeking and close personal relationships, sometimes with no experienced discrimination. Conclusions. - This study, one of the rare in France adopting the point of view of a stigmatized group, revealed the numerous impacts of a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders on everyday life. Comparisons between French and international results confirmed that the situation is not different in France, and even highlighted the extent of the stigmatization in the country. (C) L'Encephale, Paris, 2011.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Exclusion,Schizophrenic disorders,Self stigma,Stigma}
}

@article{Davidson2016,
  title = {A {{Nation-Wide Study}} on the {{Percentage}} of {{Schizophrenia}} and {{Bipolar Disorder Patients Who Earn Minimum Wage}} or {{Above}}},
  author = {Davidson, Michael and Kapara, Ori and Goldberg, Shira and Yoffe, Rinat and Noy, Shlomo and Weiser, Mark},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {443--447},
  issn = {0586-7614},
  doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbv023},
  abstract = {Objective: Although it is undisputable that patients with severe mental illness have impaired ability to work, the extent of this is unclear. This is a nation-wide, cross-sectional survey of patients who have been hospitalized with severe mental illness earning minimum wage or above. Method: Data from the Israeli Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry were linked with nationwide data from the National Insurance Institute (the equivalent of US Social Security) on personal income. Hospitalization data were obtained on all consecutive admissions to any psychiatric hospital in the country between 1990-2008 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, other nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder (N = 35 673). Earning minimum wage or more was defined as earning at least 1000 USD/month, which was equivalent to minimum wage in Israel in December 2010. Results: The percentages of patients with only 1 admission who were earning minimum wage or above in December 2010 were as follows: 10.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia; 21.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with a diagnosis of nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 24.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with bipolar disorder. The percentages of patients with multiple admissions who were earning minimum wage or above were as follows: 5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with schizophrenia; 11.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 19.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Despite potential confounders, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia, nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder have a poor employment outcome, even if they have only been admitted once. These results emphasize the importance of improving interventions to re-integrate these individuals into the work force.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,hospitalization,income,mental disorders}
}

@article{Davies2002,
  title = {The Research Potential of Practice Nurses},
  author = {Davies, J and Heyman, B and Bryar, R and Graffy, J and Gunnell, C and Lamb, B and Morris, L},
  year = {2002},
  month = sep,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {370--381},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2524.2002.00377.x},
  abstract = {Little is known about the research aspirations and experiences of practice nurses. The study discussed in the present paper had three main aims: (1) to assess the level of research interest among practice nurses working in Essex and East London, UK; (2) to identify practice nurses' research priorities; and (3) to explore factors which facilitate and impede the development of practice nursing research. All practice nurses (n = 1054) in the above areas were sent a questionnaire, and a total of 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 426) responded after two follow-up letters. Fifty-five respondents who volunteered for further participation were interviewed, either individually or in focus groups. About half (n = 207) of the survey respondents expressed an interest in undertaking research. One-third (n = 145) reported previous participation in research, and 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 85) had initiated their own research. Logistic regression showed that practice nurses educated to graduate level, and those working in practices with nurse training or participation in external research, were most likely to want to undertake research. Working in a medical training practice was found to be a negative predictor of research interest. Respondents prioritised research into long-term health problems with a high prevalence in the local population; for example, diabetes. Their reasons for wishing to engage in research included improving the service, career development, making work more interesting and reducing isolation. The main barriers identified were lack of time, lack of support from some general practitioners and poor access to higher education resources outside formal courses. The development of practice nurse research would provide a distinctive perspective on health need and service provision. It would contribute to the achievement of the national strategic objective of improving the quality of primary care, enhance the status of the profession, utilise the enthusiasm of individuals, increase job satisfaction and staff retention, and answer real questions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers to research,practice nurse,practice nursing,primary care research,research capacity,research priorities}
}

@article{Davies2021,
  title = {Preventive {{Digital Mental Health}} for {{Children}} in {{Primary Schools}}: {{Acceptability}} and {{Feasibility Study}}},
  author = {Davies, Sian M. and Jardine, Jenni and Gutridge, Kerry and Bernard, Zara and Park, Stephen and Dawson, Tom and Abel, Kathryn M. and Whelan, Pauline},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH},
  volume = {5},
  number = {12},
  doi = {10.2196/30668},
  abstract = {Background: The incidence of mental health problems in children and adolescents in the United Kingdom has significantly increased in recent years, and more people are in contact with mental health services in Greater Manchester than in other parts of the country. Children and young people spend most of their time at school and with teachers. Therefore, schools and other educational settings may be ideal environments in which to identify those experiencing or those at the risk of developing psychological symptoms and provide timely support for children most at risk of mental health or related problems. Objective: This study aims to test the feasibility of embedding a low-cost, scalable, and innovative digital mental health intervention in schools in the Greater Manchester area. Methods: Two components of a 6-week digital intervention were implemented in a primary school in Greater Manchester: Lexplore, a reading assessment using eye-tracking technology to assess reading ability and detect early atypicality, and Lincus, a digital support and well-being monitoring platform. Results: Of the 115 children approached, 34 (29.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) consented and took part; of these 34 children, all 34 (100\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed the baseline Lexplore assessment, and 30 (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed the follow-up. In addition, most children were classified by Lincus as regular ({$>$}= 1 per week) survey users. Overall, the teaching staff and children found both components of the digital intervention engaging, usable, feasible, and acceptable. Despite the widespread enthusiasm and recognition of the potential added value from staff, we met significant implementation barriers. Conclusions: This study explored the acceptability and feasibility of a digital mental health intervention for schoolchildren. Further work is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the digital intervention and to understand whether the assessment of reading atypicality using Lexplore can identify those who require additional help and whether they can also be supported by Lincus. This study provides high-quality pilot data and highlights the potential benefits of implementing digital assessment and mental health support tools in a primary school setting.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {acceptability,child and adolescent mental health and well-being,digital assessment and monitoring,digital mental health,feasibility,prevention,reading screening or ability,school-based mental health care}
}

@article{DavilaMoran2021,
  title = {{Employment in the informal economy: greater threat than the Covid-19 pandemic}},
  author = {Davila Moran, Roberto Carlos},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {TELOS-REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS INTERDISCIPLINARIOS EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {403--417},
  issn = {2343-5763},
  doi = {10.36390/telos232.12},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic appears to unevenly harm those in informal employment, who are less frequently assisted by the government than those in formal employment. The purpose of this essay is to carry out a reflective analysis on employment in the informal economy in times of the pandemic caused by COVID 19. The methodology is based on a documentary research, in which various documentary sources such as articles published in magazines were taken into consideration scientific reports and reports from international organizations, in order to document the problem; Among the main authors for documentary development are Williams and Horodnic (2016a, 2016b), ILO (2014), ILO (2015) and Webb et al., (2020). The pandemic has important short- and long-term effects on informal employment and the informal economy. The COVID-19 pandemic could accelerate current trends and force new solutions to preserve basic job security while helping organizations remain competitive. Government policies that promote job security of income, movements toward employment formalization, and equity for informal employees are peculiarly significant. The results propose that governments should carefully consider clear support for those in informal jobs to create fair, resilient and ethical structures for workers, industries, economies and society in general. The conclusions are that the reengineering of the post-pandemic economy can lead to a reconsideration of widely used employment practices that tend to reduce the conditions of workers and the protection of health, in order to obtain a competitive advantage.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {COVID-19,formal employment,informal economy,informal employment}
}

@article{Davis2010,
  title = {Rural-{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}},
  author = {Davis, Elizabeth E. and Grobe, Deana and Weber, Roberta B.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {135--153},
  issn = {2040-5790},
  doi = {10.1093/aepp/ppp004},
  abstract = {Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childcare subsidy,low-income families,rural poverty}
}

@article{Dearing2021,
  title = {Exploring a Non-Universal Understanding of Waged Work and Its Consequences: Sketching out Employment Activation for People with an Intellectual Disability},
  author = {Dearing, Kim},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {EVIDENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {261--277},
  issn = {1744-2648},
  doi = {10.1332/174426421X16140992285741},
  abstract = {Background: Supported Employment has been advocated for by successive governments and policymakers alike as the best approach to employment inclusion for people with an intellectual disability who are in receipt of social care. Yet only 5.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this demographic are in any form of work and these numbers have been persistently stagnant for many years. Aims: This study aimed to explore the employment landscape and grapple with the intersecting layers of policy consequence for people who have an intellectual disability, and are in receipt of social care, who wish to engage with work preparation employment support. Methods: As an active participant in the field, this study was ethnographic and conducted at a new job club that had been established in England. In addition, three further sites of complementary data were explored in Wales, through interviews and focus groups. Findings: This study demonstrates that there is a mismatch between how evidence informs policy, and how funding is allocated to support with work preparation. Those unable to secure Supported Employment services are, instead, navigating extreme employment disadvantage and scant opportunities, in the open labour market. Further, bound up in this analysis is evidence of a non-universal understanding of waged work where any form of financial remuneration is welcome. Discussion and conclusion: Overall, with a mismatch between evidence that informs policy, policy rhetoric, realistic employment prospects, and available work, without a fundamental employment policy shift, the very low employment rates within this demographic will not increase.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,ethnography,Intellectual disability,wages}
}

@article{DeAssumpcao2018,
  title = {Are There Differences in the Quality of the Diet of Working and Stay-at-Home Women?},
  author = {{de Assumpcao}, Daniela and Senicato, Caroline and Fisberg, Regina Mara and Canesqui, Ana Maria and {de Azevedo Barros}, Marilisa Berti},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {REVISTA DE SAUDE PUBLICA},
  volume = {52},
  issn = {0034-8910},
  doi = {10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000104},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there is an association between the quality of the diet and the inclusion of women in the labor market and whether the education level would modify this association. We have analyzed the differences according to education level and evaluated whether the insertion or not in the market modifies the association between the quality of the diet and education level. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional population-based study that has used data from the Campinas Health Survey (2008 ISACamp). We have evaluated the diet of 464 women, aged 18 to 64 years, using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised. We have estimated the means of the total score and index components using simple and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: We have observed no difference in the quality of diet of working and stay-at-home women. The analysis stratified by education level showed a lower intake of fruits among stay-at-home women in the segment of lower education level, in relation to working women. Among all women, a lower education level was associated with lower overall quality of the diet, higher intake of sodium, and lower intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, and saturated fat. On the other hand, the inclusion in the labor market changed the effect of the education level on the quality of the diet. In the stay-at-home stratum, a low education level was associated with poorer quality of the diet and lower consumption of fruits, dark green and orange vegetables, and whole grains. Among the working women, a low education level was associated with higher intake of sodium and lower intake of vegetables, whole grains, and milk and dairy products. CONCLUSIONS: The results show inequities in the profile of food in relation to education level and inclusion in the labor market, which shows the relevance of public policies that increase the access to education and provide guidance on a healthy diet.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Diet Surveys,Health Inequalities,Healthy Diet,Socioeconomic Factors,Women,Working}
}

@article{DeFranca2020,
  title = {Equality and Poverty: Views from Managers and Professionals from Public Services and Household Heads in the {{Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area}}, {{Brazil}}},
  author = {{de Franca}, Viviane Helena and Modena, Celina Maria and Confalonieri, Ulisses Eugenio Cavalcanti},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-020-01243-y},
  abstract = {Background Tackling poverty requires reconsideration of quantitative factors related to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewho\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is poor and by \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehow much\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and qualitative factors addressing \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewhat poverty means in these individuals' lives\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Greater understanding is required concerning the types of access actually used by families in poverty in attempts to meet their basic needs. Poverty must be addressed based on the question: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveInequality of what?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace It is in reflecting on the realities of such groups when their basic needs are not met that public policies can be improved and implemented with legitimate priorities. Objective: Describe coverage and access to public health, education and social assistance services and the related effects on the quality of life of families in extreme poverty. Methods An exploratory mixed methods study was conducted applying Amartya Sen's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBasic Capability Equality\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace framework, with: 1) 27 interviews with managers and professionals from public services serving territories with extreme poverty; 2) Survey with a systematic proportionate stratified sample of 336 heads of households in extreme poverty from a total 2605 families. The resulting data was analyzed with thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics, respectively. Results The managers and professionals described the lives of families in extreme poverty with phrases such as, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThese people suffer. Sadness weighs on their lives!\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDepression is the most common illness\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Their precarious circumstances and inadequate access were cited as causes. Quality of life was considered bad or very bad by 41.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of heads of households. A total income of less than one-third of the minimum wage was received by 56.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample. One or more people were unemployed in the family in 55.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cases. For 53.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of heads of households, public services \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedid not meet any or few of their needs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace.The main social determinants of health were described as: alcohol and drugs (68.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%); lack of good health care (60.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and absence of income/work (37.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The following were identified as solutions to improve their quality of life: (1) health (40.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%); (2) education (37.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and (3) employment (44.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions The social determinants of poverty and health must be addressed jointly through intersectoral public policies and egalitarian mechanisms that promote investment in social protection.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health equity,Health promotion,Intersectoral action,Management,Public policies,Quality of life}
}

@article{Degeling2020,
  title = {Ending {{TB}} in {{Australia}}: {{Organizational}} Challenges for Regional Tuberculosis Programs},
  author = {Degeling, Chris and Carroll, Jane and Denholm, Justin and Marais, Ben and Dawson, Angus},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {124},
  number = {1},
  pages = {106--112},
  issn = {0168-8510},
  doi = {10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.11.009},
  abstract = {The World Health Organization's End TB Strategy aims to eliminate tuberculosis (TB) by 2050. Low-burden countries such as Australia are targeted for early elimination (2035), which will require an increase in the intensity and scope of case finding and treatment of people with latent TB infection (LTBI). Because 80 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of TB disease in Australia occurs in metropolitan Sydney (New South Wales) and Melbourne (Victoria), the commitment to move towards elimination has major implications for TB programs in these jurisdictions. We report on a case study analysis that compares and contrasts key attributes of each of these healthcare organizations. Such analysis has important implications for all countries seeking to implement international agreements within local health structures. Differences in the organizational structure, culture and systems of care in NSW and Victoria may facilitate or create barriers to changes in organizational system functions, especially the way in which TB prevention and LTBI treatment is delivered. Ratification of global health treaties and the development of national strategies, alone, is insufficient for realizing the promised outcomes. Even in high income countries, global health agendas such as TB elimination can be complicated by differences in local system structure and funding. As the timelines tighten towards 2035, more work must be done to identify the organizational conditions and service models that will facilitate progress towards TB elimination. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Global health,Health system reform,Organizational analysis,Policy implementation,Population screening}
}

@article{DeHoon2017,
  title = {The Influence of Motherhood on Income: Do Partner Characteristics and Parity Matter?},
  author = {{de Hoon}, Sean and Keizer, Renske and Dykstra, Pearl},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {211--225},
  issn = {1366-8803},
  doi = {10.1080/13668803.2016.1227770},
  abstract = {Although the economic independence of women has been greatly advanced in recent decades, it continues to lag far behind men's in the Netherlands and elsewhere. The negative consequences of motherhood are an important driving force behind women's abiding lower income. Although mother's lower earnings have received a substantial amount of attention from scholars and the underlying mechanisms are well established, surprisingly little is known about mitigating factors. This article contributes to the literature by investigating how the earnings disadvantage of mothers is affected by partner characteristics and by parity. We formulate hypotheses about the effect of a partner's working hours, his earnings and his gender role orientations, on the earnings disadvantage associated with motherhood. Furthermore, we examine the role of parity in this earnings disadvantage. Our hypotheses are tested using longitudinal data from the first three waves of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study. Our hypotheses concerning partner characteristics are not supported. The earnings disadvantage of mothers is hardly affected by them. We do find that parity matters greatly in examining the effect that motherhood has on women's earnings. The transition to motherhood has a much larger effect on earnings than the birth of subsequent children. The implications of these findings and the specificity of the Dutch context are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,inequality,Motherhood,parity,partner}
}

@article{DelaCruz2023,
  title = {{{PROTOCOL}}: {{Effects}} of Interventions to Improve Access to Financial Services for Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{An}} Evidence and Gap Map},
  author = {Dela Cruz, Nina Ashley and Villanueva, Alyssa Cyrielle B. and Tolin, Lovely Ann and Disse, Sabrina and Lensink, Robert and White, Howard},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  doi = {10.1002/cl2.1341},
  abstract = {BackgroundMicro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) account for the vast majority of firms in most economies, particularly in developing nations, and are key contributors to job creation and global economic development. However, the most significant impediment to MSME development in low- and middle-income countries is a lack of access to both investment and working capital financing. Due to a lack of essential track record, appropriate collateral, and credit history, MSMEs are frequently denied business loans by traditional lending institutions. In addition, SMEs' inability to access funding is hindered by institutional, structural, and non-financial factors. To address this, both the public and private sectors employ indirect and direct finance interventions to help MSMEs in developing and emerging economies enhance and increase their financing needs. Given the importance of MSMEs in the economy, a comprehensive overview of and systematic synthesizing of the evidence of the effects of financial access interventions for MSMEs, capturing a wide variety of outcome variables, is useful. ObjectivesThe objective of this evidence and gap map (EGM) is to describe the existing evidence on the effects of various interventions dedicated to supporting and improving MSMEs' access to credit, as well as the corresponding firm performance and/or welfare outcomes. MethodsAn EGM is a systematic evidence product that displays the existing evidence relevant to a specific research question. An EGM's end product is a research article or report, but it can also be shared via an interactive map drawn as a matrix of included studies and their corresponding interventions and outcomes. Interventions in low- and middle-income countries that target specific population subgroups are included on the map. The EGM considers five types of interventions: (i) strategy, legislation and regulatory; (ii) systems and institutions; (iii) facilitate access; (iv) lending instruments or financial products; and (v) demand-side interventions. The map, on the other hand, covers outcome domains for policy environment, financial inclusion, firm performance, and welfare. Impact evaluations or systematic reviews of relevant interventions for a previously defined target population are included in the EGM. Studies using experimental or non-experimental designs, as well as systematic reviews, are eligible. The EGM excludes before-and-after study designs with no suitable comparison group. Furthermore, the map excludes literature reviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and descriptive analyses. Search strings were used to conduct electronic searches in databases. To ensure that the research team had identified a significant portion of relevant research works, the search strategy was supplemented with gray literature searches and systematic review citation tracking. We have compiled studies that are either completed or in progress. For practical reasons, studies are limited to papers written in English and are not restricted by publication date. Selection CriteriaWe included studies that examined interventions to enhance MSMEs' access to finance in low- and middle-income countries targeting MSMEs including households, smallholder farmers and single person enterprise as well as financial institutions/agencies and their staff. The EGM considers five types of interventions that aim to: (i) deliver strategy, legislation, and regulatory aspects; (ii) systems and institutions that enable financing; (iii) facilitate access to finance; (iv) deliver different lending instruments or financial products, including traditional forms of microcredit; and (v) demand-side interventions such as programs on financial literacy. The map includes outcome domains surrounding policy environment, financial inclusion, firm performance, and welfare. Eligible studies must be experimental, non-experimental, or systematic reviews. In addition, the study designs must have a suitable comparison group before and after the implementation of interventions. ResultsThe EGM includes 413 studies. The majority of the studies (379 studies) analyzed microenterprises, such as households and smallholder farmers; 7 studies analyzed community groups; while 109 studies analyzed small and medium enterprises. There were 147 studies on interventions that targeted multiple firm sizes. Lending instruments/financial products are the most common intervention across all firm types. When it comes to the types of firms that receive the said financial intervention, the data is overwhelmingly in favor of microenterprises (278 studies), followed by systems and organizations (138 studies) that support better access to such financial products and services. Welfare outcomes have the most evidence out of all of the outcomes of interest, followed by firm performance and financial inclusion. Among all firm types, welfare outcomes are primarily targeted at microenterprises. With 59 studies, we can say that small businesses have a significantly large number of enterprise performance outcomes. of the 413 studies, 243 used non-experimental or quasi-experimental designs (mainly propensity score matching and instrumental variable approaches), 136 used experimental methods, and 34 were systematic reviews. 175 studies (43\textbackslash textbackslash\%) provided evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, 142 studies (35\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from South Asia, 86 studies (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from East Asia and the Pacific, 66 studies (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from Latin America and the Caribbean, 28 studies (7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), Europe and Central Asia, and 21 studies (5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from the Middle East and North Africa. Most of the included evidence covers low-income (26\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and lower-middle income countries (66\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and to a lesser extent upper-middle-income countries (26\textbackslash textbackslash\%). ConclusionThis map depicts the existing evidence and gaps on the effects of interventions to enhance MSMEs' access to financial services in low and middle-income countries. Interventions directed at microenterprises with welfare outcomes have a significant number of research outcomes in the literature. SME evaluations have looked at firm performance, with less focus to employment and the welfare effects on owners and employees, including poverty reduction. Microcredit/loans have been the focus of a large number of research papers (238 studies), indicating the field's growing popularity. However, emerging financial interventions such as facilitating access to digital financial services are relatively under-studied. Several studies also investigate rural or population in remote areas with 192 studies, 126 studies on poor and disadvantaged, and 114 papers on women. Most of the research is conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (175 studies) and South Asia (142 studies) so further research in other regions could be conducted to allow a more holistic understanding of the effects of financial inclusion interventions. Credit lines, supply chain finance, and trade financing, which are some of the ADB's financial tools have limited evidence. Future studies should look into strategy, law, and regulation interventions, as well as interventions targeted at SMEs, and examine policy and regulatory environment outcomes as well as welfare outcomes. Interventions on the demand side and their impact on the policy and regulatory environment, as well as facilitating access are relatively understudied.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Delaney2016,
  title = {No \textbackslash textasciigraveself' Left behind? {{Part-time}} Distance Learning University Graduates: Social Class, Graduate Identity and Employability},
  author = {Delaney, Lorraine and Farren, Margaret},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {OPEN LEARNING},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {194--208},
  issn = {0268-0513},
  doi = {10.1080/02680513.2016.1208553},
  abstract = {Higher education (HE) is regarded as a pathway to upward social mobility for those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Social mobility is itself seen as important both for individual and national prosperity and is a key driver of government funding for HE. While access to HE has substantially increased over the past number of years, the evidence suggests that social inequalities continue to be reproduced, with working-class students more frequently accessing lower status institutions and courses. This in turn can impact negatively on their labour market outcomes. This paper offers a critical appraisal on the employability discourse. Drawing on a survey of 268 distance graduates from an Irish university, together with 5 individual interviews, findings indicate that distance graduates are likely to be from lower socio-economic backgrounds and have delayed participation in university education for reasons relating to social class. Although mostly in employment, they are motivated to participate in HE by their concerns regarding their long-term employability. The literature identifies that our employability is something we negotiate with others. This paper posits that, for distance graduates, in addition to this process of convincing others, the graduate must also convince themselves of the value of their own achievement. Transitioning to graduate employment, and developing a graduate identity, can therefore be a slow internal and external process of negotiation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {class,employability,Graduates,higher education,part-time}
}

@article{Delaney2018,
  title = {Thinking about Informality: Gender (in)Equality (in) Decent Work across Geographic and Economic Boundaries},
  author = {Delaney, Annie and Macdonald, Fiona},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {99--114},
  issn = {1030-1763},
  doi = {10.1080/10301763.2018.1475024},
  abstract = {Perspectives on the informal economy having evolved over time from a notion of a separate and disappearing sector to a broader focus that takes account of the wide range of economic activities that comprise informal work and focuses on processes and on the interdependencies of the formal and informal economic spheres. In this article we consider contemporary thinking about informal work and ask how useful the concept is for understanding changes occurring in work and employment in developed as well as developing economies so as to develop interventions to generate decent work. We use the lens of informality to explore how analysis of work and employment outcomes might give a more central place to the political and social location and, in particular, to gender in the construction of poor jobs. We propose that the concept of informality offered by feminist and other critical approaches is suitable for the analysis of much contemporary informalisation in both developed and developing economy contexts. We also propose that analysis can be strengthened through the adoption of the concept of invisibilisation'. We examine some particular types of feminised informal work in which there are high levels of vulnerability and disadvantage - homework and domestic and care work. We conclude that the constructs of informal work and informalisation of work can be used to highlight how gendered institutional and social processes construct work as beyond the effective reach of regulation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care work,gender,homework,Informality,invisibilisation}
}

@article{DelCarmenLara-Munoz2010,
  title = {{Cost-effectiveness study of depression management in Mexico}},
  author = {{del Carmen Lara-Munoz}, Maria and {Robles-Garcia}, Rebeca and Orozco, Ricardo and Real, Tania and Chisholm, Dan and {Elena Medina-Mora}, {\relax Ma}.},
  year = {2010},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SALUD MENTAL},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {301--308},
  issn = {0185-3325},
  abstract = {Introduction Depression is a public health problem that carries substantial costs for the individual and the society. In order to establish evidence-based priorities for resource allocation in mental health care, it is necessary to integrate the costs and effectiveness of interventions and specify the essential packages for their treatment. The following are pioneering studies of cost-effectiveness for the treatment of depression: 1. compared psychopharmacology options (fluoxetine, imipramine and desipramine) to found no difference between drugs in terms of clinical efficacy, effect on quality of life and costs, and 2. evaluated cost-effectiveness of collaborative program of stepped care in primary care of persistent depression, to demonstrate a substantial increase in the effectiveness and additional moderate cost increase in comparison with usual treatment. Recently, the World Health Organization convened the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, as a collaborating center, to participate in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveSelecting interventions that are cost-effective\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. labeled WHO-CHOICE (CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective). This paper presents the findings of the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of different clinical interventions for the treatment of depression in Mexico, considering its implementation in primary care services. Method The cost-effectiveness unit of measure gathered by WHO (and used in this work) are the years of healthy life lost because of disease, named DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). DALYs result from the sum of years lost by premature mortality over the years that are lost through living in disability status. The advantages of using a measure of health at the population level as lost DALYs is that it allows comparing interventions for different diseases and addresses a relevant question from the avoidable burden health policy standpoint. Interventions evaluated included: 1. tricyclic antidepressants, 2. new antidepressants (SSRIs), 3. brief psychotherapy, 4. trycliclic antidepressants + brief psychotherapy, 5. new antidepressants + brief psychotherapy, 6. tricyclic antidepressants + brief psychotherapy + proactive case management, and 7. new antidepressants + brief psychotherapy + proactive case management. DALYs avoided as a result of each intervention or combination were calculated to determine its effectiveness. Both patients and program costs, a 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% discount by the process of converting future values to present ones, as well as an age adjustment giving less weight to year lived by the young were included. Finally, the cost of averted DALYs for each intervention was estimated to determine their cost effectiveness. Results The combined strategies of proactive case management with psychotherapy plus antidepressants can be considered as the most effective one. With the combination with tricyclic antidepressants, the number of DALYs averted was 207,171, and with SSRI of 217,568, corresponding to more than double of DALYs when tricyclic antidepressants are used alone and almost double when using only SSRIs. The most expensive intervention was the combination of SSRIs with brief psychotherapy, with a total of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar12,256 million pesos (972 million dollars), the least expensive treatment were tricyclic antidepressants, which involved \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4,523 million pesos (359 million dollars). Over 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the costs were from patient medications, and less than 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% from program and training costs. It is clear that the greatest cost is for added proactive case management. The use of SSRI was the most cost-effective treatment (no combination) for the management of depression in Mexican primary care. The most cost-effective combination was tryciclic antidepressants plus brief psychotherapy plus proactive case management. Conclusions Although the are some studies on health economics in Mexico, most are directed to consider costs, and few ones have evaluated the cost-effectiveness relationship of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, lees son in the mental health field. Antecedents of the present study in Mexico included a study that observed that psychiatric patients require more medical consultations, laboratory analysis, hospitalization days, surgeries and medication, in contrast with patients that never needed mental attention. Nevertheless, investigations about cost-effectiveness relationship are rare. Just one study evaluates the costs of positive changes in psychopathology with antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenic patients. In this direction, the present work is the first effort to evaluate cost-effectiveness of different communitarian interventions to treat depression in Mexico. According with our findings, also in Mexico, the interventions available to treat depression in primary care level prevent a substantial number of DALYs: almost six times when SSRIs plus brief psychotherapy plus proactive case management are administered. The specific effect of proactive case management is preventing relapses and increasing the time free of disease, which results in greater benefit to the patient, his family and the society. Thus, interventions are cost-effective despite the proactive case management significantly increases the cost of care to these patients. In conclusion, the inclusion of psychosocial treatments is advantageous from a cost-effectiveness standpoint. Averted DALYs with these interventions are more \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. As observed in previous studies, a modest investment in improving depression produces greater gains in resource-limited environments. In Mexico, there is evidence that such interventions in primary care are effective when they are given by medical staff with a brief training, making them a promising tool for a cost-effective and evidence-based public policy.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {cost-effectiveness,Depression,treatment}
}

@article{DelCarpio2019,
  title = {Minimum {{Wage}}: {{Does}} It {{Improve Welfare}} in {{Thailand}}?},
  author = {{del Carpio}, Ximena V. and Messina, Julian and {Sanz-de-Galdeano}, Anna},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REVIEW OF INCOME AND WEALTH},
  volume = {65},
  number = {2},
  pages = {358--382},
  issn = {0034-6586},
  doi = {10.1111/roiw.12360},
  abstract = {We study the causal impact of the minimum wage on labor market outcomes, household consumption, inequality and poverty in Thailand by relying on policy variation in minimum wages over time across provinces. We find that minimum-wage increases have a large and significant impact on the likelihood of working in the uncovered sector among workers with elementary education. However, the impact is very small and insignificant among other labor market groups. In contrast, the minimum wage has large positive effects on the formal sector wages of low-earning workers, such as the young, elderly and low educated. Increases in the minimum wage are associated with reductions in household poverty and consumption inequality at the bottom half of the distribution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,inequality,minimum wage,poverty,uncovered sector}
}

@article{DelCarpio2022,
  title = {What {{Effects Could Global Value Chain}} and {{Digital Infrastructure Development Policies Have}} on {{Poverty}} and {{Inequality}} after {{COVID-19}}?},
  author = {{del Carpio}, Ximena and Cuesta, Jose A. and Kugler, Maurice D. and Hernandez, Gustavo and Piraquive, Gabriel},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RISK AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  issn = {1911-8066},
  doi = {10.3390/jrfm15020043},
  abstract = {It is clear that in the transition out of the COVID-19 crisis in Colombia there will be great need for formal job creation. One source that has been widely discussed in policy circles is strengthening linkages of Colombian firms with Global Value Chains (GVCs). Another source that has received recent attention, and deservedly so, is digital infrastructure development (DID)-which can boost telework and virtual human capital accumulation. Reduction in poverty and inequality through more and better formal employment is an important aspect of a jobs and economic transformation (JET) agenda. In this paper, we explore-through a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) and a microsimulation framework-to what extent reforms of the type envisioned in the JET agenda and which could generate GVC linkages, as well as through DID, for Colombia, and we project their impact on poverty and inequality up to 2030. Our findings show limited impact of the three types of policy changes considered for GVCs-namely (i) fall in barriers for seamless business logistics, (ii) reductions in tariffs, and (iii) lower barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI). The impact of DID on inequality is also moot. There is however a modest impact on poverty reduction in the combined policy of digital infrastructure with a boost in skilled labor. This finding can be linked to different factors. First, there are relatively few direct jobs created to benefit households with low levels of human capital. Second, there might be indirect job creation through backward linkages to local suppliers by firms linked to GVCs, but this effect would be a general equilibrium effect that our CGE model with a partial equilibrium microsimulation distributional module does not fully capture. Third, the positioning of Colombian firms to latch onto GVCs, and also generate demand for local intermediate inputs and services, is not optimal. Fourth, DID may generate more general labor market opportunities through telework and virtual learning expansions but could also induce larger wage gaps as the skill premium rises so that the net effect on inequality is ambiguous.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aggregate supply and demand shocks,CGE,COVID-19 pandemic,formal employment,GVCs,income fall,inequality,JET,microsimulations,poverty,productivity,wages}
}

@article{Delesalle2021,
  title = {The Effect of the {{Universal Primary Education}} Program on Consumption and on the Employment Sector: {{Evidence}} from {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Delesalle, Esther},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {142},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345},
  abstract = {This paper uses the Tanzanian Universal Primary Education (UPE) program implemented between 1974 and 1978 to study the effect of education on household consumption and on labor market participation in a rural environment. Combining regional disparities of access to school with the timing of the program, I adopt a difference-in-difference approach. To estimate the returns to education for the entire population and not only for wage workers, I use a two-sample estimation approach to predict consumption for every household and find that education increases predicted consumption for household heads working in every sector. I also provide evidence that education increases the probability of working in agriculture for women. These results, at first surprising, suggest that education may influence the structural trans-formation and that returns to education are positive in agriculture, provided that skills taught at school are consistent with agriculture. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Human capital investment,Returns to education,Schooling reforms,Tanzania}
}

@article{Dellacasa2023,
  title = {Residential {{Segregation}} and {{Women}}'s {{Labor Market Participation}}: {{The Case}} of {{Santiago De Chile}}},
  author = {Dellacasa, Manuel Garcia},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {96--128},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2022.2157856},
  abstract = {Women's labor market participation in Chile ranks among the lowest in Latin America. In a country where over 90 percent of the population lives in segregated cities, where employment opportunities cluster in affluent neighborhoods, residential sorting has surprisingly been neglected as an explanatory factor. This article addresses this omission by calculating the effects of residential segregation on labor market participation among less-educated caregivers. Using an OLS fixed effects model, the study finds that segregation entails adverse spatial mismatch effects on labor market participation. No other sub-population is affected in this manner. Hence, residential segregation contributes to the consolidation of three types of inequalities. First, it reproduces gendered inequalities within less-educated households. Second, in the context of increasing labor market participation among more-educated women, residential segregation further increases inequalities between low-income and affluent households. Finally, it deepens geographical inequalities between marginalized and non-marginalized households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic geography,feminist economics,gender inequality,inequality,unpaid work,women's labor force participation}
}

@article{DeLuca2020,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveNot Just}} a {{Lateral Move}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Residential Decisions}} and the {{Reproduction}} of {{Urban Inequality}}},
  author = {DeLuca, Stefanie and {Jang-Trettien}, Christine},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& COMMUNITY},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {451--488},
  issn = {1535-6841},
  doi = {10.1111/cico.12515},
  abstract = {Despite decades of research on residential mobility and neighborhood effects, we know comparatively less about how people sort across geography. While there are reasons for lagging developments in the area of residential decisions, we join others in calling for research to consider residential selection as a social stratification process-one ripe with significant conceptual and policy potential. In this paper, we present findings from work our team has done over the last 17 years to explore how people end up living where they do. We focus on four key decisions: whether to move; where to move; whether to send children to school in the neighborhood; and whether to rent or own a home. We found that many residential mobility decisions among the poor were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereactive,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with unpredictable shocks forcing families out of their homes. As a result of reactive moving, time frames became shorter as poor parents employed short-term survival solutions to secure housing instead of long-term investment thinking about neighborhood quality and schools. These shocks, constraints, and shorter time frames led parents to decouple important aspects of neighborhood and school quality from the housing search process while maximizing others like immediacy of shelter, unit quality, and proximity to work and child care. Finally, we found that policies can have a significant impact on some of these decisions. Combined, our research revealed some of the decision-making processes that underlie locational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of neighborhood context.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{DeMoortel2014,
  title = {Contemporary Employment Arrangements and Mental Well-Being in Men and Women across {{Europe}}: A Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {De Moortel, Deborah and Vandenheede, Hadewijch and Vanroelen, Christophe},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-014-0090-6},
  abstract = {Introduction: There is the tendency in occupational health research of approximating the \textbackslash textasciigravechanged world of work' with a sole focus on the intrinsic characteristics of the work task, encompassing the job content and working conditions. This is insufficient to explain the mental health risks associated with contemporary paid work as not only the nature of work tasks have changed but also the terms and conditions of employment. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether a set of indicators referring to quality of the employment arrangement is associated with the well-being of people in salaried employment. Associations between the quality of contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in salaried workers are investigated through a multidimensional set of indicators for employment quality (contract type; income; irregular and/or unsocial working hours; employment status; training; participation; and representation). The second and third aim are to investigate whether the relation between employment quality and mental well-being is different for employed men and women and across different welfare regimes. Methods: Cross-sectional data of salaried workers aged 15-65 from 21 EU-member states (n = 11,940) were obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: For both men and women, and irrespective of welfare regime, several sub-dimensions of low employment quality are significantly related with poor mental well-being. Most of the significant relations persist after controlling for intrinsic job characteristics. An insufficient household income and irregular and/or unsocial working hours are the strongest predictors of poor mental well-being. A differential vulnerability of employed men and women to the sub-dimensions of employment quality is found in Traditional family and Southern European welfare regimes. Conclusions: There are significant relations between indicators of low employment quality and poor mental well-being, also when intrinsic characteristics of the work task are controlled. Gender differences are least pronounced in Earner-carer countries.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{DeMuizon2020,
  title = {Subsidies for Parental Leave and Formal Childcare: Be Careful What You Wish For},
  author = {{de Muizon}, Marc Jourdain},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {735--772},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1007/s11150-020-09489-9},
  abstract = {I exploit the introduction of a policy package in France aimed at helping parents with the care of young children. The reform affected all households with pre-school age children and had two dimensions: a short stay-home subsidy for first-time mothers wishing to take-up parental leave and an increase in childcare subsidies for parents using childminders-the main formal care option in France. Importantly, policymakers did not explicitly intervene in the childcare infrastructures. I rely on a diff-in-diff empirical strategy to evaluate the labour market outcomes of mothers with pre-school age children in the short-run and the long-run. The reform had negligible effects in the short-run. In the long-run though, first-time mothers-and particularly the lower-educated group-took advantage of the parental leave subsidies to reduce their employment rate. This freed up formal childcare places and allowed middle-class educated mothers of two children to use the more generous childcare subsidies and therefore work more. The fact that the effects take time to materialise and do not appear at the aggregate level for the targeted population suggests that the policy did not induce any net increase in the supply of care places and simply led to a re-allocation of care modes among mothers of pre-school age children.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare subsidies,Labour supply,Maternity leave,Parental leave}
}

@article{Dennis2015,
  title = {A {{Qualitative Exploration}} of {{Low-Income Women}}'s {{Experiences Accessing Abortion}} in {{Massachusetts}}},
  author = {Dennis, Amanda and Manski, Ruth and Blanchard, Kelly},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES},
  volume = {25},
  number = {5},
  pages = {463--469},
  issn = {1049-3867},
  doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2015.04.004},
  abstract = {Background: At a time when most states are working to restrict abortion, Massachusetts stands out as one of the few states with multiple state-level policies in place that support abortion access for low-income women. In 2006, Massachusetts passed health care reform, which resulted in almost all residents having insurance. Also, almost all state-level public and subsidized insurance programs cover abortion and there are fewer restrictions on abortion in Massachusetts compared with other states. Methods: We explored low-income women's experiences accessing abortion in Massachusetts through 27 in-depth telephone interviews with a racially diverse sample of low-income women who obtained abortions. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically. Results: Most women described having access to timely, conveniently located, affordable, and highly acceptable abortion care. However, a sizable minority of women had difficulty enrolling in or staying on insurance, making abortion expensive. A small minority of women said their abortion care could be improved by increasing emotional support and privacy, and decreasing appointment times. Some limited data also suggest that young women and immigrant women face specific barriers to care. Conclusion: This study provides important, novel information about the need for state-level policies that support access to health insurance and comprehensive abortion coverage. Such policies, along with a well-functioning health care environment, help to ensure that low-income women have access to abortion. However, not all abortion access challenges have been resolved in Massachusetts. More work is needed to ensure that all women can access affordable, confidential care that is responsive to their specific needs and preferences. Copyright (C) 2015 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dennison2022,
  title = {First-{{Year Enrollment}} and {{Utilization}} of {{New York State Paid Family Leave}}: 2018},
  author = {Dennison, Barbara A. and Ncube, Butho and Nguyen, Trang},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {28},
  number = {5, SI},
  pages = {525--535},
  issn = {1078-4659},
  doi = {10.1097/PHH.0000000000001540},
  abstract = {Context: The New York Paid Family Leave (NYPFL) law was passed in April 2016 and took effect January 1, 2018. Expanding paid family leave (PFL) coverage has been proposed as a public health strategy to improve population health and reduce disparities. Objective: To describe first-year enrollment in NYPFL and to evaluate utilization of NYPFL benefits. Design: Observational study. Setting: New York State. Participants: Employees enrolled in the NYPFL program (N = 8 528 580). Methods: We merged NYPFL enrollment and claim data sets for 2018. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess utilization by demographic variables and business size. Main Outcome Measure(s): Utilization and duration of NYPFL to bond with a newborn or care for a family member differed by employees' age, sex, race and ethnicity, residence, income, and business size. Results: Approximately 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% of working New Yorkers (N = 8 528 580) were enrolled in NYPFL. First-year utilization of PFL for newborn bonding and family care (9.4 and 4.0 per 1000 employees, respectively) was higher than comparable state PFL programs in California, New Jersey, or Rhode Island. An estimated 38.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of employed women in New York utilized PFL for newborn bonding. Employees who worked at small businesses (1-49 employees) had lower utilization of PFL. Employees with lower incomes were more likely to claim PFL and employees of color or with lower incomes were more likely to take the maximum 8 weeks of PFL. Conclusions: These findings suggest that state PFL programs increase equity in employment benefits. Wider adoption of state/federal PFL programs could help reduce health disparities and improve maternal and infant health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family leave,parental leave,policy}
}

@article{DeOliveira2022,
  title = {Healthcare for Children with Congenital {{Zika}} Syndrome: Analysis of Access to Social Rights},
  author = {{de Oliveira}, Fernanda Artimos and {da Silva}, Angela Malaquias and {da Hora}, Senir Santos and {de Oliveira}, Solange Artimos and {da Silva Junior}, Aluisio Gomes and Araujo Cardoso, Claudete Aparecida},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CIENCIA \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SAUDE COLETIVA},
  volume = {27},
  number = {9},
  pages = {3679--3688},
  issn = {1413-8123},
  doi = {10.1590/1413-81232022279.02972022},
  abstract = {Niteroi Coletiva, Abstract The objective of this study was to des-cribe if the victims of the Zika have access to es-sential public policies to guarantee social rights. Methods: We used a cross-sectional study of a historical cohort of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in a reference hospital. CZS diagnosis was based on the Ministry of Health protocol. The variables analyzed were sociode-mographic and social rights of children. Results: Of the 161 children seen from April 2016 to July 2018, 42 were diagnosed with CZS. Of these, 37 children participated in the study and 75.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them had severe neurological disorders. Anticon-vulsants were used by 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children, with 81\textbackslash textbackslash\% paid by families. The families were also res-ponsible for purchasing nutritional formulas and diapers in, respectively, 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cases, and 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children had access to rehabilita-tion therapy, although 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them faced several barriers to do it. Of the 24 working mothers, 83\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not return to the labor market after the birth of their children. Conclusions: The results showed that the families were at an intersection between the integral activity of caring for a child with se-vere disabilities and inefficient and omissive pu-blic authorities, a disincentive and discouraging context that made them give up in seeking their rights.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Conge-nital Zika syndrome,Human rights,Public policies}
}

@article{DePaz-Banez2020,
  title = {Is {{There Empirical Evidence}} on {{How}} the {{Implementation}} of a {{Universal Basic Income}} ({{UBI}}) {{Affects Labour Supply}}? {{A Systematic Review}}},
  author = {{de Paz-Banez}, Manuela A. and {Asensio-Coto}, Maria Jose and {Sanchez-Lopez}, Celia and Aceytuno, Maria-Teresa},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {22},
  doi = {10.3390/su12229459},
  abstract = {The objective of this article is to determine, as conclusively as possible, if the implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) would lead to a significant reduction in the working age population labour supply. If this were true, implementation of a UBI may not be sustainable. To do this, we will compile empirical evidence from studies over the last few decades on the effects of implementation of a UBI on employment. We apply the PRISMA methodology to better judge their validity, which ensures maximum reliability of the results by avoiding biases and making the work reproducible. Given that the methodologies used in these studies are diverse, they are reviewed to contextualize the results taking into account the possible limitations detected in these methodologies. While many authors have been writing about this issue citing experiences or experiments, the added value of this article is that it performs a systematic review following a widely tested scientific methodology. Over 1200 documents that discuss the UBI/employment relationship have been reviewed. We found a total of 50 empirical cases, of which 18 were selected, and 38 studies with contrasted empirical evidence on this relationship. The results speak for themselves: Despite a detailed search, we have not found any evidence of a significant reduction in labour supply. Instead, we found evidence that labour supply increases globally among adults, men and women, young and old, and the existence of some insignificant and functional reductions to the system such as a decrease in workers from the following categories: Children, the elderly, the sick, those with disabilities, women with young children to look after, or young people who continued studying. These reductions do not reduce the overall supply since it is largely offset by increased supply from other members of the community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QSDCV6EM/de Paz-Banez et al_2020_Is There Empirical Evidence on How the Implementation of a Universal Basic.pdf}
}

@article{DeQuinto2021,
  title = {The Child Penalty: Evidence from {{Spain}}},
  author = {{de Quinto}, Alicia and Hospido, Laura and Sanz, Carlos},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SERIES-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {585--606},
  issn = {1869-4187},
  doi = {10.1007/s13209-021-00241-9},
  abstract = {Using data from social security records and an event study approach, we estimate the child penalty in Spain, looking at disparities for women and men across different labor outcomes following the birth of the first child. Our findings show that, the year after the first child is born, mothers' annual earnings drop by 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% while men's remain unchanged. The gender gap is even larger 10 years after birth. Our estimate of the long-run child penalty in earnings equals 28\textbackslash textbackslash\%, similar to those found for Denmark, Finland, Sweden or the USA. In addition, we identify channels that may drive this phenomenon, including reductions in working days and shifts to part-time or fixed-term contracts. Finally, we provide evidence of heterogeneous responses in earnings and labor market participation by educational level: college-educated women react to motherhood more on the intensive margin (working part-time), while non-college-educated women are relatively more likely to do so in the extensive margin (working fewer days).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Employment,Fertility differentials,Gender,Labor supply,Parenting,Wages}
}

@article{Derenoncourt2021,
  title = {{{MINIMUM WAGES AND RACIAL INEQUALITY}}},
  author = {Derenoncourt, Ellora and Montialoux, Claire},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  volume = {136},
  number = {1},
  pages = {169--228},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjaa031},
  abstract = {The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross-industry difference-in-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Derose2008,
  title = {Do Bonding, Bridging, and Linking Social Capital Affect Preventable Hospitalizations?},
  author = {Derose, Kathryn Pitkin},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {43},
  number = {5, 1},
  pages = {1520--1541},
  issn = {0017-9124},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6773.2008.00856.x},
  abstract = {Objective. To examine the relationship between social capital and preventable hospitalizations (PHs). Data Sources. Administrative and secondary data for Florida (hospital discharge, U.S. Census, voting, nonprofits, faith-based congregations, uninsured, safety net and primary care providers, and hospital beds). Study Design. Cross-sectional, zip code-level multivariate analyses to examine the associations among social capital, primary care resources, and adult PHs and pediatric asthma hospitalizations. Data Extraction. Data were merged at the zip code-level (n=837). Principal Findings. Few of the social capital measures were independently associated with PHs: longer mean commute times (reduced bonding social capital) were related to higher adult rates; more racial and ethnic diversity (increased bridging social capital) was related to lower nonelderly adult rates but higher pediatric rates; more faith-based organizations (linking social capital) were associated with higher nonelderly adult rates. Having a safety net clinic within 20 miles was associated with lower adult rates, while general internists were associated with higher rates. More pediatricians per capita were related to higher pediatric rates. Conclusions. The importance of social capital for health care access is unclear. Some bonding and bridging ties were related to PHs, but differentially across age groups; more work is needed to operationalize linking ties.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to care,primary care,race and ethnicity,social capital,social environment}
}

@article{Derpmann2018,
  title = {Union's Inspiration: {{Universal}} Health Care and the Essential Partiality of Solidarity},
  author = {Derpmann, Simon},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BIOETHICS},
  volume = {32},
  number = {9, SI},
  pages = {569--576},
  issn = {0269-9702},
  doi = {10.1111/bioe.12444},
  abstract = {Political struggles not only change social institutions and conventions, they also often shape normative language. Moral notions of lasting significance are like geological formations insofar as they are usually not formed in a void but under considerable pressure. While some notions are fundamentally linked to legal documents or academic treatises, others are mainly advanced in songs, pamphlets, or manifestos. Philosophical attempts to define these evolved notions are often sensitive to their particular histories in order to avoid detachment from common pre-theoretical usage. After all, moral theory would be ill-advised to rid itself of considered conceptual intuitions unless there are strong grounds for revision. Even though theoretical reflection may produce reasons to deviate from prevailing understandings of core moral notions, it must eventually rely on some form of a semantic orientation. The line between reconstructing and redefining moral notions is particularly hard to draw when it comes to comparatively young and polymorphic notions, such as solidarity. It is difficult to provide a finite definition of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity', as the term has been appropriated in the pursuit of a variety of causes. Different theoretical reconstructions explicate solidarity as a form of unity, fraternity, civic friendship, charity, humanity, or camaraderie. Instead of reflecting on this variety of meanings, the present contribution examines the reference to solidarity within a specific context of moral debate. There are recurring calls for solidarity in contemporary oppositions to the erosion of the protective reliabilities of society, as it becomes manifest in the reduction, privatization, or stratification of both social security in general and health care in particular. In this context, solidarity is invoked as a relation that connects all members of society, providing a reason to accept or support the introduction or continuation of universal health care. In the following, I am concerned with the adequacy of the moral terminology implied in this line of reasoning. My claim is that - at least relative to the purpose of moral philosophy to provide a systematic, comprehensive, and fine-grained account of moral obligation - a specific partisan notion of solidarity is of greater systematic value to moral terminology than the alternative universal notion. At least one central strain of moral references to \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' does not conceive it as a notion of universal moral inclusion, but of communal relatedness. This conception of solidarity imprints the term with a specific community-related perspective, i.e. the distinctive normative and motivational force of solidarity relations is taken to reside in a specific form of partiality toward significant groups like unions, cooperatives, parties, committees, etc. Ralph Chaplin's Solidarity Forever, for instance, memorably assigns the distinctive strength of references to solidarity to union's inspiration. In this understanding, the reference to solidarity bears a specific moral and political relevance because it conveys a normative insight to members of specific communities, explicating why they may be obliged to take a stand for a common cause, even if this involves going well beyond what can be expected of them merely qua moral subjects. I aim to show that a conception of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' that confines it to this decidedly partisan moral relation provides a significant contribution to moral philosophy because it grasps a specific and important facet of moral obligation. In the following, this structural feature of solidarity is discussed with regard to the moral foundation of health care policies. I argue that the demand to universal access to health care should be conceived as a matter of justice, decency, or humanity, rather than of solidarity, because the failure or refusal to provide adequate health coverage does not disregard individuals as members of specific communities, but as moral subjects. My argument for this terminological suggestion comes in three sections. The first section establishes a normative notion of solidarity as a source of - essentially partisan - communal obligations reflecting on shared identificatory attributes like convictions, social positions, or significant histories. Under this description, solidarity is understood to pose a particular type of special obligations, creating moral requirements that obtain apart from and beyond the demands of universal morality. The reference to solidarity unfolds a particular theoretical potential when it captures a distinct form of communality. The second section locates the normative foundation of calls for universal health care in the domain of justice by understanding the provision of basic health care as a right of every moral subject that is independent of normatively significant commonalities. The third section concludes that solidarity is a notion that does have a place in health-related norms, but that does not provide the best moral foundation of demands for universal health care. Rather, relations of solidarity establish forms of moral obligations that are indispensable when social systems fail to provide justice or reach their legitimate limits. The first step of the argument brings \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' into view as a systematic term of moral philosophy as opposed to its role in sociology or political theory. This perspective focuses on solidarity as a relation that provides specific moral reasons, such as the reason to accept and obey practices of mutual assistance, to put oneself at risk or at a disadvantage for the benefit of others, to endure hardships for the common good, etc. Thus, the reference to solidarity within moral justification bears a discursive force in its own right. The main difficulty in the appropriation of solidarity to moral philosophy is to individuate and explicate a defining set of features of recognized uses of the term. Due to the variety of relations, attitudes, and dispositions that are commonly referred to as solidarity, no coherent notion can be expected to be able to simultaneously capture obligations toward humankind, or the exploited and the poor, among comrades and sisters in arms, and between the members of parties, teams, clubs, gangs, unions, collectives, and social movements. One reaction to this diagnosis is to accept that solidarity is a pluralistic notion that cannot be reduced to either of these meanings. However, this approach would possibly have to allow a very broad understanding of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' that could render the notion empty or incoherent. Such a conception of solidarity may pose no difficulties within everyday language, but it can be argued to be unsuitable for the kind of justification sought in moral philosophy. There are legitimate doubts about the confinement of moral notions like solidarity to the narrow boundaries of philosophical concepts for systematic purposes. However, if the language of moral philosophy is not to become artificial, it has to adopt notions of our common language and alter them to avoid incoherences. A moral account of solidarity is only of systematic value if the reference to \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' captures a specific type of obligation that can be distinguished from other moral obligations. Without an explanation in what regards obligations of solidarity are different from, go beyond, or are more specific than obligations of justice, humanity, charity, fidelity, or loyalty, there is arguably no need for a distinct theory of solidarity within moral philosophy. Thus, a convincing exposition of solidarity should fulfill a condition of conceptual discriminability, and of irreducibility. If it is to play any significant role in moral philosophy, \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' has to refer to a moral relation sui generis. Once some defining features of solidarity are established, the meaning of references to solidarity in debates about public health care can be addressed. In approaching a sound notion of solidarity, different accounts can be distinguished with regard to their position on its normative scope, i.e. with regard to the extension of the groups within which subjects are considered to have mutual obligations and corresponding claims of solidarity. The main dividing line that is relevant to the present context - to the analysis of the systematic function of references to solidarity within moral philosophy - must be drawn between universalist and partisan accounts of solidarity. Some prominent accounts of moral solidarity conceive it as a universal relation that extends to all humanity, or to all members of society, making solidarity the basis of a universal form of moral obligation. David Wiggins and Jurgen Habermas, for instance, invoke different notions of universal solidarity for different conceptual reasons. While Wiggins refers to solidarity in order to designate a fundamental form of a pre-reflective universal recognition implying negative duties, Habermas describes solidarity as a non-formal positive attitude of care complementing formal requirements of justice. Both accounts provide valuable insights into the nature of political and moral obligation. Yet, the competing understanding of solidarity as specific by virtue of its partiality comes with considerable systematic advantages. Wiggins understands solidarity as a fundamental moral relation that is characterized, among other things, by its universality. In this understanding, solidarity is a particular form of recognition that forms the basis of morality altogether. This form of recognition entails deontological constraints, but these constraints are not solely based on demands of reason. Thus, solidarity resembles Kantian respect in terms of the demands it poses, but with regard to the underlying attitude, solidarity resembles Humean sympathy. In the course of outlining obligations of solidarity, Wiggins identifies solidarity as \textbackslash textasciigravethe \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] thing that any human being owes to any or all other human beings, namely the solidum that is presupposed to the ordinary morality of all interaction between human beings'. As the very bedrock of moral relatedness, solidarity must extend to every moral subject alike. Solidarity is the basic form of recognition that interconnects moral subjects through their mutual consideration as bearers of a point of view that commands respect. Habermas brings forth a different account of solidarity, but he also uses the term to denote a relation with a universal extension. In this account: Solidarity \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] is rooted in the realization that each person must take responsibility for the other because as consociates all must have an interest in the integrity of their shared life context in the same way. Justice conceived deontologically requires solidarity as its reverse side. Habermas distinguishes the fundamental moral demands of justice that are directly based on the principles of discourse from complementary demands of sympathy or care that are based on solidarity. While justice substantiates negative obligations, solidarity requires moral subjects to strive at promoting the welfare of others. Thus, Habermas supplements the discourse theory of morals with the relation of solidarity in order to be able to account for materially rich notions of social relatedness. However, in this description the \textbackslash textasciigraveshared life-context' relevant to solidarity is not economic class, social position, or political stance but society as a whole. For Habermas, justice and solidarity differ with regard to the content of their obligation, yet they are similar in their universal scope, as solidarity is conceived of as extending toward all members of society. While both accounts capture an important aspect of moral and political obligation, their recourse to \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' is not without problems. There is no incontestable argument that would be sufficient to reject these two notions of universal solidarity. While there is no \textbackslash textasciigraveseparate essence' of solidarity that could be referred to in order to argue for the conceptual necessity of solidarity's partiality, some features may reasonably be stipulated as being essential to solidarity with a view to its systematic function within moral philosophy. Thus, I aim to uncover some systematic disadvantages of assigning \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' in the description of a universal relation within moral philosophy. The universal notion of solidarity misses - or deliberately excludes - something that is at the core of a competing account of solidarity. What is this feature of solidarity that is lost in its universalization? As indicated before, influential references to solidarity identify unity, cohesion, or community as essential elements of solidarity. The idea that is at the core of this understanding of solidarity can be illustrated with reference to a terminological precursor of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity'. A legal construction of Roman civil law, the obligatio in solidum, describes a joint liability, or a liability for the whole, that is incurred when individual debtors assume responsibility for a collective loan. Accordingly, one can argue that obligations of solidarity require a solidum, i.e. some form of an entirety or a whole that serves as a point of reference in the content of solidary obligations. Wiggins understands the solidum to refer to the firmness of solidarity by making the relation of solidarity \textbackslash textasciigravethe root of the ethical', or the hard core of morality. For Habermas, the solidum may be society as a whole comprising moral subjects viewed as consociates. These references to a solidum, however, have to be distinguished from those that base solidarity in communal relations entailing significant forms of relatedness that go beyond the obligations of moral subjects qua moral subjects. Solidarity qua partisan relation refers to a morally significant solidum in terms of a wholeness or unity of distinct communities. The question with regard to universal solidarity is what the reference to a solidum contributes normatively beyond the consideration of others as mere moral subjects. In the case of partial solidarity, significant commonalities determine the range and the dimension of specific obligations of solidarity. If a solidary community is of moral significance, then it must entail a relevant distinction between subjects as members of the community and others as - mere - moral subjects, just like friends, comrades, or family members have to make this distinction in order to satisfy the normative implications entailed in friendship, camaraderie, or family. The moral significance that is missing in accounts of universal solidarity concerns the role of expressions like \textbackslash textasciigravemy' or \textbackslash textasciigraveour' as irreducible constituents of moral reasons that are indicative of communal obligation. In this manner, the reference to others as \textbackslash textasciigravemy friend', \textbackslash textasciigravemy sister', or \textbackslash textasciigravemy ally' expresses a structural characteristic of morally significant relations within a community. Thus, the obligation toward one's own community is not merely an obligation toward some community based on a neutral moral property but on a reason that necessarily entails a reference to the bearer of the obligation. This demonstrates that the universal relation that Wiggins and Habermas have in mind cannot be regarded as one specific form of - a human or a moral - solidarity that may coexist with narrower forms of national, ethnic, cultural, or political solidarities. The problem is that human solidarity lacks the significant reference to a solidum. While there is a difference between characterizing someone as a friend or a comrade and referring to her as one's own friend or as my comrade, it is plainly difficult to comprehend what would distinguish someone as \textbackslash textasciigravemy fellow human' from someone as merely \textbackslash textasciigravea human'. The solidarity within civil rights movements or political unions requires a reference to others in relation to the subject of solidarity exposing their significant commonality as feminists, homosexuals, workers, anarchists, etc. Thus understood, relations of solidarity, and the entitlements and obligations associated with them, only extend to those who are related via significant commonalities, and the content of solidary obligations is explained and limited by these commonalities as well. This structural difference between agent-relative and neutral moral reasons suggests that the notions of universal and partisan solidarity are incompatible; but this does not imply that the universal notion has to give way to the partisan notion of solidarity. My argument rests on the assumption that, while the notion of partisan solidarity captures a specific moral phenomenon for which there is no comparable alternative, the partisan conception does not take anything away from those accounts that refer to universal solidarity, because other established moral notions like humanity, charity, or beneficence suffice to capture what appears to be invoked in references to universal solidarity. While it is impossible to pre-decide this issue for all potential conceptions of universal solidarity, the relation that Wiggins has in mind may be re-described as humanity, compassion, or fellow-feeling, or maybe as a basic form of moral recognition. At any rate, other terms than \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity', which is commonly associated with a much more specific meaning, may be conceived as fitting to describe such a fundamental form of moral relatedness. Similarly, one may concede that Habermas makes a valid material point to emphasize positive obligations between all members of society. Yet, there may be alternative notions, like care, mutual concern, or civility, that capture what Habermas has in mind. If using the term solidarity to describe universal moral relations leaves a specific form of moral obligation without a label, more needs to be said about the distinctiveness of the communality that is supposed to be entailed in this form of moral obligation. Solidarity is often regarded as an inherently inclusive ideal to counter the narrowness of commitments to blood, soil, and nation. This appears to be incompatible with the defense of an essentially partial, and thus exclusive, notion of solidarity. However, solidarity cannot only be distinguished from universally inclusive obligations, but also from immediate and exclusive forms of moral relatedness like patriotism, friendship, or loyalty. Thus conceived, solidarity comprises a very specific strain of a wider set of what may be considered associative obligations. These obligations, in turn, belong to a wider class of special obligations comprising contractual duties, reparative duties, and duties of gratitude. Solidarity's normative force depends on meaningful commonalities like a joint struggle, a common ideal of a good life, or a social utopia, in relation to which a solidary subject positions herself, while being aware that others do the same. Solidarity is special insofar as it contains a shared partisan involvement with a group that is not strategic, but that is nonetheless \textbackslash textasciigravemediated by thought and belief'. Due to its normative foundation in reflected commitments, solidarity tends to be more inclusive than immediate ties of kith and kin. Even though solidarity is - inevitably - more exclusive than humanity, it allows for inclusion of those who are willing to join with an identificatory commitment. If solidarity relations pertain to a specific form of communal obligation which holds some significance in moral life, and for the description of which moral philosophy possesses no viable alternative, then abandoning this notion noticeably impoverishes moral language. This pragmatic argument about philosophical terminology does not question the existence of universal obligations, but it suggests that the term solidarity is misplaced in the denotation of universal obligations or affiliations; or at least that the decision to understand solidarity as universal is accompanied by a systematic disadvantage to moral philosophy. In the remainder, I am interested in the possible normative role of this account of solidarity within bioethics and health justice. The previous argument does not, by itself, show that the term solidarity is misplaced in the formulation of moral demands for universal health care. In order to substantiate this thesis, more needs to be said about the vindication of health-related claims and obligations. My terminological suggestion presupposes that public health care is not - or at least not primarily - a matter of communal or partisan obligation, even though the prevalent vocabulary of health care entails some conceptual vicinity to notions like solidarity. The extent to which the moral demand to universal health care can be argued to be based on solidarity depends on the general nature of the normative foundation of the provision of public health care. According to the broad WHO definition, universal health care or coverage exists when \textbackslash textasciigraveall individuals and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship'. Beyond safeguarding access to health services, which can be realized through different types of government interventions from providing health services to structuring public and private insurance schemes, universal health coverage also extends to public health measures addressing disease prevention or health equality. In the first instance, universality is defined in relation to existing societies, requiring all members, citizens, or residents to be adequately protected against the contingency of disease and infirmity. Solidarity is often invoked in this context because it is considered to be closely connected to core mechanisms of health protection, such as the mutual assistance and the socialization of the costs of health protection and health services. Depending on the extent of commodification, i.e. on the absence of government intervention regarding premiums, redistribution, coverage, compulsory membership, etc., some health care regimes rely on conventional insurance models, while others operate through different forms of government intervention. The fundamental distinction to be made concerns different ideas of the socialization of health-related burdens and risks. Many forms of protection against disability, fire, theft, debt default, etc. are covered through insurance policies that are privately offered on markets. In these schemes, individuals pay risk-equivalent premiums to a common fund in order to pool resources that are distributed to individuals suffering the harm covered by the respective scheme of collective protection. The principle underlying these forms of insurance - an idea that increasingly governs systems of private health insurance as well - does not rest on a moral notion of solidarity at all, as the rationale for participation is fully reducible to a non-moral motivation of self-interest. In fact, one of the major criticisms of the privatization of health insurance is directed at the loss of solidarity involved in individualization and the crowding out of poor-risk patients. In contrast to the market model of health insurance, most forms of state-regulated or state-run health care are not organized in the form of a collection of risk-equivalent premiums but entail some redistributive measures, such as the provision or support of social health insurance or tax-based financing of health services. Public health systems deliberately ignore factors like age, gender, social status, or pre-existing health conditions that have an impact on the estimated costs of health services to be covered in the case of maternity, illness, or injury. This renunciation to select, isolate, and exclude poor risks may be considered an institutionalization of a genuinely moral form of solidarity. This moral notion of solidarity as a measure to socialize risk and burdens is ubiquitous in the development of the welfare state. Thus, references to solidarity in the context of health provision may be considered rudiments of the normative frameworks of initial efforts to establish social health care that were conceived to replace vanishing traditional forms of social protection. Toward the establishment of universal public health care, local protective institutions like the family, tribe, or village are gradually supplemented or replaced by initially delineated communities of a company's workforce, the members of a cooperative, a union, craft, or class. The history of the development of public health care is permeated with references to solidarity as an ideal of moral inclusion. Thus, the historic achievement of the modern welfare state could be seen in its incorporation of numerous local solidarities into a single all-encompassing system of solidarity as it may be found in programs of social health insurance and tax-based health systems. If original forms of social protection are describable as forms of solidarity, then the public provision in systems of universal health care may be argued to be an extension of the initially limited forms of group solidarity toward a universal solidarity within society as a whole. One could argue that the development of a separation of privately organized insurance schemes from a universal system of health care runs contrary to the modern process of expanding health insurance and solidarity instead of fragmenting or restricting it. Thus conceived, solidarity would be an adequate normative reference condemning trends toward atomization and self-reliance, and away from the collectivization of health risks. Despite the initial plausibility of this description, the previous distinctions suggest that the relations of solidarity within initially separate schemes of insurance and social protection undergo a substantial transformation by being universalized, thus possibly calling for a description in a different moral vocabulary. The normative innovation that is entailed in the shift from communal toward universal inclusion in health care provision is decisive to the present argument regarding moral terminology. It suggests that universal health care is better justified in a different vocabulary than that of solidarity. There is a fundamental argument that casts conceptual doubt on the idea of understanding solidarity as a foundation of universal health coverage. Even though many factual instances of health care provision may be described as based on solidarity, there is a decisive difference to the moral foundation of universal health care. In order to conform with the previous understanding, the reference to solidarity in arguments supporting universal health care would require a commonality that serves as the solidum substantiating health-related obligations of solidarity. However, the principle of universal inclusion appears to contradict the supposition of a solidum that would substantiate a distinction between members and non-members. One evident candidate for such a commonality would be the human vulnerability to disease, infirmity, or injury. In this line of argument, health claims could be considered to be based on a shared vulnerability that transcends individual claims of justice stemming from general attributes. However, the attempt to base health-related moral claims on a commonality of human vulnerability that unites all human individuals is not convincing. Rather than some form of a commonality, the universal presence of a morally relevant feature appears to do the normative work here. It is hard to comprehend how the universal vulnerability to disease and infirmity would serve as an identificatory point of reference to substantiate moral obligations toward others beyond their significance as moral subjects. In contrast to the universal fragility, the commonality of the specific situation of persons with AIDS or cancer can be conceived as such a point of reference, which is reflected in the membership of patient associations. Another problem of accounts of health-related universal solidarity is that they seem unable to show what this basal identification would add to our idea of moral obligation. If all humans share this vulnerability to disease and infirmity, then all that they could be said to owe to one another as vulnerable subjects is already encompassed in their obligations toward one another as human beings. The alternative to understanding moral demands on health care as stemming from some morally significant commonality is to devise them as universally dispersed entitlements of justice. In this understanding, claims to health do not go beyond the basic forms of moral obligation, and thus require no special obligation. They are neither supererogatory nor are they based in some special form of communality. This idea is reflected as a right to health, which - even though more has to be said about its peculiar object - is widely regarded as a fundamental human right. While the borders of nation-states inevitably set a frame for the political implementation of moral demands to health, the justification of these demands does not depend on the reference to this contingent frame. The reference to a \textbackslash textasciigravehuman right' to health suggests that moral claims to health are not morally based in membership, or citizenship, but in the status of moral persons. There are two conceptual advantages to conceiving of claims to health in terms of justice, rather than solidarity. First, based on the distinction between communal and universal forms of obligation, solidarity remains available as a powerful reference to a specific form of communal obligation that obliges members of specific groups like unions, civil rights movements, political associations, cultural collectives, etc. toward each other beyond neutral morality. Second, the moral significance of health-related claims is reflected in the fact that they are not inferred from a commonality complementing the fundamental demands of morality, but they are situated at the center of social morality. Condemning the absence of sufficient health services by bemoaning a lack of solidarity may not be misconceived entirely, but it does not address the gravity of the moral offense entailed in violating or neglecting demands of justice. The rights-based argument for universal health care can be approached in different ways. It can be interpreted as stemming from a right to a specific health status, as a right to a range of health care services, or as the right to the opportunity to participate in an adequate system of health protection. While these distinctions are of importance when it comes to evaluating health systems, the point in the context of the present analysis is that there is a vindication of moral claims to the provision of health care that is independent of considerations of solidarity, because these claims are independent of a normatively relevant solidum. In theories of justice, health is widely understood as a universally valued good that is worthy of protection, and whose importance generates strong obligations for society, obligations to corresponding rights. However, the reference to a right to health, if understood as a right to be healthy, arguably contains a mistake about the possible objects of moral entitlements. The crucial issue is that the adequate object corresponding to a right cannot be a status, but it must be an action, or a set of rules or an institution. While societies do have an impact on population health through measures of environmental awareness, workplace safety, education, etc., health is something that cannot be unconditionally owed to a person. The right to a certain health status at any rate poses an unreasonable, or even an unrealizable demand. This problem leads to the assumption that there is no right to health, but only to health-related resources and services like vaccines and vaccinations, X-rays, counseling, appendectomies, etc. Accordingly, legal interpretations of the right to health acknowledge that it \textbackslash textasciigravemust be understood as a right to the enjoyment of a variety of facilities, goods, services, and conditions necessary for the realization of the highest attainable standard of health'. This further criterion regarding the range of health services by reference to their adequacy to achieve the \textbackslash textasciigravehighest attainable standard' of health is particularly instructive, because it shows that the mere reference to a right to health care is incomplete. The modified reference to a health status that is not absolute but relative to specific personal and social conditions serves the purpose of delineating a reasonable, but possibly comprehensive, standard of what can be reasonably required in the promotion of health. The reason not to understand the right to health by reference to a fixed catalogue of health services is that the legitimate requirements on health systems depend on the available resources. The right to health as a right to the highest attainable standard of health can thus be understood as a right to the opportunity to achieve a standard of health that is realizable under the prevailing social circumstances. The point that is crucial to the present inquiry is that these justifications of the provision of public health care may - or even should - forgo references to a form of solidarity that is based on significant commonalities. Basic health care can be argued to be a demand of justice, and should not be translated to a demand of solidarity, as this shift of terminology has moral implications. There is a justified demand for universal health care that does not appeal to our specific commonality as beings that are vulnerable to disease and injury or to our membership in specific communities, but that is simply based on the fundamental intrinsic and instrumental importance of health. As the main topic of the present inquiry is moral terminology, my primary aim is not to substantiate the material commitments regarding health-related moral claims that have been incurred along the way but to specify the role of solidarity in the justification of public health care. An admittedly surprising result is that the foundation of moral claims to health via health rights may be subsumed under the Habermasian conception of solidarity. However, my disagreement with Habermas does not concern his substantiation of universal claims to positive measures of assistance but the choice of terminology relative to the functions of moral theory. Thus, my concern regarding the universalization of the term solidarity, and its subsequent suitability to communal obligations, remains. The problem of the universal notion of solidarity in this context consists of the dilemma of either providing an insufficient substantiation of fundamental health-related moral claims or of diluting a notion of communal relatedness that is relevant in other situations. Two more points should be made in order to better grasp the potential role of references to a moral notion of solidarity. The previous characterization of solidarity indicates that philosophical conceptions of solidarity remain relative in at least three regards. First, the field of obligations associated with solidarity depends on normative background assumptions incurred in philosophical accounts of morality. Relations of partial solidarity do not necessarily replace or outweigh universal forms of moral obligation. They constitute merely one dimension in a complex fabric of interpersonal moral relations. If solidarity is conceived of as a type of a special duty, i.e. as a form of obligation that exceeds the demands of neutral morality, then the potential range of obligations of solidarity depends upon what is included in the sphere of general moral obligation, and what is not. This points to a second relativity of solidarity as a moral notion. As indicated before, the moral force of obligations of solidarity depends on the moral legitimacy of the commonalities generating solidarity relations. On the one hand, moral obligations stemming from solidarity can be overridden by demands of justice, but, on the other hand, they also have to meet an internal criterion of moral adequacy. The partisan conception of solidarity does not imply that any form of commonality can be invoked to establish a special obligation toward the members of a group. From a sociological perspective, the cohesion within the mafia or among White supremacists may be described as solidarity, but in virtue of the repulsiveness of their ideological foundation, these relations do not have to be accounted for as morally binding because the immoral content of a common conviction can operate as a defeating reason to the moral validity of its role as an identificatory commonality. In this sense, solidarity is normatively dependent without being reducible to neutral morality. Finally, the importance of relations of solidarity is dependent on the social environment in which they arise. This may, in part, explain the current social reversion to the vocabulary of solidarity. Within just societies, solidarity provides a reference point in the self-location of individuals within identificatory communities. This function is important to the generation and embedding of individual personalities. However, under non-ideal circumstances, solidarity may assume a core function in the enforcement of basic moral claims, and in the compensation of the shortfalls of social institutions. Two reasons appear to be pressing for conceptual clarity when making reference to solidarity. First, there is a danger of underrating the moral weight of claims to health care. In the understanding defended above, solidarity is imprinted with the idea that its obligations are special insofar as they go beyond what persons owe one another as moral subjects. Overstretching this notion opens the possibility of understanding the inadequate provision of health care as something that is regrettable, but that is outside the domain of justice. Solidarity marks those obligations that stem from their relatedness as members of morally significant communities. The obligation to provide a social system of protection against the harms caused by disease and injury extends to persons irrespective of their class, heritage, or belonging. Meeting this basic demand does not mark the solidarity of a society, but its decency. It is not something that must be justified by reference to an additional condition like a morally significant commonality. Second, relations of solidarity provide extremely important normative and motivational resources of social engagement. The preceding argument does not imply that solidarity is dispensable when it comes to analyzing and posing moral demands and corresponding obligations that are related to health. Beyond this, solidarity as a social relation and the obligations that it generates can be argued to be particularly relevant in times of crisis. Solidarity is less likely to be invoked in societies that manage to avoid the emergence of grave inequalities, discrimination, or injustice, than in societies that are unwilling or unable to provide adequate frameworks for just cooperation. The normative and motivational force of the ties invoked by solidarity is particularly relevant when basic moral demands are not met, and all non-ideal societies are in need of these kinds of solidarities. When Greece was hit by economic crisis and austerity, food solidarity centers, social kitchens, and solidarity clinics emerged throughout the country to countervail the gaps left after the retreat of government from the provision of welfare. In this manner, local solidarities may prove crucial in mitigation the effects of social regression. Similarly, the civil society in the United States may be forced revert to these mechanisms of social protection when those with no or low income and those vulnerable to disease and infirmity - i.e. the poor and the poor-risks - are effectively deprived of access to health care through market expansion and government retreat. The call for the emergence of solidarity in these contexts, however, should be strictly distinguished from the indignation about the absence of justice. It is in these contexts that a precise notion of solidarity is required so that it can unfold its full normative potential and the motivational force of union's inspiration. The main concern of the previous argument is that a notion of universal solidarity is employed at the cost of the ability to give expression to a different moral idea of a wide but nonetheless thick communality. Ralph Chaplin considered solidarity to be able to summon a power greater than hoarded gold and greater than the might of armies, and it seems like the power of establishing this form of communality is one of the reasons for the ubiquity of references to solidarity. The actual relations of solidarity may not vanish due to a lack of vocabulary to refer to them, but their potential to generate moral action may decrease as a result of our inability to discern them. The author declares no conflict of interest. See e.g. Stjerno, S. (2005). Solidarity in Europe. The history of an idea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. A topography of the term is offered in Bayertz, K. (1999). Four uses of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 3-28). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.See e.g. ter Meulen, R., Arts, W., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Muffels, R. (Eds.). (2001). Solidarity in health and social care in Europe. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. The famous first lines run as follows: \textbackslash textasciigraveWhen the union's inspiration through the workers' blood shall run, there can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun. Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, for the union makes us strong'. Chaplin, of course, does not just refer to a principle of unity or union, but to the union as a form of political organization. However, union - qua relation of unity - is a defining principle of the type of organizations - like trade unions or cooperatives - that Chaplin praises.A similar argument can be found in Butler, S. (2012). A dialectic of cooperation and competition: Solidarity and universal health care provision. Bioethics, 26, 351-360. Butler understands solidarity as one of the four tiers of social competition and cooperation. His conclusion is that \textbackslash textasciigravewhatever justifications might exist for universal health care provision, none of them are properly referred to as being based in solidarity' (ibid: p. 351). Another defense of a partisan conception of solidarity is advanced in Heyd, D. (2015). Solidarity:A local, partial and reflective emotion. Diametros, 43, 55-64.For the distinction between prescriptive and descriptive notions of solidarity in bioethics, see Prainsack, B., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buyx, A. (2012). Solidarity in contemporary bioethics - Towards a new approach. Bioethics, 26, 343-350. See also Kolers, A. (2016). A moral theory of solidarity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 28.This implies that solidarity's role in moral philosophy amounts to more than that of a \textbackslash textasciigraveshaping sensibility'. See Jennings, B., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Dawson, A. (2015). Solidarity in the moral imagination of bioethics. Hastings Center Report, 45, 31-38.On this dilemma, see Prainsack \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buyx, op. cit. note 5, p. 344.This does not only mean that solidarity must be distinguishable from other norms, but it also excludes accounts of solidarity that consider it a mere instrument in the pursuit of superordinate objects like justice or non-discrimination. While some forms of solidarity may be embedded in struggles for justice, this does not warrant the strong claim that \textbackslash textasciigravejustice implicates solidarity', as suggested in Jennings \textbackslash textbackslash\& Dawson, op. cit. note 6, p. 38. If solidarity was merely instrumental to justice, there would be nothing wrong with breaches of solidarity, as long as they promote - or are intended to promote - overall justice.For a discussion of Wiggins, see Nagel, T. (2010). Wiggins on human solidarity. In T. Nagel (Ed.), Secular philosophy and the religious temperament: Essays 2002-2008 (pp. 147-152). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also Derpmann, S. (2014). Solidarity, moral recognition, and communality. In A. Laitinen \textbackslash textbackslash\& A. Pessi (Eds.), Solidarity: Theory and practice (pp. 105-125). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Wiggins, D. (2009). Solidarity and the root of the ethical. Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 71, 239-269.Habermas, J. (1990). Justice and solidarity: On the discussion concerning stage 6. In T. E. Wren (Ed.), The moral domain (pp. 224-251). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 244. A critical reflection of the universality entailed in Habermas' account can be found in Wildt, A. (1999). Solidarity: Its history and contemporary definition. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 209-220). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, p. 216.Regarding the extension of solidarity in Habermas' conception, see Rehg, W. (1994). Insight and solidarity. A study in the discourse ethics of Jurgen Habermas. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 107-111. Rehg does not reject this account, but he criticizes that Habermas does not sufficiently distinguish moral solidarity from more concrete lifeworld solidarities. Beyond this, I argue that the admission of a notion of moral, i.e. universal solidarity undermines the crucial structure of \textbackslash textasciigravelifeworld solidarities' as essentially partial.Wildt, op. cit. note 11, p. 218.Both Axel Honneth and Rainer Forst observe that the point of solidarity is lost in Habermas's conception due to the absence of an element of \textbackslash textasciigraveparticularism'. See Honneth, A. (2007). Disrespect. The normative foundations of critical theory (pp. 99-128). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press and Forst, R. (2002). Contexts of justice. Political philosophy beyond liberalism and communitarianism (p. 304, note 21). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Richard Rorty places this morally significant \textbackslash textasciigravewe' at the heart of his conception of solidarity: \textbackslash textasciigraveThe force of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveus\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is typically contrastive in the sense that it contrasts with a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethey\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, which is also made up of human beings'. See Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. A distinction of different meanings of this \textbackslash textasciigravewe' can be found in Dean, J. (1995). Reflective solidarity. Constellations, 2, 114-140, 124 ff.This is why Heyd rejects ter Meulen's notion of a \textbackslash textasciigravehumanitarian solidarity' based \textbackslash textasciigraveon identification with the values of humanity and responsibility for the other'. See Heyd, op. cit. note 4, p. 57.For the limits to universal solidarity and the relation between local, national, and cosmopolitan solidarities, see Derpmann, S. (2009). Solidarity and cosmopolitanism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12, 303-315.Ronald Dworkin defines these obligations as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] the special responsibilities social practice attaches to membership in some biological or social group, like the responsibilities of family or friends or neighbors'. See Dworkin, R. (1986). Law's empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 196. A similar terminology is given by Scheffler, S. (2001). Boundaries and allegiances: Problems of justice and responsibility in liberal thought. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 48-49.See Heyd, op. cit. note 4, p. 59. In a similar manner, Jodi Dean defends a \textbackslash textasciigravereflective' understanding of solidarity. See Dean, op. cit. note 15. Avery Kolers highlights this aspect as well, as he understands solidarity - as distinguished from loyalty - to be primarily based on a reason, not on a prior connection to a group. See Kolers, op. cit. note 5, p. 44 ff.Problematic examples may be those where the common commitment itself is exclusionary. While anyone may join the cause of suffragettes and suffragists, tax resisters, guerrilla gardeners, or dadaists, specific groups are excluded in the very content of the ideologies that unite White supremacists, sexists, etc.WHO. (2016). Fact sheet: Universal health coverage (UHC). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs395/en/. Accessed on March 6, 2018.See e.g. Borner, S. (2013). Belonging, solidarity and expansion in social policy. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 35 ff. and Weale, A. (1990). Equality, social solidarity, and the welfare state. Ethics, 100, 473-488. In many cases, this form of insurance solidarity, however, is far from being universal. If individuals are granted the opportunity to opt out of insurance schemes that host high-cost risks, thereby reducing their own fees as well as the socially available funds for redistribution, there is no solidarity in a comprehensive sense but rather solidarity within coexisting social groups.For a systematic account of solidarity with regard to its relation to health care, see Jaeggi, R. (2011). Solidarity and indifference. In R. ter Meulen, W. Arts, \textbackslash textbackslash\& R. Muffels (Eds.), Solidarity in health and social care in Europe (pp. 287-308). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.There is a general problem concerning the term \textbackslash textasciigraveuniversal' in this context, as the universalism of moral theory is contradicted by the localism of its implementation in national health systems. Even though quite a number of moral demands are spelled out in universal terms, the moral claim to health is primarily implemented through the rights of citizens or residents of nation states. Thus, one could object that all existing health systems are partial toward the members of specific societies, and that they may be regarded to be morally based in national solidarity. The recognition of a universal demand to health is not exhausted in the protection and promotion of health of citizens of a particular state but would require the consideration of any moral subject. I will widely bypass this fundamental complexity that affects all theories of political justice and focus on universal health-related moral claims within given societies. The following section reconstructs the normative foundation of health systems by reference to a universal right to health as it is formulated in UN conventions, while its implementation is de facto translated to the fragmented responsibilities of nation states.This argument is also made by Heyd, op. cit. note 4, pp. 62-63.For institutional formulations - and interpretations of this right, see Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2000). Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. General comment No. 14. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThe right to the highest attainable standard of health.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d0.html. Accessed on March 6, 2018.On this argument, see Hessler, K., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buchanan, A. (2002). Specifying the content of the human right to health care. In R. Rhodes, M. Battin, \textbackslash textbackslash\& A. Silvers (Eds.), Medicine and social justice: Essays on the distribution of health (pp. 84-101). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.See CESCR, op. cit. note 27, art. 12, sec 9.Daniels recognizes the need for this extension of his initial account. See Daniels, N. (2008). Just health. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2-3. On this topic, see also Wolff, J. (2012). The human right to health. New York, NY: W. W. Norton \textbackslash textbackslash\& Company, pp. 13-34. INTRODUCTION: FORGING \textbackslash textasciigraveSOLIDARITY' SOLIDARITY AS A MORAL IDEA Solidarity as a relation sui generis Solidarity as a form of communal obligation THE MORALS OF HEALTH CARE Solidarity and universal health care Health and human rights SOLIDARITY AND HEALTH POLICY The relationality of solidarity The importance of telling solidarity and justice apart CONFLICT OF INTEREST Footnotes Solidarity is commonly invoked in the justification of public health care. This is understandable, as calls for and appeals to solidarity are effective in the mobilization of unison action and the willingness to incur sacrifices for others. However, the reference to solidarity as a moral notion requires caution, as there is no agreement on the meaning of solidarity. The article argues that the reference to solidarity as a normative notion is relevant to health-related moral claims, but that it does not provide a convincing foundation of claims to universal health care. References to universal solidarity obliterate an important distinction between those moral demands that are founded on principles like justice, recognition, or humanity, and those demands that stem from partisan relations in communities. While there is no \textbackslash textasciigraveseparate essence' of solidarity that could be referred to in order to argue for the conceptual necessity of solidarity's partiality, some features may reasonably be stipulated as being essential to solidarity with a view to its systematic function within moral philosophy. The normative and motivational force of the ties invoked by solidarity is particularly relevant when basic moral demands are not met, and societies are in need of significant forms of communal relatedness.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health care,justice,partiality,solidarity,universality,welfare state}
}

@article{Desjardins2011,
  title = {Dissecting the {{Workforce}} and {{Workplace}} for {{Clinical Endocrinology}}, and the {{Work}} of {{Endocrinologists Early}} in {{Their Careers}}},
  author = {Desjardins, Claude and Bach, Mark A. and Cappola, Anne R. and Seely, Ellen W. and Ehrenberg, Ronald G.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& METABOLISM},
  volume = {96},
  number = {4},
  pages = {923--933},
  issn = {0021-972X},
  doi = {10.1210/jc.2010-1568},
  abstract = {Context: The United States lacks timely reliable mechanisms for assessing the professional work of subspecialty physicians. Objective: The aim was to use early-career members of The Endocrine Society as a model to estimate subspecialty physician involvement in patient care, teaching, research, and administration among clinical, academic, federal, and pharmaceutical/biotech workplaces and to assess the workforce for research within individual workplaces. Methods: Physicians joining The Endocrine Society from 1991-2005 and residing in North America were invited to complete a Web-based survey. This report relies on 817 early-career endocrinologists or 29.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible respondents. Results: Respondents from all types of workplaces engaged in patient care, teaching, research, and administration. The time committed to the four tasks, however, differed significantly among workplaces. Research (basic, translational, disease, patient, population, and prevention) was accomplished within all workplaces, but the scope and scale of investigative work was employer dependent. Recipients of National Institutes of Health K08/23 awards succeeded in receiving federal research project grants (P {$<$} 0.001). Respondents associated research with lowered incomes, a perception validated by an estimated drop in annual earnings of 2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% per half-day spent on research (P {$<$} 0.001). Women in academic settings earned less than men (P {$<$} 0.01) and were less likely to occupy tenure-eligible positions (P {$<$} 0.01). Conclusions: Web-based surveys offer a simple tool for estimating the work of subspecialty physicians and provide a framework for improving biomedical investigation. Several interventions should be considered for endocrinology: recruit physicians from underrepresented demographic groups, increase K08/23 awards, incentivize investigative careers, and improve the national infrastructure for biomedical research. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 923-933, 2011)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Detang-Dessendre2016,
  title = {Local Labor Market Flexibility in a Perceived Low Migration Country: {{The}} Case of {{French}} Labor Markets},
  author = {{Detang-Dessendre}, Cecile and Partridge, Mark D. and Piguet, Virginie},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {89--103},
  issn = {0166-0462},
  doi = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.03.003},
  abstract = {Local labor markets are most flexible and aggregate natural unemployment is reduced when there is sufficient interregional economic migration to ensure that workers are reallocated from declining to expanding regions. Local European labor markets have generally been viewed as not as flexible as those in North America, leading to greater fluctuations in local wages, labor force participation and unemployment rates, and smaller changes in local employment as economic shocks are primarily experienced by the local area's original residents. France is an interesting case. French gross migration rates-though perhaps relatively low-are higher today than a generation ago. Using a host of novel identification approaches and French employment zone data dating back to the early 1980s, we investigate whether these changes correspond to economic migration that would increase labor market flexibility. Our results detect surprising amounts of economic migration in that most new jobs are eventually taken by new migrants or outside commuters. We then reconcile these somewhat surprising findings with the still relatively low contemporary French interregional gross migration rates, concluding that other structural impediments besides relative local labor market inflexibility are behind relatively poor labor market performance. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Internal migration,Labor market flexibility,Local labor market,Rural urban disparities}
}

@article{Detgen2021,
  title = {Efficacy of a {{College}} and {{Career Readiness Program}}: {{Bridge}} to {{Employment}}},
  author = {Detgen, Amy and Fernandez, Felix and McMahon, Amanda and Johnson, Lisa and Dailey, Caitlin Rose},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY},
  volume = {69},
  number = {3},
  pages = {231--247},
  issn = {0889-4019},
  doi = {10.1002/cdq.12270},
  abstract = {An important measure of success for a college and career readiness program is the extent to which its participants achieve their higher education and career goals. We examined one such program, Bridge to Employment (BTE), to determine its influence on participants' educational and career-related decisions and outcomes after they graduated from high school. The BTE program works with 14-to-18-year-old students in disadvantaged communities across the globe to increase their awareness and understanding of health careers and higher education opportunities. We interviewed 23 former BTE participants, representing different countries and BTE participation time frames, to provide critical qualitative insights about their experiences, years after the program. Key recommendations for college and career readiness programs include exposing participants to a wide variety of careers, strengthening soft skills, clarifying practical steps to prepare for college and careers, and providing support for interpersonal relationships.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {college and career readiness,global career development,postsecondary education,soft skills,work-based learning}
}

@article{DeThierry2014,
  title = {Defined Benefit Pension Decline: The Consequences for Organizations and Employees},
  author = {{de Thierry}, Ebony and Lam, Helen and Harcourt, Mark and Flynn, Matt and Wood, Geoff},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {EMPLOYEE RELATIONS},
  volume = {36},
  number = {6},
  pages = {654--673},
  issn = {0142-5455},
  doi = {10.1108/ER-02-2013-0020},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to use the theoretical and empirical pension literatures to question whether employers are likely to gain any competitive advantage from degrading or eliminating their employees' defined benefit (DB) pensions. Design/methodology/approach - Critical literature review, bringing together and synthesizing the industrial relations, economics, social policy, and applied pensions literature. Findings - DB pension plans do deliver a number of potential performance benefits, most notably a decrease in turnover and establishment of longer-term employment relationships. However, benefits are more pronounced in some conditions than others, which are identified. Research limitations/implications - Most of the analysis of pension effects to date focuses primarily on DB plans. Yet, these are declining in significance. In the years ahead, more attention needs to be paid to the potential consequences of defined contribution plans and other types of pension. Practical implications - In re-evaluating DB pensions, firms have tended to focus on savings made through cost cutting. Yet, this approach tends to view a firm's people as an expense rather a potential asset. Attempts to abandon, modify, or otherwise reduce such schemes has the potential to save money in the short term, but the negative long-term consequences may be considerable, even if they are not yet obvious. Originality/value - This paper is topical in that it consolidates existing research evidence from a number of different bodies of literature to make a case for the retention of DB pension plans, when, in many contexts, they are being scaled back or discarded. It raises a number of important issues for reflection by practitioners, and highlights key agendas for future scholarly research.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Deuchert2013,
  title = {Would {{You Train Me}} with {{My Mental Illness}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Discrete Choice Experiment}}},
  author = {Deuchert, Eva and Kauer, Lukas and Zannol, Flurina Meisen},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {67--80},
  issn = {1091-4358},
  abstract = {Background: Mental illness is the prime reason for the inflow into disability insurance in many countries. The integration of persons with a disability into the regular labor market is costly and in the case of mentally ill persons, particularly difficult. Supported Education and Employment - a rehabilitation method that directly places patients in a realistic work environment - has been shown to be effective in increasing competitive employment. However, it has not yet been widely implemented. Aims of the Study: We evaluate ex-ante the willingness to participate in Supported Education and Employment and the barriers to do so from the employer's perspective. Methods: We conducted a discrete choice experiment implemented in an online survey. The survey was carried out among all Swiss companies which provide standard dual-track vocational education and training for commercial occupations in Eastern Switzerland. We presented respondents (employees who are responsible for vocational training and/or for the selection of applicants) with a sample of five hypothetical profiles. These profiles vary along different medical diagnoses, different illness related (dys-)functions, and other characteristics that may be associated with a company's willingness to accept the candidate (such as school performance, motivation, and illness related absences). Respondents were asked whether or not they would train this person. Results: 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the profiles are accepted. However, our results demonstrate that the hypothetical bias - which is the difference between individual saying what they would do in a hypothetical setting and what they will do when they have the opportunity - is severe. Correcting for this bias using follow-up scales (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceAre you sure?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) reduces the overall acceptance in our sample to 9\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Keeping in mind the response rate to our survey of 35\textbackslash textbackslash\%, overall acceptance may be as low as 3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Non-cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. non-adherence to regulations, difficulties with contacts with others) that are related to mental disorders, are the main deterrents. Patients with psychotic disorders are particularly disadvantaged. Implications for Health Policy: Although there are no direct costs to the employer, a wide introduction of Supported Vocational Education and Training is likely to fail at the current stage with the unwillingness of companies to train people with special needs. There may be additional incentives needed, for example in form of subsidies or legal requirements. Even though our experiment has been tailored to the Swiss system, our results may also be relevant in other countries with similar dual-track education systems.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Devan2018,
  title = {What {{Works}} and {{Does Not Work}} in a {{Self-Management Intervention}} for {{People With Chronic Pain}}? {{Qualitative Systematic Review}} and {{Meta-Synthesis}}},
  author = {Devan, Hemakumar and Hale, Leigh and Hempel, Dagmar and Saipe, Barbara and Perry, Meredith A.},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {PHYSICAL THERAPY},
  volume = {98},
  number = {5},
  pages = {381--397},
  issn = {0031-9023},
  doi = {10.1093/ptj/pzy029},
  abstract = {Background. Self-management interventions fostering self-efficacy improve the well-being of people with chronic pain. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to synthesize the enablers (what works) and barriers (what does not) of incorporating self-management strategies for people in everyday life after completion of a pain self-management intervention. Data Sources. Major electronic databases (MEDLINE, AMED, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to July 2016. Study Selection. Study selection included qualitative and mixed-method studies that explored the perceptions of individuals with chronic pain after completion of a self-management intervention. Data Extraction. A thematic analysis approach was used to synthesize the review findings, and a Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (CER-Qual) Approach was used to assess the level of confidence. Data Synthesis. Thirty-three studies with 512 participants were included. Enablers to self-management included self-discovery-the ability to distinguish self (ie, body, thoughts, and feelings) from pain; feeling empowered by incorporating self-management strategies into practice; and supportive ambience via collaborative relationships with clinicians and support from family and friends. Barriers to self-management included difficulty with sustaining motivation for pain self-management; distress experienced from ongoing pain, anxiety, and depression; and unsupportive relationships with clinicians, family, and friends. Limitations. This review only included interventions that involved at least 4 self-management skills; thus, informative studies may have been missed. The follow-up period varied from immediately after the intervention to 72 months following the intervention; therefore, it is uncertain which of the key enablers and barriers were most influential long term. Only articles published in the English language were included; studies conducted in low-and middle-income countries could not be located. Conclusions. The sustained effort to self-manage chronic pain could be exhausting, and motivation could wane over time following intervention. Providing intermittent support in the form of booster sessions and peer support groups may be important. Person-centered care via shared decision making and guided problem solving is essential to facilitating ongoing self-management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{DeWet2022,
  title = {From Darkness to Light: {{Barriers}} and Facilitators to Mental Health Recovery in the {{South African}} Context},
  author = {{de Wet}, Anneliese and Pretorius, Chrisma},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {82--89},
  issn = {0020-7640},
  doi = {10.1177/0020764020981126},
  abstract = {Background: South Africa is a low and middle income country facing many challenges in public mental health care and implementation of recovery. Aims: To contribute to what barriers and facilitators to recovery might be for service users in South Africa, from the perspective of service users, carers and service providers from three psychiatric hospitals in the Western Cape province. Method: Interviews and focus groups were conducted with service users, carers and service providers. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and analysed using atlas.ti software and reflexive thematic analysis, from the bottom up. Results: The barriers, environment, family, public mental health services, stigma and service users' attitude or behaviour generated, were found to be the most salient. The facilitators to recovery generated were support, family or friends, service providers, structure and empowerment. The need for support was identified as an underlying component to all these themes. Conclusion: Barriers and facilitators to recovery seemed to have both intrapersonal and external sources that intersect at times. Recovery needs to be supported at an individual level, especially through an under-utilised resource such as peer support work, but in conjunction with the development of recovery-enabling environments in services and communities in South Africa.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,facilitators,mental health recovery,peer support work,qualitative,South Africa}
}

@article{DeWolff2019,
  title = {Prevalence and Predictors of Maternal Smoking Prior to and during Pregnancy in a Regional {{Danish}} Population: A Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {{de Wolff}, Mie Gaarskjaer and Backhausen, Mette Gronbaek and Iversen, Mette Langeland and Bendix, Jane Marie and Rom, Ane Lilleore and Hegaard, Hanne Kristine},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {1742-4755},
  doi = {10.1186/s12978-019-0740-7},
  abstract = {BackgroundMaternal smoking is still a major public health problem posing the risk of several negative health outcomes for both the pregnant woman and her offspring. The prevalence of maternal smoking in Denmark and other high-income countries has decreased continuously since the 1980s, and a prevalence below 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women who continue to smoke during pregnancy has been reported in studies after 2010. Previous studies have shown that low socioeconomic status is associated with maternal smoking. Information from the Danish Birth Register about maternal smoking shows that the prevalence of women who report to smoke in pregnancy has decreased continuously with 23.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% who reported ever smoking in pregnancy in 2000, 12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2010 and 9.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2017. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of maternal smoking at the time of conception and at 20weeks of gestation in a regional Danish population, to describe differences in maternal characteristics among smokers, quitters and never-smokers, and to estimate predictors of smoking at the time of conception.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Department of Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark from August 2015 to March 2016 (n=566). The main outcome was smoking at the time of conception and at 20weeks of gestation. The questionnaire also collected information about maternal, health-related and sociodemographic characteristics. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the potential associated predictors (adjusted odds ratio).ResultsThe prevalence of self-reported smoking at the time of conception was 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n=90) and 6\textbackslash textbackslash\% smoked at 20weeks of gestation (n=35), as 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% of smokers quit smoking during early pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that significant predictors for smoking at conception were the socioeconomic factors; 12years of education, shift work and being unemployed.ConclusionThe prevalence of self-reported maternal smoking in this regional Danish population of pregnant women is lower than seen in previous studies. However, predictors for smoking at the time of conception remain to be factors of low socioeconomic status confirming a social inequality in maternal smoking. Women at risk of smoking during pregnancy must be identified in early pregnancy or even before pregnancy and be offered interventions to help them quit smoking.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antenatal care,Health inequality,Maternal smoking,Pregnancy,Socioeconomic status}
}

@techreport{DFI2023,
  title = {A Call to Action to Save {{SDG10}}},
  author = {{DFI}},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {{Development Finance International}}
}

@article{Dick2003,
  title = {The Evolution of the {{State Children}}'s {{Health Insurance Program}} ({{SCHIP}}) in {{New York}}: {{Changing}} Program Features and Enrollee Characteristics},
  author = {Dick, {\relax AW} and Klein, {\relax JD} and Shone, {\relax LP} and Zwanziger, J and Yu, H and Szilagyi, {\relax PG}},
  year = {2003},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {112},
  number = {6, S},
  pages = {E542-E550},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) has been operating for {$>$} 5 years. Policy makers are interested in the characteristics of children who have enrolled and changes in the health care needs of enrolled children as programs mature. New York State's SCHIP evolved from a similar statewide health insurance program that was developed in 1991 ( Child Health Plus \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace CHPlus]). Understanding how current SCHIP enrollees differ from early CHPlus enrollees together with how program features changed during the period may shed light on how best to serve the evolving SCHIP population. Objective. To 1) describe changes in the characteristics of children enrolled in 1994 CHPlus and 2001 SCHIP; 2) determine if changes in the near- poor, age- eligible population during the time period could account for the evolution of enrollment; and 3) describe changes in the program during the period that could be responsible for the enrollment changes. Setting. New York State, stratified into 4 regions: New York City, New York City environs, upstate urban counties, and upstate rural counties. Design. Retrospective telephone interviews of parents of 2 cohorts of CHPlus enrollees: 1) children who enrolled in CHPlus in 1993 to 1994 and 2) children who enrolled in New York's SCHIP in 2000 to 2001. The Current Population Survey ( CPS) 1992 to 1994 and 1999 to 2001 were used to identify secular trends that could explain differences in the CHPlus and SCHIP enrollees. Program Characteristics. 1994 CHPlus and 2001 SCHIP were similar in design, both limiting eligibility by age, family income, and insurance status. SCHIP 2001 included 1) expansion of eligibility to adolescents 13 to 19 years old; 2) expansion of benefits to include hospitalizations, mental health, and dental benefits; 3) changes in premium contributions; 4) more participating insurance plans, limited to managed care; 5) expansions in marketing and outreach; and 6) a combined enrollment application for SCHIP and several low- income programs including Medicaid. Sample. Cohort 1 included 2126 new CHPlus enrollees 0 to 13 years old who were enrolled for at least 9 months, stratified by geographic region. Cohort 2 included 1100 new SCHIP enrollees 0 to 13 years old who were enrolled for at least 9 months, stratified by geographic region, age, race, and ethnicity. Results were weighted to be representative of statewide CHPlus or SCHIP new enrollees who met the sampling criteria. Samples of age- and income- eligible children from New York State were drawn from the CPS and pooled and reweighted ( 1992 - 1994 and 1999 - 2001) to generate a comparison group of children targeted by CHPlus and SCHIP. Measures. Sociodemographic characteristics, race and ethnicity ( white non- Hispanic, black non- Hispanic, and Hispanic), prior health insurance, health care access, and first source of information about the program. Analyses. Weighted bivariate analyses ( comparisons of means and rates) adjusted for the complex sampling design to compare measures between the 2 program cohorts and between the 2 CPS samples. We tested for equivalence by using chi(2) statistics. Results. As the program evolved from CHPlus to SCHIP, relatively more black and Hispanic children enrolled ( 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% black from 1994 to 2001, and 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% Hispanic), more New York City residents ( 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% from 1994 to 2001), more children with parents who had less than a high school education ( 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%), more children from lower income families ( 59\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% below 150\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level), and more children from families with parents not working ( 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 20\textbackslash textbackslash\%) enrolled. These socioeconomic and demographic changes were not reflected in the underlying age- and income-eligible population. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees were uninsured for some time immediately before enrollment ( 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 76\textbackslash textbackslash\% had an uninsured gap), were insured by Medicaid during the year before enrollment ( 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 48\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and lacked a USC ( 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 14\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Although \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave word of mouth\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace was the most common means by which families heard about both programs, a greater proportion of 2001 enrollees learned about SCHIP from marketing or outreach sources. Conclusion. As New York programs for the uninsured evolved, more children from minority groups, with lower family incomes and education, and having less baseline access to health care were enrolled. Although changes in the underlying population were relatively small, progressively increased marketing and outreach, particularly in New York City, the introduction of a single application form for SCHIP and Medicaid, and expansions in the benefit package may have accounted, in part, for the large change in the characteristics of enrollees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to health care,children,disparities,ethnicity,health insurance,New York State,race,SCHIP}
}

@article{Dickson-Gomez2009,
  title = {Hustling and {{Housing}}: {{Drug Users}}' {{Strategies}} to {{Obtain Shelter}} and {{Income}} in {{Hartford}}, {{Connecticut}}},
  author = {{Dickson-Gomez}, Julia and Convey, Mark and Hilario, Helena and Weeks, Margaret R. and Corbett, A. Michelle},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {HUMAN ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {68},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--279},
  issn = {0018-7259},
  doi = {10.17730/humo.68.3.6157671xg8155711},
  abstract = {Research has documented illicit drug users' participation in the informal and drug economies as a result of barriers in obtaining legitimate sources of work and income. Less research has explored ways drug users utilize income from various sources to obtain shelter and meet other basic needs. This paper draws on longitudinal qualitative interviews that were conducted with 65 active cocaine or heroin users in various housed or homeless statuses to explore participants' sources of income, work experiences, and strategies to secure housing and other basic needs. Results indicate that most participants did not receive cash welfare benefits, and few had any form of employment. Further, those who received federal housing subsidies often had no income to pay their part of the rent or other necessities. Participants reported engaging in a number of informal, illegal, and bartering relationships with drug using and non-drug using residents in order to obtain shelter and income. Insufficient social welfare and employment opportunities have created a context of scarcity in which drug using and non-drug using residents depend on each other to obtain shelter and other needs in ways prohibited by federal welfare and housing policies. A number of policy changes, including increasing access to and benefits levels of welfare and housing subsidies, employment programs for ex-offenders and tax incentives to increase employment opportunities, may increase drug users' housing stability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {drug use,housing,informal economy,welfare reform}
}

@article{Dieckhoff2015,
  title = {Measuring the Effect of Institutional Change on Gender Inequality in the Labour Market},
  author = {Dieckhoff, Martina and Gash, Vanessa and Steiber, Nadia},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {59--75},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001},
  abstract = {This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992-2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities. (C) 2014 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Collective bargaining coverage,Employment protection,European Labour Force Survey,Gender inequality,Institutional change}
}

@article{Diepart2010,
  title = {Cambodian Peasant's Contribution to Rural Development: A Perspective from {{Kampong Thom Province}}},
  author = {Diepart, Jean-Christophe},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {BIOTECHNOLOGIE AGRONOMIE SOCIETE ET ENVIRONNEMENT},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {321--340},
  issn = {1370-6233},
  abstract = {The paper aims to identify the rationality of peasant communities and their contribution to rural development in Kampong Thom province. To do so, an interdisciplinary analytical framework addresses the dynamics of land use and land tenure, the strategies of labor force allocation as well as the determinants of land and labor agricultural productivities amongst peasant communities. It rests on details field surveys in two communes located in very distinct agro-ecological settings of Kampong Thom province. A land use change analysis based on time-series aerial photos is conducted with participatory inventories of natural resources. It shows that endogenous management of forest and fisheries resources generate significant incomes and, at the same time, contribute to maintaining biodiversity. The paper analyses how this contribution is challenged by the non-peasant actors involved in massive State land privatization. Aiming to full employment, peasant households enjoy a great flexibility in the way they allocate labor force, especially in line with the age of active labor and the fluctuation of labor opportunity costs. Principally due to an unequal land holding distribution, agricultural income is unfairly distributed but this inequality is actually balanced by the access to common-pool resources of crucial importance for the poorest and by the recourse to non farming activities, which is an important factor of socio-economic differentiation amongst households. The main economic indicators of rice production confirm that peasant households always try to maximize their income in step with the production factor they have in relatively less amount. A land market simulation stresses that, contrarily to theoretical assumptions, land access through sale ( and purchase) does not result in a fairer land distribution. Nevertheless, land leases amongst peasant households seem more promising to ensure equitable access to land as they are embedded in collective security mechanisms activated by peasantry. The paper argues that peasant communities in the studied area constitute a solid basis for rural development as they offer a very good articulation between economic efficiency, social justice and environmental sustainability. Finally, recommendations are formulated to properly address peasant contribution to rural development in the new national agrarian policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agricultural economics and policies,Cambodia,decision rules,farming systems and practices,geographic information system and remote sensing,land tenure,rural development,rural livelihoods,rural sociology,sustainable natural resources management}
}

@article{Dill2016,
  title = {Does the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveGlass Escalator}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Compensate}} for the {{Devaluation}} of {{Care Work Occupations}}?: {{The Careers}} of {{Men}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Skill Health Care Jobs}}},
  author = {Dill, Janette S. and {Price-Glynn}, Kim and Rakovski, Carter},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {334--360},
  issn = {0891-2432},
  doi = {10.1177/0891243215624656},
  abstract = {Feminized care work occupations have traditionally paid lower wages compared to non-care work occupations when controlling for human capital. However, when men enter feminized occupations, they often experience a glass escalator, leading to higher wages and career mobility as compared to their female counterparts. In this study, we examine whether men experience a wage penalty for performing care work in today's economy, or whether the glass escalator helps to mitigate the devaluation of care work occupations. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation for the years 1996-2011, we examine the career patterns of low- and middle-skill men in health care occupations. We found that men in occupations that provide the most hands-on direct care did experience lower earnings compared to men in other occupations after controlling for demographic characteristics. However, men in more technical allied health occupations did not have significantly lower earnings, suggesting that these occupations may be part of the glass escalator for men in the health care sector. Minority men were significantly more likely than white men to be in direct care occupations, but not in frontline allied health occupations. Male direct care workers were less likely to transition to unemployment compared to men in other occupations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Feminized occupations,Health care,Low-wage work,New economy,Social mobility}
}

@article{Dill2019,
  title = {Is Healthcare the New Manufacturing?: {{Industry}}, Gender, and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood Jobs\textbackslash ensuremath'' for Low- and Middle-Skill Workers},
  author = {Dill, Janette and Hodges, Melissa J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {84},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102350},
  abstract = {Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we examine whether the heavily feminized health care industry produces \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for workers without a college degree as compared to other major industries. For women, we find that jobs in the health care industry are significantly more likely than the food service and retail industries to provide wages above \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 per hour, health benefits, fulltime hours, and job security. Jobs in the health care industry are not \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for low- and middle-skill men in terms of wages, relative to the industries of construction and manufacturing, but health care jobs can provide men with greater job security, and in comparison to construction, a higher probability of employer-based health insurance. That said, the findings emphasize that because men and women are differentially distributed across industries, access to different forms of job quality is also gendered across industries, with important implications for gender dynamics and economic strain within working class families.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Feminized occupations,Health care workforce,Job quality,Low-wage work}
}

@article{Dill2019a,
  title = {Providing for a {{Family}} in the {{Working Class}}: {{Gender}} and {{Employment After}} the {{Birth}} of a {{Child}}},
  author = {Dill, Janette and Frech, Adrianne},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {98},
  number = {1},
  pages = {183--209},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soy106},
  abstract = {Navigating the labor market in today's economy has become increasingly difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity, employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs, increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low- and middle-skill men experience a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefatherhood premium\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace after the birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men, nearly all occupations were associated with a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewage penalty\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace after the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector. However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see clear evidence of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemotherhood penalty,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which is partly accounted for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or making an occupational change.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dill2022a,
  title = {The {{Racialized Glass Escalator}} and {{Safety Net}}: {{Wages}} and {{Job Quality}} in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveMeds}} and {{Eds}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' among {{Working-Class Men}}},
  author = {Dill, Janette and Hodges, Melissa J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL PROBLEMS},
  volume = {69},
  number = {3},
  pages = {638--658},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  doi = {10.1093/socpro/spaa043},
  abstract = {Past research has shown that minority men are more likely than others to enter female-dominated occupations, but less is known about the quality of their jobs in these fields in contrast to other employment options. We use the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine whether the female-dominated industries of education and health care produce better job quality in terms of wages, benefits, hours, and job security for working-class men relative to other industries, with emphasis on differences by race-ethnicity. We find that although workers in the education and health care industries fared better during the Great Recession compared to those in other industries, effects for wages, health insurance, hours, and layoff for working-class Men of Color were substantially lower compared to those of White men. We find strong evidence of a racialized glass escalator, but also a racialized safety net in the care sector post-recession: the health care and education industries provide better job quality for White men than for Men of Color, though they are less likely to be in these jobs, and these sectors were more protective of White men as compared to minorities during the recession.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {labor market,low-wage work,race,recession,wage mobility}
}

@article{Dilli2019,
  title = {Introducing the {{Historical Gender Equality Index}}},
  author = {Dilli, Selin and Carmichael, Sarah G. and Rijpma, Auke},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--57},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2018.1442582},
  abstract = {Despite recent progress, women are still disadvantaged by their greater domestic labor commitments and impaired access to well-paid jobs; and, in extreme cases, denied the right to live. This has consequences for the well-being of individuals and economic development. Although tools to evaluate country performance in gender equality, especially composite indicators, have been developed since the 1990s, a historical perspective is lacking. This study introduces a composite index of gender equality covering 129 countries from 1950 to 2003. This index measures gender equality in four dimensions (socioeconomic, health, household, and politics). The index shows substantial progress in gender equality, though there is little evidence that less gender-equal countries are catching up. Goldin's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequiet revolution\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace hypothesis is tested as an explanation for this observation, but fails to provide a good explanation. Rather, the long-term institutional and historical characteristics of countries are the main obstacles to convergence.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agency,capability approach,economic history,gender inequality,history,nonmonetary indicators}
}

@article{Dimick2023,
  title = {Conflict of {{Laws}}? {{Tensions Between Antitrust}} and {{Labor Law}}},
  author = {Dimick, Matthew},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW},
  volume = {90},
  number = {2},
  pages = {379--436},
  issn = {0041-9494},
  abstract = {Not long ago, economists denied the existence of monopsony in labor markets. Today, scholars are talking about using antitrust law to counter employer wage -setting power. While concerns about inequality, stagnant wages, and excessive firm power are certainly to be welcomed, this sudden about-face in theory, evidence, and policy runs the risk of overlooking some important concerns. The purpose of this Essay is to address these concerns and, more critically, to discuss some tensions be-tween antitrust and labor law, a more traditional method for regulating labor mar-kets. Part I addresses a question raised in the very recent literature, about why an-titrust has not been a traditional tool of labor market regulation. Part II addresses some drawbacks in the social objectives of antitrust regulation, namely, the so-called consumer welfare standard or, as proposed for the labor market, the worker wel-fare standard, and suggests an alternative standard. Finally, Part III asks whether antitrust is an appropriate response to labor market monopsony. That Part shows that there are some significant tensions between antitrust and labor law and, given those tensions, explains why more traditional methods of wage regulation, collective bargaining, and even minimum wage legislation offer some distinct advantages.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Diminic2019,
  title = {Employment Disadvantage and Associated Factors for Informal Carers of Adults with Mental Illness: Are They like Other Disability Carers?},
  author = {Diminic, Sandra and Hielscher, Emily and Harris, Meredith G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-6822-1},
  abstract = {BackgroundProviding unpaid support to family and friends with disabling health conditions can limit a carer's capacity to participate in employment. The emotional support needs and unpredictability of caring for people with mental illness may be particularly demanding. While previous research suggests variable employment rates across carers for different conditions, there are limited data on mental health carers specifically.MethodsThis study analysed employment patterns for working-age, co-resident carers of adults with mental illness in an Australian cross-sectional household survey, the 2015 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers.ResultsSignificantly more mental health carers were not employed (42.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 36.6-48.1) compared to non-carers (24.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 23.5-24.6). Employed mental health carers were more likely to work fewer than 16h per week (carers: 17.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 12.8-22.8, vs. non-carers: 11.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 11.3-12.1) and in lower skilled occupations (carers: 22.6, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 17.5-28.7, vs. non-carers: 15.7, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 15.1-16.2). Among the sub-group of primary mental health carers, 25.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 15.6-39.5) had reduced their working hours to care and a further 26.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 17.2-38.2) stopped working altogether. In corresponding comparisons between mental health carers and carers for people with other cognitive/behavioural conditions, and physical conditions with or without secondary mental illness, there were no differences except that mental health carers were more likely to be working in a lower skilled occupation than other cognitive/behavioural condition carers (14.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the latter, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 10.1-21.2). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that female mental health carers were less likely to be employed if they were aged 35-54, had no post-secondary education, had a disability, or cared for someone with severe activity limitations. For male mental health carers, having a disability or caring for someone with severe limitations or who did not receive paid assistance were significantly associated with not being employed.ConclusionsThese results highlight the employment disadvantage experienced by mental health carers compared to non-carers, and similarities in employment patterns across carers for different conditions. Improving the availability of paid support services for people with mental illness may be an important target to assist carers to maintain their own employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Caregivers,Employment,Informal care,Labour force,Mental disorders}
}

@article{Ding2008,
  title = {Profile of {{English}} Salaried {{GPs}}: Labour Mobility and Practice Performance},
  author = {Ding, Alexander and Hann, Mark and Sibbald, Bonnie},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BRITISH JOURNAL OF GENERAL PRACTICE},
  volume = {58},
  number = {546},
  pages = {20--25},
  issn = {0960-1643},
  doi = {10.3399/bjgp08X263776},
  abstract = {Background Recent national policy changes have provided greater flexibility in GPs' contracts. One such policy is salaried employment, which offers reduced hours and freedom from out-of-hours and administrative responsibilities, aimed at improving recruitment and retention in a labour market facing regional shortages. Aim To profile salaried GPs and assess their mobility within the labour market. Design of study Serial cross-sectional study. Setting All GPs practising in England during the years 1996/1997, 2000/2001, and 2004/2005. Method Descriptive analyses, logistic regression. Results Salaried GPs tended to be either younger ({$<$}35 years) or older ( {$>$}= 65 years), female, or overseas-qualified; they favoured part-time working and personal medical services contracts. Salaried GPs were more mobile than GP principals, and have become increasingly so, despite a trend towards reduced overall mobility in the GP workforce. Practices with salaried GPs scored more Quality and Outcomes Framework points and were located in slightly more affluent areas. Conclusion Salaried status appears to have reduced limitations in the labour market, leading to better workforce deployment from a GP's perspective. However, there is no evidence to suggest it has relieved inequalities in GP distribution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career mobility,England,general practitioners,health manpower,primary health care}
}

@article{Dinh2022,
  title = {Workforce Participation, Health and Wealth Inequality among Older {{Australians}} between 2001 and 2015},
  author = {Dinh, Huong and Strazdins, Lyndall and Doan, Tinh and Do, Thuy and Yazidjoglou, Amelia and Banwell, Cathy},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {80},
  number = {1},
  issn = {0778-7367},
  doi = {10.1186/s13690-022-00852-z},
  abstract = {Background Australians born in 2012 can expect to live about 33 years longer than those born 100 years earlier. However, only seven of these additional years are spent in the workforce. Longer life expectancy has driven policies to extend working life and increase retirement age; the current Australian policy, which has increased the eligibility for the pension from 65 to 67 by 2023, assumes that an improvement in longevity corresponds with an improvement in healthy life expectancy. However, there is mixed evidence of health trends in Australia over the past two decades. Although some health outcomes are improving among older age groups, many are either stable or deteriorating. This raises a question of how health trends intersect with policy for older Australians aged from 50 to 70. This paper considers the interplay between older workers' health and workforce participation rates over the past 15 years when extended workforce participation has been actively encouraged. Methods We compared health and economic outcomes of the older people in following years with the base year (start of the study period), adjusting for some key socio-economic characteristics such as age, sex, ethnicity, education and equivalized household income by applying the Random effects estimator with maximum likelihood estimation technique. Results We find that regardless of increasing longevity, the health of older adults aged between 50 and 70 has slightly deteriorated. In addition, health gaps between those who were working into their older age and those who were not have widened over the 15-year period. Finally, we find that widening health gaps linked to workforce participation are also accompanied by rising economic inequality in incomes, financial assets and superannuation. With the exception of a small group of healthy and very wealthy retirees, the majority of the older Australians who were not working had low incomes, assets, superannuation, and poor health. Conclusions The widening economic and health gap within older population over time indicates a clear and urgent need to add policy actions on income and health, to those that seek to increase workforce participation among older adults.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Economic inequality,Employment,Health,Older people}
}

@article{Dinopoulos2015,
  title = {Entrepreneurs, Jobs, and Trade},
  author = {Dinopoulos, Elias and Unel, Bulent},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {79},
  pages = {93--112},
  issn = {0014-2921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.07.010},
  abstract = {We propose a simple theory of endogenous firm productivity, unemployment, and top income inequality. High-talented individuals choose to become self-employed entrepreneurs and acquire more managerial (human) capital; whereas low-talented individuals become workers and face the prospect of equilibrium unemployment. In a two-country global economy, trade openness raises firm productivity, increases top income inequality, and may reduce welfare in the country exporting the good with lower relative labor-market frictions. Trade openness reduces firm productivity, lowers top income inequality, and necessarily raises welfare in the other country. The effect of trade on unemployment is ambiguous. Unilateral job-creating policies increase welfare in both countries. However, they reduce unemployment and raise top income inequality in the policy-active country; and reduce top income inequality while increasing unemployment in the policy-passive country. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inequality,Managerial capital,Search and matching,Trade,Unemployment}
}

@article{Dinopoulos2017,
  title = {Managerial Capital, Occupational Choice and Inequality in a Global Economy},
  author = {Dinopoulos, Elias and Unel, Bulent},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIQUE},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {365--397},
  issn = {0008-4085},
  doi = {10.1111/caje.12262},
  abstract = {This study proposes a simple theory of trade with endogenous firm productivity, occupational choice and income inequality. Individuals with different managerial talent choose to become entrepreneurs or workers. Entrepreneurs enhance firm productivity by investing in managerial capital. The model generates three income classes: low-income workers facing the prospect of unemployment, middle-income entrepreneurs managing domestic firms and high-income entrepreneurs managing global firms. Trade liberalization policies raise unemployment and improve welfare. A reduction in per-unit trade costs raises top incomes and generates labour-market polarization. A reduction in fixed exporting costs has an ambiguous effect on top incomes and personal income distribution. Policies reducing labour-market frictions or the costs of managerial-capital acquisition create more jobs and improve welfare. The income distributional effects of labour-market policies depend on which policy is implemented.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Doan2021,
  title = {What {{Contributes}} to {{Gendered Work Time Inequality}}? {{An Australian Case Study}}},
  author = {Doan, Tinh and Thorning, Peter and {Furuya-Kanamori}, Luis and Strazdins, Lyndall},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {155},
  number = {1},
  pages = {259--279},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02597-0},
  abstract = {Women's employment equality remains compromised by wage and work hour gaps, despite decades of policy action. Shorter work hours are a key to persisting disadvantage because they lock women out of high paying, good quality jobs. Such hour gaps are observed across all countries, and this paper quantifies the reasons behind them. We applied the Oaxaca decomposition method to a sample of employed adults from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). The method can show how the work hour gap would change if (a) women had the same sort of jobs (industry, occupation, work conditions, contract type) as men have and (b) if men lowered their work hours and/or increased their domestic unpaid work. We find that men's allocation of time in and out of the home and the jobs women typically work in are central to explaining unequal paid hours. Women's hours would increase (all else being equal) if they worked in the same industries and had the same job security as men have, accounting for 74\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the explained work hour difference. Women's hours would also increase if they did the same (lower) domestic work as men, or if men worked the same (shorter) hours women typically do (33.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the explained gap). Our study, using Australian data, underscores the need to prioritize men's time use (shorter paid hours, longer unpaid hours) alongside improvement in jobs and work conditions to progress gender equality in employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australian labour market,Gender inequality,Unpaid time,Work time}
}

@article{Dobossy2007,
  title = {{The situation of non-profit organisations active in improving employment}},
  author = {Dobossy, Imre and Viragh, Eszter and Vukovich, Gabriella},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {CIVIL SZEMLE},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {44+},
  issn = {1786-3341},
  abstract = {Our research was designed to find out to what extent non-profit organisations that identified their scope of activity as enhancing employment and training are able to fulfil their aims, can they increase employment, especially the employment of groups that are disadvantaged in the labour market, what did they achieve in the field of (re)integrating people to the labour market. We analysed existing statistics and also carried out a survey among non-profit organisations. the information that we were able to gather and organise in a systematic way can be used to assess the effectivity of civil initiatives. The number of non-profit organisations active in the field of enhancing employment was around 200 in the past few years, with a slightly declining tendency in the number. The majority had the form of foundations and associations. An increasing number of these organisations had employees, but they have fewer volunteers than other non-profit organisations. The weight of Government financial support is outstandingly high in these organisations, compared to the average of the non-profit sector. The total amount of government financial support to non-profit organisations active in the field of employment issues was 18 billion HUF The majority of the organisations targeted the employment of unemployed persons, their activities included training, job hunting but also the employment of the target group by the organisation itself. The target group is mainly private individuals, but some of the organisations service other organisations or groups, among them minority groups (old, young, families, Roma etc.). the activity of the organisations is mostly limited to a settlement or a micro-region, few of them have a county, macro regional or national activity scope. The demand for the services of these NGOs exceeds their capacity but they are sooner or later able to help. The major source of resources are the municipalities and their own incomes but a large amount comes from the government or from ministries directly and from the offerings of private individuals who can offer 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their income tax to an NGO of their choice. The working conditions and the infrastructure of these NGOs is at a medium level. they have to cope with a shortage in resources, which they try to overcome by continuous applications to various funds; they submit proposals 7 times a year on the average. They consider their own activities to be successful and improving, the majority said that they were able to reach their goals, though they would like to provide services to more people and they would like to improve the co-operation with local municipalities and government organisations.},
  langid = {hungarian},
  keywords = {civil (non-profit) sector,ngos active in improving employment,register of ngos,reintegration to the labour market,support to disadvanteged groups,training}
}

@article{Dodd-Reynolds2020,
  title = {The {{Northumberland Exercise Referral Scheme}} as a {{Universal Community Weight Management Programme}}: {{A Mixed Methods Exploration}} of {{Outcomes}}, {{Expectations}} and {{Experiences}} across a {{Social Gradient}}},
  author = {{Dodd-Reynolds}, Caroline J. and Vallis, Dimitris and Kasim, Adetayo and Akhter, Nasima and Hanson, Coral L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  number = {15},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph17155297},
  abstract = {Exercise referral schemes (ERS) are internationally recognised, yet little attention has been paid to discrete referral groups or the influence of wider social determinants of health. The primary quantitative element of this mixed methods study used a mixed effects linear model to examine associations of sociodemographic predictors, obesity class and profession of referrer on weight and physical activity (PA) variables for weight-related referrals (n= 3624) to an established 24-week ERS. Chained equations modelling imputed missing data. The embedded qualitative element (n= 7) used individual semi-structured interviews to explore participant weight-related expectations and experiences. Age, gender and profession of referrer influenced weight loss. PA increased and was influenced by age and gender. The weight gap between the most and least obese narrowed over time but the PA gap between most and least widened. Age, employment and obesity class were most predictive of missing data but would unlikely alter overall conclusions. Qualitative themes were weight-loss support, personal circumstances and strategies, and weight expectations versus wellbeing rewards. This ERS worked, did not widen existing obesity inequalities, but demonstrated evidence of PA inequalities for those living with deprivation. To improve equity of experience, we recommend further stakeholder dialogue around referral experience and ongoing support needs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {exercise referral,inequalities,obesity,physical activity,sociodemographic}
}

@article{Dodson2015,
  title = {Globalization and {{Protest Expansion}}},
  author = {Dodson, Kyle},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL PROBLEMS},
  volume = {62},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--39},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  doi = {10.1093/socpro/spu004},
  abstract = {Evidence of protest expansion both in the United States and abroad has stimulated theoretical discussion of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemovement society,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with some arguing that protest activities are becoming a standard feature of democratic politics. In advancing this claim, many have highlighted the role of domestic factors for example, generational change or economic affluence without fully accounting for the possibility that international dynamics may play an important role as well. The lack of work is surprising not only because the trend in protest is international in scope, but also because work in comparative sociology suggests globalization may make an important contribution. This study addresses the empirical gap by examining how political globalization (as measured by memberships in international organizations) and economic globalization (as measured by trade activity and foreign investment) influence trends in protest participation. Using data from World Values Surveys of 37,716 respondents in 17 advanced democracies merged with data on several national and international indicators, this study examines how the probability of participating in protest has changed over time as a result of these two forms of globalization. The results of multivariate, multilevel analysis combined with simulations indicate that trends in political globalization have expanded protest activity, while trends in economic globalization have limited that expansion. These results suggest that social movement scholarship should continue to examine the implications of globalization for protest behavior and other social movement dynamics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {comparative politics,globalization,protest expansion,social movements,world society}
}

@article{Doede2016,
  title = {Black {{Jobs Matter}}: {{Racial Inequalities}} in {{Conditions}} of {{Employment}} and {{Subsequent Health Outcomes}}},
  author = {Doede, Megan Sarah},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--158},
  issn = {0737-1209},
  doi = {10.1111/phn.12241},
  abstract = {African-Americans shoulder an excessive burden of unemployment, precarious employment, and low paying jobs in the United States, which may help explain why they experience some of the worst health outcomes among U.S. citizens. This paper presents a conceptual framework describing this phenomenon. The social determinants of health as described by this framework include racism, social and public policy formation, socioeconomic status, and conditions of employment. The intermediate determinants of health, which include the ability to afford health behavior, depression and addiction, environmental exposures, and access to primary care, are informed by conditions of employment, which leads to poor health outcomes for African-Americans. This paper will explore in detail these relationships.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {African-Americans,employment,health outcomes,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Dolan2023,
  title = {Integration of a {{Digital Health Intervention Into Immunization Clinic Workflows}} in {{Kenya}}: {{Qualitative}}, {{Realist Evaluation}} of {{Technology Usability}}},
  author = {Dolan, Samantha B. and Wittenauer, Rachel and Shearer, Jessica C. and Njoroge, Anne and Onyango, Penina and Owiso, George and Lober, William B. and Liu, Shan and Puttkammer, Nancy and Rabinowitz, Peter},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.2196/39775},
  abstract = {Background: In an effort to increase vaccination coverage in low-resource settings, digital tools have been introduced to better track immunization records, improve data management practices, and provide improved access to vaccination coverage data for decision-making. Despite the potential of these electronic systems to improve the provision of health services, few digital health interventions have been institutionalized at scale in low-and middle-income countries. Objective: In this paper, we aimed to describe how health care workers in Kenya had integrated an electronic immunization registry into their immunization clinic workflows and to use these findings to inform the development of a refined program theory on the registry's usability.Methods: Informed by realist methodology, we developed a program theory to explain usability of the electronic immunization registry. We designed a qualitative study based on our theory to describe the barriers and facilitators influencing data entry and use. Qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews with users and workflow observations of immunization clinic sessions. Our findings were summarized by context-mechanism-outcome relationships formed after analyzing our key themes across interviews and workflow observations. Using these relationships, we were able to identify common rules for future implementers.Results: Across the 12 facilities included in our study, 19 health care workers were interviewed, and 58 workflow sessions were observed. The common rules developed from our qualitative findings are as follows: rule 1-ensure that the users complete training to build familiarity with the system, understand the value of the system and data, and know where to find support; rule 2-confirm that the system captures all data needed for users to provide routine health care services and is easy to navigate; rule 3-identify work-arounds for poor network, system performance, and too few staff or resources; and rule 4-make users aware of expected changes to their workflow, and how these changes might differ over time and by facility size or number of patients. Upon study completion, we revised the program theory to reflect the importance of the goals and workflows of electronic immunization registries aligning with reality.Conclusions: We created a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms for usability of the registry. We found that the electronic immunization registry had high acceptability among users; however, there were numerous barriers to using the system, even under ideal conditions, causing a misalignment between the system and the reality of the users' workflows and their environment. Human-centered design and human-factors methods can assist during pilot stages to better align systems with users' needs and again after scale-up to ensure that interventions are suitable for all user settings.(JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e39775) doi: 10.2196/39775},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {electronic immunization registry,immunizations,realist research,usability,workflow}
}

@article{Dominguez-Amoros2021,
  title = {Gender {{Gaps}} in {{Care Work}}: {{Evidences}} from {{Argentina}}, {{Chile}}, {{Spain}} and {{Uruguay}}},
  author = {{Dominguez-Amoros}, Marius and Batthyany, Karina and Scavino, Sol},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {154},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {969--998},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02556-9},
  abstract = {This paper is a comparative analysis of the gender gaps in the non-paid domestic and care work (NPDCW) undertaken in homes in Argentina, Chile, Spain and Uruguay. The explanatory factors of this gap in two-income households and their magnitude and impact on the distribution of NPDCW are analyzed using data from national time use surveys. The weakness of micro-sociological approaches and the variables related to relative resources and time availability is demonstrated using the estimation of a regression model, while the importance of approximations of gender roles and analyses that incorporate macro-sociological factors is shown. Furthermore, the findings show that NPDCW is done by women in 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cases with women's incomes and time availability among the individual variables that drive change within the couple. The results show that the equalizing effects of time availability and gender ideology are stronger for women in more egalitarian countries; women in less egalitarian countries benefit less from their individual-level assets. Additional comparative analysis shows that other macro-level factors (economic development, female labor-force participation, gender norms and welfare systems) may also influence the division of this work. The results suggest that changes in individual-level factors alone may not be enough to achieve an equal division of labor in the household without a parallel reduction in macro-level gender inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care work,Cross-national,Division of labor,Gender,Housework,Time use}
}

@article{Donato2014,
  title = {The {{Double Disadvantage Reconsidered}}: {{Gender}}, {{Immigration}}, {{Marital Status}}, and {{Global Labor Force Participation}} in the 21st {{Century}}},
  author = {Donato, Katharine M. and Piya, Bhumika and Jacobs, Anna},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {S335-S376},
  issn = {0197-9183},
  doi = {10.1111/imre.12142},
  abstract = {Although women's representation among international migrants in many countries has risen over the last 100years, we know far less about gender gaps in the labor force participation of immigrants across a wide span of host societies. Prior studies have established that immigrant women are doubly disadvantaged in terms of labor market outcomes in the U.S., Canada, and Israel. These studies suggest an intriguing question: Are there gender gaps in immigrant labor force participation across destinations countries? In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the double disadvantage exists for immigrant women in a variety of host countries. We also examine how marriage moderates this double disadvantage. For the U.S., although we find that immigrant women have had the lowest labor force participation rates compared to natives and immigrant men since 1960, marital status is an important stratifying attribute that helps explain nativity differences. Extending the analysis to eight other countries reveals strong gender differences in labor force participation and shows how marriage differentiates immigrant women's labor force entry more so than men's.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Donegan2008,
  title = {Inequality in the Creative City: {{Is}} There Still a Place for \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveOld-Fashioned}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Institutions?},
  author = {Donegan, Mary and Lowe, Nicholla},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--62},
  issn = {0891-2424},
  doi = {10.1177/0891242407310722},
  abstract = {Creative class theory, now a mainstay of local economic development policy, has a dark side: Cities that have a larger creative talent pool are also likely to have greater income inequality. Richard Florida, in acknowledging this disturbing trend, has assigned a new role to the creative class-helping low-wage service sector employees harness and express their creative energy and talent. In this article, the authors explore the complex relationship between creative workers and earnings inequality in the context of the broader urban economy. Drawing on this analysis and an expansive body of literature on urban income inequality, the authors propose an alternative set of policy actions aimed at mediating creativity and inequality through a deepening of traditional labor market institutions and legislative supports. In contrast to claims that these are obsolete solutions in the new economy, the authors argue they are necessary for the long-term sustainability of the creative economy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {creative class,immigration,inequality,living wages,unions}
}

@article{Dong2003,
  title = {Healthcare-Financing Reforms in Transitional Society: {{A Shanghai}} Experience},
  author = {Dong, {\relax WZ}},
  year = {2003},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH POPULATION AND NUTRITION},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {223--234},
  issn = {1606-0997},
  abstract = {Since the 1950s, China has had a very wide coverage of healthcare service at the local level. In urban areas, the employment-based healthcare-insurance schemes (Government Insurance Scheme and Labour Insurance Scheme) worked hand in hand with the full employment policy of the Government, which guaranteed basic care for almost every urban resident. However, since the economic reforms of the early 1980s, China's healthcare system has met great challenges. Some came from the reform of the labour system, and other challenges came from the introduction of market forces in the healthcare sector. The new policy of the Chinese Government on the Urban Employees' Basic Health Care Insurance is to introduce a cost-sharing plan in urban China. Like other major social policy changes, this new health policy also has a great impact on the lives of the Chinese people. Affordability has been the major concern among urban residents. Shanghai implemented the cost-sharing healthcare policy in the spring of 2001. It may be too early to assess the pros and cons of the new policy, but evidence shows that the employment-based health-insurance scheme excludes those at high risk and in most need. It is argued that the cost-sharing healthcare system will limit access by some people, especially those who are most vulnerable to the consequences of ill health and those in low-income groups' unless the deductibles vary according to income and unless low-income groups are exempt from paying premiums and deductibles.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,health equity,health expenditure,health insurance,healthcare,healthcare costs,inequalities,Shanghai}
}

@article{Donnelly2021,
  title = {Part-Time Work and Health in the {{United States}}: {{The}} Role of State Policies},
  author = {Donnelly, Rachel and Schoenbachler, Adam},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SSM-POPULATION HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {2352-8273},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100891},
  abstract = {Part-time work is a common work arrangement in the United States that can be precarious, insecure, and lacking opportunities for advancement. In turn, part-time work, especially involuntary part-time work, tends to be associated with worse health outcomes. Although prior research documents heterogeneity in the health consequences of precarious work across countries, we do not know whether state-level institutional contexts shape the association between part-time work and self-rated health in the United States. Using data from the Current Population Survey (2009-2019; n = 813,077), the present study examined whether linkages between part-time work and self-rated health are moderated by state-level social policies and contexts. At the population level, we document differences in the prevalence of fair/poor health among part-time workers across states. For instance, 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% of involuntary part-time workers reported fair/poor health in West Virginia compared to 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of involuntary part-time workers in Massachusetts. Findings also provide evidence that voluntary (beta = .51) and involuntary (beta=.57) part-time work is associated with greater odds of fair/poor health among individuals. Moreover, the association between voluntary part-time work and self-rated health is weaker for individuals living in states with higher amounts for maximum unemployment insurance, higher minimum wage, and lower income inequality. State-level policies did not moderate the association between involuntary part-time work and health. The present study points to the need to mitigate the health consequences of part-time work with social policies that enhance the health of workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health,Inequalities in health,Part-time work,Policy,States}
}

@article{Doorley2021,
  title = {What {{Drove Income Inequality}} in {{EU Crisis Countries}} during the {{Great Recession}}?\textbackslash ast},
  author = {Doorley, Karina and Callan, Tim and Savage, Michael},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {FISCAL STUDIES},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {319--343},
  issn = {0143-5671},
  doi = {10.1111/1475-5890.12250},
  abstract = {Concern about rising inequality in advanced economies increased with the advent of the Great Recession in 2007. Rising unemployment and fiscal consolidation were expected to lead to greater inequality. We examine how the distribution of income in the EU countries that were hardest hit during the recession evolved over this time. We decompose the overall change in income inequality in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain into parts attributable to changes in employment and wages, demographic changes, discretionary tax-benefit policy and automatic stabilisation effects. We implement this approach using the microsimulation model, EUROMOD, linked to EU-SILC survey data. Employment and wages were the main drivers of market income inequality increases. Automatic stabilisation effects, particularly through benefits, are found to play an important role in reducing inequality in all of the crisis countries. Their role is less important if we focus on the working-age population only, due to the limited nature of working-age benefits in southern European welfare systems. Discretionary policy changes also contributed to reductions in inequality, but to a much lesser extent.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {automatic stabilisation,decomposition,discretionary policy,Great Recession,inequality}
}

@article{Doorley2022,
  title = {The {{Gender Gap}} in {{Income}} and the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} in {{Ireland}}},
  author = {Doorley, Karina and O'Donoghue, Cathal and Sologon, Denisa M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL},
  volume = {11},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.3390/socsci11070311},
  abstract = {The gender income gap is large and well documented in many countries. Recent research shows that it is mainly driven by differences in working patterns between men and women but also by wage differences. The tax-benefit system cushions the gender income gap by redistributing it between men and women. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented levels of unemployment in 2020 in many countries, with some suggestions that men and women have been differently affected. This research investigated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gender gap in income in Ireland. By using nowcasting techniques and microsimulation, we modeled the effect of pandemic-induced employment and wage changes on the market and disposable income. We showed how the pandemic and the associated tax-benefit support could be expected to change the income gap between men and women. Policy conclusions were drawn about future redistribution between men and women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,gender inequality,Ireland,tax-benefit system}
}

@article{Dorstyn2023,
  title = {Facilitators and Barriers to Employment for Persons with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury or Disorder: {{A}} Qualitative Study Framed by the Person-Environment-Occupation Model},
  author = {Dorstyn, Diana S. and {Chur-Hansen}, Anna and Mansell, Ella and Murphy, Gregory and Roberts, Rachel M. and Stewart, Peter and Potter, Elizabeth and Kneebone, Ian and Craig, Ashley},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SPINAL CORD MEDICINE},
  volume = {46},
  number = {2},
  pages = {246--255},
  issn = {1079-0268},
  doi = {10.1080/10790268.2021.1922231},
  abstract = {Context/Objective Prolonged unemployment is common for people living with a spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D) and can impact negatively on quality of life. The present study examines stakeholder perspectives and experiences with the job search process in order to identify service gaps and return-to-work solutions. Design In-depth semi-structured interviews were thematically analysed, with questions focused on factors that can help or hinder efforts to gain employment. Generated themes were then applied to the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) systems model of participation. Setting Community-based disability service provider in South Australia. Participants Purposive sample of persons with SCI/D (n = 8) and rehabilitation professionals (n = 4). Results Person-centred themes were strongly endorsed by both groups and focused on incentives of, and motivation for, employment. Equally important to the job search process were individual expectations and attitudes, particularly job readiness. Environmental facilitators included employers' positive attitude, although workplace discrimination remained a concern. Occupation-based barriers, rather than opportunities, were identified - namely, difficulties in SCI/D self-management, the need for timely functional assessments, and more opportunities for education, upskilling and retraining. Conclusions The PEO model provides a broad framework to better understand the complex return-to-work process for people with a SCI/D and, potentially, uncover tangible solutions. The suggestion is that vocational rehabilitation should go beyond skills training and include motivational support to enhance job readiness. This must be done on a case-by-case basis. There is also a need for active and covert discrimination to be addressed through employment policies. The findings will be used to develop intervention targets for a newly established vocational rehabilitation service.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Rehabilitation,Return to work,Spinal cord injury,Unemployment}
}

@article{Doss2020,
  title = {Women, Assets, and Formal Savings: {{A}} Comparative Analysis of {{Ecuador}}, {{Ghana}} and {{India}}},
  author = {Doss, Cheryl and Swaminathan, Hema and Deere, Carmen Diana and Suchitra, J. Y. and Oduro, Abena D. and Anglade, Boaz},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  issn = {0950-6764},
  doi = {10.1111/dpr.12424},
  abstract = {MotivationSavings are an important but often overlooked component of financial inclusion. While women are less active than men in the formal financial sector there is little understanding about their ability to accumulate savings. PurposeWe hypothesize that a woman's individual economic status, measured by her property ownership, is an important driver of her ability to save. Approach and MethodsWomen are considered as savers in the formal sector only if they have savings above a minimum threshold. Three measures of women's asset ownership are used: two capture their absolute property status and one their relative status in the household. The data are obtained from three large-scale surveys that collected individual-level asset data in Ecuador, Ghana and the Indian state of Karnataka. Logistic regression models are employed to examine the relationship between women's property ownership and accumulation of savings. FindingsThe absolute value of a woman's physical assets and her share of household physical wealth are correlated with being able to accumulate formal savings. Women's relative wealth status is more strongly related to their savings, along with education, paid employment and group membership. ConclusionsWomen's intrahousehold status, defined by their relative wealth, is critical to determining their ability to save in formal accounts. Policy ImplicationsInterventions that boost women's bargaining power, by increasing their property ownership, should be encouraged, along with greater efforts to improve girls' access to quality education. Functional literacy training for older women can both reduce barriers to accessing financial institutions and create awareness of their benefits. Constraints to women's participation in the labour force should be removed in tandem with interventions to reduce gender earnings gaps.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {financial institutions,formal savings,gender,immoveable property}
}

@article{Dostie2023,
  title = {Employer Policies and the Immigrant-Native Earnings Gap},
  author = {Dostie, Benoit and Li, Jiang and Card, David and Parent, Daniel},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMETRICS},
  volume = {233},
  number = {2},
  pages = {544--567},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.07.012},
  abstract = {We use longitudinal data from the income tax system to study the impacts of firms' employment and wage-setting policies on the level and change in immigrant-native wage differences in Canada. We focus on immigrants who arrived in the early 2000s, distinguishing between those with and without a college degree from two broad groups of countries - the U.S., the U.K. and Northern Europe, and the rest of the world. Consistent with a growing literature based on the two-way fixed effects model of Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis (1999), we find that firm-specific wage premiums explain a significant share of earnings inequality in Canada and contribute to the average earnings gap between immigrants and natives. In the decade after receiving permanent status, earnings of immigrants rise relative to those of natives. Compositional effects due to selective outmigration and changing participation play no role in this gain. About one -sixth is attributable to movements up the job ladder to employers that offer higher pay premiums for all groups, with particularly large gains for immigrants from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverest of the world\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracecountries. Crown Copyright (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Firm effects,Immigrants,Linked employer -employee data,Wage differentials}
}

@article{Doucet2020,
  title = {Fathering, Parental Leave, Impacts, and Gender Equality: What/How Are We Measuring?},
  author = {Doucet, Andrea and McKay, Lindsey},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {40},
  number = {5-6, SI},
  pages = {441--463},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-04-2019-0086},
  abstract = {Purpose This research article explores several questions about assessing the impacts of fathers' parental leave take up and gender equality. We ask: How does the conceptual and contextual specificity of care and equality shape what we focus on, and how, when we study parental leave policies and their impacts? What and how are we measuring? Design/methodology/approach The article is based on a longitudinal qualitative research study on families with fathers who had taken parental leave in two Canadian provinces (Ontario and Quebec), which included interviews with 26 couples in the first stage (25 mother/father couples and one father/father couple) and with nine couples a decade later. Guided by Margaret Somers' historical sociology of concept formation, we explore the concepts of care and equality (and their histories, networks, and narratives) and how they are taken up in parental leave research. We also draw on insights from three feminist scholars who have made major contributions to theoretical intersections between care, work, equality, social protection policies, and care deficits: Nancy Fraser, Joan Williams, and Martha Fineman. Findings The relationship between fathers' leave-taking and gender equality impacts is a complex, non-linear entanglement shaped by the specificities of state and employment policies and by how these structure parental eligibility for leave benefits, financial dimensions of leave-taking (including wage replacement rates for benefits), childcare possibilities/limitations and related financial dimensions for families, masculine work norms in workplaces, and intersections of gender and social class. Overall, we found that maximizing both parental leave time and family income in order to sustain good care for their children (through paid and unpaid leave time, followed by limited and expensive childcare services) was articulated as a more immediate concern to parents than were issues of gender equality. Our research supports the need to draw closer connections between parental leave, childcare, and workplace policies to better understand how these all shape parental leave decisions and practices and possible gender equality outcomes. Originality/value We call for a move toward thinking about care, not as care time, but as responsibilities, which can be partly assessed through the stories people tell about how they negotiate and navigate care, domestic work, and paid work responsibilities in specific contexts and conditions across time. We also advocate for gender equality concepts that attend to how families navigate restrictive parental leave and childcare policies and how broader socio-economic inequalities arise partly from state policies underpinned by a concept of liberal autonomous subjects rather than relational subjects who face moments of vulnerability and inter-dependence across the life course.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,Fathering,Gender equality,Historical sociology of concept formation,Parental leave,Policy impacts}
}

@article{Douglas2016,
  title = {Socioeconomic Inequalities in Breast and Cervical Screening Coverage in {{England}}: Are We Closing the Gap?},
  author = {Douglas, Elaine and Waller, Jo and Duffy, Stephen W. and Wardle, Jane},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCREENING},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {98--103},
  issn = {0969-1413},
  doi = {10.1177/0969141315600192},
  abstract = {Objective: Health policy in the UK is committed to tackling inequalities in cancer screening participation. We examined whether socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening participation in England have reduced over five years. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses compared cervical and breast screening coverage between 2007/8 and 2012/13 in Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in England in relation to area-level income deprivation. Results: At the start and the end of this five year period, there were socioeconomic inequalities in screening coverage for breast and cervical screening. Inequalities were highest for breast screening. Over time, the coverage gap between the highest and lowest quintiles of income deprivation significantly reduced for breast screening (from 12.3 to 8.3 percentage points), but not for cervical screening (5.3 to 4.9 percentage points). Conclusions: Efforts to reduce screening inequalities appear to have resulted in a significant improvement in equitable delivery of breast screening, although not of cervical screening. More work is needed to understand the differences, and see whether broader lessons can be learned from the reduction of inequalities in breast screening participation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cancer screening,coverage,socioeconomic inequalities}
}

@article{Drake2003,
  title = {Recent Research on Vocational Rehabilitation for Persons with Severe Mental Illness},
  author = {Drake, {\relax RE} and Becker, {\relax DR} and Bond, {\relax GR}},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {451--455},
  issn = {0951-7367},
  doi = {10.1097/01.yco.0000079209.36371.84},
  abstract = {Purpose of review This review examines the 2002 literature on vocational services for people with psychiatric disabilities. Recent findings Vocational rehabilitation has emerged as a mainstream intervention in community mental health, and supported employment has become an evidence-based practice. In addition to clarifying and confirming the effectiveness and principles of supported employment, the literature describes clients' needs, innovative modifications of supported employment for special groups, the subjective experiences and non-vocational outcomes of clients related to employment, impacts of the Americans with Disabilities Act, costs of vocational services, cultural disparities, and the development of vocational services in other countries. Summary Increasing demands for employment services and for empirical outcomes influence clinical practice. Supported employment has by far the strongest evidence base of any vocational intervention for people with psychiatric disabilities and continues to be disseminated rapidly. Further research is needed to clarify the principles, impacts, and modifications of supported employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mental illness,supported employment,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Drake2013,
  title = {Assisting {{Social Security Disability Insurance Beneficiaries With Schizophrenia}}, {{Bipolar Disorder}}, or {{Major Depression}} in {{Returning}} to {{Work}}},
  author = {Drake, Robert E. and Frey, William and Bond, Gary R. and Goldman, Howard H. and Salkever, David and Miller, Alexander and Moore, Troy A. and Riley, Jarnee and Karakus, Mustafa and Milfort, Roline},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {170},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1433--1441},
  issn = {0002-953X},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020214},
  abstract = {Objective: People with psychiatric impairments (primarily schizophrenia or a mood disorder) are the largest and fastest-growing group of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries. The authors investigated whether evidence-based supported employment and mental health treatments can improve vocational and mental health recovery for this population. Method: Using a randomized controlled trial design, the authors tested a multifaceted intervention: team-based supported employment, systematic medication management, and other behavioral health services, along with elimination of barriers by providing complete health insurance coverage (with no out-of-pocket expenses) and suspending disability reviews. The control group received usual services. Paid employment was the primary outcome measure, and overall mental health and quality of life were secondary outcome measures. Results: Overall, 2,059 SSDI beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression in 23 cities participated in the 2-year intervention. The teams implemented the intervention package with acceptable fidelity. The intervention group experienced more paid employment (60.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with 40.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and reported better mental health and quality of life than the control group. Conclusions: Implementation of the complex intervention in routine mental health treatment settings was feasible, and the intervention was effective in assisting individuals disabled by schizophrenia or depression to return to work and improve their mental health and quality of life.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Drake2015,
  title = {A {{Community-Based Partnership}} to {{Successfully Implement}} and {{Maintain}} a {{Breast Health Navigation Program}}},
  author = {Drake, Bettina F. and Tannan, Shivon and Anwuri, Victoria V. and Jackson, Sherrill and Sanford, Mark and Tappenden, Jennifer and Goodman, Melody S. and Colditz, Graham A.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {40},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1216--1223},
  issn = {0094-5145},
  doi = {10.1007/s10900-015-0051-z},
  abstract = {Breast cancer screening combined with follow-up and treatment reduces breast cancer mortality. However, in the study clinic, only 12 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible women {$>$}= 40 years received a mammogram in the previous year. The objective of this project was to implement patient navigation, in our partner health clinic to (1) identify women overdue for a mammogram; and (2) increase mammography utilization in this population over a 2-year period. Women overdue for a mammogram were identified. One patient navigator made navigation attempts over a 2-year period (2009-2011). Navigation included working around systems- and individual-level barriers to receive a mammogram as well as the appropriate follow-up post screening. Women were contacted up to three times to initiate navigation. The proportion of women navigated and who received a mammogram during the study period were compared to women who did not receive a mammogram using Chi square tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables with an alpha = 0.05. Barriers to previous mammography were also assessed. With 94.8 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible women navigated and 94 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of these women completing mammography, the implementation project reached 89 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of the target population. This project was a successful implementation of an evidence-based patient navigation program that continues to provide significant impact in a high-need area. Cost was the most commonly cite barrier to mammography. Increasing awareness of resources in the community for mammography and follow-up care remains a necessary adjunct to removing structural and financial barriers to accessing preventive services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breast cancer,Disparities,Mammography,Patient navigation,Screening}
}

@article{Drezner2004,
  title = {The Outsourcing Bogeyman},
  author = {Drezner, {\relax DW}},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  journal = {FOREIGN AFFAIRS},
  volume = {83},
  number = {3},
  pages = {22+},
  issn = {0015-7120},
  doi = {10.2307/20033973},
  abstract = {WHEN a presidential election year coincides with an uncertain economy, campaigning politicians invariably invoke an international economic issue as a dire threat to the well-being of Americans. Speechwriters denounce the chosen scapegoat, the media provides blanket coverage of the alleged threat, and legislators scurry to introduce supposed remedies. The cause of this year's commotion is offshore outsourcing-the alleged migration of American jobs overseas. The depth of alarm was strikingly illustrated by the firestorm of reaction to recent testimony by N. Gregory Mankiw, the head of President George W Bush's Council of Economic Advisers. No economist really disputed Mankiw's observation that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveoutsourcing is just a new way of doing international trade,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which makes it \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravea good thing.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace But in the political arena, Mankiw's comments sparked a furor on both sides of the aisle. Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry accused the Bush administration of wanting \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveto export more of our jobs overseas,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle quipped, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveIf this is the administratior's position, I think they owe an apology to every worker in America.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, meanwhile, warned that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveoutsourcing can be a problem for American workers and the American economy.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Critics charge that the information revolution (especially the Internet) has accelerated the decimation of U.S. manufacturing and facilitated the outsourcing of service-sector jobs once considered safe, from backroom call centers to high-level software programming. (This concern feeds into the suspicion that U.S. corporations are exploiting globalization to fatten profits at the expense of workers.) They are right that offshore outsourcing deserves attention and that some measures to assist affected workers are called for. But if their exaggerated alarmism succeeds in provoking protectionist responses from lawmakers, it will do far more harm than good, to the U.S. economy and to American workers. S hould Americans be concerned about the economic effects of outsourcing? Not particularly. Most of the numbers thrown around are vague, overhyped estimates. What hard data exist suggest that gross job losses due to offshore outsourcing have been minimal when compared to the size of the entire U.S. economy. The outsourcing phenomenon has shown that globalization can affect white-collar professions, heretofore immune to foreign competition, in the same way that it has affected manufacturing jobs for years. But Mankiw's statements on outsourcing are absolutely correct; the law of comparative advantage does not stop working just because 401(K)plans are involved. The creation of new jobs overseas will eventually lead to more jobs and higher incomes in the United States. Because the economy and especially job growth-is sluggish at the moment, commentators are attempting to draw a connection between offshore outsourcing and high unemployment. But believing that offshore outsourcing causes unemployment is the economic equivalent of believing that the sun revolves around the earth: intuitively compelling but clearly wrong. Should Americans be concerned about the political backlash to outsourcing? Absolutely. Anecdotes of workers affected by outsourcing are politically powerful, and demands for government protection always increase during economic slowdowns. The short-term political appeal of protectionism is undeniable. Scapegoating foreigners for domestic business cycles is smart politics, and protecting domestic markets gives leaders the appearance of taking direct, decisive action on the economy. Protectionism would not solve the U.S. economy's employment problems, although it would succeed in providing massive subsidies to well-organized interest groups. In open markets, greater competition spurs the reallocation of labor and capital to more profitable sectors of the economy. The benefits of such free trade-to both consumers and producers-are significant. Cushioning this process for displaced however, sales-making TAA out of reach for those affected by it. It makes sense to rework TAA rules to take into account workers displaced by offshore outsourcing even when their former industries or firms maintain robust levels of production. Another option would be to help firms purchase targeted insurance policies to offset the transition costs to workers directly affected by offshore outsourcing. Because the perception of possible unemployment is considerably greater than the actual likelihood of losing a job, insurance programs would impose a very small cost on firms while relieving a great deal of employee anxiety. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that such a scheme could be created for as little as four or five cents per dollar saved from offshore outsourcing. IBM recently announced the creation of a two-year, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar25 million retraining fund for its employees who fear job losses from outsourcing. Having the private sector handle the problem without extensive government intervention would be an added bonus.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Drummond2014,
  title = {The Protocol for the {{Families First Edmonton}} Trial ({{FFE}}): A Randomized Community-Based Trial to Compare Four Service Integration Approaches for Families with Low-Income},
  author = {Drummond, Jane and Schnirer, Laurie and So, Sylvia and Mayan, Maria and Williamson, Deanna L. and Bisanz, Jeffrey and Fassbender, Konrad and Wiebe, Natasha},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {14},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-14-223},
  abstract = {Background: Families with low incomes experience an array of health and social challenges that compromise their resilience and lead to negative family outcomes. Along with financial constraints, there are barriers associated with mental and physical health, poorer education and language. In addition, vulnerable populations experience many services as markedly unhelpful. This combination of family and service barriers results in reduced opportunities for effective, primary-level services and an increased use of more expensive secondary-level services (e. g., emergency room visits, child apprehensions, police involvement). A systematic review of effective interventions demonstrated that promotion of physical and mental health using existing service was critically important. Methods/Design: The Families First Edmonton Trial (FFE) tests four service integration approaches to increase use of available health and social services for families with low-income. It is a randomized, two-factor, single-blind, longitudinal effectiveness trial where low-income families (1168) were randomly assigned to receive either (1) Family Healthy Lifestyle plus Family Recreation service integration (Comprehensive), (2) Family Healthy Lifestyle service integration, (3) Family Recreation service integration, or (4) existing services. To be eligible families needed to be receiving one of five government income assistance programs. The trial was conducted in the City of Edmonton between January 2006 and August 2011. The families were followed for a total of three years of which interventional services were received for between 18 and 24 months. The primary outcome is the number of family linkages to health and social services as measured by a customized survey tool \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveFamily Services Inventory\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Secondary outcomes include type and satisfaction with services, cost of services, family member health, and family functioning. Where possible, the measures for secondary outcomes were selected because of their standardization, the presence of published norming data, and their utility as comparators to other studies of low-income families. As an effectiveness trial, community and government partners participated in all committees through a mutually agreed upon governance model and helped manage and problem solve with researchers. Discussion: Modifications were made to the FFE trial based on the pragmatics of community-based trials.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dudchenko2018,
  title = {{{PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL THEORY}}},
  author = {Dudchenko, Valentina and Vitman, Konstantin},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {BALTIC JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {139--147},
  issn = {2256-0742},
  doi = {10.30525/2256-0742/2018-1-1-139-147},
  abstract = {One of the priorities of socio-economic reform in Ukraine is the modernization of the structure of the national economy and its growth. An effective structure of the economy, which will correspond to a socially oriented model of economic growth and will be based on the use of both the country's competitive advantages in the global division of labour and the economic benefits of cooperation, will guarantee the independence of any country and will be the key to its dynamic development. The development of economic theory is due to the emergence of fundamentally new ideas, sustainable accumulation of knowledge, intellectual and meaningful updating of established concepts and theories, the formation of new scientific schools. A new paradigm of economic theory should explain the real processes in real economies, which operate on the principles of complex systems of synergistic nature and the theory of nonlinear dynamics. There is a process of theoretical polystructuredness both of mainstream and heterodoxy. An important task is to form an interdisciplinary dialogue between economists and scientists, which stipulates the relevance of the research topic. The subject of the study is the theoretical and methodological foundations and approaches to state management of economic development in the context of the institutional theory. The purpose of the study is to determine the role and influence of public administration of the development of the economy in the context of institutional theory and to develop strategic goals of the state's innovation policy. Methodology. Directions of correlation of the system of economic development of the country and the potential of the state development with the historical preconditions for the emergence and development of the institutional doctrine of economic theory are investigated. Based on the revealed interrelations, the necessity of using instruments of institutionalism for studying the economic development system is substantiated. The state, in all available ways, should encourage economic actors to develop and implement innovations, thereby creating favourable conditions for innovative and technological development of production, saturation of the domestic market with highly competitive goods and services, which, in turn, will strengthen export potential, fill the budgets of all levels, increase incomes of business entities, reduce unemployment and improve working conditions, increase social security of the population, and also strengthen the positive image of public administration and local self-government bodies. That is, the socio-economic development of the country depends directly on the innovation-technological potential and on the efficiency of public administration in its development at all levels of the economy. Conclusions. The author generalizes the theoretical and methodological foundations of the country's development in the context of the institutional theory: the system of economic development of the state has a set of direct and indirect links with the historical background of the emergence and development of an institutional doctrine of economic theory; the revealed directions of correlation contribute to the formation of a scientific and methodological basis for further study of economic development and economic potential of a country (state) in the context of the institutional doctrine of economic theory in its relation to the public administration theory; the economic development of a country (state) depends on the institutional environment, in which it operates, and is both an object of its influence and a subject that determines its transformation. The author investigates the theoretical principles of state regulation of innovative and technological development of the country's economy. The existing strategies and programs of innovative development and innovation activity in Ukraine are explored. The state of innovation and technology of the national economy and the potential of key sectors of the economy in terms of innovative development are analysed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {innovation strategy,innovative and technological development,institutional doctrine,public administration,state regulation,stimulation mechanism}
}

@article{Duffett2018,
  title = {Advancing {{Randomized Controlled Trials}} in {{Pediatric Critical Care}}: {{The Perspectives}} of {{Trialists}}},
  author = {Duffett, Mark and Swinton, Marilyn and Brouwers, Melissa and Meade, Maureen and Cook, Deborah J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE},
  volume = {19},
  number = {11},
  pages = {E595-E602},
  issn = {1529-7535},
  doi = {10.1097/PCC.0000000000001696},
  abstract = {Objectives: Clinical research is a complex scientific and social enterprise. Our objective was to identify strategies that pediatric critical care trialists consider acceptable, feasible, and effective to improve the design and conduct randomized controlled trials in pediatric critical care. Design: Qualitative descriptive study using semistructured individual interviews. Subjects: We interviewed 26 pediatric critical care researchers from seven countries who have published a randomized controlled trial (2005-2015). We used purposive sampling to achieve diversity regarding researcher characteristics and randomized controlled trial characteristics. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Most participants (24 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace92\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) were from high-income countries, eight (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had published more than one randomized controlled trial, 17 (65\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had published a multicenter randomized controlled trial, and eight (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had published a multinational randomized controlled trial. An important theme was building communitiesgroups of individuals with similar interests, shared experiences, and common values, bound by professional and personal relationships. Participants described a sense of community as a source of motivation and encouragement and as a means to larger, more rigorous trials, increasing researcher and clinician engagement and maintaining enthusiasm. Strategies to build communities stressed in-person interactions (both professional and social), capable leadership, and trust. Another important theme was getting started. Participants highlighted the importance of formal research training and high-quality experiential learning through collaboration on other's projects, guided by effective mentorship. Also important was working within the systemensuring academic credit for a range of contributions, not only for the principal investigator role. The longitudinal notion of building on success was also underscored as a cross-cutting theme. Conclusions: Coordinated, deliberate actions to build community and ensure key training and practical experiences for new investigators may strengthen the research enterprise in pediatric critical care. These strategies, potentially in combination with other novel approaches, may vitalize clinical research in this field.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {pediatric critical care,qualitative methods,randomized controlled trials,research methods}
}

@article{Duffy2020,
  title = {Increasing Parental Leave Uptake: {{A}} Systems Social Marketing Approach},
  author = {Duffy, Sarah and {van Esch}, Patrick and Yousef, Murooj},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {AUSTRALASIAN MARKETING JOURNAL},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {110--118},
  issn = {1441-3582},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.01.007},
  abstract = {Ineffective paid paternity leave policies perpetuate gender inequality and have significant, long-lasting outcomes for families, organisations, and the economy. They maintain unequal divisions in child-rearing and household chores that restrict families' decisions about workforce participation and caring responsibilities. Low levels of uptake of paternity leave are caused by workplace practices, social norms, and economic factors that influence the choices fathers make when their children are born, and which become entrenched over time. Fathers' early involvement in children's lives is profoundly beneficial for families, therefore, we recommend to policy makers and organisations how they can change internal workplace cultures to allow for a more inclusive image of parenting and a more nuanced image of the ideal male worker. We outline a systems social marketing approach that addresses change at the macro, meso and micro levels through the three E's model (establish, explore, and enable), to help policy makers, organisations, and families consider the implications of meaningful parental leave and the importance of increasing fathers' uptake. Future research questions for increasing parental leave uptake are presented. (C) 2020 Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender equality,Macro-social marketing,Organisational policy,Parental leave,Public policy,Systems social marketing}
}

@article{Dumornay2022,
  title = {Improved Emotion Regulation Following a Trauma-Informed {{CBT-based}} Intervention Associates with Reduced Risk for Recidivism in Justice-Involved Emerging Adults},
  author = {Dumornay, Nathalie M. and Finegold, Katherine E. and Chablani, Anisha and Elkins, Lili and Krouch, Sotun and Baldwin, Molly and Youn, Soo Jeong and Marques, Luana and Ressler, Kerry J. and {Moreland-Capuia}, Alisha},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-0640},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951429},
  abstract = {ObjectiveMale youth who have been involved in the juvenile legal system have disproportionate rates of trauma and violence exposure. Many justice-involved youth have untreated mental illness, with an estimated 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% of young men who are incarcerated meeting criteria for at least one mental health disorder, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. While Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approaches are considered among effective evidence-based treatments for addressing and treating behavioral and emotional difficulties, male youth with a history of incarceration and youth who are at risk for (re)incarceration, violence, emotion dysregulation, and trauma face significant barriers in accessing these services. MethodsRoca, Inc. (Roca), an internationally recognized organization moving the needle on urban violence by working relentlessly with young people at the center of violence in Massachusetts and Maryland, employs a trauma-informed CBT-based skills curriculum and approach in their intervention model, to improve youths' educational, employment, parenting, and life skills opportunities, while decreasing risk for recidivism, addressing trauma and increasing skills for emotion regulation. The aim of this analysis was to assess the effectiveness of Roca's trauma-informed CBT skills curriculum on youths' emotional and behavioral outcomes. We analyzed data from over 300 participating emerging adult men from four sites in Massachusetts and one site in Baltimore, Maryland who had at least three series of data collection across multiple skills-based sessions. ResultsWe found improvements in outcomes in overall mean scores related to decreased distress about employment and education, as are expected with standard intervention approaches for justice-involved youth. Participants who show improvement in emotion regulation across engagement (approximately half the cohort), were found to have significant improvements in distress related to relationship and family functioning and self-care, and decreased substance use, along with other outcomes compared to those participants with less improvement in emotion regulation. Furthermore, improvement in different aspects of emotion regulation were associated with improved relationships, life distress, substance use, and improved prosocial thinking. ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that adding mental health support and skills training, such as with trauma-informed CBT models, to programs for justice-involved youth may lead to significant improvements in functioning, quality of life, and mental health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adverse childhood experiences (ACE's),brain development,healing,institutional racism,juvenile justice,PTSD,system change,trauma-informed}
}

@article{Dunatchik2023,
  title = {Parenthood and the Gender Division of Labour across the Income Distribution: The Relative Importance of Relative Earnings},
  author = {Dunatchik, Allison},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {229--246},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcac036},
  abstract = {This study employs a gendered relative resource approach to examine whether the importance of relative resources varies by couples' household income in shaping changes in the gender division of labour after first birth. Scholarship has long argued that the gender division of labour within different-sex couples is influenced by partners' relative resources. However, couples face class-based constraints that may alter the relevance of relative resources in shaping changes in gender divisions of labour following the transition to parenthood. This study compares couples' paid work and housework before and up to four years after first birth, using 28 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 1,606 couples). I find that the effect of relative resources on changes in couple's paid work and housework behaviour after first birth varies substantially by household income. Among higher-income couples, women's paid work and housework time changes less among those with high relative earnings and more among those with low relative earnings, while men's time allocation varies little after first birth. In contrast, among low-income couples, women's paid work time and share decreases most after first among female breadwinners while their male partners' paid work time increases substantially. These findings reflect the greater constraints that low-income parents face in reconciling work and family and highlight the need for greater attention to class interactions in the process of gender specialization in both research and work-family policy.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Duncan2007,
  title = {Reducing Poverty through Preschool Interventions},
  author = {Duncan, Greg J. and Ludwig, Jens and Magnuson, Katherine A.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {143--160},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  doi = {10.1353/foc.2007.0015},
  abstract = {Greg Duncan, Jens Ludwig, and Katherine Magnuson explain how providing high-quality care to disadvantaged preschool children can help reduce poverty. In early childhood, they note, children's cognitive and socioemotional skills develop rapidly and are sensitive to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveinputs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace from parents, home learning environments, child care settings, and the health care system. The authors propose an intensive two-year, education-focused intervention for economically disadvantaged three- and four-year-olds. Classrooms would be staffed by college-trained teachers and have no more than six children per teacher. Instruction would be based on proven preschool academic and behavioral curricula and would be provided to children for three hours a day, with wraparound child care available to working parents. The authors estimate that the annual cost of the instructional portion of the program would be about \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8,000, with child care adding up to another \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4,000. The program would fully subsidize low-income children's participation; high-income parents would pay the full cost. The total cost of the proposal, net of current spending, would be \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20 billion a year. Researchers have estimated that a few very intensive early childhood programs have generated benefits of as much as \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar14 for every \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1 in cost. The authors think it unrealistic that a nationwide early education program could be equally socially profitable, but they estimate that their proposal would likely have benefits amounting to several times its cost. Some of the benefits would appear quickly in the form of less school retention and fewer special education classifications; others would show up later in the form of less crime and greater economic productivity. The authors estimate that their program would reduce the future poverty rates of participants by between 5 percent and 15 percent.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Duncan2014,
  title = {Boosting {{Family Income}} to {{Promote Child Development}}},
  author = {Duncan, Greg J. and Magnuson, Katherine and {Votruba-Drzal}, Elizabeth},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99--120},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  doi = {10.1353/foc.2014.0008},
  abstract = {Families who live in poverty face disadvantages that can hinder their children's development in many ways, write Greg Duncan, Katherine Magnuson, and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. As they struggle to get by economically, and as they cope with substandard housing, unsafe neighborhoods, and inadequate schools, poor families experience more stress in their daily lives than more affluent families do, with a host of psychological and developmental consequences. Poor families also lack the resources to invest in things like high-quality child care and enriched learning experiences that give more affluent children a leg up. Often, poor parents also lack the time that wealthier parents have to invest in their children, because poor parents are more likely to be raising children alone or to work nonstandard hours and have inflexible work schedules. Can increasing poor parents' incomes, independent of any other sort of assistance, help their children succeed in school and in life? The theoretical case is strong, and Duncan, Magnuson, and Votruba-Drzal find solid evidence that the answer is yes children from poor families that see a boost in income do better in school and complete more years of schooling, for example. But if boosting poor parents' incomes can help their children, a crucial question remains: Does it matter when in a child's life the additional income appears? Developmental neurobiology strongly suggests that increased income should have the greatest effect during children's early years, when their brains and other systems are developing rapidly, though we need more evidence to prove this conclusively. The authors offer examples of how policy makers could incorporate the findings they present to create more effective programs for families living in poverty. And they conclude with a warning: if a boost in income can help poor children, then a drop in income for example, through cuts to social safety net programs like food stamps can surely harm them.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dunn2017,
  title = {{{GENDER EQUITY AND ACCESS IN THE CARIBBEAN ICT SECTOR}}},
  author = {Dunn, Leith L. and Samuels, Ayanna T.},
  editor = {Robinson, L and Schulz, J and Dunn, {\relax HS}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES ANNUAL: DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF INCLUSION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN},
  series = {Studies in {{Media}} and {{Communications}}},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {65--91},
  issn = {2050-2060},
  doi = {10.1108/S2050-206020160000012005},
  abstract = {Purpose - This study examines the problem of unequal access to the Caribbean ICT industry on the part of women, and considers causes, consequences and possible solutions. The latter includes integrating gender perspectives in ICT policies and programmes to increase access for all to education and employment opportunities for national development. Methodology/approach - Mixed Methods research techniques (questionnaire surveys, elite interviews and focus group discussions) were used to collect data from national stakeholders in Jamaica and St Lucia. Findings - Despite policy commitments to gender equality and the deployment of ICTs to promote development, significant gaps persist between policy and practice. Results show that disadvantages in ICT access for women result in gender differences in sector involvement. Gender socialisation and the resulting discrimination in education and employment undermine commitments to inclusive development. Consequences include untapped opportunities for innovation, efficiency and business along the ICT value chain relating to development. Research limitations - Case studies only represent Anglophone Caribbean and may not reflect all subregional contexts. Practical implications - The paper demonstrates the value of collecting, analysing and using data disaggregated by sex to identify needs of vulnerable groups relating to inclusive development. Social implications - Equitable access to ICTs for women through training, community Internet-access-points, and support to establish/expand Micro Small and Medium-sized Enterprises will enable women to combine paid and unpaid family caregiving work and to participate in the ICT value chain. Originality/value - There is a dearth of gender-based analysis of ICT policymaking in the Caribbean. The paper contributes theoretical, methodological and policy analysis geared towards understanding and promoting inclusive access and gender equality in ICTs for sustainable development in the Caribbean.},
  isbn = {978-1-78635-481-5; 978-1-78635-482-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caribbean development,females,gender mainstreaming,Gender-sensitive research,ICT policy,ICT4D}
}

@article{Dunn2023,
  title = {Global Psycho-Oncology in Low Middle-Income Countries: {{Challenges}} and Opportunities},
  author = {Dunn, Jeff and Rodin, Gary},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {3--5},
  issn = {1057-9249},
  doi = {10.1002/pon.6078},
  abstract = {ObjectivesThis Special Issue of Psycho-Oncology is focused on challenges and opportunities in the provision of psychosocial care to patients in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim is to highlight global disparities and inequity in the provision of evidence-based, culturally-sensitive and timely psychosocial care and to showcase the work of researchers and practitioners to address this gap. We hope that this Issue will help to advance the psychological and social dimensions of cancer care in all parts of the world. MethodsThe focus of the papers is on research and clinical innovations in LMICs that target the psychological, social and cultural dimensions of cancer and on interventions to improve or maintain the psychological well-being, social functioning and/or quality of life of those who are affected and their families. ResultsThese papers draw attention to guidelines, resource needs, clinical service evaluation, emerging research and knowledge translation within LMICs that advance knowledge and implementation in the field of psycho-oncology. ConclusionsInnovations and advances in psycho-oncology are emerging from LMICs to enhance the care of patients with cancer and their families in these regions and in all parts of the world. A sustained global initiative is now needed to ensure that guidelines for such care are routinely included in global, national and local cancer control plans and that essential resources and attention are directed to implement them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cancer,caregivers,global,inequity,LMICs,mental health,psycho-oncology,psychological,social}
}

@article{Dunn2023a,
  title = {Developing {{A Conceptual Framework}} for {{Early Intervention Vocational Rehabilitation}} for {{People Following Spinal Cord Injury}}},
  author = {Dunn, Jennifer A. and Martin, R. A. and Hackney, J. J. and Nunnerley, J. L. and Snell, D. L. and Bourke, J. A. and Young, T. and Hall, A. and Derrett, S.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {179--188},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-022-10060-9},
  abstract = {Purpose Early intervention vocational rehabilitation (EIVR) can improve return to work (RTW) outcomes for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, mechanisms explaining how and why EIVR works are not well understood. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework describing key mechanisms of EIVR intervention effect following SCI. Methods We synthesised data from a realist literature review with data from interviews of people with SCI (n = 30), a survey of people with SCI who had received EIVR (n = 37), a focus group of EIVR providers and a focus group of community vocational providers. We first synthesised the literature review and interviews to develop an initial programme theory describing the contexts in which mechanisms are activated to produce EIVR outcomes. Then we used data from the survey and focus groups to further refine the EIVR programme theory. Finally, a conceptual framework was developed to support knowledge dissemination. Results By ensuring consistent messaging across the multi-disciplinary team, EIVR programmes establish and maintain hope that work is possible following injury. Conversations about work allow individuals to determine the priority of work following injury. These conversations can also improve self-efficacy by providing individualized support to envisage pathways toward RTW goals and maintain worker identity. The synthesised study findings highlight the contexts and resources required to trigger activation of these mechanisms. Conclusions EIVR key mechanisms of effect are not specific to SCI as a health condition, therefore enabling this framework to be applied to other populations who face similar impairments and return to work barriers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Return to work,Spinal cord injury,Vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Dunstan2016,
  title = {Workplace Managers' View of the Role of Co-Workers in Return-to-Work},
  author = {Dunstan, Debra A. and MacEachen, Ellen},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {38},
  number = {23},
  pages = {2324--2333},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2015.1129447},
  abstract = {Purpose: Theoretical and empirical research findings attest to the workplace being a social environment in which co-workers have a critical influence on the employment outcomes and return-to-work (RTW) success of other employees. However, co-workers do not have a formal role in RTW planning. The aim of this study was to explore how managers responsible for developing and implementing RTW procedures view the role of co-workers in this process. Method: An exploratory qualitative pilot study was conducted in Canada. Participants (1 male; 13 females; mean experience in RTW = 11.8 years) were workplace (n=8) or RTW managers (n=6) with direct oversight of RTW plans. The participants were recruited via invitation from a research institute and were drawn from three different provinces. Data were gathered via open-ended questions and were coded and subject to thematic analysis. Findings: Three key themes were identified: (1) Managers view RTW as having little relevance to co-workers but expect them to cooperate with the arrangements; (2) Formal procedures are inadequate when psychosocial barriers to work resumption are present, so managers use informal strategies to engage co-workers' emotional and social support; and (3) Managers have difficulty integrating RTW procedures with other legal obligations, such as privacy and confidentiality requirements. Conclusion: Existing arrangements for the development and implementation of RTW are sufficient most of the time, but may be inadequate when an injured worker presents with psychosocial barriers to work resumption. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Standard RTW arrangements can be inadequate when a RTW plan requires active co-worker support. Privacy and confidentiality provisions can result in managers using informal procedures for information exchange and to engage co-workers. The use of risk management strategies - assessment, consultation and communication - could be used to include co-workers when workplace issues threaten the success of a RTW plan.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Injury management policy,social context of work,work reintegration,workers' compensation}
}

@article{Dupray2018,
  title = {Welfare-State Regimes and Gender Division of Housework Time in Three Conurbations: {{New York}}, {{Paris}}, {{Tokyo}}},
  author = {Dupray, Arnaud and {Daune-Richard}, Anne-Marie and Nohara, Hiroatsu},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {38},
  number = {11-12},
  pages = {956--972},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-03-2018-0041},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the patterns and determinants of the division of household tasks within couples in countries under different welfare-state regimes. Design/methodology/approach The paper investigates data on urban middle- and upper-class couples living in New York, Paris or Tokyo area, from a 2007 international comparative time-budget survey carried out at the initiative of the Rengo-Soken Research Institute. Each partner was interviewed separately, offering a unique statistical source for analysing the organisation of domestic time. Findings The results shed light on the degree of proximity among the three populations in their housework-sharing arrangements. Greater parity in partners' housework time is found for the New York couples, regardless of their occupational activity. In Paris and especially in Tokyo, other demands on the partners' time and the contribution each makes to the household income both impact the actual division of household labour. Research limitations/implications The partners' gender ideology was not elicited, and inclusion of lower-class couples could change certain results. However, the findings attest to the strong role that welfare-state regime plays in shaping housework time allocation. Originality/value Unlike other international comparisons, the survey used enables us to ensure strong comparability of measures. The welfare-state regime and family model frameworks clearly highlight the interplay between individual determinants and the institutional context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Comparative analysis,Gender,Housework,Relative resources}
}

@article{Dustmann2005,
  title = {Immigrants in the {{British}} Labour Market},
  author = {Dustmann, C and Fabbri, F},
  year = {2005},
  month = dec,
  journal = {FISCAL STUDIES},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {423--470},
  issn = {0143-5671},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1475-5890.2005.00019.x},
  abstract = {The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description of the economic outcomes and performance of Britain's immigrant communities today and over the last two decades. We distinguish between males and females and, where possible and meaningful, between immigrants of different origins. Our comparison group is white British-born individuals. Our data source is the British Labour Force Survey. We first provide descriptive information on the composition of immigrants in Britain, and how this has changed over time, their socio-economic characteristics, their industry allocation and their labour market outcomes. We then investigate various labour market performance indicators (labour force participation, employment, wages and self-employment) for immigrants of different origins, and compare them with British-born whites of the same age, region and other background characteristics. We find that over the last 20 years, Britain's immigrant population has changed in origin composition and has dramatically improved in skill composition - not dissimilar from the trend in the British-born population. We find substantial differences in economic outcomes between white and ethnic minority immigrants. Within these groups, immigrants of different origins differ considerably with respect to their education and age structure, their regional distribution and their sector choice. In general, white immigrants are more successful in Britain, although there are differences between groups of different origins. The investigation shows that immigrants from some ethnic minority groups, and in particular females, are particularly disadvantaged, with Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at the lower end of this scale.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dwight-Johnson2010,
  title = {Effectiveness of {{Collaborative Care}} in {{Addressing Depression Treatment Preferences Among Low-Income Latinos}}},
  author = {{Dwight-Johnson}, Megan and Lagomasino, Isabel T. and Hay, Joel and Zhang, Lily and Tang, Lingqi and Green, Jennifer M. and Duan, Naihua},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES},
  volume = {61},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1112--1118},
  issn = {1075-2730},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.61.11.1112},
  abstract = {Objective: This study assessed treatment preferences among low-income Latino patients in public-sector primary care clinics and examined whether a collaborative care intervention that included patient education and allowed patients to choose between medication, therapy, or both would increase the likelihood that patients received preferred treatment. Methods: A total of 339 Latino patients with probable depressive disorders were recruited; participants completed a baseline conjoint analysis preference survey and were randomly assigned to receive the intervention or enhanced usual care. At 16 weeks, a patient survey assessed depression treatment received during the study period. Logistic regression models were constructed to estimate treatment preferences, examine patient characteristics associated with treatment preferences, and examine patient characteristics associated with a match between stated preference and actual treatment received. Results: The conjoint analysis preference survey showed that patients preferred counseling or counseling plus medication over antidepressant medication alone and that they preferred treatment in primary care over specialty mental health care, but they showed no significant preference for individual versus group treatment. Patients also indicated that individual education sessions, telephone sessions, transportation assistance, and family involvement were barrier reduction strategies that would enhance their likelihood of accepting treatment. Compared with patients assigned to usual care, those in the intervention group were 21 times as likely to receive preferred treatment. Among all participants, women, unemployed persons, those who spoke English, and those referred by providers were more likely to receive preferred treatment. Conclusions: Collaborative care interventions that include psychotherapy can increase the likelihood that Latino patients receive preferred care; however, special efforts may be needed to address preferences of working persons, men, and Spanish-speaking patients. (Psychiatric Services 61: 1112-1118, 2010)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dwyer2019,
  title = {The {{Australian}} High Performance and Sport Science Workforce: {{A}} National Profile},
  author = {Dwyer, Dan B. and Bellesini, Kylie and Gastin, Paul and Kremer, Peter and Dawson, Andrew},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {227--231},
  issn = {1440-2440},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.017},
  abstract = {Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide a profile of the demographics and employment characteristics of the Australian high performance and sport science workforce. Design: This study used a cross-sectional, quantitative survey methodology to collect data about the Australian high performance and sport science workforce. Method: 175 Australian high performance and sport science employees completed an online survey which captured demographic information and work-related characteristics such as role, industry sector, income, permanence of employment and hours worked. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise information and some comparisons were made between position titles, industry sectors and sexes. Results: The Australian high performance and sport science workforce is predominantly male (76.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), {$<$}= 35 years of age (50.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), located on the eastern seaboard of Australia (69\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and have been in their current position for 2-5 years (37.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%). They are mostly employed on a fixed term contract of 2.4 years, by an institute of sport. Income varied, with those working in professional sporting clubs and/or employed as high performance managers earning the highest wage. On average, participants worked well over their contracted hours, with a considerable proportion of these hours outside the standard 9-5 working week. Conclusions: Employees in the high performance and sport science workforce in Australia face significant professional issues that relate to long and unusual work hours, job insecurity and income disparity. Policy makers and the managers of this workforce should consider the impact of these issues on work-life balance, staff retention rates and the risk of burnout. (C) 2018 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Demographics,Employment conditions,Income,Job security,Policy development}
}

@article{Dyer2017,
  title = {Poor Recovery of Households from Out-of-Pocket Payment for Assisted Reproductive Technology},
  author = {Dyer, Silke J. and Vinoos, Latiefa and Ataguba, John E.},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HUMAN REPRODUCTION},
  volume = {32},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2431--2436},
  issn = {0268-1161},
  doi = {10.1093/humrep/dex315},
  abstract = {STUDY QUESTION: How do households recover financially from direct out-of-pocket payment for government subsidized ART? SUMMARY ANSWER: After a mean of 3.8 years, there was poor recovery from initiated financial coping strategies with the poorest households being disproportionatley affected. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Out-of-pocket payment for health services can create financial burdens for households and inequities in access to care. A previous study conducted at a public-academic institution in South Africa documented that patient co-payment for one cycle of ART resulted in catastrophic expenditure for one in five households, and more frequently among the poorest, requiring diverse financial coping strategies to offset costs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: An observational follow-up study was conducted similar to 4 years later to assess financial recovery among the 135 couples who had participated in this previous study. Data were collected over 12 months from 73 informants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD: The study was conducted at a level three referral hospital in the publicacademic health sector of South Africa. At this institution ART is subsidized but requires patient co-payments. A purpose-built questionnaire capturing socio-economic information and recovery from financial coping strategies which had been activated was administered to all informants. Financial recovery was defined as the resolution of strategies initiated for the specific purpose of covering the original ART cycle. Results were analysed by strategy and household with the latter including analysis by tertiles based on socio-economic status at the time of the original expenditure. In addition to descriptive statistics, the Pearson Chi squared test was used to determine differences between socioeconomic tertiles and associations between recovery and other variables. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The participation rate in this follow-up study was 54.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% with equal representation from the three socio-economic tertiles. The average duration of follow-up was 46.1 months (+/- 9.78 SD) and respondents' mean age was 42 years (range 31-52). The recovery rate was below 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% for four of five strategies evaluated: 23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households had re-purchased a sold asset; 23.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% had normalized a previous reduction in household spending, 33.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had regained their savings, and 48.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% were no longer bolstering income through additional work. Two-thirds of households (60.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had repaid all loans and debts. The poorest households showed lower rates of recovery when compared to households in the richest tertile. Complete recovery from all strategies initiated was reported by only 10 households (13.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%): 1 of 19 in the lowest tertile, 3 of 30 in the middle and by 6 of 24 households in the richest tertile (P {$>$} 0.05). No association was found between the degree of financial recovery and additional cost burdens incurred, including related to babies born; or between the degree of recovery and ongoing pursuit of ART. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The sample size was limited. The participation rate was just over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Results were dependent on participants' narrative and recall. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The willingness of patients to pay for ART does not necessarily imply the ability to pay. As a result, the lack of comprehensive third-party funding for ART can create immediate and long-term financial hardship which is more pronounced among poorer households. While more data on the impact of out-of-pocket payment for ART are needed to illustrate the problem in other low resource settings, the results from South Africa provide useful information for similar developing countries. The current absence of more extensive data should therefore not be a barrier to the promotion of financial risk protection for infertile couples, especially the poorest, in need of ART.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Africa,assisted reproductive technology,developing countries,health economics,health expenditures,income,infertility,out-of-pocket payment}
}

@article{Dziak2010,
  title = {Inequalities in the Psychological Well-Being of Employed, Single and Partnered Mothers: The Role of Psychosocial Work Quality and Work-Family Conflict},
  author = {Dziak, Ewelina and Janzen, Bonnie L. and Muhajarine, Nazeem},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-9-6},
  abstract = {Background: A large body of international research reveals that single mothers experience poorer mental health than their partnered counterparts, with socioeconomic disadvantage identified as an important contributory factor in understanding this health disparity. Much less research, however, has focused specifically on the psychological well-being of single mothers who are employed, despite their growing presence in the labor force. Of the research which has considered employment, the focus has been on employment status per se rather than on other important work-related factors which may impact psychological health, such as psychosocial work quality and work-family conflict. The aim of this study was to: (1) compare employed single mothers and employed partnered mothers on measures of psychological distress, psychosocial work quality and work-family conflict; and (2) explore the potential role of work-family conflict and psychosocial work quality as explanations for any observed differences in psychological distress based on partner status. Method: Analysis of data obtained from a cross-sectional telephone survey of employed parents in a mid-sized Western Canadian city. Analyses were based on 674 employed mothers (438 partnered and 236 single), who were 25-50 years old, with at least one child in the household. Results: Compared to employed single mothers, employed partnered mothers were older, had more education and reported fewer hours of paid work. Single mothers reported higher levels of psychological distress, financial hardship, work-family conflict and poor psychosocial work quality. Statistical adjustment for income adequacy, psychosocial work quality and work-family conflict each independently resulted in single motherhood no longer being associated with psychological distress. Conclusions: While single employed mothers did experience higher levels of psychological distress than their partnered counterparts, differences between these groups of women in income adequacy, psychosocial work quality, and work-family conflict were found to explain this relationship. Future research employing a longitudinal design and subject to lower selection biases is required to tease out the interrelationship of these three life strains and to point to the most appropriate economic and social policies to support single mothers in the workforce.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Dzodzomenyo2022,
  title = {Exploring the Relationship between Self-Employment and Women's Cardiovascular Health},
  author = {Dzodzomenyo, Sedina and Narain, Kimberly Danae Cauley},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12905-022-01893-w},
  abstract = {Background Compared with wage and salary work, self-employment has been linked to more favorable cardiovascular health outcomes within the general population. Women comprise a significant proportion of the self-employed workforce and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Self-employed women represent a unique population in that their cardiovascular health outcomes may be related to gender-specific advantages of non-traditional employment. To date, no studies have comprehensively explored the association between self-employment and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among women. Methods We conducted a weighted cross-sectional analysis using data from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our study sample consisted of 4624 working women (employed for wages and self-employed) enrolled in the 2016 HRS cohort. Multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between self-employment and several self-reported physical and mental health risk factors for cardiovascular disease, controlling for healthcare access. Results Among working women, self-employment was associated with a 34\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting obesity, a 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting hypertension, a 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting diabetes, and a 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in the odds of reporting participation in at least twice-weekly physical activity (p {$<$} 0.05). BMI for self-employed women was on average 1.79 units lower than it was for women working for wages (p {$<$} 0.01). Conclusions Employment structure may have important implications for cardiovascular health among women, and future studies should explore the causal relationship between self-employment and cardiovascular health outcomes in this population. Trial Registration: Not applicable.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cardiovascular disease,Employment status,Women's health}
}

@article{Earles2013,
  title = {Reprint of: {{The}} Gendered Consequences of the {{European Union}}'s Pensions Policy},
  author = {Earles, Kimberly},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM},
  volume = {39},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {22--29},
  issn = {0277-5395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2013.05.009},
  abstract = {The purpose of this special issue is to analyze the unintended gendered consequences of European Union policies that may appear to be gender neutral. This article explores pensions policy, an issue that entered onto the political agenda in recent decades due to demographic trends and concerns regarding the financial sustainability of public pensions. Consequently, the EU and its member states have implemented a number of pension reforms that seek to decrease state responsibility and increase individual responsibility. The implications of these seemingly gender-neutral reforms are negative for the majority of women, as they favor male work patterns and disadvantage female work patterns, including part-time and temporary work, as well as time taken out of the labor market for caring and other domestic responsibilities. As a result, I argue that the current wave of pension reforms in the EU have gendered consequences that are particularly negative for the majority of women. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Earles2013a,
  title = {The Gendered Consequences of the {{European Union}}'s Pensions Policy},
  author = {Earles, Kimberly},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {75--82},
  issn = {0277-5395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2013.02.013},
  abstract = {The purpose of this special issue is to analyze the unintended gendered consequences of European Union policies that may appear to be gender neutral. This article explores pensions policy, an issue that entered onto the political agenda in recent decades due to demographic trends and concerns regarding the financial sustainability of public pensions. Consequently, the EU and its member states have implemented a number of pension reforms that seek to decrease state responsibility and increase individual responsibility. The implications of these seemingly gender-neutral reforms are negative for the majority of women, as they favor male work patterns and disadvantage female work patterns, including part-time and temporary work, as well as time taken out of the labor market for caring and other domestic responsibilities. As a result, I argue that the current wave of pension reforms in the EU have gendered consequences that are particularly negative for the majority of women. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Eberman2013,
  title = {Athletic {{Trainer Perceptions}} of {{Life-Work Balance}} and {{Parenting Concerns}}},
  author = {Eberman, Lindsey E. and Kahanov, Leamor},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {416--423},
  issn = {1062-6050},
  doi = {10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.01},
  abstract = {Context: Life-work balance may be one reason for retention concerns among athletic trainers (ATs), yet evidence does not exist to support the supposition. Objective: To assess the perceptions of ATs regarding life-work balance, specifically on parenting issues. Design: Survey. Setting: Online survey at www.surveymonkey.com. Patients or Other Participants: A random sample of National Athletic Trainers' Association members (N = 9516) received the survey; 20.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 1962; male 954, female 816; age = 37 +/- 10 years, experience = 13 +/- 9 years) completed any portion of the survey. Most respondents worked in the college/university (34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 657 of 1908) and secondary school settings (25.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 476 of 1908). A majority of participants (50.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 898 of 1770) were parents. Intervention(s): We calculated frequencies and percentages and used Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests to identify the differences between sexes and among job settings on life-work balance measures among parents. Main Outcome Measures: The questionnaire included 8 life-work balance items, 7 parenting challenge items, and 3 nonparent items. Results: The results indicate that sex and setting significantly affected perceptions about parenting. Males articulated a stronger sense of difficulty in finding balance as a working parent (P {$<$} .001; 1.95 +/- 1.98). Females felt more strongly than males that managing work and family was stressful (P = .04; 3.86 +/- 1.13) and caused burnout (P = .004; 3.50 +/- 1.24), and that their energy tended to fall short of their needs (P {$<$} .001; 3.74 +/- 1.15). The decision not to have children was strongly affected by the work setting (P = .014; 3.37 +/- 1.42). Both college/university (4.14 +/- 0.85) and secondary school (4.03 +/- 0.90) ATs would prefer to spend more time at home, as compared with ATs in other settings (P {$<$} .001). College/university ATs (P = .025; 3.17 +/- 1.23) felt most strongly that their families were neglected because of work. In none of the settings did ATs feel that their employment settings were particularly tolerant of their parenting responsibilities (P = .027; 1.72 +/- 1.97). Conclusions: Male and female employees had similar perceptions of life-work balance, but occupational setting may affect these perceptions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment setting,life-work integration,professional barriers,retention,sex}
}

@article{Eckardt2022,
  title = {Minimum Wages in an Automating Economy},
  author = {Eckardt, Marcel Steffen},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--91},
  issn = {1097-3923},
  doi = {10.1111/jpet.12528},
  abstract = {We explore the suitability of the minimum wage as a policy instrument for reducing emerging income inequality created by new technologies. For this, we implement a binding minimum wage in a task-based framework, in which tasks are conducted by machines, low-skill, and high-skill workers. In this framework, an increasing minimum wage reduces the inequality between the low-skill wage and the other factor prices, whereas the share of income of low-skill workers in the national income is nonincreasing. Then, we analyze the impact of an automating economy along the extensive and intensive margins. In a setting with a minimum wage, it can be shown that automation at the extensive margin and the creation of new, labor-intensive tasks do not increase the aggregate output in general, as the displacement of low-skill workers counteracts the positive effects of cost-savings. Finally, we highlight a potential trade-off between less inequality of the factor prices and greater inequality of the income distribution when a minimum wage is introduced into an automating economy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {automation,displacement effects,employment,inequality,labor demand,minimum wage,tasks,wages}
}

@article{Eckenwiler2018,
  title = {Displacement and Solidarity: {{An}} Ethic of Place-Making},
  author = {Eckenwiler, Lisa},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BIOETHICS},
  volume = {32},
  number = {9, SI},
  pages = {562--568},
  issn = {0269-9702},
  doi = {10.1111/bioe.12538},
  abstract = {When the sick, injured, or dying arrive in a hospital - often along with family members - they find themselves on an alien landscape. Elderly people enter unfamiliar territory as they move from home or hospital into a long-term care setting, which may be the first in a series of placements for their final years. African Americans have been subjected for decades to oppressive urban planning policies, including \textbackslash textasciigraveserial displacement', which have systematically uprooted and dispersed them, their homes, and their places of business and worship. Around the world currently, 65 million people are displaced, most trying to escape uninhabitable environs involving war, persecution, drought, and famine. Some of these migrants and asylum-seekers reside in and around refugee camps but many are in urban enclaves or isolated outside them in desperately inhospitable conditions. Some are trying to integrate and make homes in new countries. Still more people are coming in perilous flight from the unfurling effects of climate change. \textbackslash textasciigraveWe are place-lings,' according to Ed Casey, \textbackslash textasciigravenever without emplaced experiences'. Lorraine Code, explaining our social and geographical embeddedness and interdependence, describes us as \textbackslash textasciigraveecological subjects'. By recognizing place, we can deepen our appreciation for the ways in which we are radically relational, that is, interdependent with people, non-human others, and particular locations. This robust and realistic conception of our relational nature and its implications for health and ethics deserves more attention. Elsewhere I have argued for \textbackslash textasciigraveethical place-making' as morally obligatory for supporting the capability to be healthy, or health justice, for ecological subjects. Drawing on this conception of persons as creatures situated in specific social relations, geographic locations, and atmospheric and material environments, here I emphasize the importance of place and argue for an ideal and practice of \textbackslash textasciigraveethical place-making' as an essential and, indeed, ethically required way of demonstrating and forging future solidarity and advancing justice, particularly health justice. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, I explain what I mean by place and examine the relationships, revealed by contemporary research in social epidemiology, between place and health. In Section 3, I build on the conception of persons as ecological subjects to ground what Carol Gould has called \textbackslash textasciigravesolidaristic recognition', which, as I will interpret it, requires us to reckon with the significance of place in our relational nature. I then link solidaristic recognition to the ideal and practice of ethical place-making and, in turn, the capability to be healthy, that is, health justice. I argue that place-based interventions should be principal and prioritized ways of showing solidarity and promoting justice - especially health justice - for ecological subjects, above all those who are displaced and/or insecurely placed. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, ethical place-making has the potential to catalyze and nurture them and, over time, to advance justice. A full discussion of the complex and contested relationship between solidarity and global justice is beyond the scope of what I can expound on here; I follow - and present concrete manifestations of - the views of Iris Marion Young and Carol Gould in seeing solidarity as having, as Gould puts it, a crucial \textbackslash textasciigraverole not only in motivating people's commitment to the realization of global justice but \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracealso] contribut\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceing] to its construction or constitution.' In Section 4, I present examples of ethical place-making inspired by solidaristic recognition in a range of domains significant for bioethics - clinical and long-term care and urban planning in the United States and Netherlands, and refugee care and resettlement in Lebanon and Germany. In the cases presented, I describe how the particular elements of ethical place-making, emerging from solidaristic recognition, are realized, and so support the conditions for the capability to healthy, or health justice. Following this discussion, I move on to the conclusion. Place \textbackslash textasciigraveis no fixed thing'. The accounts of geographers, philosophers, and some architects emphasize our embodied experience in or around place(s), place's significance for the development of our subjectivity and identity, and, finally, the complex social processes that help to create, maintain, and transform places (and, in turn, bodies and subjectivities). The understanding I follow here defines \textbackslash textasciigraveplace' in terms of the material environment, and how we, as embodied beings, move in, absorb, shape and are shaped by it, and how we, as social agents, interact with and within it, gather and attach particular meanings, and forge relationships and identities. A growing body of research in social epidemiology using realist methods explains in increasingly rich, if grim, detail the ways in which social conditions and features of the external environment, including place-related factors, affect health and longevity, and contribute to preventable health inequities. We are talking about components of the built environment, like land use, housing design, materials and quality, street layout and transportation, exposure to toxins, and violence, access to food and activity options; and urban design or decline. Air and water quality, and access to green space are other place-related factors. We should also include climate and the potential in specific locations for climate-related disasters in our scope of concern. So-called \textbackslash textasciigravedeterminants' such as these operate independently and interactively at various levels and in different contexts to generate harms to health and health inequities. On terrain more typical for bioethics, clinical and other care settings, as currently configured, are notoriously disorienting, anxiety-inducing, and in some ways dangerous for physical, psychological, and existential health. Researchers have detailed a range of effects of institutional design, including the effects of noise and light on recovery times, and the ways architecture can shape interactions and experiences. Long-term care settings are infamous for poor conditions. A lack of light, private space, and access to the outdoors, for example, and isolation from broader social surroundings, adversely affect the health of elderly people. People fleeing war, persecution, and famine endure desperate conditions that threaten health. Many reside in camps (in the form of transit camps and official refugee camps, detention centers, etc. ) while others dwell in slums or other settlements - primarily in urban areas - segregated from the majority population. These people suffer from a range of complex physical and mental health conditions. Before or during transit and in camps and other settings, they face food insecurity, risk of communicable disease, fear, violence, loss, and other experiences. If there is access to health services it is often restricted to acute medical care, and not equipped to adequately address chronic or mental health conditions or the social determinants of health needs. Migrants and asylum-seeking people thus lack crucial capabilities to be healthy. It is not that a relationship between place and health is a modern epiphany. Hippocrates' Airs, waters, and places, the epidemiological work of Louis-Rene Villerme and Rudolph Virchow in the 19th century, and the histories of public health and urban planning, all recognized the importance of environmental conditions. The asylums for the mentally ill in the late 19th century reveal an attention, if not yet evidence-based, for place in care and healing. Inspired by the Moral Treatment movement, New Enlightenment intellectuals, and health advocates like Dorthea Dix, Thomas Kirkbride established professional guidelines on institutional layout and room design for patients. Realist methods in social epidemiology, more recently, have deepened our appreciation and understanding of the processes at work on our corporeal nature, and our entanglement with the world around us. We are situated socially, materially, and geographically, and vulnerable as creatures who need care and who also need to \textbackslash textasciigravefit' with the places in which we dwell and through which we navigate. We are, in short, ecological subjects, beings for whom social interdependence and geographic locatedness are vital. As I will argue below, health justice, or the capability to be healthy, therefore demands thoughtful attention to place and the conditions that create and sustain places. In the next section, I explain the relationship between recognizing people as ecological subjects and the ideal and practice of solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it, refers to reaching out through engaging our moral imaginations across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to recognize and assist others who are vulnerable, in some cases, acutely, and, over time, advance justice. As a practice, solidarity involves two core \textbackslash textasciigraveenacted commitments'. The first commitment is to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need, or what I will describe below as solidaristic recognition. The second commitment is to responsive action. This hybrid definition draws upon the inspirational work of Iris Marion Young, Carol Gould, Fuyuki Kurasawa, and Prainsack and Buyx, all of whom build upon a long and rich history of interpretations of solidarity. Recognizing the suffering of the displaced and others who are \textbackslash textasciigraveimplaced' in conditions unable to sustain them follows from the most minimal appreciation of people as ecological subjects, relational creatures who are densely enmeshed in social relations as well as spatial locations. While my analysis differs substantially, to describe this here I use Carol Gould's term, \textbackslash textasciigravesolidaristic recognition'. Gould distinguishes between what she calls \textbackslash textasciigraverigorous recognition' and \textbackslash textasciigravegenerous recognition'. Rigorous recognition appreciates the equality of all people through an essentially cognitive process involving an acknowledgment of our fellow humanity. The generous genre, which she recasts as \textbackslash textasciigravesolidaristic recognition', involves empathy, or an affective link with others, and focuses on our \textbackslash textasciigravemutual interdependence and common needs'. Solidaristic recognition conceives of others as \textbackslash textasciigraveequal in their difference', that is, their distinctive social group membership and individual particularity. On my own interpretation, solidaristic recognition has two varieties, neither of which relies on empathy: basic and relational, responsible recognition. If we conceive of people in ecological terms, basic recognition (similar to Gould's \textbackslash textasciigraverigorous recognition') might be expanded beyond its appreciation of everyone's equal moral worth to take account of the significance of place for the equitable flourishing of all ecological subjects. This most basic form of recognition acknowledges that we are equal in part because we all share a need to be \textbackslash textasciigravein place' in settings that can sustain us and support our capacities. A second, more ethically responsible, form of recognition I will call relational solidaristic recognition emerges from reckoning more thoroughly with our radically relational nature as ecological subjects. This reckoning demands that we conceive of ourselves and others as embedded but also that we understand that we are constitutive of one another and our environs. Geographers have described this in terms of the intersubjectivity of identity and place. In her philosophical account of ecological subjectivity, Lorraine Code underscores the idea that we are \textbackslash textasciigravemade by and making \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceour] relations in \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceasymmetrical] reciprocity with other subjects and with horizontal ellipsis multiple, diverse locations'. Seeing not just identities, but also, critically, place in relational terms, highlights \textbackslash textasciigravethe variety of interactions between people who are located differently that go into making places'. As Iris Young puts it, we \textbackslash textasciigravedwell together' in \textbackslash textasciigravecomplex, causal' relations of interdependence and in specific atmospheric and material conditions on earth in geographic regions and neighborhoods, in homes, and institutions of care and employment. We ecological subjects, then, contribute to the construction of place - often unintentionally - through actions and interactions within a larger context of social structures and processes. These structures and processes serve to enable some people in the realization of their capacities, yet constrain others, creating and/or sustaining structural injustice. This is evidenced, for example, in urban planning policies that spawn residential segregation or global economic and trade policies that compel health care workers to migrate and deepen health inequities in source countries. While basic solidaristic recognition can allow for or has the potential to generate ethical place-making, relational recognition understands the ways that our own subjectivities, identities, and places of dwelling as ecological subjects are formed in relation to other identities in other places and, crucially, that this generates responsibilities for justice. It is in this sense that relational solidaristic recognition is a more responsible form: it appreciates better-situated ecological subjects' contributions to the injustice suffered by the displaced or precariously placed, and aspires to respond and work toward promoting justice. Responsiveness , an important epistemic and, in turn, ethical capacity, is a crucial element for enactments of solidarity in the view I want to develop. Both Joan Tronto and Elise Springer assign \textbackslash textasciigraveresponsiveness' a prominent place in their work. Springer situates \textbackslash textasciigraveresponsiveness' within virtue ethics. On her view, it involves a kind of adaptability, particularly in unfamiliar moral terrain, or in the face of concerns that \textbackslash textasciigraveresist clear representation'. Springer posits responsiveness as also involving a commitment to \textbackslash textasciigraveextend a temporally continuous thread of attention' or giving one's moral attention over time, not episodically or reactively. Tronto identifies responsiveness as one of four ethical elements of care, casting it as a moral capacity that involves vigilance \textbackslash textasciigraveto the possibilities for abuse that arise with vulnerability'. I would add another element as integral to responsiveness, drawn specifically from ecological epistemology: an ability to show finely tuned sensitivity to context, that is, the particularity of people and circumstance, and give attention and action that is fitting. Solidarity, enacted, should emerge from a disposition committed to responsiveness understood in terms of these capacities, if it is to meet the mark. In the next section I turn to responsive action that arises from solidaristic recognition, in particular, efforts at place-making for the displaced. Innovation, inspired by ecological thinking and increasingly evidence-based, is underway. \textbackslash textasciigravePlace-making' is a set of intentional practices spanning different disciplines that targets neighborhoods, parks and paths, features of landscape, housing developments, streetscapes, long-term care facilities, and hospitals. With and without attention to health, it is either referenced explicitly or somehow central to key international documents and declarations including the Sustainable Development Goals and UN Habitat's New Urban Agenda. It is on the agendas of the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), even the World Bank, some think tanks and foundations, and a major US corporation. Public health leaders point to place-based interventions as \textbackslash textasciigravethe new frontier'. In other work I have interpreted ethical place-making, a notion that first surfaced in the geography literature, as a core component of an enabling, capabilities-oriented conception of justice. Grounded in ecological thinking and an ecological conception of persons, ethical place-making understands all people as embedded socially and spatially, and often enmeshed in relationships of structural injustice that threaten health. Key elements of ethical place-making include: nurturing relations of care and interdependence; protecting bodily integrity; supporting autonomy, not interpreted in terms of individual self-reliance, but in the relational sense that sees us as originating, persisting, and flourishing within relations of care and interdependence, given ongoing opportunities for self-directed thought and action; promoting stability and a sense of rootedness and, at the same time, supporting generative movement; and finally, where necessary, responding to inequities. Below I offer selected examples of place-making drawn from a range of domains pertinent to bioethics. After describing them, I explain why they count as instances of ethical place-making inspired by (and potentially generating more) solidaristic recognition and how they stand to promote - especially health - justice and in some cases address health inequities. I start at the level of community and public health with an urban planning example, and from there, turn to a clinical and then a long-term care setting. These three case studies come from the global north. The final examples explore (mostly health-centered) place-making efforts in refugee reception and resettlement, sketching innovations in Germany and also Lebanon, a country that borders the war in Syria and ranks fourth worldwide as a host to refugees. Further research will yield additional instances of solidarity and place-making, particularly for health, in other parts of the world. In \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracea] system of the city as weaving, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracecreating] crosswise threads enables solidarity, and fundamental to solidarity is the free system of movement horizontal ellipsis \textbackslash textasciigraveIntentional shrinkage', \textbackslash textasciigravesorting', and \textbackslash textasciigraveserial displacement' are terms given to the urban land use and \textbackslash textasciigravedevelopment' policies that systematically shredded the social and material fabric in and around African American neighborhoods in New York City. Public health researchers have linked these policies and the consequent displacement of families, businesses, churches and more, to the AIDS epidemic, addiction, asthma, post-traumatic stress, and obesity. Working together, citizens, planners, and researchers responded with the Giraffe Path (GP), a 6-mile trail from Central Park to the Cloisters. The walking and biking path is a project emerging explicitly from the kind of solidarity described above: the recognition of the city and its people as ecologically embedded, with enduring health inequities as a result of displacements, and responsive action in the form of (re)creating place with and for ecological subjects. The GP is based on a conception of the city and its neighborhoods and residents as interdependent - and is designed to restore connections between formerly fractured communities around and across the Harlem River and, at the same time, to support outdoor physical activity. The closure of the bridge, that had long linked neighbors, as a \textbackslash textasciigravecrime-prevention' measure for gentrifying neighborhoods, severed (in a pattern repeated in cities everywhere) relationships between people according to categories of class and race. By (re)connecting places and people and mending - as its designers say, \textbackslash textasciigraveweaving', \textbackslash textasciigravere-stitching' - the GP helps restore these and cultivate new relations. At the same time, as part of the City Life Is Moving Bodies (CLIMB) Project, the GP's creation of flow and unimpeded movement is being celebrated as \textbackslash textasciigravea victory for the city's entire circulatory system'. The attention paid to (solidaristic recognition of) the importance of place for health and most significantly, health inequities, in this instance of ethical place-making is an exception and not the norm. Urban renewal policies and planning tend to prioritize physical, economic, and social issues, yet few focus explicitly on health or show concern for health equity. Another essential dimension for future solidarity is the potential for political engagement generated by the GP. As Iris Young argues (and the inset quote implies), segregation obscures from the affluent an appreciation of their privilege, and, by limiting interaction, constrains political communication. This erodes the potential for solidarity and perpetuates social injustice. The GP designers aspire to promote solidaristic recognition through facilitating new interactions, forging new relations, and evolving as ecological subjects. We must pay attention to the lived spatial significance of patients' experience of health and illness if we are going to treat them fully and well. Doing so is one step of paying attention to a person horizontal ellipsis The terrain and overall ambience of the clinical setting is famously hostile to non-medical people, notably the ones it exists to serve. Place-centered innovation in hospitals and other centers of care is a growing niche, recognizing the harms done to ecological subjects - here patients and their families - in the \textbackslash textasciigravecare' of institutions built as medical assembly lines organized around time until discharge or demise. One neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the Royal United Hospital in Bath, U.K., recognizes the importance of place for the health and well-being of vulnerable ecological subjects and puts into practice a concept known as \textbackslash textasciigravesecure base', which wraps around patients and families \textbackslash textasciigravelike a hug'. The unit's design also demonstrates solidarity with them in recognizing the effects of typical clinical settings and, in contrast, boasts lots of natural light, greatly reduced noise, private nooks, and a horseshoe-shape design that reflects the progression a newborn will take from intensive care to a neonatal room. In this case of ethical place-making, innovators aim to create a habitat that nurtures overlapping relations of care wherein babies sleep longer, and parents are perhaps a little less distressed, and more able to participate in care and interact with clinical care providers. As noted above, the structure of this temporary dwelling enables families to better understand, through their embodied experience, the clinical pathway the infants will follow until discharge, which in turn likely gives a boost to their sense of agency and empowerment and helps to level the playing field with clinicians. Designed by a long-term care nurse in response to her observations and experience of existing institutions, Hogeway Village accommodates elderly people with dementia in a setting meant to resemble a real European neighborhood. It has a market, cafe, salon, theater, sidewalks, and ample green space. Different models, tailored to appeal to specific social and cultural groups, are available. Staff engage with residents without clinical garb and simultaneously provide skilled care. Family members are integrally involved in care plans. Hogeway is built to protect yet not restrict, allowing residents a wide range of movement and access to the outdoors. The availability of palliative care ensures that residents do not have to relocate at the end of life, which allows for continuity of care and relationships. Another benefit is that family members need not navigate new terrains, or settings, of care or transportation as elders' needs evolve. Emerging research on long-term care settings designed more like homes and communities suggests that residents are more socially engaged and active, and experience better overall \textbackslash textasciigravewell-being'. Preliminary evidence also suggests that integrating families in care can improve relations with care workers, as well as resident care and health. European cities and regions have demonstrated their horizontal ellipsis willingness to express solidarity with horizontal ellipsis the world's refugees via participation in resettlement. Solidarity is at the moral center of humanitarian action, and place-making by other names has long been integral to humanitarian operations. From an emphasis on emergency and temporary assistance, humanitarians have expanded the scope and practice of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' given the nature of current conflicts and the creation of dependencies that may lead to more sustained commitments. Their work now increasingly overlaps with development efforts to bolster host countries' capacities to receive, resettle, and integrate asylum-seekers and other migrants for the long term. Solidarity, indeed, is the basis of commitments to refugee resettlement in international humanitarian law. In 2004, the Mexico Plan of Action to Strengthen International Protection of Refugees in Latin America (MPA), which encompassed regional responsibility sharing, the expansion of resettlement space, reception capacity, and long-term integration, highlighted solidarity as a guiding principle for support of refugees from Columbia and their host countries. Northern Europe has been the preferred destination for refugees from Syria and other places where war has driven people from their homes. Germany, especially its cities, hosts more recent asylum-seekers than any other EU nation. Urban areas have absorbed two-thirds of the world's refugees and now face the work of integration. The region offers myriad examples of efforts in ethical place-making spawned by solidaristic recognition. In both Hamburg and Berlin, organizing around place has been a key strategy in welcoming and helping to integrate new arrivals. In Berlin, city planners have employed a strategy of creating container villages to help refugees feel secure and foster a sense of embeddedness-in-community. While formalized, state-administered efforts have unfolded, citizen volunteers have designed innovative responses to link refugees with needed services, helping to integrate them and provide a sense of place. The coordinated state and civil society effort, in particular, is an inspiring example of politically and socially constructed solidarity, supported and advanced by what Christine Straehle calls a \textbackslash textasciigravecosmopolitan avant-garde' of citizens. Hamburg is also innovative in linking services across sectors like food, shelter, education, work skills, and legal advice, appreciating the importance of integrating services for those who have endured profound dispersion and fragmentation. The city addressed housing needs by redesigning existing buildings and engaged local communities in deciding on locations in order to help ensure a welcoming, safe environment and avoid the possibility of local neighborhood resistance. The countries, such as Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey that serve as the principal hosts to refugees fleeing Syria, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, are organizing around so-called \textbackslash textasciigraveresilience' strategies, which aim at bolstering host countries' capacities to accept and integrate asylum-seekers and other migrants for the long-term. This management philosophy deserves more sustained discussion. I highlight here another civil society initiative involving ethical place-making. In Lebanon during the war (1975-1990) public spaces were among the most dangerous places. Now they serve as temporary shelter areas for migrants and refugees displaced from neighboring conflict who face fear, discrimination, and violence in their new environs. In this context, one architect saw an opportunity: \textbackslash textasciigraveI thought by promoting place-making in Lebanon we can join the efforts of local \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracecivil society] actors, since horizontal ellipsis place-making is based on networking and bringing people together.' With his guidance, youth in Beirut participated in identifying and recreating public spaces with the aims of reducing violence, promoting inclusion, interaction, and community-building. Along with place-making for the sake of social integration, place-based interventions in healthcare services are surfacing in response to contemporary migration patterns. Adapting to the mobility of many displaced people who are, not accessing services in camps, for instance, humanitarian and local actors have reorganized healthcare delivery. The Blue Dot Hubs developed by UNHCR and partners to provide care and services to people en route are a specific example of a response - a place-making intervention to \textbackslash textasciigravechanging therapeutic geographies' in modern crises. In the context of resettlement, interventions focused on the creation of \textbackslash textasciigravetherapeutic landscapes' aim specifically at displaced children as they resettle in new countries. Through recultivating cultural traditions, building social networks, and creating safe places, young people can create new homes. These examples depict different modes of displacement and distinct populations situated in specific kinds of settings and in particular - yet in all cases asymmetrical - relations of power. In each case, responsive action, keenly sensitive to context, emerges from solidaristic recognition, either basic or relational. In some cases it aims explicitly at justice. We can see specific elements of solidarity-sparked ethical place-making across cases. Support for relations of care is at the heart of the efforts made in the Bath NICU and Hogeway Village designs, and also in the GP and initiatives for refugees. Attention to the need for rootedness and movement is manifested in these civil society efforts to welcome and create material, social, economic, and political space for refugees; it is also an organizing principle for the GP, Hogeway, and Bath's NICU. Transformative autonomy is evident in the GP, the therapeutic landscape projects, Hogeway, and the NICU. Attention to inequities, especially health inequities, motivates the GP and Blue Dot Hubs. In all, the creators - architects, designers, planners, carers, and citizens - recognize the \textbackslash textasciigraveusers', let us say \textbackslash textasciigravedwellers', as ecological subjects and respond with concerned attention to their distinctive needs, in real time and over time with the aim of supporting their capabilities, chiefly to be healthy, and in some cases to remedy injustice. I have argued that recognizing all people as ecological subjects enables us, indeed compels us, to forge relations of solidarity and promote justice through ethical place-making with those who are vulnerable through their insecure relationship to place. On the moral landscape(s) of bioethics, an ethic of place-making expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity along with advancing health, social, and global justice with patients and families, elderly people transitioning to long-term care, urban populations confronting health inequities, asylum-seekers dwelling in precarious conditions, and perhaps others. The author declares no conflict of interest. Casey, E. (2009). Getting back into place: Toward a renewed understanding of the place-world. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p. 321. Code, L. (2006). Ecological thinking. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also Bradotti, R. (2013). Posthuman relational subjectivity. In P. Rawes (Ed.), Relational architectural ecologies: Architecture, nature, and subjectivity. New York, NY: Routledge; Bennett, J. (2010). Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Eckenwiler, L. (2016). 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UNHCR, UNICEF launch Blue Dot hubs to boost protection for children and families on the move across Europe. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/media/media\textbackslash textbackslash\_90316.html?p=print me. Dewachi, O., Skelton, M., Nguyen, V. K., Fouad, F. M., Sitta, G. A., Maasri, Z., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Giacaman, R. (2014). Changing therapeutic geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian wars. Lancet, 383, 449-457. Denov, M., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Akesson, B. (2013). Neither here nor there: Place and place-making in the lives of separated children. International Journal of Migration, Health \textbackslash textbackslash\& Social Care, 9(2), 56-70; Sampson, R., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Gifford, S. M. (2010). Place-making, settlement, and well-being: The therapeutic landscapes of recently arrived refugee youth. Health and Place, 16, 116-131. INTRODUCTION PLACE AND HEALTH: ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTS ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTIVITY AND SOLIDARITY Solidaristic recognition Responsiveness SOLIDARITY (AND HEALTH JUSTICE) ENACTED: ETHICAL PLACE-MAKING Community and public health Care settings Refugee assistance and integration The elements of ethical place-making CONCLUSION CONFLICT OF INTEREST Footnotes Drawing on a conception of people as \textbackslash textasciigraveecological subjects', creatures situated in specific social relations, locations, and material environments, I want to emphasize the importance of place and place-making for basing, demonstrating, and forging future solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it here, involves reaching out through moral imagination and responsive action across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to assist other people who are vulnerable, and to advance justice. Contained in the practice of solidarity are two core \textbackslash textasciigraveenacted commitments', first, to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need and, second, to responsive action. Recognizing the suffering of displacement and responding through place-making should follow from even the most simplistic understanding of people as \textbackslash textasciigraveimplaced'. Recognition, furthermore, that places are created and sustained, transformed, or neglected in ways that foster or perpetuate inequities, including health inequities, generates responsibilities concerning place-making. Place-based interventions, on either count, should be principal and, indeed, prioritized ways of showing solidarity for the vulnerable and promoting justice. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, place-making can catalyze and nurture them, and over time advance justice. On the moral landscapes of bioethics, the terrain where care and health are or should be at the center of attention, an ethic of place and place-making for those who have been displaced - patients, the elderly, urban populations, and asylum-seekers, for instance - expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {displacement,justice,migrants,migration,place-making,refugees,solidarity}
}

@article{Eddie2020,
  title = {From Working on Recovery to Working in Recovery: {{Employment}} Status among a Nationally Representative {{US}} Sample of Individuals Who Have Resolved a Significant Alcohol or Other Drug Problem},
  author = {Eddie, David and Vilsaint, Corrie L. and Hoffman, Lauren A. and Bergman, Brandon G. and Kelly, John F. and Hoeppner, Bettina B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT},
  volume = {113},
  issn = {0740-5472},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108000},
  abstract = {Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders exact a prodigious annual economic toll in the United States (U.S.), driven largely by lost productivity due to illness-related absenteeism, underemployment, and unemployment. While recovery from AOD disorders is associated with improved health and functioning, little is known specifically about increases in productivity due to new or resumed employment and who may continue to struggle. Also, because employment can buffer relapse risk by providing structure, meaning, purpose, and income, greater knowledge in this regard would inform relapse prevention efforts as well as employment-related policy. We conducted a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of the U.S. adult population assessing persons who reported having resolved an AOD problem (n. = 2002). Weighted employment, unemployment, retirement, and disability statistics were compared to the general U.S. population. Logistic and linear regression models tested for differences in employment and unemployment among demographic categories and measures of well-being. Compared to the general U.S. population, individuals who had resolved an AOD problem were less likely to be employed or refired, and more likely to be unemployed and disabled. Certain recovering subgroups, including those identifying as black and those with histories of multiple arrests, were further disadvantaged. Conversely, certain factors, such as a higher level of education and less prior criminal justice involvement were associated with lower unemployment risk. Despite being in recovery from an AOD problem, individuals continue to struggle with obtaining employment, particularly black Americans and those with prior criminal histories. Given the importance of employment in addiction recovery and relapse prevention, more research is needed to identify employment barriers so that they can be effectively addressed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Addiction recovery,Alcohol and other drugs,Disparities,Employment,Substance use disorder,Under employment,Unemployment}
}

@article{Ederveen2007,
  title = {Labour Mobility and Regional Disparities: The Role of Female Labour Participation},
  author = {Ederveen, Sjef and Nahuis, Richard and Parikh, Ashok},
  year = {2007},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  pages = {895--913},
  issn = {0933-1433},
  doi = {10.1007/s00148-006-0095-6},
  abstract = {Unemployment rates, as well as income per capita, differ vastly across the regions of Europe. Labour mobility can play a role in resolving regional disparities. This paper focuses on the questions of why labour mobility is low in the EU and how it is possible that it remains low. We explore whether changes in male and female labour participation act as an important alternative adjustment mechanism. We answer this question in the affirmative. We argue that female labour participation is very important in adjusting to regional disparities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {european union,labour mobility,panel data methods}
}

@article{Edge2019,
  title = {Psychology across Cultures: {{Challenges}} and Opportunities},
  author = {Edge, Dawn and Lemetyinen, Henna},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY-THEORY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {92},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {261--276},
  issn = {1476-0835},
  doi = {10.1111/papt.12229},
  abstract = {Large variations of inequalities in rates of mental health disorders and access to mental health care exist within and between countries. Globally, disparities range from countries where there is little provision to those where, despite the availability of evidence-based mental health care, service access and outcomes are mediated by social factors such as socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, and culture. This is salient because increasingly diverse populations are inevitably created with globalization. We posit that in multicultural contexts, effective therapeutic engagement requires therapists who are competent and confident to work with diversity and difference, utilizing insights into their own as well as their clients' internal and external worlds. Although there are many reasons why psychotherapies can be insensitive and harmful, for example, the inherent power imbalance in therapeutic relationships, a lack of awareness of cultural and ethnic variation and needs are among them. Acquisition of \textbackslash textasciigravecultural competence' and increasing availability of culturally-adapted interventions should, in theory, enable practitioners to work with a range of individuals with whom they might have little in common. However, whilst cultural adaptation appears promising, there are concerns regarding its viability as a strategy for tackling disparities in access to psychological care. Evidence for cultural competency is patchy at best. We show how and why delivering effective psychotherapy in the twenty-first century requires a paradigm shift from current approaches to truly integrated models, developed in collaboration with recipients of care. Coproducing interventions, training, and means of evaluating them with clients necessitates taking into consideration social contexts, alternative conceptualizations of mental health and disorders and difficulties, and what constitutes appropriate helpful interventions for psychological distress. Practitioner points Upskilling therapists to work with diversity and difference is essential for effective delivery of psychological treatments. Increasing the availability of culturally-adapted interventions together with therapists who are sufficiently competent and confident to deliver them should enable practitioners to work with a range of individuals with whom they might have little in common. Coproducing culturally appropriate means of responding to mental health difficulties, staff training and development, and service evaluation methods with clients necessitates taking into consideration social contexts, alternative explanatory models of mental health and \textbackslash textasciigraveillness', and what constitutes helpful interventions for psychological distress.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cultural adaptation,cultural competence,culture,disparities,ethnicity,global mental health,psychological care}
}

@article{Edlin2014,
  title = {Can Hepatitis {{C}} Be Eradicated in the {{United States}}?},
  author = {Edlin, Brian R. and Winkelstein, Emily R.},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {79--93},
  issn = {0166-3542},
  doi = {10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.015},
  abstract = {The advent of highly effective antiviral regimens will make the eradication of hepatitis C in high-income countries such as the United States technically feasible. But eradicating hepatitis C will require escalating our response to the epidemic in key domains, including surveillance and epidemiology, prevention, screening, care and treatment, policy, research, and advocacy. Surveillance must be nimble enough to quickly assess the magnitude of new transmission patterns as they emerge. Basic prevention strategies - community-based outreach and education, testing and counseling, and access to sterile injection equipment and opioid substitution therapies - must be scaled up and adapted to target groups in which new epidemics are emerging. All adults should be screened for hepatitis C, but special efforts must focus on groups with increased prevalence through community outreach and rapid testing. Government, industry, and payers must work together to assure full access to health services and antiviral drugs for everyone who is infected. Access to the new regimens must not be compromised by excessively high prices or arbitrary payer restrictions. Partnerships must be forged between hepatitis providers and programs that serve people who inject illicit drugs. Healthcare providers and systems, especially primary care practitioners, need education and training in treating hepatitis C and caring for substance-using populations. Services must be provided to the disadvantaged and stigmatized members of society who bear a disproportionate burden of the epidemic. Environments must be created where people who use drugs can receive prevention and treatment services without shame or stigma. Action is needed to end the policy of mass incarceration of people who use drugs, reduce the stigma associated with substance use, support the human rights of people who use drugs, expand social safety net services for the poor and the homeless, remove the legal barriers to hepatitis C prevention, and build public health infrastructure to reach, engage, and serve marginalized populations. Governments must take action to bring about these changes. Public health agencies must work with penal institutions to provide prevention and treatment services, including antiviral therapy, to those in need in jails and prisons or on probation or parole. Research is needed to guide efforts in each of these domains. Strong and sustained political advocacy will be needed to build and sustain support for these measures. Leadership must be provided by physicians, scientists, and the public health community in partnership with community advocates and people living with or at risk for hepatitis C. Eliminating hepatitis C from the United States is possible, but will require a sustained national commitment to reach, test, treat, cure, and prevent every case. With strong political leadership, societal commitment, and community support, hepatitis C can be eradicated in the United States. If this is to happen in our lifetimes, the time for action is now. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveHepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Edmond2019,
  title = {Effect of Early Childhood Development Interventions Implemented by Primary Care Providers Commencing in the Neonatal Period to Improve Cognitive Outcomes in Children Aged 0-23 Months: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  author = {Edmond, Karen M. and Strobel, Natalie A. and Adams, Claire and McAullay, Dan},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s13643-019-1142-1},
  abstract = {Background Impacts of early childhood development (ECD) interventions (such as fostering attachment and responsiveness through communication, play and stimulation) are well known. Globally, there is increasing recognition of the importance of the \textbackslash textasciigravegolden' minutes, hours and days after birth for infant health and development. However, only one systematic review has examined ECD interventions implemented in the neonatal period (0-27 days), and this review only assessed interventions implemented by specialised providers. Primary care providers have many potential contacts with mothers and infants throughout the neonatal period. However, it is unclear how many research studies or programmes have examined the effectiveness of ECD interventions commencing in the neonatal period and which methods were used. To date, there has been no systematic review of the effect of ECD interventions delivered by primary care providers commencing in the neonatal period. Methods Our overall aim is to conduct a systematic review of the effect of ECD interventions implemented by primary care providers in the neonatal period. We will assess effects by timing and number ('dose') of contacts with primary care providers. Subgroup assessment will include effects in disadvantaged infants such as those born with low birth weight and to mothers with mental health disorders. We will also assess effects in low- and high-income countries and by type of care provider. The primary outcome is cognitive status in children aged 0-23 months as measured using standardised scales. Secondary outcomes include other child neurodevelopment domains (speech, language, fine motor, gross motor, social, emotional, behaviour, executive functioning, adaptive functioning) in children aged 0-23 months. Effects on maternal mental health will also be assessed between 0-23 months postpartum. Databases such as MEDLINE (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL, Cochrane Library, WHO databases and reference lists of papers will be searched for relevant articles. Only randomised controlled trials will be included. A narrative synthesis for all outcomes will be reported. Meta-analyses will be performed where exposures and outcomes are sufficiently homogeneous. Guidelines for PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols) will be followed. Discussion This review appears to be the first to be conducted in this area. The findings will be an important resource for policymakers, primary care providers and researchers who work with young infants in primary care settings. Systematic review registration PROSPERO},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cognition,Early childhood development,Neonatal,Primary care}
}

@article{Edwards2016,
  title = {Financial Barriers to Oral Cancer Treatment in {{India}}},
  author = {Edwards, Patrick and Subramanian, Sujha and Hoover, Sonja and Ramesh, Chaluvarayaswamy and Ramadas, Kunnambath},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CANCER POLICY},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {28--31},
  issn = {2213-5383},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.12.007},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the major financial barriers that affect people's access to oral cancer treatment in India. Barriers researched included not only the direct medical costs, but also the direct non-medical costs, such as transportation and lodging, and the indirect cost of missing work or family duties. Four hundred patients from two regions in southern India responded to a 2014 survey that asked about access and barriers to care. Traditionally, policies to increase screening, diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer have focused on affordable or free medical services for low-income groups; however, the hidden costs associated with receiving care are a significant burden. Transportation, lodging, loss of wages, and time away from family duties are key barriers to oral cancer care that policy makers should address. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Edwards2021,
  title = {Palliative Care Integration: A Critical Review of Nurse Migration Effect in {{Jamaica}}},
  author = {Edwards, Rebecca L. and Patrician, Patricia A. and Bakitas, Marie and Markaki, Adelais},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BMC PALLIATIVE CARE},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1472-684X},
  doi = {10.1186/s12904-021-00863-7},
  abstract = {Background Provision of palliative care to individuals with late-stage serious illnesses is critical to reduce suffering. Palliative care is slowly gaining momentum in Jamaica but requires a highly skilled workforce, including nurses. Out-migration of nurses to wealthier countries negatively impacts the delivery of health care services and may impede palliative care capacity-building. This critical review aimed to explore the evidence pertaining to the nurse migration effect on the integration of palliative care services in Jamaica and to formulate hypotheses about potential mitigating strategies. Methods A comprehensive search in the PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest PAIS databases aimed to identify articles pertinent to nurse migration in the Caribbean context. Grant and Booth's methodologic framework for critical reviews was used to evaluate the literature. This methodology uses a narrative, chronologic synthesis and was guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) Public Health Model and the Model of Sustainability in Global Nursing. Results Data from 14 articles were extracted and mapped. Poorer patient outcomes were in part attributed to the out-migration of the most skilled nurses. \textbackslash textasciigravePush-factors' such as aggressive recruitment by wealthier countries, lack of continuing educational opportunities, disparate wages, and a lack of professional autonomy and respect were clear contributors. Gender inequalities negatively impacted females and children left behind. Poor working conditions were not necessarily a primary reason for nurse migration. Four main themes were identified across articles: (a) globalization creating opportunities for migration, (b) recruitment of skilled professionals from CARICOM by high income countries, (c) imbalance and inequities resulting from migration, and (d) mitigation strategies. Thirteen articles suggested education, partnerships, policy, and incentives as mitigation strategies. Those strategies directly align with the WHO Public Health Model drivers to palliative care integration. Conclusion Emerged evidence supports that nurse migration is an ongoing phenomenon that strains health systems in Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) countries, with Jamaica being deeply impacted. This critical review demonstrates the importance of strategically addressing nurse migration as part of palliative care integration efforts in Jamaica. Future studies should include targeted migration mitigation interventions and should be guided by the three working hypotheses derived from this review.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caribbean,CARICOM,Critical review,Integration,Jamaica,Nurse migration,Palliative care}
}

@article{Eeckhaut2021,
  title = {Educational Assortative Mating, Gender Equality, and Income Differentiation across {{Europe}}: {{A}} Simulation Study},
  author = {Eeckhaut, Mieke C. W. and Stanfors, Maria A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ACTA SOCIOLOGICA},
  volume = {64},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--69},
  issn = {0001-6993},
  doi = {10.1177/0001699319877925},
  abstract = {Demographic explanations for the rise in household income inequality include increased educational assortative mating and changes in the division of paid labour within families. Building on this research, the current study focuses on the connected nature of these two inequality-producing mechanisms, while at the same time bridging the divide with the economic literature on the role of income differentiation. Drawing on the 2004-2008 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, we consider variation across Europe in the disequalising effect of educational assortative mating and relate these patterns to the general characteristics of welfare state regimes, focusing on the degree of gender equality and income differentiation. First, we document large educational differentials in men's and women's income in Eastern Europe, and smaller differentials in Anglo-Saxon, Continental and, especially, Northern Europe. Next, we find that this variation in gender equality and income differentiation parallels variation in the potential contribution of educational assortative mating to educational differentiation in household income. While all countries display larger educational differentials in household income under the scenario of 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% educational homogamy, the biggest differences are found in Eastern Europe, and the smallest differences in the Nordic countries. These results suggest that educational assortative mating is less disequalising in countries with more gender equality and support for equal opportunities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cross-national analysis,diagonal reference models,division of labour,Educational assortative mating,Europe,European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions,income inequality}
}

@article{Eerola2019,
  title = {Fathers' {{Leave Take-Up}} in {{Finland}}: {{Motivations}} and {{Barriers}} in a {{Complex Nordic Leave Scheme}}},
  author = {Eerola, Petteri and {Lammi-Taskula}, Johanna and O'Brien, Margaret and Hietamaki, Johanna and Raikkonen, Eija},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SAGE OPEN},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  issn = {2158-2440},
  doi = {10.1177/2158244019885389},
  abstract = {Despite being the first country in the world to introduce paternity leave in 1978, Finland's current national leave scheme is complex with regard to incentivizing fathers' take-up. Taking the unique Finnish leave scheme as a case example, this article examines fathers' motivations and barriers to leave. Although research on fathers' take-up of leave in divergent leave policy contexts has increased dramatically, fathers' motivations and barriers to leave have remained underresearched. The article reports on a survey sample of 852 Finnish fathers of infants who were taking paternity, parental, and other forms of leave, drawn from the Population Register Center. Results show that less than 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of fathers report taking no leave, with more than 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% taking some form of leave. A multinomial logistic regression analysis indicates that father's work, partner's education, and family income, along with father's wish to take a break from work and wish to facilitate mother's return to work or studies, are the key characteristics and motivations associated with fathers' take-up of leave. The most common barriers to fathers' take-up of leave were related to the family's economic situation and the father's job. It is suggested that decreasing maternalism in the leave scheme, by extending investment in fathers' individual well-paid leave weeks, will also help promote greater gender equality for working parents in Finland following the path of Nordic neighbors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fatherhood,Finland,parental leave,paternity leave}
}

@book{Egerer2019,
  title = {{{WORKPLACE INCLUSION}} 4.0-{{AN INNOVATIVE PROJECT TO IMPROVE THE WORKING CONDITIONS FOR DISABLED PEOPLE BY TRAINING CONSULTANTS}}},
  author = {Egerer, Julia and Niederl, Franz and Prossnegg, Sabine and Schabereiter, Wolfgang},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {13TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE (INTED2019)},
  series = {{{INTED Proceedings}}},
  issn = {2340-1079},
  doi = {10.21125/inted.2019.2125},
  abstract = {As the configuration of the recent European political scene testifies, there is an upward trend of the nationalistic and xenophobic atmosphere within the EU societies, which is undoubtedly being reinforced in the recent years, due to both the large refugee flows and the terrorist acts occurring across Europe. Accordingly, the Gallup study of attitudes toward immigration found people in Europe the most negative in the world towards immigration. The majority of residents (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%) said immigration levels in their countries should be decreased. And all that while migrants constitute the 4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the European population, a percentage which could be \textbackslash textasciigravetranslated' into numbers as 20 million of migrants. Consequently, the aforementioned situation invokes a matter of intricacy in order for the NGOs and other organizations, who are dealing with the issue of the integration of migrants and refugees, to work and emphasize on the notions of global interdependencies and equality, with the oversimplified argumentation occurs to be the wide range of resources that strengthen the dominant narrative. The innovative character of the project FATI (From Alienation to Inclusion, https://www.projectfati.com) lies on the effective collaboration of the project partners, who are seeking to create activities by developing a unique on-line environment which contains comprehensive training modules on social integration of migrants and refugees into EU societies, while seeking to eliminate all those social, linguistic and psychological barriers which prevent migrants and refugees from being integrated in the new environment. Also, the environment of the project is being endowed with a variety of other pioneer digital tools and applications, specially designed for the creation and establishment of a strong network amongst European NGOs, social enterprises and charities for migrants and refugees, thus forming strong alliances. Accordingly, the ultimate aim of the project is to bring together such organizations, thus adopting a more collective and therefore effective action. Simultaneously, the e-platform involves the wider EU public, mainly through the \textbackslash textasciigraveLibrary of Commodities' which operates for the purpose of provision of humanitarian aid, as the wider European public gains the opportunity to offer its used objects to refugee settlements located in the partner-countries. Additionally, through a \textbackslash textasciigraveDirectory of European NGOs, social enterprises and charities for migrants and refugees', being created as a part of the outputs of the project, a strong network of such organizations emerges, therefore allowing their actions to acquire global dimension, primarily by using volunteers and services of other EU organizations located in other countries; such operation is being considered the initial point for the development of a mutual European policy on migrants and refugees.},
  isbn = {978-84-09-08619-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Migrants,on-line environment,refugees,social integration},
  note = {13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 11-13, 2019
\par
13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 11-13, 2019}
}

@article{Egerton2000,
  title = {Monitoring Contemporary Student Flows and Characteristics: Secondary Analyses Using the {{Labour Force Survey}} and the {{General Household Survey}}},
  author = {Egerton, M},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES A-STATISTICS IN SOCIETY},
  volume = {163},
  number = {1},
  pages = {63--80},
  issn = {0964-1998},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-985X.00157},
  abstract = {This paper examines trends in the participation in higher education by disadvantaged social groups over the recent period of higher education expansion and reform. It has been suggested that disadvantaged groups can recoup by participation at mature ages and this question is examined. The data sources used are the Labour Force Survey (1986-1995), which yielded 13384 students (6747 men and 6637 women), and the General Household Survey (1984-1992), which yielded 1936 students (982 men and 954 women). From a perspective of equal opportunities, the relative participation of young people from manual and non-manual origins does not appear to have changed over the period considered, but there is some evidence of increased relative participation by people from manual class origins as mature students. Mature students from such origins were older than those from non-manual class origins, as were mature women than mature men, with consequences for employability. From a perspective of lifelong learning, the recent expansion has been successful, with more entrants from the unemployed. Considerable percentages of women also enter from full-time housework, and increasing percentages from manual work. However, as in the past, many entrants had been successful in becoming employed before entry, some being seconded by employers. Despite these changes, the greatest absolute take-up has been from middle class youth. Early employment outcomes were examined and suggest some discrimination against mature students. It is possible that the increased cost of higher education, in the context of an expanded labour market of graduates, may deter some mature students.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to education,gender,higher education,mature study,social class}
}

@article{El-Bassel2021,
  title = {A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of a Combination {{HIV}} Risk Reduction and Microfinance Intervention for Female Sex Workers Who Use Drugs in {{Kazakhstan}}},
  author = {{El-Bassel}, Nabila and McCrimmon, Tara and Mergenova, Gaukhar and Chang, Mingway and Terlikbayeva, Assel and Primbetova, Sholpan and Kuskulov, Azamat and Baiserkin, Bauyrzhan and Denebayeva, Alfiya and Kurmetova, Kulpan and Witte, Susan S.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  doi = {10.1002/jia2.25682},
  abstract = {Introduction Female sex workers (FSW) who use drugs are a key population at risk of HIV in Kazakhstan, and face multiple structural barriers to HIV prevention. More research is needed on the role of structural interventions such as microfinance (MF) in reducing HIV risk. This paper describes the results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a combination HIVRR + MF intervention in reducing biologically confirmed STIs and HIV risk behaviours. Methods This study took place from May 2015 to October 2018 in two cities in Kazakhstan. We screened 763 participants for eligibility and enrolled 354 FSW who use drugs. Participants were randomized in cohorts to receive either a four-session HIVRR intervention, or that same intervention plus 30 additional sessions of financial literacy training, vocational training and asset-building through a matched-savings programme. Repeated behavioural and biological assessments were conducted at baseline, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-intervention. Biological and behavioural primary outcomes included HIV/STI incidence, sexual risk behaviours and drug use risk behaviours, evaluated over the 12-month period. Results Over the 12-month follow-up period, few differences in study outcomes were noted between arms. There was only one newly-detected HIV case, and study arms did not significantly differ on any STI incidence. At post-intervention assessments compared to baseline, both HIVRR and HIVRR + MF participants significantly reduced sexual and drug use risk behaviours, and showed improvements in financial outcomes, condom use attitudes and self-efficacy, social support, and access to medical care. In addition, HIVRR + MF participants showed a 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater reduction in the number of unprotected sex acts with paying partners at the six-month assessment (IRR = IRR = 0.28, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.08, 0.92), and a 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater reduction in the proportion of income from sex work at the three-month assessment (b = -0.10, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = -0.17, -0.02) than HIVRR participants did. HIVRR + MF participants also showed significantly improved performance on financial self-efficacy compared to HIVRR over the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions Compared to a combination HIVRR + MF intervention, a robust HIVRR intervention alone may be sufficient to reduce sexual and drug risk behaviours among FSW who use drugs. There may be structural limitations to the promise of microfinance for HIV risk reduction among this population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {clinical trials,drug use,HIV prevention,sex workers,structural interventions}
}

@article{El-Khorazaty2007,
  title = {Recruitment and Retention of Low-Income Minority Women in a Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Smoking, Depression, and Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy},
  author = {{El-Khorazaty}, M. Nabil and Johnson, Allan A. and Kiely, Michele and {El-Mohandes}, Ayman Ae and Subramanian, Siva and Laryea, Haziel A. and Murray, Kennan B. and Thornberry, Jutta S. and Joseph, Jill G.},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-7-233},
  abstract = {Background: Researchers have frequently encountered difficulties in the recruitment and retention of minorities resulting in their under-representation in clinical trials. This report describes the successful strategies of recruitment and retention of African Americans and Latinos in a randomized clinical trial to reduce smoking, depression and intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Socio-demographic characteristics and risk profiles of retained vs. non-retained women and lost to follow-up vs. dropped-out women are presented. In addition, subgroups of pregnant women who are less ( more) likely to be retained are identified. Methods: Pregnant African American women and Latinas who were Washington, DC residents, aged 18 years or more, and of 28 weeks gestational age or less were recruited at six prenatal care clinics. Potentially eligible women were screened for socio-demographic eligibility and the presence of the selected behavioral and psychological risks using an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview. Eligible women who consented to participate completed a baseline telephone evaluation after which they were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the usual care group. Results: Of the 1,398 eligible women, 1,191 (85\textbackslash textbackslash\%) agreed to participate in the study. Of the 1,191 women agreeing to participate, 1,070 completed the baseline evaluation and were enrolled in the study and randomized, for a recruitment rate of 90\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Of those enrolled, 1,044 were African American women. A total of 849 women completed the study, for a retention rate of 79\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Five percent dropped out and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% were lost-to-follow up. Women retained in the study and those not retained were not statistically different with regard to socio-demographic characteristics and the targeted risks. Retention strategies included financial and other incentives, regular updates of contact information which was tracked and monitored by a computerized data management system available to all project staff, and attention to cultural competence with implementation of study procedures by appropriately selected, trained, and supervised staff. Single, less educated, alcohol and drug users, non-working, and non-WIC women represent minority women with expected low retention rates. Conclusion: We conclude that with targeted recruitment and retention strategies, minority women will participate at high rates in behavioral clinical trials. We also found that women who drop out are different from women who are lost to follow-up, and require different strategies to optimize their completion of the study.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ellingsaeter2020,
  title = {Immigrants and the \textbackslash textasciigravecaring Father': {{Inequality}} in Access to and Utilisation of Parental Leave in {{Norway}}},
  author = {Ellingsaeter, Anne Lise and Kitterod, Ragni Hege and Ostbakken, Kjersti Misje},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ETHNICITIES},
  volume = {20},
  number = {5},
  pages = {959--982},
  issn = {1468-7968},
  doi = {10.1177/1468796819890109},
  abstract = {How do parental leave rights and interacting societal structures influence immigrant fathers' compliance with the \textbackslash textasciigravecaring father' model-typifying Nordic welfare states? Nordic parental leave schemes differ; this study investigated the impact of the Norwegian policy. Strong, stratifying effects related to access, particularly unfavourable for non-Western immigrant fathers, were demonstrated. These effects stemmed not only from the scheme being based on work performance criteria, but also from fathers' rights being conditioned on mothers' economic activity. Moreover, the observed gap between eligible immigrant and native-born fathers in the take-up of the father quota (the part of leave earmarked for fathers) was explored further. The gap was associated with weaker individual resources; however, ethnic labour market segregation played a significant role. The gap narrowed with the increased duration of stay of these fathers, suggesting that adaptation processes also are involved. The analysis is based on high-quality register data of all partnered men who became fathers in Norway in 2011, following them until their child was three years old in 2014.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethnic labour market segregation,father quota,immigrants' social rights,immigrants' utilisation of benefits,parental leave scheme}
}

@article{Elveren2013,
  title = {A Critical Analysis of the Pension System in {{Turkey}} from a Gender Equality Perspective},
  author = {Elveren, Adem Y.},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {35--44},
  issn = {0277-5395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.003},
  abstract = {In the last two decades Turkey has been reforming its pension system in line with the EU initiatives and the requirements of the neo-liberal model with the discourse of ensuring the proper functioning of the social security system and its fiscal sustainability. The neo-liberal emphasis on efficiency and sustainability of the system has been questioned for its hindering impacts on the main functions of a pension system, namely the provision of income security and welfare in old age, and income redistribution among different and vulnerable groups of population. It is against this background that, the alarmingly low female labor force participation (FLFP), significant size of informal employment with a high ratio of female workers, and the increasing domination of familial ideology at the societal and policymaking levels require the analysis of the reforms in terms of their impacts on gender inequality in the country. Therefore, this paper attempts a preliminary analysis of both public and private pension schemes from a gender equality perspective. The paper argues that since the pension system in Turkey is based on a male-breadwinner model where women are defined extensively as dependents, the reforms, by being blind to the existing form of gender inequality inherent to the system, vitiate the possible positive impacts of the reforms for women. It is this paper's contention that unless specific measurements that positively discriminate women and foster FLFP are taken, the gender blind approach of the current pension reform might have detrimental impacts on the well-being of women in the long run. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Elwell-Sutton2013,
  title = {Inequality and Inequity in Access to Health Care and Treatment for Chronic Conditions in {{China}}: The {{Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study}}},
  author = {{Elwell-Sutton}, Timothy M. and Jiang, Chao Qiang and Zhang, Wei Sen and Cheng, Kar Keung and Lam, Tai H. and Leung, Gabriel M. and Schooling, C. M.},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {28},
  number = {5},
  pages = {467--479},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czs077},
  abstract = {Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a large and rapidly-growing problem in China and other middle-income countries. Clinical treatment of NCDs is long-term and expensive, so it may present particular problems for equality and horizontal equity (equal treatment for equal need) in access to health care, although little is known about this at present in low-and middle-income countries. To address this gap, and inform policy for a substantial proportion of the global population, we examined inequality and inequity in general health care utilization (doctor consultations and hospital admissions) and in treatment of chronic conditions (hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia), in 30 499 Chinese adults aged {$>$}= 50 years from one of China's richest provinces, using the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2003-2008). We used concentration indices to test for inequality and inequity in utilization by household income per head. Inequality was decomposed to show the contributions of income, indicators of \textbackslash textasciigraveneed for health care' (age, sex, self-rated health, coronary heart disease risk and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and non-need factors (education, occupation, out-of-pocket health care payments and health insurance). We found inequality and inequity in treatment of chronic conditions but not in general health care utilization. Using more objective and specific measures of \textbackslash textasciigraveneed for health care' increased estimates of inequity for treatment of chronic conditions. Income and non-need factors (especially health insurance, education and occupation) made the largest contributions to inequality. Further work is needed on why access to treatment for chronic conditions in China is restricted for those on low incomes and how these inequities can be mitigated.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to care,China,chronic illness,inequality,Inequity}
}

@article{Emmons1996,
  title = {Women Who Work in Manufacturing Settings: {{Factors}} Influencing Their Participation in Worksite Health Promotion Programs},
  author = {Emmons, {\relax KM} and Linnan, L and Abrams, D and Lovell, {\relax HJ}},
  year = {1996},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {74--81},
  issn = {1049-3867},
  doi = {10.1016/1049-3867(95)00049-6},
  abstract = {The workplace is an effective channel for disseminating health promotion interventions,(1) and it is becoming an increasingly important vehicle for reaching women. In the United States, 54\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women over 18 work outside the home. Bureau of Labor projections indicate that by the year 2005, women will be entering the workforce at a faster rate than men. Manufacturing worksites, in particular, offer an effective means of reaching women who are underserved, undereducated, and from lower income strata. The worksite may play a particularly important role in reaching these underserved women because they may have less access to traditional channels for health care and prevention. However, poor participation in worksite programs is often cited as a major contributor to less than optimal outcomes in worksite-based programs. Little is known about the determinants of participation in worksite health promotion programs. In addition, there is no common definition of \textbackslash textasciigrave'participation,'' which adds to the confusion in this literature.(2) While it is difficult to make comparisons across data that use different definitions of participation, several recurrent themes exist. Demographic characteristics tend to predict participation in worksite health promotion programs. Younger employees, those with higher education levels, and women are more likely to participate,(2,6) although men are more likely to participate in fitness programs.(7,8) Organizational or worksite-level factors that promote individual participation in health promotion programs are less clear. Top management support, willingness to allow attendance on company time, and line supervisor permission to attend programs all seem to play a role in facilitating participation. Although the importance of organizational factors has been acknowledged,(2,6,9-11) the systematic study of how these factors differentially predict participation by gender-occupational characteristics, age, and health status has only recently begun.(12,13) The Working Well Trial, a randomized trial of worksite health promotion,12 13 offers a unique opportunity to investigate factors influencing participation in health promotion programs. In one of the four participating study centers (Brown University), it was observed that 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women employed in participating companies did not attend any of the intervention activities. These data indicated that the program was not effectively reaching a large percentage of the women employed in these companies. As a result, the present study was designed to investigate the facilitators and barriers to women's participation in worksite health promotion.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Encel2004,
  title = {Older Workers: Can They Succeed in the Job Market?},
  author = {Encel, Sol and Studencki, Helen},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {33--37},
  issn = {1440-6381},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1741-6612.2004.00006.x},
  abstract = {Objectives: To identify and track the progress of mature age workers who have overcome barriers associated with their age. To identify factors contributing to successful employment outcomes for older workers. To evaluate the success rate of service providers in facilitating access to the labour market for older workers. Methods: Three job network providers were approached: Mission Employment, Salvation Army Employment Plus and Work Ventures Inc. All three agreed to provide addresses of clients aged 45 years and over to be reached through a mail questionnaire. A total of 700 questionnaires were dispatched anonymously with the cooperation of these three organisations. A small number of follow-up interviews were also conducted with survey respondents who indicated their willingness to be interviewed, and had signed a consent form for this purpose. Several interviews were also conducted with staff at the three cooperating agencies. Results: Of the 700 questionnaires dispatched, 163 were returned, giving a response rate of 23\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Among the respondents, 82 were employed at the time and 81 were unemployed. There were approximately equal responses from men and women. Of the 82 employed persons, 48 had obtained jobs either through answering advertisements or through personal contacts. Only 19 had obtained employment through a job network agency. The most important barrier to employment was identified as age, followed by lack of specialised skills. Conclusions: Early intervention is essential. The chances of re-employment decline steadily with the duration of unemployment. Age discrimination stands out as the major obstacle to re-employment for older workers. Personal connections and specialised skills are more important than the activities of job network agencies. Job seekers are also handicapped by inflexibility in relation to training, travel to new locations, and acceptance of a different kind of job.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,mature-age workers,unemployment}
}

@article{Endow2022,
  title = {Female {{Workforce Participation}} and {{Vulnerability}} in {{Employment}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Rural Jharkhand}}},
  author = {Endow, Tanuka and Dutta, Swati},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {65},
  number = {2},
  pages = {483--502},
  issn = {0971-7927},
  doi = {10.1007/s41027-022-00376-8},
  abstract = {The aim of this paper is to examine the level of female workforce participation and quality of employment in rural Jharkhand based on primary survey conducted in 1300 households spread across 7 districts. The study has used mixed method approach to understand the work status and barriers faced by women in accessing quality of employment. Our main findings are that rather than geographic factors, female labour force participation varies more with social norms, which usually work in tandem with economic position of a household as reflected in land and asset holdings. In addition, the cultural norms that assign most of the household responsibilities and unpaid work to women prevent them from accessing paid work opportunities. We also find that there exists gender wage gap both in casual wage and in regular salaried job with women workers at a disadvantage. There is a need to design the skilling and employment opportunities for them which will be suitable for the women to balance both paid and domestic work and to close the gender gap in wages and salaries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Female,Jharkhand,Quality of work,Rural,Wages,Work force participation}
}

@article{Ervin2023,
  title = {Trajectories of {{Unpaid Labour}} and the {{Probability}} of {{Employment Precarity}} and {{Labour Force Detachment Among Prime Working-Age Australian Women}}},
  author = {Ervin, Jennifer and Taouk, Yamna and Hewitt, Belinda and King, Tania},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-023-03197-4},
  abstract = {Worldwide, women are over-represented in precarious and insecure employment arrangements. Importantly, the high unpaid labour demands women experience over the life course compromise paid labour force participation for women. This study explores the way different trajectories of time spent in unpaid labour throughout women's prime working and child-rearing years (from baseline age of 25-35 yrs to 42-52 yrs) are associated with indicators of precarious employment and labour force detachment later in life. We applied group-based trajectory modelling to 17 waves (2002-2018) of data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey to identify trajectories in unpaid labour. We then examined associations between these estimated trajectories and employment outcomes in wave 19 (2019). Our study shows that chronic exposure to high amounts of unpaid labour over prime working-age years (compared to lower exposure levels) increases women's probability of precarious employment and labour force detachment later in prime working life. This provides evidence that ongoing inequity in the division of unpaid labour has considerable long-term implications for gender inequality in the paid labour force, and underscores the importance of urgently addressing how men and women share and prioritise time across both paid and unpaid labour domains.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender equality,Precarious employment,Trajectory analysis,Unpaid labour}
}

@article{Esselman2007,
  title = {Barriers to Return to Work after Burn Injuries},
  author = {Esselman, Peter C. and Askay, Shelley Wiechman and Carrougher, Gretchen J. and Lezotte, Dennis C. and Holavanahalli, Radha K. and {Magyar-Russell}, Gina and Fauerbach, James A. and Engrav, Loren H.},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {88},
  number = {12, 2},
  pages = {S50-S56},
  issn = {0003-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.009},
  abstract = {Objective: To identify barriers to return to work after burn injury as identified by the patient. Design: A cohort study with telephone interview up to 1 year. Setting: Hospital-based burn centers at 3 national sites. Participants: Hospitalized patients (N=154) meeting-the American Burn Association criteria for major burn injury, employed at least 20 hours a week at the time of injury, and with access to a telephone after discharge. Intervention: Patients were contacted via telephone every 2 weeks up to 4 months, then monthly up to I year after discharge. Main Outcome Measures: A return to work survey was used to identify barriers that prevented patients from returning to work. A graphic rating scale determined the impact of each barrier. Results: By 1 year, 79.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients returned to work. Physical and wound issues were barriers early after discharge. Although physical abilities continued to be a significant barrier up to I year, working conditions (temperature, humidity, safety) and psychosocial factors (nightmares, flashbacks, appearance concerns) became important issues in those with long-term disability. Conclusions: The majority of patients return to work after a burn injury. Although physical and work conditions are important barriers, psychosocial issues need to be evaluated and treated to optimize return to work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {burns,employment,rehabilitation,work}
}

@article{EstebanSalvador2016,
  title = {{Do cooperatives have favorable contexts for gender equality?: Special reference to the province of Teruel}},
  author = {Esteban Salvador, M. Luisa and Gargallo Castel, Ana F. and Perez Sanz, Francisco Javier},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {61--92},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  abstract = {Objectives Cooperative enterprises have different organizational and operational characteristics that could provide favorable conditions for gender equality. In this paper, we describe several aspects of the working conditions and workplace flexibility of women in cooperatives in the province of Teruel, a region that is characterized by its low population density. In addition, we study other aspects involved in the running of these organizations in the context of social economy, and how this could have potential benefits and advantages for the personal and professional development of women and their families. A greater understanding of these organizations will facilitate the development of actions aimed at strengthening business projects that contribute to integrate women's needs and the needs of their surrounding environments. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative analysis has been carried out through in-depth interviews, which have provided more detailed and extensive information than other available methodologies. The initial sample consists of 99 cooperatives, representing 31.03\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total population of cooperative entities in the province of Teruel, Spain. This sample was then filtered by selecting the cooperatives which have a greater percentage of female employees higher than male employees, or have more female than male directors, including those cooperatives which fulfilled both of these conditions. There resulting set of 12 cooperatives with a large number of female employees among its staff or with high female participation in their boards of directors. We subjected to semi-structured interviews, one per cooperative, of their partners and/or employees, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results / Research limitations / Implications The results suggest that self-management allows greater flexibility than other forms of enterprise in areas such as conciliation or working conditions. Likewise, women recognize that their involvement with the entity must be greater, since their future employment depends on the survival of the cooperative. One factor that affects the reconciliation of family, work and personal life is the presence or absence of seasonality in the activities carried out by the cooperative. Internal measures for the seasonal adjustment of demand could contribute to improving the reconciliation and also to reducing inequalities between men and women. With regard to working conditions, there are opportunities for conciliation and timetable flexibility that rely on the goodwill and the climate of trust existing in the cooperatives. This issue is closely related to the good relations among its members, as evidenced by the opinions of the respondents and the presence of female leadership focused on greater collaboration and teamwork. It is noteworthy that these cordial relations extend even among the companies in the sector. Collaborative attitudes between cooperatives of the same sector of activity are frequent. Self-management allows the working day to be better and more easily adjusted to the specific needs of female employees as compared to other styles of management. In general, working hours are not cause for concern. Women are aware that if the activity requires a greater time investment, their commitment must be greater, since their future careers depend of the survival of the cooperative The good relations existing among the different cooperatives in the province are remarkable. The study emphasizes the establishment of mutually supportive relationships with other cooperatives and, in many cases, the use of synergies with the competing companies. This reinforces the expected behaviors for organizations based on inter-cooperation and networking. Due to the peculiarities of the context in which these cooperatives operate, mainly in rural areas, cooperatives can cover the needs of the partners, boost rural development, to improve trade activities, provide support and advice to access to new foreign markets; improve structures through integration processes and obtain competitive advantages with formulas of inter-cooperation with other groups. Regarding the support of the public administrations in issues related to paperwork or consultation and advisory services, no conclusive results have been obtained. Relations with public administrations, however, could be improved to take full advantage of the potential of wealth creation in cooperatives and to achieve greater effectiveness of policies of public support for the promotion of female entrepreneurship and social economy entities. The recognition of gender inequalities in the labor and business sphere by the Spanish government, expressed through the Gender Equality Act, should be taken into account when implementing administrative procedures for cooperatives in order to be more sensitive to women's necessities. Simplification of administrative procedures and a more individualised guidance and advice for female entrepreneurs in the social economy should be included in the agendas of public authorities. These measures become especially sensitive in territories such as Teruel, where the weakness of its business fabric and its relatively high rate of female unemployment are clear components of the economic stagnation of the province. Some questionnaire answers show that cooperative principles are present in these entities, as is the case in one company where the partners reported being satisfied and happy to contribute to the respect of agriculture and to promote environmental care. In addition to the financial income associated with participation in the cooperative, other non-economic \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveintangible\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace benefits related to personal satisfaction and fulfilment derived from such participation should be highlighted. This added value must also be taken into account at the time of quantifying the benefits of both cooperatives and the social economy as a whole, and especially when formulating strategy and assessing the results achieved. Practical conclusions and original value The findings show that there is still a long way to go to achieve the reconciliation of personal, family and work life that allows full equality. This issue reveals the need for action, both institutionally, through a suitable framework of support measures, and internally, within the entities themselves, through incentives leading to the full implementation of these cooperative values and rules of conduct. Our results give new evidence of the internal and external social policies, and of institutional and business relationships of these cooperatives characterized by a high representation of women. It is also noted that self-management allows improve adaptation of the working conditions and flexibility of women in cooperative workplaces. Moreover, they realize that their involvement must be greater, since future employment depends on the survival of the cooperative. It would be interesting for future studies to compare these results with the equivalent relationships observed between shareholders and employees in other types of entities. Future research could also examine whether other factors, such as the size of the organization, can influence the existence of harmonious relations.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {conciliation,Cooperatives,depopulation,employment,Spain,woman}
}

@article{Estenssoro2019,
  title = {Gender Disparity in {{ICU}} Staffing in {{Argentina}}},
  author = {Estenssoro, Elisa and Loudet I, Cecilia and Reina, Rosa and Fernandez, Analia and Gabriela Vidal, Maria},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {8--10},
  issn = {0883-9441},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.05.016},
  abstract = {Purpose: Gender disparities in healthcare are striking, notwithstanding an increase in female students and physicians. Underrepresentation of women in leadership positions is well-documented; however, information fromlowand middle-income countries (LMICs) is still sparse. The Argentinian Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SATI) aimed to characterize the gender composition in Argentine ICUs. Methods and results: Between 8/1/2018 and 1/1/2019, 131 questionnaires were submitted to ICU Department Chairs of SATI research networks. Gender distribution of the different staffing levels, board certification and hospital characteristics were recorded. One-hundred and four were completed, including 2186 physicians; 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female. Female participation decreased with highest responsibility: only 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Department Chairs were female (P = .002 vs. the rest of the staffing categories, adjusted for multiple comparisons). Residents exhibited the highest proportion of female physicians (47\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Board certification was similar for both sexes (62.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 62.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, P=. 97). Female/male distribution in public and private hospitals was 47\textbackslash textbackslash\%/53\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 40/60\textbackslash textbackslash\% (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence of an important gender gap in ICU management in a LMIC. Women were poorly represented in the leadership positions, although qualifications were similar to men. Moreover, female physicians worked more frequently in the public health subsector, usually underfinanced in LMICs-a surrogate of a gender pay gap. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender disparities,Gender gap,Gender inequities,Gender pay gap,ICU staffing}
}

@article{Esteves2012,
  title = {The Quest for Equity in {{Latin America}}: A Comparative Analysis of the Health Care Reforms in {{Brazil}} and {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Esteves, Roberto J. F.},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1475-9276},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-11-6},
  abstract = {Introduction: Brazil and Colombia have pursued extensive reforms of their health care systems in the last couple of decades. The purported goals of such reforms were to improve access, increase efficiency and reduce health inequities. Notwithstanding their common goals, each country sought a very different pathway to achieve them. While Brazil attempted to reestablish a greater level of State control through a public national health system, Colombia embraced market competition under an employer-based social insurance scheme. This work thus aims to shed some light onto why they pursued divergent strategies and what that has meant in terms of health outcomes. Methods: A critical review of the literature concerning equity frameworks, as well as the health care reforms in Brazil and Colombia was conducted. Then, the shortfall inequality values of crude mortality rate, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, and life expectancy for the period 1960-2005 were calculated for both countries. Subsequently, bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed and controlled for possibly confounding factors. Results: When controlling for the underlying historical time trend, both countries appear to have experienced a deceleration of the pace of improvements in the years following the reforms, for all the variables analyzed. In the case of Colombia, some of the previous gains in under-five mortality rate and crude mortality rate were, in fact, reversed. Conclusions: Neither reform seems to have had a decisive positive impact on the health outcomes analyzed for the defined time period of this research. This, in turn, may be a consequence of both internal characteristics of the respective reforms and external factors beyond the direct control of health reformers. Among the internal characteristics: underfunding, unbridled decentralization and inequitable access to care seem to have been the main constraints. Conversely, international economic adversities, high levels of rural and urban violence, along with entrenched income inequalities seem to have accounted for the highest burden among external factors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brazil,Colombia,comparative analysis,equity,health care reform,health care system,health inequities,health policy}
}

@article{Eugster2018,
  title = {Immigrants and Poverty, and Conditionality of Immigrants' Social Rights},
  author = {Eugster, Beatrice},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {28},
  number = {5},
  pages = {452--470},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/0958928717753580},
  abstract = {It is not only immigration and the incorporation of immigrants into society that serve as challenges for post-industrialised countries, but also rising inequality and poverty. This article focuses on both issues and proposes a new theoretical perspective on the determinants of immigrant poverty. Building on comparative welfare state research and international migration literature, I argue that immigrants' social rights - here understood as their access to paid employment and welfare benefits - condition the impact which both the labour market and welfare system have on immigrants' poverty. The empirical analysis is based on a newly collected dataset on immigrants' social rights in 19 advanced industrialised countries. The findings confirm the hypotheses: more regulated minimum wage setting institutions and generous traditional family programmes reduce immigrants' poverty more strongly in countries where they are granted easier access to paid employment and social benefits.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Comparative welfare state research,immigrants,multilevel analysis,poverty,social rights}
}

@article{Evertsson2004,
  title = {Dependence within Families and the Division of Labor: {{Comparing Sweden}} and the {{United States}}},
  author = {Evertsson, M and Nermo, M},
  year = {2004},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {66},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1272--1286},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00092.x},
  abstract = {This article assesses the relative explanatory value of the resource-bargaining perspective and the doing-gender approach for the division of housework in the United States and Sweden from the mid-1970s to 2000. The data used are the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Swedish Level of Living Survey. Overall results show that housework was truly gendered work in both countries during the entire period. Even so, the results indicate that, unlike Swedish women, U.S. women seem to increase their time spent in housework when their husbands are to some extent economically dependent on them, as if to neutralize the presumed gender deviance on the part of their spouses.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bargaining,economic dependency,gender,housework,relative resources},
  note = {Aage Sorensen Memorial Conference, Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA, MAY, 2002}
}

@article{Evertsson2023,
  title = {Division of {{Care}} and {{Leave Arrangements}} in {{Gay Father Families}} in {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Evertsson, Marie and Malmquist, Anna},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SEXUALITY RESEARCH AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {242--256},
  issn = {1868-9884},
  doi = {10.1007/s13178-022-00732-9},
  abstract = {Introduction This study analyses the division of parental leave and the income development in gay father families through surrogacy in Sweden, seen as one of the most family-friendly and egalitarian countries in the world. Methods Based on longitudinal population register data, descriptive and bivariate regression models are estimated to analyse the parental leave uptake and income development of married partners becoming (first-time) parents in 2006-2015 (in total 53 couples). Retrospective in-depth interviews with 23 gay men in 12 couples, conducted in 2010 and 2018 are analysed thematically to study how fathers discussed and decided how to divide the leave. Results The process of establishing legal parenthood delays the fathers' access to reimbursed parental leave. Despite this, the fathers' earnings were not considerably affected by the addition of a child to the family. Once the fathers had access to reimbursed leave, they generally shared this equally, with a tendency for the genetic father to take leave first and for a slightly longer period. Conclusions The fathers becoming parents via surrogacy arrangements are a well-off group, able to counter the negative financial consequences of becoming parents. Swedish family policies enable parents to share the leave equally. Less impacted by gender and parenthood norms creating difference between parents, gay father families are in a better position to realise ideals of shared care and sameness. Policy Implications The delayed access to reimbursed parental leave structures the ability of gay couples to become parents and contributes to class inequalities in the transition to parenthood.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care leave,Earnings,Father,Gay,Income,Parental leave,Surrogacy}
}

@article{Eyles2019,
  title = {Occupied with Classification: {{Which}} Occupational Classification Scheme Better Predicts Health Outcomes?},
  author = {Eyles, Emily and Manley, David and Jones, Kelvyn},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {227},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {56--62},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.020},
  abstract = {Health inequalities continue to grow despite continuous policy intervention. Work, one domain of health inequalities, is often included as a component of social class rather than as a determinant in its own right. Many social class classifications are derived from occupation types, but there are other components within them that mean they may not be useful as proxies for occupation. This paper develops the exposome, a life-course exposure model developed by Wild (2005), into the worksome, allowing for the explicit consideration of both physical and psychosocial exposures and effects derived from work and working conditions. The interactions between and within temporal and geographical scales are strongly emphasised, and the interwoven nature of both psycho social and physical exposures is highlighted. Individuals within an occupational type can be both affected by and effect upon occupation level characteristics and health measures. By using the worksome, occupation types are separated from value-laden social classifications. This paper will empirically examine whether occupation better predicts health measures from the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). Logistic regression models using Bayesian MCMC estimation were run for each classification system, for each health measure. Health measures included, for example, whether the respondent felt their work affected their health, their self-rated health, pain in upper or lower limbs, and headaches. Using the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC), a measure of predictive accuracy penalised for model complexity, the models were assessed against one another. The DIC shows empirically which classification system is most suitable for use in modelling. The 2-digit International Standard Classification of Occupations showed the best predictive accuracy for all measures. Therefore, examining the relationship between health and work should be done with classifications specific to occupation or industry rather than socio-economic class classifications. This justifies the worksome, allowing for a conceptual framework to link many forms of work-health research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Class,Classifications,Exposome,Occupational health,Social exposure,Work,Worksome},
  note = {17th International Medical Geography Symposium (IMGS), Angers, FRANCE, JUL 02-07, 2017}
}

@article{Eyrich-Garg2017,
  title = {How {{Feasible}} Is {{Multiple Time Point Web-Based Data Collection}} with {{Individuals Experiencing Street Homelessness}}?},
  author = {{Eyrich-Garg}, Karin M. and Moss, Shadiya L.},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE},
  volume = {94},
  number = {1},
  pages = {64--74},
  issn = {1099-3460},
  doi = {10.1007/s11524-016-0109-y},
  abstract = {Three barriers investigators often encounter when conducting longitudinal work with homeless or other marginalized populations are difficulty tracking participants, high rates of no-shows for follow-up interviews, and high rates of loss to follow-up. Recent research has shown that homeless populations have substantial access to information technologies, including mobile devices and computers. These technologies have the potential both to make longitudinal data collection with homeless populations easier and to minimize some of these methodological challenges. This pilot study's purpose was to test whether individuals who were homeless and sleeping on the streets-the Bstreet homeless-would answer questions remotely through a web-based data collection system at regular \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefollowup\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace intervals. We attempted to simulate longitudinal data collection in a condensed time period. Participants (N = 21) completed an in-person baseline interview. Each participant was given a remotely reloadable gift card. Subsequently, weekly for 8 weeks, participants were sent an email with a link to a SurveyMonkey questionnaire. Participants were given 48 h to complete each questionnaire. Data were collected about life on the streets, service use, community inclusion, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Ten dollars was remotely loaded onto each participant's gift card when they completed the questionnaire within the completion window. A substantial number of participants (67\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total sample and 86\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the adjusted sample) completed at least seven out of the eight follow-up questionnaires. Most questionnaires were completed at public libraries, but several were completed at other types of locations (social service agencies, places of employment, relative/friend/acquaintance's domiciles, or via mobile phone). Although some of the questions were quite sensitive, very few participants skipped any questions. The only variables associated with questionnaire completion were frequency of computer use and education- both positive associations. This pilot study suggests that collecting longitudinal data online may be feasible with a subpopulation of persons experiencing homelessness. We suspect that participant follow-up rates using web-based data collection methods have the potential to exceed follow-up rates using traditional in-person interviews. If this population of persons experiencing street homelessness can be successful with this method of data collection, perhaps other disenfranchised, difficult-to-track, or difficult-to-reach populations could be followed using web-based data collection methods. Local governments are striving to decrease the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedigital divide,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace providing free or greatly discounted wi-fi connectivity as well as mobile computer lab access to low-income geographic areas. These actions, in combination with increased smart phone ownership, may permit vulnerable populations to connect and communicate with investigators.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computers.,Follow-up.,Homeless.,Information technology.,Internet,Longitudinal data collection.,Mobile phones.,No-show.,Technology.,Tracking.}
}

@article{Fabry2022,
  title = {Decent Work in Global Food Value Chains: {{Evidence}} from {{Senegal}}},
  author = {Fabry, Anna and {Van den Broeck}, Goedele and Maertens, Miet},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {152},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105790},
  abstract = {The rapid growth and transformation of global food value chains has stimulated the development of rural labour markets and has important consequences for rural poverty reduction. While this transformation can be associated with substantial rural employment creation, there is still debate on the inclusiveness and quality of these jobs. We provide quantitative evidence on the inclusiveness of wage employment in the horticultural sector in Senegal and on the quality of this employment and disparities among vulnerable groups of workers. Using survey data from 525 workers, 392 hired workers in agro-industrial companies and 133 workers on small-scale farms, we assess the inclusiveness of employment towards female, young and migrant workers, and compare the quality of employment between these different groups of workers. The quality of employment is assessed through wages and a decent work index that captures multiple wage and non-wage dimensions of job quality. We use bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine the quality of employment and a decomposition analysis to explain wage gaps. Results suggest that job quality is better in the agro-industry than on small-scale farms. We find that the agroindustry is inclusive towards migrant, female and young workers, but that disparities in job quality exist within and across companies. Results illustrate substantial gender wage gaps across companies, but not within companies, and a lower likelihood of having decent employment among migrant and young workers. Our results suggest that wage gaps can be explained by differences in job characteristics, and are not directly based on workers' gender, age or migrant background. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Africa,Agro-industry,Rural employment,Rural labour markets,Rural transformation,Smallholder farms}
}

@book{Fados2019,
  title = {Labour {{Market}} of the 28 {{EU Countries}} by {{Gender}}},
  author = {Fad'os, Marina and Bohdalova, Maria},
  editor = {Paoloni, P and Paoloni, M and Arduini, S},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENDER RESEARCH (ICGR 2019)},
  abstract = {The paper describes gender inequality in employment across 28 EU countries. Gender inequality in employment persists despite European commission is focused on decreasing it. Gender equality is guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and supported by the Strategy for equality between women and men and also by the Europe 2020 Employment Strategy. However, women are still in a worse position on the labour market compared with men. Therefore, European Commission (EC) focused mostly on achieving lower disparities between genders by encouraging women to participate on the labour market. EC guarantees the same working rights for both genders with the aim of preventing discrimination. Gender inequality differs depending on the analysed sector. Therefore, the paper focuses on the analysis of the employment gender inequality across sectors since 2000 until 2017. Gender inequality indicator was calculated as a ratio between the lower and upper gender rates minus one to assess the severity of the inequality. Further, we have compared gender inequality indicators in employment and the labour force participation. Positive linear correlation was determined too. Gender inequality indicator for employment was always higher than gender inequality indicator of labour force participation, and it was more susceptible to structural changes. Gender inequality in employment did not depend on time, but it has depended on country and employment sectors. The highest gender inequality value was reported in southern countries such as Malta, Italy and Greece, while the lowest one was reported in northern countries, such as Sweden and Finland. When it comes to sectors, men were employed more than women in agriculture and industry sector, while women were employed more than men in services sector. However, when gender inequality indicators across sectors were compared, higher gender inequality was reported when women were worse off on the labour market. The crisis in the year 2008 had substantial impact on the employment gender inequality and it led to its decrease on panel level. The consequences of this impact were permanent, and it set the new, lower equilibrium of the employment gender inequality.},
  isbn = {978-1-912764-16-7},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,gender inequality,labour force,labour market,sector},
  note = {2nd International Conference on Gender Research (ICGR), Roma Tre Univ, Ipazia Sci Observ Gender Issues, Rome, ITALY, APR 11-12, 2019}
}

@article{Fahlen2013,
  title = {{{CAPABILITIES AND CHILDBEARING INTENTIONS IN EUROPE}}: {{The}} Association between Work-Family Reconciliation Policies, Economic Uncertainties and Women's Fertility Plans},
  author = {Fahlen, Susanne},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIETIES},
  volume = {15},
  number = {5},
  pages = {639--662},
  issn = {1461-6696},
  doi = {10.1080/14616696.2013.798018},
  abstract = {This article investigates the association between economic uncertainties, work-family reconciliation policies and women's short-term childbearing intentions in 10 European countries. I introduce the capability approach to this issue and argue that short-term childbearing intentions are an indicator of women's capabilities to start a family or to have additional children. Using data from the European Social Survey, the analysis reveals that the association between economic uncertainties and short-term childbearing intentions varies by the number of children already born, education and institutional contexts. In some countries, having a job have a positive impact on childless women's short-term intentions, while in other countries, low educated childless women out of the labour market are those most likely to intend to have a child in the near future. Other aspects of economic uncertainties, namely perceived job and income insecurity, have a negative impact on short-term childbearing intentions, regardless of motherhood status. The analysis also shows that the combination of weaker institutional support for work-family reconciliation, perceived job and income insecurity and low educational skills are associated with lower childbearing intentions, and the pattern across the 10 countries is slightly stronger for childless women. This study underscores the importance of embedding individual decision processes in a broader societal context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {capability approach,childbearing intentions,economic uncertainties,reconciliation policies}
}

@article{Fahy2017,
  title = {Longitudinal Associations of Experiences of Adversity and Socioeconomic Disadvantage during Childhood with Labour Force Participation and Exit in Later Adulthood},
  author = {Fahy, A. E. and Stansfeld, S. A. and Smuk, M. and Lain, D. and {van der Horst}, M. and Vickerstaff, S. and Clark, C.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {183},
  pages = {80--87},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.023},
  abstract = {The Extending Working Lives (EWL) agenda seeks to sustain employment up to and beyond traditional retirement ages. This study examined the potential role of childhood factors in shaping labour force participation and exit among older adults, with a view to informing proactive interventions early in the life-course to enhance individuals' future capacity for extending their working lives. Childhood adversity and socioeconomic disadvantage have previously been linked to ill-health across the life-span and sickness benefit in early adulthood. This study builds upon previous research by examining associations between childhood adversity and self-reported labour force participation among older adults (aged 55). Data was from the National Child Development Study - a prospective cohort of all English, Scottish, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Welsh births in one week in 1958. There was evidence for associations between childhood adversity and increased risk of permanent sickness at 55 years - which were largely sustained after adjustment for educational disengagement and adulthood factors (mental/physical health, qualifications, socioeconomic disadvantage). Specifically, children who were abused or neglected were more likely to be permanently sick at 55 years. In addition, among males, those in care, those experiencing illness in the home, and those experiencing two or more childhood adversities were more likely to be permanently sick at 55 years. Childhood factors were also associated with part-time employment and retirement at 55 years. Severe childhood adversities may represent important distal predictors of labour force exit at 55 years, particularly via permanent sickness. Notably, some adversities show associations among males only, which may inform interventions designed to extend working lives. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adversity,Childhood social conditions,Disability pension,Early retirement,Economic activity,Extending working life,Older adults,Unemployment}
}

@article{Fairchild2009,
  title = {Racial Segregation in the Public Schools and Adult Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Black {{Americans}}},
  author = {Fairchild, Gregory},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {467--484},
  issn = {0921-898X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-009-9202-x},
  abstract = {Residential segregation has played a central role in theories of minority entrepreneurship and in the diversification of the U.S. labor market. Racial diversity in public accommodations, including schools, has been an issue of continuous public policy debate at least since the U.S. Supreme Court's Plessy versus Ferguson decision (1896). This study applies theory from the literature on social capital to an examination of the role of racial segregation in the public schools of blacks during childhood on their adult likelihood to become self-employed and their level of occupational status. The model results indicate that, after controlling for a number of individual, household and metropolitan-area factors, lower rates of segregation during public schooling results in higher likelihood of wage-salary employment and self-employment among a cohort of black Americans that attended public schools during the 1960s.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Blacks,Education policy,Self-employment,Workforce diversity}
}

@article{Falba2009,
  title = {Work {{Expectations}}, {{Realizations}}, and {{Depression}} in {{Older Workers}}},
  author = {Falba, T'racy A. and Sindelar, Jody L. and Gallo, William T.},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {175--186},
  issn = {1091-4358},
  abstract = {Aims of the Study: In this study, we explore whether ex ante work expectations, conditional on work force status at age 62, affect self-reported depressive symptoms at age 62. Methods: Our sample includes 4,387 participants of the Health and Retirement Study, a national longitudinal survey of individuals born between 1931 and 194 1, and their spouses. The sample is composed of workers who were less than 62 years of age at the study baseline (1992), and who had reached age 62 by the current study endpoint (2004). This sample enables comparison of realized work status with prior expectations. We estimate the impact of expected work status on self-reported depressive symptoms using negative binomial and logistic regression methods. Sex-stratified regressions are estimated according to full-time work status at age 62. The primary outcome is a summary measure of self-reported depressive symptoms based on a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. The explanatory variable of interest is the subjective probability of working full-time at the age of 62, reported by participants at the 1992 HRS baseline. We control for baseline socioeconomic and demographic variables as well as life events and changes in macroeconomic conditions that occur within the study timeframe. Results: Among participants who were not working full time at age 62, we find that men who provided a higher ex ante likelihood of full-time employment at 62 had significantly worse self-reported depressive symptoms than men who provided a lower ex ante likelihood. A similar effect was not found for women. Among participants who were working full time at age 62, we do not find a statistical relationship between ex ante expectations and age-62 self-reported depressive symptoms, for either men or women. Discussion: The results suggest that an earlier-than-anticipated work exit is detrimental to mental health for men nearing normal retirement age. Previous research has demonstrated that stress is a causal factor in depression, and a premature labor force departure, which is inconsistent with an individual's cognitive judgment of a suitably timed exit from work, is a psychologically stressful transition that could realistically induce depression. This may be especially true of men, who in this cohort, have stronger labor force attachment than women and tend to define their roles by their occupation. The advantages of the study include nationally representative data, a baseline depression control that circumscribes the effect of endogeneity, and a reasonably long follow-up. Despite our efforts to infer causality, unmeasured factors may account for part of the observed relationship. Implications for Health Policy and Research: Depression is a disease that, if untreated, may have serious consequences for behavioral, medical, and social well-being. Our results suggest that further research should aim to estimate the magnitude of clinically severe and mild depression in populations of those who retire earlier than expected, especially for men. Such information could help health care planners and policy makers to direct resources to the mental health needs of men who retire prematurely.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Falkum2017,
  title = {Vocational Rehabilitation for Adults with Psychotic Disorders in a {{Scandinavian}} Welfare Society},
  author = {Falkum, Erik and Klungsoyr, Ole and Lystad, June Ullevoldsaeter and Bull, Helen Christine and Evensen, Stig and Martinsen, Egil W. and Friis, Svein and Ueland, Torill},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMC PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1186/s12888-016-1183-0},
  abstract = {Background: This study examined the outcomes of a vocational rehabilitation program (The Job Management Program, JUMP) for persons with psychotic disorders based on close collaboration between health and welfare services. Methods: Participants (N = 148) with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders (age 18-65) were recruited from six counties in Norway. Three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), while the remaining three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive remediation (CR). This paper compares the vocational activity of the total group of JUMP participants with a treatment as usual group (N = 341), and further examines differences between the two JUMP interventions. Employment status (working/not working) was registered at the time of inclusion and at the end of the intervention period. Results: The total number of JUMP participants in any kind of vocational activity increased from 17 to 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% during the intervention. Of these, 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had competitive employment, 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% had work placements in ordinary workplaces with social security benefits as their income, and 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% had sheltered work. The total number of working participants in the TAU group increased from 15.5 to 18.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The JUMP group showed significant improvements of positive (t = -2. 33, p = 0.02) and general (t = -2.75, p = 0.007) symptoms of psychosis. Significant differences between the CBT and CR interventions were not demonstrated. Conclusions: The study supports existing evidence that the majority of persons with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders can cope with some kind of work, given that internal and external barriers are reduced. Those who wish to work should be offered vocational rehabilitation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers to work,Collaboration,Individual support,Psychotic disorders,Vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Fan2011,
  title = {The {{Persistent Gap}} in {{Health-Care Coverage Between Low-}} and {{High-Income Workers}} in {{Washington State}}: {{BRFSS}}, 2003-2007},
  author = {Fan, Z. Joyce and Anderson, Naomi J. and Foley, Michael and Rauser, Eddy and Silverstein, Barbara A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS},
  volume = {126},
  number = {5},
  pages = {690--699},
  issn = {0033-3549},
  doi = {10.1177/003335491112600511},
  abstract = {Objectives. We examined the disparities in health-care coverage between low- and high-income workers in Washington State (WA) to provide support for possible policy decisions for uninsured workers. Methods. We examined data from the WA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2003-2007 and compared workers aged 18-64 years of low income (annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000) and high income (annual household income {$>$}=\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000) on proportions and sources of health-care coverage. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses on factors that were associated with the uninsured. Results. Of the 54,536 survey respondents who were working-age adults in WA, 13,922 (25.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were low-income workers. The proportions of uninsured were 38.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for low-income workers and 6.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% for high-income workers. While employment-based health benefits remained a dominant source of health insurance coverage, they covered only 40.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of low-income workers relative to 81.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of high-income workers. Besides income, workers were more likely to be uninsured if they were younger; male; Hispanic; less educated; not married; current smokers; self-employed; or employed in agriculture/forestry/fisheries, construction, and retail. More low-income workers (28.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported cost as an issue in paying for health services than did their high-income counterparts (6.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion. A persistent gap in health-care coverage exists between low- and high-income workers. The identified characteristics of these workers can be used to implement policies to expand health insurance coverage.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fan2020,
  title = {Left {{Behind}}? {{Migration Stories}} of {{Two Women}} in {{Rural China}}},
  author = {Fan, C. Cindy and Chen, Chen},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SOCIAL INCLUSION},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {47--57},
  doi = {10.17645/si.v8i2.2673},
  abstract = {Women being left behind in the countryside by husbands who migrate to work has been a common phenomenon in China. On the other hand, over time, rural women's participation in migration has increased precipitously, many doing so after their children are older, and those of a younger generation tend to start migrant work soon after finishing school. Although these women may no longer be left behind physically, their work, mobility, circularity, and frequency of return continue to be governed by deep-rooted gender ideology that defines their role primarily as caregivers. Through the biographical stories of two rural women in Anhui, this article shows that traditional gender norms persist across generations. Yingyue is of an older generation and provided care to her husband, children, and later grandchildren when she was left behind, when she participated in migration, and when she returned to her village. Shuang is 30 years younger and aspires to urban lifestyle such as living in apartments and using daycare for her young children. Yet, like Yingyue, Shuang's priority is caregiving. Her decisions, which are in tandem with her parents-in-law, highlight how Chinese families stick together as a safety net. Her desire to earn wages, an activity much constrained by her caregiving responsibility to two young children, illustrates a strong connection between income-generation ability and identity among women of the younger generation. These two stories underscore the importance of examining how women are left behind not only physically but in their access to opportunities such as education and income-generating activity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {caregiving,China,left behind,rural-urban migration,women}
}

@article{Farin2013,
  title = {The Patient-Physician Relationship in Patients with Breast Cancer: Influence on Changes in Quality of Life after Rehabilitation},
  author = {Farin, Erik and Nagl, Michaela},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {283--294},
  issn = {0962-9343},
  doi = {10.1007/s11136-012-0151-5},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to examine whether aspects of the patient-physician relationship for breast cancer patients have an influence on the change in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after inpatient rehabilitation. N = 329 breast cancer patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation in Germany were surveyed using questionnaires at the beginning of rehabilitation, end of rehabilitation, and 6 months after rehabilitation. Multiple imputations and multilevel models of change were used in the data analyses. Even after comprehensive adjustment for sociodemographic, medical, psychological variables, and center effects, aspects of the physician-patient relationship were statistically and clinically relevant predictors of HRQOL after rehabilitation. Satisfaction with physician's care appears to have a rather short-term effect, but the effect of promoting patient participation can still be partially determined 6 months after rehabilitation. Other important predictors of HRQOL improvement are optimism, higher level of education, higher income, living with a partner, and the ability to work. By taking into consideration the patient's communication and participation needs, physicians can contribute to an improved HRQOL after rehabilitation. The high predictive power of socioeconomic factors shows that rehabilitation care can be more effective if it accounts for the specific situation of socially disadvantaged individuals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Oncology,Optimism,Patient-physician relationship,Quality of life,Socioeconomic factors}
}

@article{Farre2016,
  title = {Parental {{Leave Policies}} and {{Gender Equality}}: {{A Survey}} of the {{Literature}}},
  author = {Farre, Lidia},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Estudios de Economia Aplicada},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45--60},
  issn = {1133-3197},
  abstract = {Important gender differences still persist in many labor market outcomes. This paper argues that the design of parental leave policies can play an important role in shaping these differences. A summary of the literature reveals that extended maternity leave mandates increase female labor force participation at the cost of lower wages, less presence of women in high-profile occupations and a more traditional division of tasks within the family. Periods of leave exclusively reserved for fathers are proposed as a policy instrument to increase men's participation in family tasks and facilitate women's progress in the professional career. The paper concludes with a revision of these policies and their implications for gender equality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare,Father or Daddy Quota,Gender Inequality,Gender Role Attitudes,Labor Supply,Parental Leave}
}

@article{Fasang2022,
  title = {Uncovering {{Social Stratification}}: {{Intersectional Inequalities}} in {{Work}} and {{Family Life Courses}} by {{Gender}} and {{Race}}},
  author = {Fasang, Anette Eva and Aisenbrey, Silke},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {101},
  number = {2},
  pages = {575--605},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soab151},
  abstract = {Enduring and accumulated advantages and disadvantages in work and family lives remain invisible in studies focusing on single outcomes. Further, single outcome studies tend to conflate labor market inequalities related to gender, race, and family situation. We combine an intersectional and quantitative life course perspective to analyze parallel work and family lives for Black and White men and women aged 22-44. Results using sequence analysis and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) show that White men enjoy privileged opportunities to combine work and family life and elicit specific gendered and racialized constraints for Black men and women and White women. Black women experience the strongest interdependence between work and family life: events in their work lives constrain and condition their family lives and vice versa. For Black men, stable partnerships and career success mutually support and sustain each other over the life course. In contrast, for Black women, occupational success goes along with the absence of stable partnerships. Precarious and unstable employment is associated with early single parenthood for all groups supporting instability spillovers between life domains that are most prevalent among Black women, followed by Black men. The findings highlight a sizeable group of resourceful Black single mothers who hold stable middle-class jobs and have often gone unnoticed in previous research. We conclude that economic interventions to equalize opportunities in education, employment, and earnings, particularly early in life, are more promising for reducing intersectional inequalities in work-family life courses than attempting to intervene in family lives.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fauk2017,
  title = {Understanding the Strategies Employed to Cope with Increased Numbers of {{AIDS-orphaned}} Children in Families in Rural Settings: A Case of {{Mbeya Rural District}}, {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Fauk, Nelsensius Klau and Mwakinyali, Silivano Edson and Putra, Sukma and Mwanri, Lillian},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF POVERTY},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {2095-5162},
  doi = {10.1186/s40249-016-0233-7},
  abstract = {Background: The purpose of this study was to understand the strategies employed by families that adopt Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-orphaned children (Adoptive families) for coping with and mitigating the impact of AIDS in Mbeya Rural District, Tanzania. High numbers of AIDS orphaned children aged below 18 years in Mbeya Region have led to increasing the burden of families caring for them. Understanding the coping strategies and impact mitigation activities employed by adoptive families is important in order to develop programmes to help them. Methods: This study employed a qualitative method for data collection (one-on-one in-depth interviews). The respondents included 12 male and 8 female heads of families that provide essential care for AIDS-orphaned children in Mbeya Rural District in Tanzania. The framework approach was used to analyse the data that were collected from 15 July to 15 August 2010. Results: The study findings revealed that adoptive families faced several challenges including financial constraints due to increased needs for basic essentials such as health care expenses, school fees and food. Further impacts on adoptive families included shortage of work opportunities and limited time to address these challenges. To mitigate these challenges, adoptive families employed a range of coping strategies including selling family assets and renting out parts of cultivable land for extra cash. Task reallocation which involved the AIDS-orphaned children entering the labour force was also employed as a strategy to mitigate challenges and involved de-enrolling of children from schools so they could take part in income-generating activities in order to earn supplementary family income. The creation of additional income-generating activities such as poultry farming were other coping mechanisms employed, and these received support from both non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and governmental organisations, including the Isangati Agricultural Development Organization (local NGO) and the local government respectively. Conclusions: The current study identified challenges that adoptive families as well as the AIDS- orphaned children themselves faced in Mbeya Rural District, Tanzania. Recognition of these issues highlights the need for targeted interventions to address the underlying social determinants of human immunodeficiency virus or HIV and AIDS in affected populations in order to prevent further imposition of social, cultural and economic disadvantages on families that provide care for AIDS-orphaned children and the children themselves. These findings may prove useful in provoking discussions that may lead to HIV/AIDS prevention and the development of broader mitigation strategies to alleviate the impact of this scourge on families and communities in rural Tanzania, and in similar settings across the world.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adoptive families,AIDS,AIDS-orphaned children,Coping strategies,HIV,Mbeya Rural District,Tanzania}
}

@article{Fauk2022,
  title = {Barriers to {{Accessing HIV Care Services}} in {{Host Low}} and {{Middle Income Countries}}: {{Views}} and {{Experiences}} of {{Indonesian Male Ex-Migrant Workers Living}} with {{HIV}}},
  author = {Fauk, Nelsensius Klau and Seran, Alfonsa Liquory and Raymond, Christopher and Tahir, Roheena and Ward, Paul Russell and Gesesew, Hailay Abrha},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {21},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph192114377},
  abstract = {Migrant populations are one of the vulnerable groups to HIV transmission and its consequences. They are also reported to experience delayed entry or linkage into HIV services and have poorer HIV-related health outcomes. This study aimed to understand barriers to accessing HIV care services in host countries among Indonesian, male, former (returned) migrant workers living with HIV. The study was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021. It utilised a qualitative design employing in-depth interviews to collect data from twenty-two returned migrant workers from Eastern Indonesia, recruited using the snowball sampling technique. A qualitative data analysis framework was used to guide a step-by-step analysis of the findings. Findings demonstrated that limited host-country language proficiency, lack of knowledge regarding healthcare systems in host countries and having \textbackslash textasciigraveundocumented' worker status were barriers to accessing HIV care services. Data also revealed the unavailability of HIV care services nearby migrants' work locations, long-distance travel to healthcare facilities, and challenges in accessing public transportation as barriers that impeded their access to the services. Other factors limiting the participants' access to HIV services were identified as the transient and mobile nature of migrant work requiring frequent relocation and disrupting work-life stability. Additionally, in lieu of formal HIV services, many participants self-medicated by using over-the-counter herbal or \textbackslash textasciigravetraditional' medicines, often because of peer or social group influence regarding the selection of informal treatment options. Recommendations arising from this study demonstrate the need to improve pre-departure information for migrant workers regarding the healthcare system and access procedures in potential host countries. Data from this study also indicate that social services should be available to assist potential migrants to access legal channels for migrant work overseas, to ensure that Indonesian migrants can safely access healthcare services in the countries for which they are providing migrant labour. Future studies to understand barriers to accessing HIV care services among various migrant groups living with HIV are warranted to build evidence for potential social policy change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers to care,HIV care services,host countries,Indonesia,migrant workers living with HIV}
}

@article{Faura-Martinez2020,
  title = {Social and {{Territorial Cohesion}} in {{Spain}}: {{Relevance}} of the {{Socioeconomic Context}}},
  author = {{Faura-Martinez}, Ursula and {Lafuente-Lechuga}, Matilde and {Garcia-Luque}, Olga},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {150},
  number = {2},
  pages = {501--547},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02308-9},
  abstract = {Exclusion processes are shaped through the accumulation of social disadvantages in seven life dimensions: income, employment, education, health, housing, social and family relationships and participation. This paper conducts a factor analysis to build seven partial indices that synthesise the relevant information of each of the dimensions under consideration, providing the explanatory factors underlying social exclusion risk. A multidimensional social exclusion index is constructed from the explanatory factors to account for the social and territorial inequalities existing in Spain during the crisis, 2009-2014. At the same time, an indicator of the regional socioeconomic context is built to contrast its influence over the social cohesion outcomes obtained. This work includes all Spanish territories with a regional government, that is, seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities, and considers a wide set of both demographic and economic social indicators. Results show broad gaps across regions in both the social scenario and socioeconomic context conditions. Additionally, the influence of the socioeconomic context over the social wellbeing levels found in each territory is confirmed, as the analysis reveals a high correlation between the social exclusion index and the indicator.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Factor analysis,Multidimensional index,Regional socioeconomic context,Social and territorial cohesion,Social exclusion}
}

@article{Fedotenkov2019,
  title = {Gender Longevity Gap and Socioeconomic Indicators in Developed Countries},
  author = {Fedotenkov, Igor and Derkachev, Pavel},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {127--144},
  issn = {0306-8293},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSE-02-2019-0082},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain relations between socioeconomic factors and gender longevity gap and to test a number of contradicting theories. Design/methodology/approach Fixed effects models are used for cross-country panel data analysis. Findings The authors show that in developed countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Union) a lower gender longevity gap is associated with a higher real GDP per capita, a higher level of urbanization, lower income inequality, lower per capita alcohol consumption and a better ecological environment. An increase in women's aggregate unemployment rate and a decline in men's unemployment are associated with a higher gap in life expectancies. There is also some evidence that the effect of the share of women in parliaments has a U-shape; it has a better descriptive efficiency if taken with a four-year lag, which approximately corresponds to the length of political cycles. Practical implications - The findings are important for policy discussions, such as designs of pension schemes, gender-based taxation, ecological, urban, health and labor policy. Social implications - The factors that increase male and female longevities also reduce the gender longevity gap. Originality/value The results contradict to a number of studies for developing countries, which show that lower economic development and greater women discrimination result in a lower gender longevity gap. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ IJSE-02-2019-0082},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-country analysis,Gender longevity gap,Inequality,Life expectancy}
}

@article{Fekete2021,
  title = {Socioeconomic Status and Social Relationships in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury from 22 Countries: {{Does}} the Countries' Socioeconomic Development Moderate Associations?},
  author = {Fekete, Christine and Reinhardt, Jan D. and Arora, Mohit and Engkasan, Julia Patrick and {Gross-Hemmi}, Mirja and Kyriakides, Athanasios and Le Fort, Marc and Tough, Hannah},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0255448},
  abstract = {Background Social relationships are powerful determinants of health and inequalities in social relationships across socioeconomic status (SES) groups may contribute to social inequalities in health. This study investigates inequalities in social relationships in an international sample of persons with spinal cord injury and explores whether social gradients in relationships are moderated by the countries' socioeconomic development (SED). Methods Data from 12,330 participants of the International SCI Community Survey (InSCI) performed in 22 countries were used. We regressed social relationships (belongingness, relationship satisfaction, social interactions) on individual SES (education, income, employment, financial hardship, subjective status) and countries' SED (Human Development Index) using multi-level models (main effects). To test potential moderation of the SED, interaction terms between individual SES and countries' SED were entered into multi-level models. Results Paid work, absence of financial hardship and higher subjective status were related to higher belongingness (OR, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.50, 1.34-1.67; 1.76, 1.53-2.03; 1.16, 1.12-1.19, respectively), higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.28, 1.15-1.42; 1.97, 1.72-2.27; 1.20, 1.17-1.24, respectively) and fewer problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.96, 0.82-1.10; 1.93, 1.74-2.12; 0.26, 0.22-0.29, respectively), whereas associations with education and income were less consistent. Main effects for countries' SED showed that persons from lower SED countries reported somewhat higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.97, 0.94-0.99) and less problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.04, -0.09- -0.003). Results from moderation analysis revealed that having paid work was more important for relationships in lower SED countries, while education and subjective status were more important for relationships in higher SED countries (interaction terms p{$<$}0.05). Conclusion Social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury are patterned according to individual SES and the countries' SED and larger socioeconomic structures partly moderate associations between individual SES and social relationships.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Feng2017,
  title = {Long Run Trends in Unemployment and Labor Force Participation in Urban {{China}}},
  author = {Feng, Shuaizhang and Hu, Yingyao and Moffitt, Robert},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {45},
  number = {2},
  pages = {304--324},
  issn = {0147-5967},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2017.02.004},
  abstract = {Unemployment rates in countries across the world are strongly correlated with GDP. China is an unusual outlier from the pattern, whose official government statistics show abnormally low, and suspiciously stable, unemployment rates relative to its GDP. This paper reports estimates of China's unemployment rate for its local urban Hukou population using a more reliable, nationally representative dataset for that population than in prior work, and which spans a longer period of history than in the past literature. The unemployment rates we calculate differ dramatically from those supplied in official data and are much more consistent with what is known about key historical developments in China's labor market. The rate averaged 3.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1988-1995, when the labor market was highly regulated and dominated by state-owned enterprises, but rose sharply during the period of mass layoff from 1995 to 2002, reaching an average of 9.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the subperiod from 2002 to 2009. The rates were even higher when demographic composition is held fixed. We can also calculate labor force participation rates, which are not available in official statistics at all. We find that they declined throughout the whole period, particularly in 1995-2002 when the unemployment rate increased most significantly. We also find that the impacts of these changes fell most heavily on the unskilled (women, those with less education, and younger individuals). Finally, estimates of unemployment and labor force participation rates are also provided for all urban residents, including migrants without local urban Hukou, and show the same patterns of change over time. (C) 2017 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Economic transition,Labor force participation rate,Unemployment rate}
}

@article{Feng2019,
  title = {Why {{Women Have Lower Retirement Savings}}: {{The Australian Case}}},
  author = {Feng, Jun and Gerrans, Paul and Moulang, Carly and Whiteside, Noel and Strydom, Maria},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {145--173},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2018.1533250},
  abstract = {This study provides empirical evidence of the gender gap in retirement savings trajectories using a large longitudinal Australian database. The persistent trend of retirement income policy over recent decades has been to place responsibility for retirement savings accumulation with the individual employee. These plans are fundamentally linked to employment conditions and individual choices, which shape retirement savings trajectories and outcomes. Australia has a mature compulsory system and thus provides insight for countries embarking on similar paths. This study shows that the gender gap in retirement savings is observable from early on in an individual's paid working life and persists over time, providing evidence that women are disadvantaged early in their careers, with few signs of improvement. Men, in contrast, are overrepresented in the upper quartile of growth in retirement savings. This study provides important empirical evidence for policymakers concerned with gender differences in retirement outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender inequality,pensions,social policy}
}

@article{Feng2022,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Changing SNAP Work Requirement}} on the {{Health}} and {{Employment Outcomes}} of {{Able-Bodied Adults}} without {{Dependents}}},
  author = {Feng, Wenhui},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  pages = {281--290},
  issn = {2769-7061},
  doi = {10.1080/07315724.2021.1879692},
  abstract = {Objective The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides nutritional assistance for United States residents with low income. Current SNAP policy discussion focuses on its work requirement: the Able Bodied Adults without Dependents (ABAWDs) time limit. This study sets out to analyze the effects the work requirement has on ABAWDs' health and employment status. Methods States can apply a waiver on the ABAWD work requirement if they can establish a labor surplus. Many states had this waiver expired due to economic recovery after the 2008 economic crisis. This study took advantage of a recent natural experiment created by states' differentiated timelines in phasing out the three-month waiver and applies a triple-differences approach to study the effects of the SNAP work requirement, using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015-2016. Results SNAP-eligible individuals, including ABAWDS, had more serious physical and mental health conditions compared with higher income individuals. Losing SNAP eligibility increased the incidence of experiencing physically unhealthy days by 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% (p {$<$} 0.05) but caused no significant change in employment status. Conclusions The ABAWD time limit on SNAP may have negative consequences when there are insufficient opportunities for employment or positions in governmental Employ and Training programs. More studies are needed to better understand the reason for high SNAP participation even when the unemployment rate suggested a strong economy in 2015-2016. Decision-makers should be cautious in removing SNAP eligibility for ABAWDs or states' time-limit waivers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ABAWDs,SNAP,work requirements}
}

@article{Fenta2021,
  title = {Determinants of Full Childhood Immunization among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: A Multilevel Analysis Using {{Demographic}} and {{Health Survey Data}}},
  author = {Fenta, Setegn Muche and Biresaw, Hailegebrael Birhan and Fentaw, Kenaw Derebe and Gebremichael, Shewayiref Geremew},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HEALTH},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1348-8945},
  doi = {10.1186/s41182-021-00319-x},
  abstract = {Background Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the highest under-five mortality and low childhood immunization region in the world. Children in Sub-Saharan Africa are 15 times more likely to die than children from high-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of under-five deaths are preventable through immunization. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinant factors of full childhood immunization among children aged 12-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Data for the study was drawn from the Demographic and Health Survey of nine sub-Saharan African countries. A total of 21,448 children were included. The two-level mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify the individual and community-level factors associated with full childhood immunization Result The prevalence of full childhood immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa countries was 59.40\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 58.70, 60.02). The multilevel logistic regression model revealed that secondary and above maternal education (AOR = 1.38; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.25, 1.53), health facility delivery (AOR = 1.51; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.41, 1.63), fathers secondary education and above (AOR = 1.28, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.11, 1.48), four and above ANC visits (AOR = 2.01; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.17, 2.30), PNC visit(AOR = 1.55; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.46, 1.65), rich wealth index (AOR = 1.26; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.18, 1.40), media exposure (AOR = 1.11; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04, 1.18), and distance to health facility is not a big problem (AOR = 1.42; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.28, 1.47) were significantly associated with full childhood immunization. Conclusion The full childhood immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa was poor with high inequalities. There is a significant variation between SSA countries in full childhood immunization. Therefore, public health programs targeting uneducated mothers and fathers, rural mothers, poor households, and those who have not used maternal health care services to promote full childhood immunization to improve child health. By enhancing institutional delivery, antenatal care visits and maternal tetanus immunization, the government and other stakeholders should work properly to increase child immunization coverage. Furthermore, policies and programs aimed at addressing cluster variations in childhood immunization need to be formulated and their implementation must be strongly pursued.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Full immunization,Multi-level analysis,Sub-Saharan Africa}
}

@article{Fernandez-Kranz2021,
  title = {Too Family Friendly? {{The}} Consequences of Parent Part-Time Working Rights},
  author = {{Fernandez-Kranz}, Daniel and {Rodriguez-Planas}, Nuria},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {197},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104407},
  abstract = {We use a difference-in-differences model with individual fixed effects to evaluate a 1999 Spanish law granting employment protection to workers with children younger than 6 who had asked for a shorter workweek due to family responsibilities. Our analysis shows that well-intended policies can potentially backfire and aggravate labor market inequalities between men and women, since there is a very gendered take-up, with only women typically requesting part-time work. After the law was enacted, employers were 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to hire women of childbearing age, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% more likely to separate from them, and 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to promote them to permanent contracts, increasing female non-employment by 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% relative to men of similar age. The results are similar using older women unaffected by the law as a comparison group. Moreover, the law penalized all women of childbearing age, even those who did not have children. These effects were largest in low-skill jobs, at firms with less than 10 employees, and in industries with few part-time workers. These findings are robust to several sensitivity analyses and placebo tests. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Compositional bias,employment,Female employment transitions and wages,Fixed-term and permanent contract}
}

@article{Fernandez-Reino2018,
  title = {Employment {{Outcomes}} of {{Ethnic Minorities}} in {{Spain}}: {{Towards Increasing Economic Incorporation}} among {{Immigrants}} and the {{Second Generation}}?},
  author = {{Fernandez-Reino}, Marina and Radl, Jonas and Ramos, Maria},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SOCIAL INCLUSION},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {48--63},
  issn = {2183-2803},
  doi = {10.17645/si.v6i3.1441},
  abstract = {This article examines the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Spain, a country that has become a migration destination only since the end of the 1990s. Differentiating between first and second generation of immigrant descent, we compare the labour market involvement of the main ethnic groups with the majority group. One particular focus is to understand which minorities have been hit the hardest by the Great Recession. To this end, we use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey for the years 2008 and 2014, and more specifically the two ad-hoc modules on the labour market situation of migrants. Analysing men and women separately, we run a set of multivariate logistic regression models to control for compositional differences. In this way, we examine ethnic gaps not only in labour force participation but also in the degree of underutilisation of human capital, measured as workers' level of over-education as well as the incidence of involuntary part-time employment. Our results show that while most origin groups do not show significantly lower employment participation than the majority group, the employment quality of immigrants in terms of involuntary part-time work and over-education is substantially worse, especially since the crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment participation,ethnic inequality,involuntary part-time,migrant assimilation,over-education}
}

@article{Fernandez-Reino2023,
  title = {Discrimination {{Unveiled}}: {{A Field Experiment}} on the {{Barriers Faced}} by {{Muslim Women}} in {{Germany}}, the {{Netherlands}}, and {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Fernandez-Reino}, Marina and Di Stasio, Valentina and Veit, Susanne},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {479--497},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcac032},
  abstract = {We examine the penalties faced by veiled and unveiled Muslim women when applying for jobs in three European labour markets: Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. We rely on recent literature comparing public opposition towards Muslims in general and opposition to Muslims' religious practices, such as the wearing of the hijab. Based on a cross-nationally harmonized field experiment on hiring discrimination, we use two different signals of Muslimness (volunteering activities in a Muslim community centre or wearing the Muslim headscarf) to identify whether employers discriminate against Muslims as a group or against Muslims adhering to specific Muslim practices-in this case, wearing the headscarf. We present robust evidence that veiled Muslim women are discriminated against in Germany and the Netherlands, but only when applying for jobs that require a high level of customer contact. In Spain, however, the level of discrimination against veiled Muslim women is much smaller than in the other two countries. The high level of discrimination we found in the Netherlands, where the institutional context has traditionally been open to the accommodation of religious minority rights, is particularly surprising and points to the possibly stigmatizing effect of recent policies geared towards the cultural assimilation of immigrants.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fernandez2017,
  title = {Free to {{Leave}}? {{A Welfare Analysis}} of {{Divorce Regimes}}},
  author = {Fernandez, Raquel and Wong, Joyce Cheng},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL-MACROECONOMICS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {72--115},
  issn = {1945-7707},
  doi = {10.1257/mac.20150293},
  abstract = {During the 1970s, the United States switched from mutual consent to a unilateral divorce regime. Who benefited/lost from this change? We develop a dynamic life cycle model in which agents make consumption, saving, work, and marital-status decisions under a given divorce regime. Calibrating the model to match key moments for the 1940 cohort and conditioning solely on gender, our ex ante welfare analysis finds that women fare better under mutual consent whereas men prefer a unilateral system. Conditioning as well on initial productivity (expected income), we find that the top three quintiles of men and the top two quintiles of women prefer unilateral divorce.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{FernandezTurienzo2020,
  title = {Midwifery Continuity of Care versus Standard Maternity Care for Women at Increased Risk of Preterm Birth: {{A}} Hybrid Implementation-Effectiveness, Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial in the {{UK}}},
  author = {Fernandez Turienzo, Cristina and Bick, Debra and Briley, Annette L. and Bollard, Mary and Coxon, Kirstie and Cross, Pauline and Silverio, Sergio A. and Singh, Claire and Seed, Paul T. and Tribe, Rachel M. and Shennan, Andrew H. and Sandall, Jane and Grp, POPPIE Pilot Collaborative},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PLOS MEDICINE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {10},
  issn = {1549-1277},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003350},
  abstract = {Background Midwifery continuity of care is the only health system intervention shown to reduce preterm birth (PTB) and improve perinatal survival, but no trial evidence exists for women with identified risk factors for PTB. We aimed to assess feasibility, fidelity, and clinical outcomes of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with a specialist obstetric clinic for women considered at increased risk for PTB. Methods and findings We conducted a hybrid implementation-effectiveness, randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel-group pilot trial at an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), in which pregnant women identified at increased risk of PTB were randomly assigned (1:1) to either midwifery continuity of antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care (Pilot study Of midwifery Practice in Preterm birth Including women's Experiences \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracePOPPIE] group) or standard care group (maternity care by different midwives working in designated clinical areas). Pregnant women attending for antenatal care at less than 24 weeks' gestation were eligible if they fulfilled one or more of the following criteria: previous cervical surgery, cerclage, premature rupture of membranes, PTB, or late miscarriage; previous short cervix or short cervix this pregnancy; or uterine abnormality and/or current smoker of tobacco. Feasibility outcomes included eligibility, recruitment and attrition rates, and fidelity of the model. The primary outcome was a composite of appropriate and timely interventions for the prevention and/or management of preterm labour and birth. We analysed by intention to treat. Between 9 May 2017 and 30 September 2018, 334 women were recruited; 169 women were allocated to the POPPIE group and 165 to the standard group. Mean maternal age was 31 years; 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the women were from Black, Asian, and ethnic minority groups; 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% were in employment; and 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% had a university degree. Nearly 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women lived in areas of social deprivation. More than a quarter of women had at least one pre-existing medical condition and multiple risk factors for PTB. More than 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of antenatal and postnatal visits were provided by a named/partner midwife, and a midwife from the POPPIE team was present at 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of births. The incidence of the primary composite outcome showed no statistically significant difference between groups (POPPIE group 83.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus standard group 84.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%; risk ratio 0.98 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.08]; p = 0.742). Infants in the POPPIE group were significantly more likely to have skin-to-skin contact after birth, to have it for a longer time, and to breastfeed immediately after birth and at hospital discharge. There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. The number of serious adverse events was similar in both groups and unrelated to the intervention (POPPIE group 6 versus standard group 5). Limitations of this study included the limited power and the nonmasking of group allocation; however, study assignment was masked to the statistician and researchers who analysed the data. Conclusions In this study, we found that it is feasible to set up and achieve fidelity of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with specialist obstetric care for women at increased risk of PTB in an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), but there is no impact on most outcomes for this population group. Larger appropriately powered trials are needed, including in other settings, to evaluate the impact of relational continuity and hypothesised mechanisms of effect based on increased trust and engagement, improved care coordination, and earlier referral on disadvantaged communities, including women with complex social factors and social vulnerability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ferreira1999,
  title = {Economic Transition and the Distributions of Income and Wealth},
  author = {Ferreira, {\relax FHG}},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {377--410},
  issn = {0967-0750},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0351.00018},
  abstract = {This paper relies on a model of wealth distribution dynamics and occupational choice to investigate the distributional consequences of policies and developments associated with transition from central planning to a market system. The model suggests that even an efficient privatization designed to be egalitarian may lead to increases in inequality land possibly poverty), both during transition and in the new steady-state. Creation of new markets in services also supplied by the public sector may also contribute to an increase in inequality, as can labour market reforms that lead to a decompression of the earnings structure and to greater flexibility in employment. The results underline the importance of retaining government provision of basic public goods and services; of removing barriers that prevent the participation of the poor in the new private sector; and of ensuring that suitable safety nets are in place.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality,privatization,transition economies,wealth distribution}
}

@article{Ferrer2023,
  title = {The {{Work Trajectories}} of {{Married Canadian Immigrant Women}}, 2006-2019},
  author = {Ferrer, Ana and Pan, Yazhuo (Annie) and Schirle, Tammy},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-023-01011-1},
  abstract = {The behaviour of married immigrant women regarding fertility and labour markets is an essential piece to understand the economic and cultural integration of immigrant households. However, the contribution of married immigrant women to the Canadian labour market was-until recently-considered of secondary importance and their labour market choices studied within an economic framework of temporary attachment to the labour force. Recent research, however, finds that a significant fraction of married immigrant women make labour supply decisions (and face barriers) similar to those of native-born married women. We show that this is the case in Canada as well, by estimating the progress of immigrant women over the 2000s. We use traditional measures of labour market outcomes, such as participation, employment and wages, but also novel estimates of labour market dynamics, such as transitions across labour market states to show the work trajectories of married Canadian immigrant women. Results show that immigrant women are less likely to transition into employment-more likely to transition out of employment to either unemployment or inactivity-and more likely to respond to income shocks than the Canadian born. There is evidence of a gradual convergence with years spent in Canada to the outcomes of the Canadian born, which is much slower for immigrant women than immigrant men.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Convergence in labour outcomes,Immigrant women,Labour force attachment,Transition rates between labour states}
}

@article{Fessler2019,
  title = {The Educational and Labor Market Returns to Preschool Attendance in {{Austria}}},
  author = {Fessler, Pirmin and Schneebaum, Alyssa},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  volume = {51},
  number = {32},
  pages = {3531--3550},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2019.1584368},
  abstract = {Preschool attendance is widely recognized as a key ingredient for later socioeconomic success, mothers' labor market participation, and leveling the playing field for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, the empirical evidence for these claims is still relatively scarce, particularly in Europe. Using data from the 2011 Austrian European Union Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we contribute to this literature by studying the effects of having attended preschool for the adult Austrian population. We find strong and positive effects of preschool attendance on later educational attainment, the probability of working full time, hourly wages, and the probability that the mother is in the labor market. Full time workers at the bottom and the top of the distribution benefit less than those in the middle. Women in particular benefit more in terms of years of schooling and the probability of working full time. Other disadvantaged groups (second generation migrants; people with less educated parents) also often benefit more in terms of education and work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {early childhood education,education,inequality,kindergarten,Returns to preschool}
}

@article{Ficapal-Cusi2018,
  title = {Gender Inequalities in Job Quality during the Recession},
  author = {{Ficapal-Cusi}, Pilar and {Diaz-Chao}, Angel and {Sainz-Ibanez}, Milagros and {Torrent-Sellens}, Joan},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {EMPLOYEE RELATIONS},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2--22},
  issn = {0142-5455},
  doi = {10.1108/ER-07-2016-0139},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse gender differences in job quality during the first years of the economic crisis in Spain. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses microdata from the Quality of Working Life Survey. A representative sample of 5,381 and 4,925 Spanish employees (men and women) in 2008 and 2010, and a two-stage structural equation modelling (SEM) are empirically tested. Findings - The study revealed three main results. First, the improvement in job quality was more favourable to men than it was to women. Second, the gender differences in the explanation of job quality increased considerably in favour of men. Third, this increase in gender-related job inequality in favour of men is explained by a worsening of 4 of the 5 explanatory dimensions thereof: intrinsic job quality; work organisation and workplace relationships; working conditions, work intensity and health and safety at work; and extrinsic rewards. Only inequality in the work-life balance dimension remained stable. Research limitations/implications - The availability of more detailed microdata for other countries and new statistical methods for analysing causal relationships, particularly SEM-PLS, would allow new approaches to be taken. Social implications - Public policy measures required to fight against gender inequalities are discussed. Originality/value - The paper contributes to enrich the understanding of the multidimensional and gender-related determinants of job quality and, in particular, of studying the effects of the first years of the economic crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employee relations,Gender,Job satisfaction,Women workers,Workplace}
}

@article{Fields2008,
  title = {{Guide to multisectorial models in the work market in developing countries}},
  author = {Fields, Gary S.},
  year = {2008},
  month = jun,
  journal = {TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO},
  volume = {75},
  number = {298},
  pages = {257--297},
  issn = {0041-3011},
  abstract = {Labor markets are important, because most people, especially the poor, derive all or the great bulk of their income from the work they do. This paper approaches labor markets through multisector modeling. The first main substantive section presents the essence of multisector modeling, in particular, the role of labor market dualism. Given that labor markets often consist of quite distinct segments, a useful and insightful analytical approach is to start,with Just two interrelated segments, formal and informal. Accordingly, the next sections present models of wages and employment in the formal economy, the informal economy, and intersectoral linkages respectively. The final substantive section shows the contributions that these models make to understanding and to policy analysis in labor markets. It would not be expected that the same model would fit East Africa and East Asia or South Africa and South Korea. Surely, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecorrect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model is context-specific. Blending empirical observation and analytical modeling has yielded great advances. Sound labor market policies require sound labor market models.},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{Fietz2019,
  title = {{Strengthening of social participation of Turkish seniors}},
  author = {Fietz, Jennifer and Stupp, Barbara},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GERONTOLOGIE UND GERIATRIE},
  volume = {52},
  number = {4},
  pages = {336--341},
  issn = {0948-6704},
  doi = {10.1007/s00391-018-1400-1},
  abstract = {Background. Traditional municipal services are not successful at reaching Turkish seniors. Compared to native Germans Turkish seniors have a lower social participation. Objective. Do native language groups hosted by aGerman organization promote the social participation of Turkish seniors? How does social participation take place in the ZWAR networks (between work and retirement; aproject to strengthen social participation of seniors) and which factors promote or reduce social participation? Material and methods. Qualitative structuring content analysis of two group discussions, which were based on guided interviews. Results. The social participation of Turkish-speaking seniors was strengthened on three levels: (1)through regular meetings of the Turkish ethnic group social relationships were promoted and German language skills and other skills were improved. Through mutual sharing and understanding of the stressors specific to migration, emotional support was provided. The sharing of mutual cultural and linguistic backgrounds created asense of community and meetings were perceived as an antidote to migrants' exhausting lives in German society. (2)At the organizational level, participation was promoted through extensive group events. Regardless of their cultural background all participants identified as equal ZWAR members. The ZWAR project functioned as an umbrella organization for participation in the intercultural context. (3)Participation in community events created contacts with community stakeholders and fostered volunteer work. Hence, participants were able to use their skills, and therefore broaden their horizons. Conclusion. Turkish ZWAR networks promoted the social participation of members because integration with their ethnic group reduced access barriers, broadened members' scopes of action, and created new opportunities for participation.},
  langid = {german},
  keywords = {Community participation,Retirement,Social relationships,Social support,Turkish migrants}
}

@article{Filandri2019,
  title = {Individual and Household In-Work Poverty in {{Europe}}: Understanding the Role of Labor Market Characteristics},
  author = {Filandri, Marianna and Struffolino, Emanuela},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIETIES},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {130--157},
  issn = {1461-6696},
  doi = {10.1080/14616696.2018.1536800},
  abstract = {The article presents an analysis of the association between labor market characteristics related to female employment and the prevalence of in-work poverty. We compare two relative measures of in-work poverty: The individual definition refers to workers whose salary is below 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the median, while the household-level definition refers to individuals whose household income is below 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the median. Microdata from the 2014 EU-SILC survey and macrodata on involuntary part-time employment and female labor market participation are used to perform a multilevel analysis on 31 European countries. The results show a positive relationship between involuntary part-time work and in-work poverty according to the household definition. Female labor market participation is positively associated with the individual definition and negatively with the household one. However, after controlling for the level of within-country income inequality, only the effect of the female employment rate remains positive and significant for the individual in-work. These results shed light on the multifaceted role of labor market characteristics related to female employment and their implications for policy. We argue that the promotion of female participation should be combined with explicit measures to reduce the disadvantageous position of women in the labor market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {female employment,household poverty,involuntary part-time,low-wage,Working poor}
}

@article{Filgueira2017,
  title = {The {{Divergence}} in {{Women}}'s {{Economic Empowerment}}: {{Class}} and {{Gender}} under the {{Pink Tide}}},
  author = {Filgueira, Fernando and Martinez Franzoni, Juliana},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {370--398},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxx014},
  abstract = {Since 1990, men's monopoly over economic resources, a key feature of gender inequality, has been irreversibly eroded across Latin America. Women's access to income of their own has improved in dramatic ways. The most significant change preceded the Pink Tide years, fueled by structural conditions such as fertility drops and neoliberal policies' downward pressure on male wages and employment. However, women's access to resources remained conditioned by their socioeconomic status and the sexual division of labor at home. Against this backdrop, the Pink Tide expanded social income and made some progress regarding gender and class inequalities separately, yet not their perverse interactions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Finch2014,
  title = {Why Are Women More Likely than Men to Extend Paid Work? {{The}} Impact of Work-Family Life History},
  author = {Finch, Naomi},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGEING},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--39},
  issn = {1613-9372},
  doi = {10.1007/s10433-013-0290-8},
  abstract = {Extending working life beyond the state pension age is a key European Union policy. In the UK, women are more likely to extend paid work than men, indicating that factors other than the state pension age play a role in working longer. Women are less able to build pension income due to their role as carer within the family. It, therefore, follows that gender inequalities over the life course continue into older age to influence need, capacity and desire to undertake paid work after state pension age. This paper explores how work, marital and fertility history impact upon the likelihood of extending employment. It uses the British Household Panel Survey's retrospective data from the first 14 waves to summarise work-family histories, and logistic regression to understand the impact of work and family histories on extending paid work. Findings show that, on the one hand, women are extending paid work for financial reasons to make up for \textbackslash textasciigraveopportunity costs' as a result of their caring role within the family, with short breaks due to caring, lengthy marriages, divorcing and remaining single with children all being important. Yet, there is also evidence of \textbackslash textasciigravestatus maintenance' from working life, with the women most likely to extend paid work, also those with the highest work orientation, prior to state pension age. But lengthy dis-attachment (due to caring) from the labour market makes extending working life more difficult. This has implications for policy strategies to entice women into paid work to make up for low independent financial resources.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Finlay2021,
  title = {Women's Reproductive Health and Economic Activity: {{A}} Narrative Review},
  author = {Finlay, Jocelyn E.},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {139},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105313},
  abstract = {This paper provides a narrative review of the literature that addresses the connection between women's reproductive health and women's economic activity. Women's reproductive health, gender equality and decent work, are all part of the Sustainable Development Goals and this review highlights how these Goals are interconnected. The review focuses on the relationship between fertility and women's work and provides a detailed discussion of the academic literature that identifies the causal effect of fertility on changes in female labor force participation. Fertility is captured by timing, spacing and number of chil-dren, and career advancement, job quality, and hours worked are addressed on the work side. The review contrasts the fertility-work nexus for low-, middle-and high-income countries separately, recognizing national income per capita as a moderator of the effect of fertility on female labor force participation. In low-income countries, where labor force participation is for the most part in the informal sector, women must adopt their own strategies for balancing child rearing and labor force participation, such as selection of job type, relying on other women in the household for childcare, and birth spacing to limit infants in their care. In middle-income countries, women juggle child rearing and labor force participation with the overarching issue of income inequality, and early childbearing and lone motherhood perpetuate poverty. For women in high-income countries, social protection policies can assist women in managing the balance of childrearing and work, but these policies do not address underlying issues of gender inequality. Despite these policies, career advancement is interrupted by childbearing. As the relationship between fertility and women's work varies by income per capita across countries, polices that support women in achieving balance in their desired family size and accessing decent work varies across countries. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7GFBLXCK/Finlay_2021_Women's reproductive health and economic activity.pdf}
}

@article{Finnigan2019,
  title = {{{OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION AND RACIAL}}/{{ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN VARYING WORK HOURS IN THE GREAT RECESSION}}},
  author = {Finnigan, Ryan and Hunter, Savannah},
  editor = {Mickey, {\relax EL} and Wingfield, {\relax AH}},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {RACE, IDENTITY AND WORK},
  series = {Research in the {{Sociology}} of {{Work}}},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {165--193},
  issn = {0277-2833},
  doi = {10.1108/S0277-283320180000032011},
  abstract = {A varying number of work hours from week to week creates considerable hardships for workers and their families, like volatile earnings and work-family conflict. Yet little empirical work has focused on racial/ethnic differences in varying work hours, which may have increased substantially in the Great Recession of the late 2000s. We extend literatures on racial/ethnic stratification in recessions and occupational segregation to this topic. Analyses of the Survey of Income and Program Participation show varying weekly hours became significantly more common for White and Black, but especially Latino workers in the late 2000s. The growth of varying weekly hours among White and Latino workers was greatest in predominantly minority occupations. However, the growth among Black workers was greatest in predominantly White occupations. The chapter discusses implications for disparities in varying hours and the salience of occupational composition beyond earnings.},
  isbn = {978-1-78769-501-6; 978-1-78769-502-3},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {group threat hypothesis,minority power hypothesis,occupational racial/ethnic composition,the Great Recession,Work hours and schedules}
}

@article{Fisher2014,
  title = {The Use of Psychological Therapies by Mental Health Nurses in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Fisher, J. E.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC AND MENTAL HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {264--270},
  issn = {1351-0126},
  doi = {10.1111/jpm.12079},
  abstract = {Accessible summary This paper examines the usage of psychological therapies by mental health nurses. The paper presents the findings from a questionnaire survey of 528 practising mental health nurses in Australia. Key findings include: Mental health nurses believe employing psychological therapies such as cognitive behaviour therapy in their practice will improve therapeutic outcomes for consumers. Mental health nurses overwhelmingly want to employ psychological therapies in their practice. They think mental health nursing and hospital and community health management is too focussed on medical treatment and risk management, which means that their nursing practice is dominated by the administration of medication, excessive documentation, and patient observation. They identify barriers preventing them from practising psychological therapies. These include lack of confidence, low nurse morale, no support from other nurses, low staffing levels, lack of training opportunities, and inadequate support from nursing management. This paper reports on a research project which examines the feasibility of mental health nurses employing psychological therapies in the nursing care of people with severe mental illness. Attitudes towards current usage and factors influencing the adoption of psychological therapies are investigated. The paper addresses the gap in the Australian nursing literature regarding the therapeutic role of mental health nurses (MHN)s in relation to the use of evidence-based psychological therapies. This paper presents the findings from an online questionnaire survey of 528 practising MHNs in Australia. The findings demonstrate enthusiastic support among nurses towards employing psychological therapies, with 93\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents indicating they would like to use psychological therapies in their current practice. Correspondingly, there is strong demand for education and training in applying psychological therapies. A number of barriers to implementing psychological therapies are identified. It is noted that place of employment is a significant factor, with mental health nurses working in the public sector more likely to state institutional barriers are restricting their therapeutic potential and preventing them from implementing psychological therapies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fisher2016,
  title = {Evaluating {{Adherence}} to {{Dilated Eye Examination Recommendations Among Patients}} with {{Diabetes}}, {{Combined}} with {{Patient}} and {{Provider Perspectives}}},
  author = {Fisher, Maxine D. and Rajput, Yamina and Gu, Tao and Singer, Joseph R. and Marshall, Amanda R. and Ryu, Seonyoung and Barron, John and MacLean, Catherine},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AMERICAN HEALTH AND DRUG BENEFITS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {7},
  pages = {385--392},
  issn = {1942-2962},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus remains the leading cause of new cases of blindness among US adults. Routine dilated eye examinations can facilitate early detection and intervention for diabetes-related eye disease, providing an opportunity to reduce the risk for diabetes-related blindness in working-aged Americans. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) established criteria for performing dilated eye examination in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVES: To obtain information about adherence and nonadherence to diabetic eye examinations among insured patients to understand the barriers to routine dilated eye examinations, and to identify ways to improve the quality of care for these patients. METHODS: This retrospective claims analysis is based on administrative claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database, a broad database representing claims from a large commercially insured population. Patients with diabetes and who had {$>$}= 1 dilated eye examinations between August 1, 2011, and July 31, 2013, were defined as adherent to the HEDIS recommendations. The analysis was augmented with findings from focus groups. The patient focus groups included adherent and nonadherent patients. The provider focus group participants were general practice or internal medicine physicians and ophthalmologists who provided medical care for the study population. For the administrative claims analysis, comparisons between the adherent and nonadherent patients were performed using t-tests for continuous data and chi-square tests for categorical data. RESULTS: Of 339,646 patients with diabetes identified in a claims data set, 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% were adherent and 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% were nonadherent to the HEDIS eye examination performance measure. The common barriers to routine eye examination cited by 29 patients across 4 focus groups included a lack of understanding of insurance benefits (N = 15), a lack of awareness of the importance of dilated eye examinations (N = 12), and time constraints (N = 12). The common barriers cited by 18 providers included the patient's level of education (N = 13), eye examinations as a lower priority than the management of other diabetes-related health issues (N = 12), and a lack of symptoms (N = 11). CONCLUSION: Several reasons for patient nonadherence to routine eye examination were identified, including a lack of understanding of insurance benefits, a lack of awareness or low prioritization of having an examination, patient education level, time constraints, and a lack of symptoms. These may be considered by providers and payers when developing programs to increase the rates of eye examinations and improve outcomes among patients with diabetes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adherence,diabetes mellitus,dilated eye examination,HEDIS measures,nonadherence,ophthalmologists,primary care physicians}
}

@article{Fisher2021,
  title = {Speculating on Precarious Income: Finance Cultures and the Risky Strategies of Healthy Volunteers in Clinical Drug Trials},
  author = {Fisher, Jill A. and Wood, Megan M. and Monahan, Torin},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CULTURAL ECONOMY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {464--484},
  issn = {1753-0350},
  doi = {10.1080/17530350.2020.1850504},
  abstract = {Speculation has become a normalized occupational strategy and quotidian economic rationality that extends throughout society. Although there are many contemporary articulations of speculation, this article focuses on contract labor as a domain of financialization. Seen through this lens, contract labor can be understood as a speculative investment strategy wherein individuals leverage whatever assets they have at their disposal - savings, time, bodily health - to capture economic advantages. In particular, we explore the speculative practices of healthy individuals who enroll in pharmaceutical drug trials as their primary or critical source of income. Mobilizing speculative logics to maximize the money they can earn from their clinical trial participation, these contract workers employ what we term a future-income-over-immediate-pay calculus. This speculative calculus valorizes fictional projections of significant long-term future income over present financial opportunities. For the economically precarious individuals in our study, we argue that rather than effectively increasing their income, speculation on contract work serves a compensatory function, providing an important - but ultimately inadequate - sense of control over market conditions that thrive upon workers' economic insecurity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Clinical trials,financialization,independent contractors,labor,precarity,speculation}
}

@article{Fitzgerald2018,
  title = {Working {{Hours}} and {{Carbon Dioxide Emissions}} in the {{United States}}, 2007-2013},
  author = {Fitzgerald, Jared B. and Schor, Juliet B. and Jorgenson, Andrew K.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {96},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1851--1874},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soy014},
  abstract = {The well-established association between economic output and carbon emissions has led researchers in sociology and related disciplines to study new approaches to climate change mitigation, including policies that stabilize or reduce GDP growth. Within this degrowth approach, working time reduction is a key policy lever to reduce emissions as well as protect employment. In the United States, the abdication of responsibility for mitigation by the federal government has led to the emergence of state climate leadership. This study is the first to analyze the relationship between emissions and working hours at the state level. Our findings suggest that over the 2007-2013 period, state-level carbon emissions and average working hours have a strong, positive relationship, which holds across a variety of model estimation techniques and net of various political, economic, and demographic drivers of emissions. We conclude that working time reduction may represent a multiple dividend policy, contributing to enhanced quality of life and lower unemployment as well as emissions mitigation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Flanagan2021,
  title = {Barriers Inhibiting Effective Detection and Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage during Facility-Based Births in {{Madagascar}}: Findings from a Qualitative Study Using a Behavioral Science Lens},
  author = {Flanagan, Sara V. and Razafinamanana, Tina and Warren, Charlotte and Smith, Jana},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-021-03801-w},
  abstract = {Background Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in low-income countries, and is the most common direct cause of maternal deaths in Madagascar. Studies in Madagascar and other low-income countries observe low provider adherence to recommended practices for PPH prevention and treatment. Our study addresses gaps in the literature by applying a behavioral science lens to identify barriers inhibiting facility-based providers' consistent following of PPH best practices in Madagascar. Methods In June 2019, we undertook a cross-sectional qualitative research study in peri-urban and rural areas of the Vatovavy-Fitovinany region of Madagascar. We conducted 47 in-depth interviews in 19 facilities and five communities, with facility-based healthcare providers, postpartum women, medical supervisors, community health volunteers, and traditional birth attendants, and conducted thematic analysis of the transcripts. Results We identified seven key behavioral insights representing a range of factors that may contribute to delays in appropriate PPH management in these settings. Findings suggest providers' perceived low risk of PPH may influence their compliance with best practices, subconsciously or explicitly, and lead them to undervalue the importance of PPH prevention and monitoring measures. Providers lack clear feedback on specific components of their performance, which ultimately inhibits continuous improvement of compliance with best practices. Providers demonstrate great resourcefulness while operating in a challenging context with limited equipment, supplies, and support; however, overcoming these challenges remains their foremost concern. This response to chronic scarcity is cognitively taxing and may ultimately affect clinical decision-making. Conclusions Our study reveals how perception of low risk of PPH, limited feedback on compliance with best practices and consequences of current practices, and a context of scarcity may negatively affect provider decision-making and clinical practices. Behaviorally informed interventions, designed for specific contexts that care providers operate in, can help improve quality of care and health outcomes for women in labor and childbirth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral barriers,Facility-based birth,Healthcare provider,Madagascar,Maternal mortality,Postpartum hemorrhage}
}

@article{Fleming2016,
  title = {Immigrant Occupational Mobility in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Fleming, Christopher M. and Kifle, Temesgen and Kler, Parvinder},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {5},
  pages = {876--889},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017016631446},
  abstract = {This research note takes an occupational attainment approach to examining the economic assimilation of immigrants in Australia. This approach differs from much of the existing literature, which tends to examine economic assimilation by looking at levels of (un)employment or wages. Focusing on occupational attainment is useful, in that disadvantage in the labour market is not limited to employment status and earnings, and an individual's occupation may provide a broader signal of their economic and social well-being. Findings indicate that, on arrival, immigrants from a non-English speaking background face significant disadvantage in occupational attainment, particularly those from Asian countries. There is also evidence to suggest that those who arrive later in life, or are from an Asian non-English speaking background, are the least likely to assimilate over time. Results are indicative of the need for policies to better integrate immigrants from more diverse cultures and societies into the Australian labour market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic assimilation,Household,immigrant,Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey,occupation}
}

@article{Fleurant2017,
  title = {Barriers to {{Human Milk Feeding}} at {{Discharge}} of {{Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants}}: {{Maternal Goal Setting}} as a {{Key Social Factor}}},
  author = {Fleurant, Erin and Schoeny, Michael and Hoban, Rebecca and Asiodu, Ifeyinwa V. and Riley, Brittany and Meier, Paula P. and Bigger, Harold and Patel, Aloka L.},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20--27},
  issn = {1556-8253},
  doi = {10.1089/bfm.2016.0105},
  abstract = {Background: While black mothers initiate human milk (HM) provision at lower rates than non-black mothers in the United States, some neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) report similar initiation rates regardless of race/ethnicity for mothers of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. However, racial disparity frequently becomes evident in the proportion of black infants who continue to receive HM feedings at NICU discharge. Since social factors have been associated with differences in HM provision for term infants, we sought to identify differences in social factors associated with HM feeding at discharge based on race/ethnicity. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study of racially diverse mothers of VLBW infants measured social factors including maternal education, breastfeeding support, return to work/school, HM feeding goal, previous breastfeeding, or formula experience. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was applied to social factors to predict HM feeding at discharge. Additional regression models were created for racial/ethnic subgroups to identify differences. Results: For all 362 mothers, WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) eligibility and maternal goal near time of discharge of providing any HM negatively and positively predicted HM feeding at discharge, respectively. Perceived breastfeeding support from the infant's maternal grandmother negatively predicted HM feeding at discharge for black mothers. Conclusions: Future interventions to increase duration of HM provision in VLBW infants should focus on the establishment and maintenance of maternal HM feeding goals. Further studies of the familial support system of black mothers are warranted to determine multigenerational impact and potential interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers,human milk,NICU,premature infant,social factors}
}

@article{Flores2006,
  title = {Why Are {{Latinos}} the Most Uninsured Racial/Ethnic Group of {{US}} Children? {{A}} Community-Based Study of Risk Factors for and Consequences of Being an Uninsured {{Latino}} Child},
  author = {Flores, Glenn and Abreu, Milagros and {Tomany-Korman}, Sandra C.},
  year = {2006},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {118},
  number = {3},
  pages = {E730-E740},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2005-2599},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND. Latinos continue to be the most uninsured racial/ethnic group of US children, but not enough is known about the risk factors for and consequences of not being insured in Latino children. OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for and consequences of being uninsured in Latino children. METHODS. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of parents at urban, predominantly Latino community sites, including supermarkets, beauty salons, and laundromats. Parents were asked 76 questions on access and health insurance. RESULTS. Interviews were conducted of 1100 parents, 900 of whom were Latino. Uninsured Latino children were significantly more likely than insured Latino children to be older (mean age: 9 vs 7 years) and poor (89\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and to have parents who are limited in English proficiency (86\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 65\textbackslash textbackslash\%), non-US citizens (87\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 64\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and both employed (35\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 27\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Uninsured Latinos were significantly less likely than their insured counterparts to have a regular physician (84\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 99\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and significantly more likely not to be brought in for needed medical care because of expense, lack of insurance, difficulty making appointments, inconvenient office hours, and cultural issues. In multivariable analyses, parents who are undocumented or documented immigrants, both parents working, the child's age, and the \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4000 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar9999 and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 000 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar19 999 family income quintiles were the only factors that were significantly associated with a child's being uninsured; neither Latino ethnicity nor any other of 6 variables were associated with being uninsured. Compared with insured Latino children, uninsured Latino children had 23 times the odds of having no regular physician and were significantly more likely not to be brought in for needed medical care because of expense, lack of health insurance, difficulty making appointments, and cultural barriers. CONCLUSIONS. After adjustment, parental noncitizenship, having 2 parents work, low family income, and older child age are associated with being an uninsured child, but Latino ethnicity is not. The higher prevalence of other risk factors seems to account for Latino children's high risk for being uninsured. Uninsured Latino children are significantly more likely than insured Latino children to have no regular physician and not to get needed medical care because of expense, lack of health insurance, difficulty making appointments, and cultural barriers. These findings indicate specific high-risk populations that might benefit most from targeted Medicaid and State Child Health Insurance Program outreach and enrollment efforts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {children,health services research,health status,Hispanic Americans,medical home,pediatrics,uninsured}
}

@article{Floro2010,
  title = {Gender, {{Work Intensity}}, and {{Well-Being}} of {{Thai Home-Based Workers}}},
  author = {Floro, Maria S. and Pichetpongsa, Anant},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {5--44},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2010.499657},
  abstract = {The contribution explores the time-use dimensions of the individual well-being of home-based workers in Thailand's urban squatter communities to demonstrate how time-use patterns provide information regarding individual experiences in performing economic activities that affect quality of life. The study focuses on two groups of home-based workers: the self-employed, and those who work for a contractor. Using an individual-level well-being index that takes into account income, the capabilities related to education, and work intensity, the authors examine by OLS and GME techniques the varied factors that affect the well-being of home-based workers. The findings show that women workers experience a higher incidence of work intensity and hence lower quality of life compared with men. A better understanding of the factors that promote or lower well-being can help policy-makers design more effective programs and economic and social policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {home-based workers,informal sector,time use,Well-being,work intensity}
}

@article{Fodor2018,
  title = {Labor {{Market Context}}, {{Economic Development}}, and {{Family Policy Arrangements}}: {{Explaining}} the {{Gender Gap}} in {{Employment}} in {{Central}} and {{Eastern Europe}}},
  author = {Fodor, Eva and Glass, Christy},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {96},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1275--1302},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/sox080},
  abstract = {Twenty-five years after the fall of the communist regimes, the gender gap in employment varies widely across Central and Eastern Europe. This study examines the societal-level reasons for this variation and assesses the impact of different dimensions of neoliberally minded \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic development\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace strategies on gender inequality. We focus on Central and Eastern Europe, a segment of the world not typically addressed in the literature on gender and development. We rely on the 2008 and 2012 waves of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey as well as multiple macro-level data sources to analyze the association between development indicators, labor market context, social policy arrangements, and the gender employment gap. We find that typical growth indicators, global market integration, and social policy arrangements are not at all or only weakly associated with the gender employment gap in this region. Instead, the labor market context, specifically the degree of segregation and the size of the public and service sectors, are more important for shaping women's labor market opportunities relative to men's at both time points. Our findings contribute to the literature on the trade-offs between job segregation and aspects of gender inequality as well as to ongoing debates within the field of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegender and development\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by pointing out important variations across regions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Forbes2021,
  title = {Fathers' Involvement in Perinatal Healthcare in {{Australia}}: Experiences and Reflections of {{Ethiopian-Australian}} Men and Women},
  author = {Forbes, Faye and Wynter, Karen and Zeleke, Berihun M. and Fisher, Jane},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-021-07058-z},
  abstract = {Background Family-centred maternity care models include the expectation that fathers prepare for and attend the birth. In Australia over 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population is from a culturally and linguistically diverse background. Public policies espouse culturally competent healthcare. Little is known about the experiences of perinatal health care of men from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities living in high income countries. The aim was to understand the experiences, attitudes and beliefs about father's inclusion in perinatal healthcare, from the growing, and recently settled community of Ethiopian families living in Australia. Methods A qualitative study using semi-structured individual interviews with Ethiopian-Australian men and women who had experienced Australian maternity care and were sampled for diversity of time since migration, and parity. Interviews were in English, audio-recorded, transcribed and then analysed thematically. Results Participants were seven women and six men all born in Ethiopia, including two couples. Key themes included: the loss of extended family through migration, new roles for both parents and the need to establish \textbackslash textasciigravefamily-like' relationships with friendship groups in Australia. There was a willingness to involve male partners in the Ethiopian community in Australia, although it was recognised as a cultural change. Experiences of male partner involvement were mixed among healthcare types, with men attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) appointments less frequently than antenatal (ANC) appointments. Conclusions Results suggests men may be missing out on the education provided during antenatal appointments and may benefit from an alternative. There were not universally high levels of cultural competency among healthcare professionals, with further training still required. Commitment to paid employment remains a barrier to men's involvement, suggesting that flexible working conditions and increased paternity leave would support their involvement. Alternatively services could utilise flexible delivery methods such as phone and zoom to include fathers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childbirth,Culturally and linguistically diverse,Father inclusive,Father involvement,Male partner involvement,Maternity care,Migrant,Perinatal healthcare,Pregnancy,Qualitative}
}

@article{Foreman2018,
  title = {Forecasting Life Expectancy, Years of Life Lost, and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality for 250 Causes of Death: Reference and Alternative Scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 Countries and Territories},
  author = {Foreman, Kyle J. and Marquez, Neal and Dolgert, Andrew and Fukutaki, Kai and Fullman, Nancy and McGaughey, Madeline and Pletcher, Martin A. and Smith, Amanda E. and Tang, Kendrick and Yuan, Chun-Wei and Brown, Jonathan C. and Friedman, Joseph and He, Jiawei and Heuton, Kyle P. and Holmberg, Mollie and Patel, Disha J. and Reidy, Patrick and Carter, Austin and Cercy, Kelly and Capin, Abigail and {Douwes-Schultz}, Dirk and Frank, Tahvi and Goettsch, Falko and Liu, Patrick Y. and Nandakumar, Vishnu and Reitsma, Marissa B. and Reuter, Vince and Sadat, Nafis and Sorensen, Reed J. D. and Srinivasan, Vinay and Updike, Rachel L. and York, Hunter and Lopez, Alan D. and Lozano, Rafael and Lim, Stephen S. and Mokdad, Ali H. and Vollset, Stein Emil and Murray, Christoper J. L.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {LANCET},
  volume = {392},
  number = {10159},
  pages = {2052--2090},
  issn = {0140-6736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5},
  abstract = {Background Understanding potential trajectories in health and drivers of health is crucial to guiding long -Lentil investments and policy itnpletnentation. Past work on forecasting has provided an incomplete landscape of future health scenarios, highlighting a need for a more robust modelling platform from which policy options and potential health trajectories can be assessed. This study provides a novel approach to modelling life expectancy, all -cause mortality and cause of death forecasts and alternative future scenarios for 250 causes of death from 2016 to 2040 in 195 countries and territories. Methods We modelled 250 causes and cause groups organised by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) hierarchical cause structure, using GBD 2016 estimates from 1990-2016, to generate predictions for 2017-40. Our modelling framework used data from the GBD 2016 study to systematically account for the relationships between risk factors and health outcomes for 79 independent drivers of health. We developed a three-component model of cause-specific mortality: a component due to changes in risk factors and select interventions; the underlying mortality rate for each cause that is a function of income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility rate under 25 years and time; and an autoregressive integrated moving average model for unexplained changes correlated with time. We assessed the performance by fitting models with data from 1990-2006 and using these to forecast for 2007-16. Our final model used for generating forecasts and alternative scenarios was fitted to data from 1990-2016. We used this model for 195 countries and territories to generate a reference scenario or forecast through 2040 for each measure by location. Additionally, we generated better health and worse health scenarios based on the 85th and 15th percentiles, respectively, of annualised rates of change across location-years for all the GBD risk factors, income per person, educational attainment, select intervention coverage, and total fertility rate under 25 years in the past. We used the model to generate all-cause age-sex specific mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost (YLLs) for 250 causes. Scenarios for fertility were also generated and used in a cohort component model to generate population scenarios. For each reference forecast, better health, and worse health scenarios, we generated estimates of mortality and YLLs attributable to each risk factor in the future. Findings Globally, most independent drivers of health were forecast to improve by 2040, but 36 were forecast to worsen. As shown by the better health scenarios, greater progress might be possible, yet for some drivers such as high body-mass index (BMI), their toll will rise in the absence of intervention. We forecasted global life expectancy to increase by 4.4 years (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 2.2 to 6.4) for men and 4.4 years (2.1 to 6.4) for women by 2040, but based on better and worse health scenarios, trajectories could range from a gain of 7.8 years (5.9 to 9.8) to a non-significant loss of 0.4 years (-2.8 to 2.2) for men, and an increase of 7.2 years (5.3 to 9.1) to essentially no change (0.1 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-2.7 to 2. 5]) for women. In 2040, Japan, Singapore, Spain, and Switzerland had a forecasted life expectancy exceeding 85 years for both sexes, and 59 countries including China were projected to surpass a life expectancy of 80 years by 2040. At the same time, Central African Republic, Lesotho, Sotnalia, and Zimbabwe had projected life expectancies below 65 years in 2040, indicating global disparities in survival are likely to persist if current trends hold. Forecasted YLLs showed a rising toll from several non-communicable diseases (NCDs), partly driven by population growth and ageing. Differences between the reference forecast and alternative scenarios were most striking for HIV/AIDS, for which a potential increase of 120-2\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 67.2-190.3) in YLLs (nearly 118 million) was projected globally from 2016-40 under the worse health scenario. Compared with 2016, NCDs were forecast to account for a greater proportion of YLLs in all GB D regions by 2040 (67.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of YLLs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 61.9-72.3] globally); nonetheless, in many lower-income countries, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases still accounted for a large share of YLLs in 2040 (eg, 53.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of YLLs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 48.3-58.5] in Sub-Saharan Africa). There were large gaps for many health risks between the reference forecast and better health scenario for attributable YLLs. In most countries, metabolic risks amenable to health care (eg, high blood pressure and high plasma fasting glucose) and risks best targeted by population -level or intersectoral interventions (eg, tobacco, high BMI, and ambient particulate matter pollution) had some of the largest differences between reference and better health scenarios. The main exception was sub-Saharan Africa, where many risks associated with poverty and lower levels of development (eg, unsafe water and sanitation, household air pollution, and child malnutrition) were projected to still account for substantive disparities between reference and better health scenarios in 2040. Interpretation With the present study, we provide a robust, flexible forecasting platform from which reference forecasts and alternative health scenarios can be explored in relation to a wide range of independent drivers of health. Our reference forecast points to overall improvements through 2040 in most countries, yet the range found across better and worse health scenarios renders a precarious vision of the future a world with accelerating progress from technical innovation but with the potential for worsening health outcomes in the absence of deliberate policy action. For some causes of YLLs, large differences between the reference forecast and alternative scenarios reflect the opportunity to accelerate gains if countries move their trajectories toward better health scenarios or alarming challenges if countries fall behind their reference forecasts. Generally, decision makers should plan for the likely continued shift toward NCDs and target resources toward the modifiable risks that drive substantial premature mortality. If such modifiable risks are prioritised today, there is opportunity to reduce avoidable mortality in the future. However, CMNN causes and related risks will remain the predominant health priority among lower -income countries. Based on our 2040 worse health scenario, there is a real risk of HIV mortality rebounding if countries lose momentum against the HIV epidemic, jeopardising decades of progress against the disease. Continued technical innovation and increased health spending, including development assistance for health targeted to the world's poorest people, are likely to remain vital components to charting a future where all populations can live full, healthy lives. Copyright 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fornell2018,
  title = {Influence of Changes in the {{Spanish}} Labor Market during the Economic Crisis (2007-2011) on Perceived Health},
  author = {Fornell, Beatriz and Correa, Manuel and {Puerto Lopez del Amo}, M. and Martin, Jose J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH},
  volume = {27},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2095--2105},
  issn = {0962-9343},
  doi = {10.1007/s11136-018-1824-5},
  abstract = {We analyze the influence of the dramatic changes in the Spanish labor market during the crisis on the perceived health of the Spanish population. We use the longitudinal Living Conditions Survey database and multilevel longitudinal logistic models between 2007 and 2011, before and during the economic crisis in one of the European countries most affected by its consequences. Unemployment (OR 1.75; p {$<$} 0.001), job insecurity (OR 1.38; p {$<$} 0.001), and being part of a household with severe material deprivation (OR 1.87; p = 0.004) increase the risk of having worsened perceived health. Available income, on the other hand, is a protective factor (OR 0.72; p {$<$} 0.001). Public expenditure policies have little impact on the perceived health. Labor market reforms reducing the degree of job insecurity and unemployment, together with income transfers to those at greater risk of social deprivation, can be more effective in improving the health of the population than the increase of aggregated social or health care expenditure. This study provides evidence of the influence that unemployment, job insecurity, and poverty exert on the perceived health of individuals, with data collected in Spain after the onset of the financial crisis. In addition, after analyzing public social expenditure, only expenditure on FPS seems to influence self-reported health, although to a very limited degree.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Longitudinal study,Poverty,Precarious employment,Self-rated health,Spain,Unemployment}
}

@article{Fortin2012,
  title = {Canadian {{Inequality}}: {{Recent Developments}} and {{Policy Options}}},
  author = {Fortin, Nicole and Green, David A. and Lemieux, Thomas and Milligan, Kevin and Riddell, W. Craig},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {CANADIAN PUBLIC POLICY-ANALYSE DE POLITIQUES},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {121--145},
  issn = {0317-0861},
  doi = {10.3138/cpp.38.2.121},
  abstract = {Considerable concern has recently been expressed worldwide about growing income inequality. Much of the discussion, though, has been in general terms and focused on the US experience. To understand whether and how Canada ought to respond to this development, we need to be clear on the facts. This paper documents Canadian patterns in income inequality and investigates the top I percent of earners the group receiving the most attention. We summarize what is known about the causes of growing income inequality, including the role of gender wage differences. Finally, we outline policy options for reducing or slowing the growth of-inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender wage gap,globalization,Income inequality,minimum wages,polarization,tax and transfer system,technical change,unions}
}

@article{Fouskas2018,
  title = {Repercussions of Precarious Employment on Migrants' Perceptions of Healthcare in {{Greece}}},
  author = {Fouskas, Theodoros},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTH CARE},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {298--311},
  issn = {2056-4902},
  doi = {10.1108/IJHRH-01-2018-0010},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cases of Bangladeshi, Filipina, Nigerian, Palestinian and Pakistani migrant workers and how the frame of their work and employment in precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs affects their perceptions and practices regarding health and access to healthcare services. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative research methodology, the analysis via in-depth interviews focuses on male Bangladeshi, Nigerian, Pakistani and Palestinian unskilled manual and textile laborers as well as street vendors, and female Filipina live-in domestic workers. Findings Migrants are entrapped in a context of isolative and exploitative working conditions, i.e., in unskilled labor, textile work, street-vending, personal services, care and domestic work, which lead them to adopt a self-perception in which healthcare and social protection are not a priority. Social implications Throughout the paper it has become clear that these precarious low-status/low-wage jobs have an important underside effect on migrants' lives, intensifying labor and health instability and exposing migrants to employment-generating activities that do not guarantee health safety. In Greek society, the impact of migration on public health is characterized by many as a time bomb ready to explode, especially in urban centers. Meanwhile, the economy and particularly the informal sector of the labor market is benefiting from migrant workers. More research is needed as this mode of exploitative labor and precarious employment needs to be adequately addressed to mitigate barriers in the access of labor and healthcare rights. Originality/value Via its contribution to the sociology of migration with particular emphasis on labor healthcare, the paper provides evidence that due to their concentration in precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs migrant workers have very limited access to healthcare services. The removal of inequalities and discrimination against migrant workers in accessing healthcare services and medical care is a challenge for South European Union countries and particularly for Greece. However, in spite of this, there is no uniform policy in the management of migrants with respect to their access to health services. The paper will aid debates between policy makers and academics working on migration and inequalities due to the division of labor and health disparities, will contribute to the understanding of the perils attached to precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs and in addressing health inequalities effectively.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access,Greece,Healthcare,Low-status work,Migrants,Perceptions and practices,Precarious employment,Refugees}
}

@article{Fowlie2020,
  title = {Can Students Be \textbackslash textasciigravenudged' to Develop Their Employability? {{Using}} Behavioural Change Methods to Encourage Uptake of Industrial Placements},
  author = {Fowlie, Julie and Forder, Clare},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND WORK},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {154--168},
  issn = {1363-9080},
  doi = {10.1080/13639080.2020.1749247},
  abstract = {Preparing students for employment involves encouraging ownership of their employability and engagement in opportunities that can help them improve it. Industrial placements play an important role in this but declining numbers of students are undertaking them. Using data collected over a three-year period at a Business School in a UK university, this paper will explore an intervention based on nudge theory designed to increase the uptake of these placements. Drawing upon behavioural science, it will explore nudge theory and its criticisms. It will discuss the concept of employability, including the tensions between the necessity of promoting students' ownership of theirs and the inherent assumptions that they will engage in opportunities to achieve this. Critical assessment of how the nudge intervention worked will be provided, demonstrating how almost half of those \textbackslash textasciigravenudged' responded positively, thereby successfully increasing the uptake of placements. It will identify soft outcomes, notably the breaking down of some typical behavioural barriers to placements and encouraging students to think reflectively. It will offer recommendations for replicable practice in other universities; specifically a model for developing nudges not only in relation to employability but within higher education more broadly. It concludes by proposing a new pedagogic definition of employability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employability,higher education,nudge theory,work placement}
}

@article{Francis2022,
  title = {Black {{Economic Empowerment}} ({{BEE}}) in {{South Africa}}: Introduction and a Review of the Labour Market Literature},
  author = {Francis, David and Valodia, Imraan},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {TRANSFORMATION-CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOUTHERN AFRICA},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {1--20},
  issn = {0258-7696},
  doi = {10.1353/trn.2022.0010},
  abstract = {Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was conceived as a structural intervention to fundamentally reorganise the South African economy and address persistent economic inequalities. South Africa has the world's highest income inequality, and this is reflected by vast inequalities in salaries and wages both between high and low earners, but importantly between different race and gender groups. Despite a plethora of legislation aimed at addressing inequality in ownership (such as B-BBEE) and in the workplace (employment equity legislation), women and Black workers in South Africa continue to be paid less than men and white employees, even when doing the same work (the pay gap), and are more likely to work in precarious, low-paid jobs (occupational segregation). These factors are driven by differences in the characteristics of workers, and by structural discrimination in the economy. Conceptually, we can decompose structural discrimination into two forms - that which discriminates against people who do the same job, based on race and gender (the pay gap) - and that which discriminates indirectly by occupational segregation - blacks and women concentrated in low paying occupations. In this paper, we ask whether B-BBEE - while not explicitly a labour market intervention - has had any positive impact in reducing labour market inequalities. We review the literature on occupational segregation and the gender and race pay gaps in post-apartheid South Africa, and examine the various policy interventions, with a particular focus on B-BBEE, that have attempted to address this enduring problem.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review}
}

@article{Frank2019,
  title = {Toward Understanding the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Labor},
  author = {Frank, Morgan R. and Autor, David and Bessen, James E. and Brynjolfsson, Erik and Cebrian, Manuel and Deming, David J. and Feldman, Maryann and Groh, Matthew and Lobo, Jose and Moro, Esteban and Wang, Dashun and Youn, Hyejin and Rahwan, Iyad},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
  volume = {116},
  number = {14},
  pages = {6531--6539},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1900949116},
  abstract = {Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and automation technologies have the potential to significantly disrupt labor markets. While AI and automation can augment the productivity of some workers, they can replace the work done by others and will likely transform almost all occupations at least to some degree. Rising automation is happening in a period of growing economic inequality, raising fears of mass technological unemployment and a renewed call for policy efforts to address the consequences of technological change. In this paper we discuss the barriers that inhibit scientists from measuring the effects of AI and automation on the future of work. These barriers include the lack of high-quality data about the nature of work (e.g., the dynamic requirements of occupations), lack of empirically informed models of key microlevel processes (e.g., skill substitution and human-machine complementarity), and insufficient understanding of how cognitive technologies interact with broader economic dynamics and institutional mechanisms (e.g., urban migration and international trade policy). Overcoming these barriers requires improvements in the longitudinal and spatial resolution of data, as well as refinements to data on workplace skills. These improvements will enable multidisciplinary research to quantitatively monitor and predict the complex evolution of work in tandem with technological progress. Finally, given the fundamental uncertainty in predicting technological change, we recommend developing a decision framework that focuses on resilience to unexpected scenarios in addition to general equilibrium behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {automation,economic resilience,employment,future of work}
}

@article{Fransen2019,
  title = {The Relationship between Transport Disadvantage and Employability: {{Predicting}} Long-Term Unemployment Based on Job Seekers' Access to Suitable Job Openings in {{Flanders}}, {{Belgium}}},
  author = {Fransen, Koos and Boussauw, Kobe and Deruyter, Greta and De Maeyer, Philippe},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {125},
  pages = {268--279},
  issn = {0965-8564},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.023},
  abstract = {In no research domain has the application of accessibility been so vital as in the area of linking disadvantaged individuals to job opportunities. The inability to reach locations of employment and, therefore, partake in paid labor is considered to have severe consequences on an individual's economic security and quality of life as well as society's general level of welfare. Unfortunately, existing studies on job accessibility primarily apply aggregate measures that aim to link the population group of active, employed workers to pre-existing job locations. As a result, they fail to capture the person-specific labor-market opportunities for those individuals who are actually unemployed as well as the degree to which accessibility to opportunities is related to actual employment rates. The proposed paper answers this limitation by constructing a predictive model for long-term unemployment for job seekers in Flanders, Belgium, dependent on their access by private and public transport to job openings that correspond to their individual preferences and competences. In addition to accessibility, the predictive capacity was determined for various socio-demographics such as age, gender, migration background, educational background and preferred job type. The proposed regression model shows that job accessibility is negatively related to long-term unemployment. In addition, various inequities in long-term unemployment exist for the selected case study. Especially job seekers with a migration background and with higher age (55 years or older) have significantly higher probabilities of remaining unemployed. A conditional inference regression tree indicates that the most disadvantaged groups have a two to three times higher probability of being long-term unemployed. Moreover, higher accessibility levels prove to only benefit those who already are in a more advantaged position. These findings have important ramifications for policies focusing on improving employment rates, as they allow to specifically address those areas of research where major gains can be made.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Job accessibility,Social equity,Transport disadvantage,Unemployment}
}

@article{Franz2018,
  title = {Power Balances, Transnational Elites, and Local Economic Governance: {{The}} Political Economy of Development in {{Medellin}}},
  author = {Franz, Tobias},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {LOCAL ECONOMY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {85--109},
  issn = {0269-0942},
  doi = {10.1177/0269094218755560},
  abstract = {Applying a non-linear political economy analysis of power balances, institutional mechanisms, and elite structures, this study sheds light on the characteristics of Medellin's economic development since the early 2000s. Elites with minimal technological capabilities and interests in promoting the advancement of transnational capitalism have successfully secured access to sources of power. These conditions (re)produce neoliberal logics of local governance that focus on economic growth in sectors with perceived global comparative advantages and on sustaining the particular power balances in Medellin's political settlement. This has led to failures of generating positive forward and backward linkages for productivity growth of local firms, a local labour market marked by low wages and high employment elasticities, and large income inequalities. The local governance model that perpetuates productivity and inequality problems of the city is adopted as an opportunistic discourse of Medellin's transnationalised capitalist elite in the larger neoliberal context of Colombia's polity and economic policy agenda. In the absence of structural reforms targeting low wages and incentivising firms to develop technological capabilities, Medellin's low productivity and high inequality problems are likely to persist.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Colombia,elites,institutions,local economic development,local governance,local labour market,Medellin,neoliberal,power,productivity}
}

@article{Fraser2021,
  title = {Considering Difference: Clinician Insights into Providing Equal and Equitable Burns Care for {{Aboriginal}} and {{Torres Strait Islander}} Children},
  author = {Fraser, Sarah and Grant, Julian and Mackean, Tamara and Hunter, Kate and Keeler, Ngara and Clapham, Kathleen and Edgar, Dale W. and Towers, Kurt and Teague, Warwick J. and Ivers, Rebecca},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {45},
  number = {3},
  pages = {220--226},
  issn = {1326-0200},
  doi = {10.1111/1753-6405.13110},
  abstract = {Objective: To better understand issues driving quality in burn care related to equity of outcomes and equality of provision for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Methods: Seventy-six interviews with team members who provide care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in six paediatric burn units across five Australian jurisdictions were completed. Interface research methodology within a qualitative design guided data collection and analysis. Results: Three themes were identified: i) Burn team members who identify the requirement to meet the specific needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and deliver differential care; ii) Burn team members who believe in equal care, but deliver differential care based on the specific needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children; and iii) Burn team members who see little need for provision of differential care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and rather, value the provision of equal care for all. Conclusion: Burn team members conflate equitable and equal care, which has implications for the delivery of care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Equitable care is needed to address disparities in post-burn outcomes, and this requires clinicians, healthcare services and relevant system structures to work coherently and intentionally to reflect these needs. Implications for public health: Changes in health policy, the embedding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander liaison officers in burn care teams and systems that prioritise critical reflexive practice are fundamental to improving care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander,Australia,burn care,children,cultural safety,health equity,Indigenous,quality}
}

@article{Freiberg2019,
  title = {Effects of {{Care Leave}} and {{Family Social Policy}}: {{Spotlight}} on the {{United States}}},
  author = {Freiberg, Tracey},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {78},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1009--1037},
  issn = {0002-9246},
  doi = {10.1111/ajes.12293},
  abstract = {Consistent with Pope Francis's efforts to eradicate social exclusion, most countries in the world have already adopted care leave policies in an effort to reduce the conflict between being an employee and being a caregiver. Care leave policies allow workers time off for family or for self-care. Historically, care leave policies such as maternity leave are viewed as an employee benefit akin to short-term disability leave, providing job-protected time off for new mothers. This study reviews the literature of the short- and long-run economic and societal effects of care leave policies globally, with a specific focus on care leave policies in the United States. Care leave produces positive labor market and health outcomes, including increases in leave taking, improvement in replacement wages, improvements to profitability and employee morale, increases in female workforce participation and continuity, increases in birth weight, and decreases in infant mortality. Despite positive effects, labor market inequalities such as decreases in female labor market participation rates, gender wage gaps, and occupational segregation are often promoted by care leave policies. The conflicted findings in care leave research muddle the anticipated effects of paid care leave but allow room for alternative policy recommendations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Freyer-Adam2022,
  title = {Social {{Equity}} in the {{Efficacy}} of {{Computer-Based}} and {{In-Person Brief Alcohol Interventions Among General Hospital Patients With At-Risk Alcohol Use}}: {{A Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  author = {{Freyer-Adam}, Jennis and Baumann, Sophie and Bischof, Gallus and Staudt, Andreas and Goeze, Christian and Gaertner, Beate and John, Ulrich},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JMIR MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2368-7959},
  doi = {10.2196/31712},
  abstract = {Background: Social equity in the efficacy of behavior change intervention is much needed. While the efficacy of brief alcohol interventions (BAIs), including digital interventions, is well established, particularly in health care, the social equity of interventions has been sparsely investigated. Objective: We aim to investigate whether the efficacy of computer-based versus in-person delivered BAIs is moderated by the participants' socioeconomic status (ie, to identify whether general hospital patients with low-level education and unemployed patients may benefit more or less from one or the other way of delivery compared to patients with higher levels of education and those that are employed). Methods: Patients with nondependent at-risk alcohol use were identified through systematic offline screening conducted on 13 general hospital wards. Patients were approached face-to-face and asked to respond to an app for self-assessment provided by a mobile device. In total, 961 (81\textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible participants) were randomized and received their allocated intervention: computer-generated and individually tailored feedback letters (CO), in-person counseling by research staff trained in motivational interviewing (PE), or assessment only (AO). CO and PE were delivered on the ward and 1 and 3 months later, were based on the transtheoretical model of intentional behavior change and required the assessment of intervention data prior to each intervention. In CO, the generation of computer-based feedback was created automatically. The assessment of data and sending out feedback letters were assisted by the research staff. Of the CO and PE participants, 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% (345/387) and 83\textbackslash textbackslash\% (292/354) received at least two doses of intervention, and 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% (280/387) and 54\textbackslash textbackslash\% (191/354) received all three doses of intervention, respectively. The outcome was change in grams of pure alcohol per day after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, with the latter being the primary time-point of interest. Follow-up interviewers were blinded. Study group interactions with education and employment status were tested as predictors of change in alcohol use using latent growth modeling. Results: The efficacy of CO and PE did not differ by level of education (P=.98). Employment status did not moderate CO efficacy (Ps {$>$}=.66). Up to month 12 and compared to employed participants, unemployed participants reported significantly greater drinking reductions following PE versus AO (incidence rate ratio 0.44, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.21-0.94; P=.03) and following PE versus CO (incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.24-0.96; P=.04). After 24 months, these differences were statistically nonsignificant (Ps {$>$}=.31). Conclusions: Computer-based and in-person BAI worked equally well independent of the patient's level of education. Although findings indicate that in the short-term, unemployed persons may benefit more from BAI when delivered in-person rather than computer-based, the findings suggest that both BAIs have the potential to work well among participants with low socioeconomic status.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {alcohol interventions,alcohol use,brief alcohol intervention,digital,digital health intervention,digital intervention,eHealth,electronic,equity,mental health,moderator,motivational interviewing,public health,social inequality,socioeconomic status,transtheoretical model}
}

@article{Friedman2001,
  title = {Employer Supports for Parents with Young Children},
  author = {Friedman, {\relax DE}},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {63--77},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  doi = {10.2307/1602810},
  abstract = {The competing interests of employers, working parents, and very young children collide in decisions over work schedules, child care arrangements, promotions, children's sicknesses, and overtime hours. With the rising number of women in the labor force, more and more employers are concerned about how their workers balance work and family priorities. This article examines the supports that employers provide to help parents with young children juggle demands on their time and attention. It reviews the availability of traditional benefits, such as vacation and health insurance, and describes family-friendly initiatives. Exciting progress is being made in this arena by,leading employers, but coverage remains uneven: . Employers say they provide family-friendly policies and programs to improve, staff recruitment and retention, reduce absenteeism, and increase job satisfaction and company loyalty. Evaluations demonstrate positive impacts on each of these valued outcomes. . Employee benefits and work/family supports seldom reach all layers of the work force, and low-income workers who need assistance the most are the least likely to receive or take advantage of it. . Understandably, employer policies seek to maximize productive work time. However, it is often in the best interests of children for a parent to be able to set work aside to address urgent family concerns. The author concludes that concrete work/family supports like on-site child care, paid leave, and flextime are important innovations. Ultimately, the most valuable aid to employees would be a family-friendly workplace culture, with supportive supervision and management practices.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Friedman2015,
  title = {Still a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveStalled Revolution}}\textbackslash ensuremath''? {{Work}}/{{Family Experiences}}, {{Hegemonic Masculinity}}, and {{Moving Toward Gender Equality}}},
  author = {Friedman, Sarah},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGY COMPASS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {140--155},
  issn = {1751-9020},
  doi = {10.1111/soc4.12238},
  abstract = {Hochschild described the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestalled revolution\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the late 1980s: women made great gains in labor force opportunities, particularly in stereotypically \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemasculine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace fields, yet men did not move comparably into \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefeminine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace roles. This article examines the current \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestalls\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the gender equality movement regarding gendered experiences at work and home, including occupations, the gender wage gap, career trajectories, and the division of household labor. This article also discusses efforts to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveunstall\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace the gender revolution. Pop culture solutions on the individual-level and academic research on structural/cultural barriers often focus on women's access to historically \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemasculine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace roles (e. g. representation in STEM fields). There is far less emphasis on men's involvement in historically \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefeminine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace roles. Gender scholars examine hegemonic masculinity as the narrowly constrained expectations for men's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveappropriate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace behavior. While efforts to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveunstall\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace the gender revolution focus largely on expanding women's opportunities, this article addresses why the gender revolution will remain incomplete and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestalled\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace without redefining hegemonic masculinity. Cross-national research demonstrates that changing views of masculinity are critical for greater gender equality at work and home.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Friedman2016,
  title = {Helmet-{{Wearing Practices}} and {{Barriers}} in {{Toronto Bike-Share Users}}: A {{Case-Control Study}}},
  author = {Friedman, Steven Marc and Adamson, Matthew and Cleiman, Paula and Arenovich, Tamara and Oleksak, Karolina and Mohabir, Ishmael Michael and Ta, Robert and Reiter, Kimberley},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28--36},
  issn = {1481-8035},
  doi = {10.1017/cem.2015.22},
  abstract = {Background Helmet use among bike-share users is low. We sought to characterize helmet-use patterns, barriers to helmet use, and cycling safety practices among bike-share users in Toronto. Methods A standardized survey of public bike-share program (PBSP) users at semi-random distribution of PBSP stations was undertaken. By maintaining a ratio of one helmet-wearer (HW): two non-helmet-wearers (NHW) per survey period, we controlled for location, day, time, and weather. Results Surveys were completed on 545 (180 HW, 365 NHW) unique users at 48/80 PBSP locations, from November 2012 to August 2013. More females wore helmets (F: 41.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, M: 30.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p=0.0423). NHWs were slightly younger than HWs (NHW mean age 34.4 years vs HW 37.3, p=0.0018). The groups did not differ by employment status, education, or income. Helmet ownership was lower among NHWs (NHW: 62.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 99.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), as was personal bike ownership (NHW: 65.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, vs HW: 78.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p=0.0026). NHWs were less likely to always wear a helmet on personal bikes (NHW: 22.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 66.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), and less likely to wear a helmet always or most of the time on PBSP (NHW: 5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 92.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001). Both groups, but more HWs, had planned to use PBSP when leaving their houses (HW: 97.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs NHW: 85.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), primarily to get to work (HW: 88.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs NHW: 84.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p=0.19). NHWs were more likely to report that they would wear a helmet more (NHW: 61.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 13.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), and/or cycle less (NHW: 22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 4.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) if helmet use was mandatory. Conclusions PBSP users surveyed appear to make deliberate decisions regarding helmet use. NHWs tended to be male, slightly younger, and less likely to use helmets on their personal bikes. As Toronto cyclists who do not wear helmets on PBSP generally do not wear helmets on their personal bikes, interventions to increase helmet use should target both personal and bike-share users. Legislating helmet use and provision of rental helmets could improve helmet use among bike-share users, but our results suggest some risk of reduced cycling with legislation. Resume Contexte Peu d'usagers des services de partage de velos portent le casque. Aussi les auteurs ont-ils cherche a caracteriser les habitudes du port du casque, les obstacles a son utilisation et les pratiques en matiere de securite parmi les usagers du service de partage de velos a Toronto. Methode Une enquete normalisee a ete menee parmi les usagers du programme public de partage de velos (PPPV), a differentes stations, choisies selon une repartition semi-aleatoire. Les auteurs, en maintenant constant le rapport de un porteur de casque (PC)/deux non-porteurs de casques (NPC) par periode d'enquete, ont neutralise les variables relatives au lieu, au jour, a l'heure et au temps (conditions meteorologiques). Resultats L'enquete a porte sur 545 (180 PC; 365 NPC) usagers differents, a 48/80 stations, de novembre 2012 a aout 2013. Les femmes (F) etaient plus nombreuses que les hommes (H) a porter le casque (F: 41,1 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; H: 30,9 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p=0,0423). Les NPC etaient un peu plus jeunes que les PC (NPC: 34,4 ans en moyenne contre \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracec.] PC: 37,3 ans en moyenne; p=0,0018). Par contre, il n'y avait pas de difference entre les groupes quant a la situation de l'emploi, aux etudes ou au revenu. Le fait de posseder son propre casque etait plus faible parmi les NPC (NPC: 62,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 99,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001) que parmi les PC, tout comme le fait de posseder sa propre bicyclette (NPC: 65,8 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 78,3 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p=0,0026). Les NPC avaient moins tendance a toujours porter un casque sur leur bicyclette personnelle (NPC: 22,2 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 66,7 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001) et a toujours ou presque toujours porter un casque sur les bicyclettes du PPPV (NPC: 5,8 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 92,3 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001). Dans les deux groupes, mais davantage dans celui des PC, les cyclistes avaient prevu recourir au PPPV au depart de la maison (PC: 97,2 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. NPC: 85,2 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001), surtout pour se rendre au travail (PC: 88,3 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. NPC: 84,1 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p=0,19). Les NPC etaient plus nombreux que les PC a indiquer qu'ils porteraient le casque plus souvent (NPC: 61,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 13,9 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0,0001) et/ou qu'ils feraient moins de bicyclette (NPC: 22,5 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 4,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) si le port du casque devenait obligatoire. Conclusions Les usagers du PPPV ayant participe a l'enquete semblent avoir fait un choix delibere quant au port du casque. Les NPC etaient en general des hommes, un peu plus jeunes que les PC et les premiers avaient moins tendance que les seconds a porter un casque sur leur bicyclette personnelle. Comme les cyclistes qui ne portent pas de casque sur les bicyclettes du PPPV n'en portent generalement pas sur leur bicyclette personnelle a Toronto, les interventions visant a accroitre le port du casque devraient viser autant les proprietaires de bicyclette personnelle que les usagers du service de partage de velos. Toutefois, le fait d'imposer le port du casque et la fourniture de casques de location par voie legislative pourrait certes ameliorer le port du casque parmi les usagers du service de partage de velos, mais, d'apres les resultats de l'enquete, cela pourrait aussi avoir pour consequence de diminuer l'usage de la bicyclette.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bicycle helmets,bicycling Injuries,bike lanes,bike share}
}

@article{Friesen2020,
  title = {Quantifying and {{Qualifying Inequality Among Migrants}}},
  author = {Friesen, Wardlow},
  editor = {SimonKumar, R and Collins, {\relax FL} and Friesen, W},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {INTERSECTIONS OF INEQUALITY, MIGRATION AND DIVERSIFICATION: THE POLITICS OF MOBILITY IN AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND},
  series = {Mobility \textbackslash textbackslash\& {{Politics}}},
  pages = {17--42},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-19099-6\textbackslash_2},
  abstract = {The analysis of inequality between migrant and non-migrant/host populations has been regularly undertaken within migration studies. However, the consideration of inequalities within migrant populations is much less common. A range of factors may contribute to the inequalities between migrant groups, including nationality, ethnicity and migration status, and within migrant groups, including gender, educational level and socio-economic status. These may originate in pre-migration factors such as social capital, factors related to the selectivity of the migration process itself and/or post-migration conditions such as \textbackslash textasciigravefit' in the labour market, reception by the host society and degree of access to services. Using the New Zealand case study, this chapter develops some methods of quantifying some of these inequalities through the use of measures related to income, unemployment and wage levels. The use of these quantitative approaches is also qualified in relation to data availability, data accuracy and the dangers of essentialising difference. Furthermore, the use of qualified information based on detailed case studies and other sources is also suggested. As proposed elsewhere in this book, migration policy itself is the source of inequality among migrants, but an understanding of other sources of inequality is also important in informing policy on migrant outcomes for government and non-government agencies.},
  isbn = {978-3-030-19099-6; 978-3-030-19098-9},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Coefficient,Earnings,Employment,Gini,Income inequality,Lorenz Curve,Quantitative measures,Spatial clustering,Unemployment}
}

@article{Fry2020,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveEven}} Though {{I}} Am Alone, {{I}} Feel That We Are Many\textbackslash ensuremath'' - {{An}} Appreciative Inquiry Study of Asynchronous, Provider-to-Provider Teleconsultations in {{Turkana}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Fry, M. Whitney and Saidi, Salima and Musa, Abdirahman and Kithyoma, Vanessa and Kumar, Pratap},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {9},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0238806},
  abstract = {Non-physician clinicians (NPCs) in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) often have little physical proximity to the resources-equipment, supplies or skills-needed to deliver effective care, forcing them to refer patients to distant sites. Unlike equipment or supplies, which require dedicated supply chains, physician/specialist skills needed to support NPCs can be sourced and delivered through telecommunication technologies. In LMICs however, these skills are scarce and sparsely distributed, making it difficult to implement commonly used real-time (synchronous), hub-and-spoke telemedicine paradigms. An asynchronous teleconsultations service was implemented in Turkana County, Kenya, connecting NPCs with a volunteer network of remote physicians and specialists. In 2017-18, the service supported over 100 teleconsultations and referrals across 20 primary healthcare clinics and two hospitals. This qualitative study aimed to explore the impact of the telemedicine intervention on health system stakeholders, and perceived health-related benefits to patients. Data were collected using Appreciative Inquiry, a strengths-based, positive approach to assessing interventions and informing systems change. We highlight the impact of provider-to-provider asynchronous teleconsultations on multiple stakeholders and healthcare processes. Provider benefits include improved communication and team work, increased confidence and capacity to deliver services in remote sites, and professional satisfaction for both NPCs and remote physicians. Health system benefits include efficiency improvements through improved care coordination and avoiding unnecessary referrals, and increased equity and access to physician/specialist care by reducing geographical, financial and social barriers. Providers and health system managers recognised several non-health benefits to patients including increased trust and care seeking from NPCs, and social benefits of avoiding unnecessary referrals (reduced social disruption, displacement and costs). The findings reveal the wider impact that modern teleconsultation services enabled by mobile technologies and algorithms can have on LMIC communities and health systems. The study highlights the importance of viewing provider-to-provider teleconsultations as complex health service delivery interventions with multiple pathways and processes that can ultimately improve health outcomes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fu2018,
  title = {Structural {{Estimation}} of a {{Becker-Ehrlich Equilibrium Model}} of {{Crime}}: {{Allocating Police Across Cities}} to {{Reduce Crime}}},
  author = {Fu, Chao and Wolpin I, Kenneth},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {85},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2097--2138},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdx068},
  abstract = {We develop a model of crime in which the number of police, the crime rate, the arrest rate, the employment rate, and the wage rate are joint outcomes of a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. The local government chooses the size of its police force and citizens choose among work, home, and crime alternatives. We estimate the model using metropolitan statistical area (MSA)-level data. We use the estimated model to examine the effects on crime of targeted federal transfers to local governments to increase police. We find that knowledge about unobserved MSA-specific attributes is critical for the optimal allocation of police across MSA's.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Crime,Efficient police allocation,Estimation,Multiple equilibria}
}

@article{Fujishiro2021,
  title = {Poor-Quality Employment and Health: {{How}} a Welfare Regime Typology with a Gender Lens {{Illuminates}} a Different Work-Health Relationship for Men and Women},
  author = {Fujishiro, Kaori and Ahonen, Emily Q. and Winkler, Megan},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {291},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114484},
  abstract = {In the growing literature on employment quality and health, poor quality of employment is generally associated with poor health. However, this association may not be uniform for men and women if unpaid caregiving labor is taken into consideration. How paid and unpaid labor is performed varies across societies because of differences in both state support for families and labor market penalties for women. Applying a gender lens to a welfare regime typology, we investigated the relationship between poor-quality employment and poor health for men and women. For each of five welfare regime types, we hypothesized if men or women would be more strongly affected by poor-quality employment based on the regime's family support policies and labor practices. Our analysis of 18 countries using the 2015 European and American Working Conditions Surveys data largely supported our hypotheses. In countries that support traditional gender roles with high state expenditure and have labor markets that penalize women, the association between poor-quality employment and health was stronger for men. The association was stronger for women in countries that rely on women to provide unpaid caregiving without substantial state support. In countries with apparently gender-neutral expectations for both paid work and unpaid caregiving work, no difference was found between men and women in the association of poor-quality employment with poor health. We discuss the importance of institutional perspectives to understand work as a gendered experience that impacts health. We suggest more comprehensive welfare regime typologies that recognize women both as caregivers and workers. Expanding the scope of research on work and health to include this integrated view of life could make a stride toward gender health equity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment quality,Occupational health,Self-rated health,Structural sexism,Unpaid labor,Welfare regime}
}

@book{Fuller-Love2008,
  title = {Female Entrepreneurship in a Rural Area: {{Motivations}} and Attitudes towards Growth},
  author = {{Fuller-Love}, Nerys},
  editor = {RenYong, C and Hosseini, J},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH WEST LAKE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS (WLICSMB)},
  abstract = {There has been a growing level of interest in female entrepreneurship in recent years. Initially, there was an awareness of the lower participation of women than men in the creation and growth of new enterprises. More recently, there is recognition that female entrepreneurship can have a positive impact on economic prosperity. This paper looks at female entrepreneurship in a rural area, as well as their motivation for starting a business and their attitude towards growth. Entrepreneurs start a business for a variety of reasons, such as making money, flexible working hours, others may want to employ family members or feel they have no other option. It can be difficult to start a business in any circumstance yet there is evidence that some groups may find it more difficult. Women in particular, may face additional problems starting a business. Access to resources, including finance, skills and access to markets, may be more difficult for some females. One of the reasons given by the EU (2002:3) for promoting female entrepreneurship is that they are a source of \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic growth and new jobs' and that the barriers they face in setting up and running a business must be tackled. There is an understanding that entrepreneurs in general make a contribution towards economic growth, mainly in terms of job creation but also in terms of innovation. Therefore, if the numbers of entrepreneurs can be increased by bringing the levels of female entrepreneurship to the equivalent for male business owners, then that will help the economy. In the US, female entrepreneurs account for 38.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all privately owned firms (Minniti et al, 2005) and this is seen as one of the reasons for the higher GDP than in countries where the participation rate for women is lower. This paper looks at four case studies of women in a rural area. Low farm incomes and a lack of alternative employment can act as an impetus for female entrepreneurship in rural areas. Distance from local markets can make it more difficult for a rural enterprise to succeed and generally, rural businesses have a lower turnover than those in urban conurbations. The case studies include a farmer's wife trying to generate additional income, one running an IT business from home, another developing a forestry business, and one running a seed business and opening a fashion retail outlet. Two of the women are very successful and are making good profits whereas the other two are barely making a living. What are the differences between these women? This paper looks at the different attitudes of these women, their reasons for starting a business and how they are trying to grow their businesses. This study found that although they did want to grow their business and make money, their main motivation was the lifestyle.},
  isbn = {978-7-81127-091-4},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {attitudes,female entrepreneurship,motivations},
  note = {9th West Lake International Conference on Small and Medium Business, Hangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, OCT 21-23, 2007}
}

@article{Fuller2001,
  title = {The Child-Care and Preschool Workforce: {{Demographics}}, Earnings, and Unequal Distribution},
  author = {Fuller, B and Strath, A},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--55},
  issn = {0162-3737},
  doi = {10.3102/01623737023001037},
  abstract = {America's early education sector remains so radically decentralized-a far flung archipelago of preschools, family child-care homes, and subsidized individuals providing services-that basic information on local organizations and staff members remains scarce. This, despite rising policy interest in, and skyrocketing appropriations for preschool programs which are aimed at boosting children's school readiness. Working from a social ecology framework, this study aimed to learn more about local populations of early education organizations. This paper uses 1990 household census data aggregated to the zipcode level to report on features of the early education workforce nationwide. Teachers and other staff in preschools and center-based programs reported low wages, averaging about \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar7,300 per year (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10,700 in 2000 dollars), with most working less than full time. The median center-based teacher was 34 years of age, reported having completed some college, and was married The median worker in family child-care homes earned even less and only had a high school diploma. About 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all preschool teachers in urban areas were African-American; about 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Latina. Twice as many preschool and center teachers per 1, 000 young children resided in affluent zip codes, relative to poor and lower middle-class areas. Preschools and centers located in blue-collar and middle-income zip codes displayed the lowest level of organizational formalization, compared to those operating in poor or affluent areas. We discuss the utility of 2000 census data to assess inequalities in the supply and quality of early education organizations and their staff, and modeling how economic and policy forces may shape organizational variability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Fuller2019,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveFamily-Friendly}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Jobs}} and {{Motherhood Pay Penalties}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Flexible Work Arrangements Across}} the {{Educational Spectrum}}},
  author = {Fuller, Sylvia and Hirsh, C. Elizabeth},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WORK AND OCCUPATIONS},
  volume = {46},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--44},
  issn = {0730-8884},
  doi = {10.1177/0730888418771116},
  abstract = {This article focuses on how flexible work arrangements affect motherhood wage penalties for differently situated women. While theories of work-life facilitation suggest that flexible work should ease motherhood penalties, the use of flexibility policies may also invite stigma and bias against mothers. Analyses using Canadian linked workplace-employee data test these competing perspectives by examining how temporal and spatial flexibility moderate motherhood wage penalties and how this varies by women's education. Results show that flexible work hours typically reduce mothers' disadvantage, especially for the university educated, and that working from home also reduces wage gaps for most educational groups. The positive effect of flexibility operates chiefly by reducing barriers to mothers' employment in higher waged establishments, although wage gaps within establishments are also diminished in some cases. While there is relatively little evidence of a flexibility stigma, the most educated do face stronger wage penalties within establishments when they substitute paid work from home for face time at the workplace as do the least educated when they bring additional unpaid work home. Overall, results are most consistent with the work-life facilitation model. However, variability in the pattern of effects underscores the importance of looking at the intersection of mothers' education and workplace arrangements.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {flexibility,labor market outcomes,motherhood wage gap,wages,work,work and family,workplace social relations}
}

@article{Fuwa2006,
  title = {Introduction to a Study of Intrahousehold Resource Allocation and Gender Discrimination in Rural {{Andhra Pradesh}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Fuwa, Nobuhiko and Ito, Seiro and Kubo, Kensuke and Kurosaki, Takashi and Sawada, Yasuyuki},
  year = {2006},
  month = dec,
  journal = {DEVELOPING ECONOMIES},
  volume = {44},
  number = {4},
  pages = {375--397},
  issn = {0012-1533},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1746-1049.2006.00022.x},
  abstract = {In this special issue, we use unique household data which was collected exclusively for our study in Andhra Pradesh, India, with the help of an NGO. We estimate and test the intrahousehold resource allocation rules, incidence of child labor, and the effects of credit constraints on time allocation among household members. Three empirical papers of this issue indicate the overall support for the collective model against the unitary model of households, clarified the role of household structure, and show the nature of mother-child labor substitution under a binding credit constraint. In addition, a survey paper discussing the recent trends on educational attainment and the empirical strategies in identifyng the policy effects are included.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child labor,credit constraint,intrahousehold resource allocation,NGO intervention,unitary versus collective model of a household}
}

@article{Gabbe2014,
  title = {Financial and Employment Impacts of Serious Injury: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Gabbe, Belinda J. and Sleney, Jude S. and Gosling, Cameron M. and Wilson, Krystle and Sutherland, Ann and Hart, Melissa and Watterson, Dina and Christie, Nicola},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INJURY-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE CARE OF THE INJURED},
  volume = {45},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1445--1451},
  issn = {0020-1383},
  doi = {10.1016/j.injury.2014.01.019},
  abstract = {Objectives: To explore the financial and employment impacts following serious injury. Design: Semi-structured telephone administered qualitative interviews with purposive sampling and thematic qualitative analysis. Participants: 118 patients (18-81 years) registered by the Victorian State Trauma Registry or Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry 12-24 months post-injury. Results: Key findings of the study were that although out-of-pocket treatment costs were generally low, financial hardship was prevalent after hospitalisation for serious injury, and was predominantly experienced by working age patients due to prolonged absences from paid employment. Where participants were financially pressured prior to injury, injury further exacerbated these financial concerns. Reliance on savings and loans and the need to budget carefully to limit financial burden were discussed. Financial implications of loss of income were generally less for those covered by compensation schemes, with non-compensable participants requiring welfare payments due to an inability to earn an income. Most participants reported that the injury had a negative impact on work. Loss of earnings payments from injury compensation schemes and income protection policies, supportive employers, and return to work programs were perceived as key factors in reducing the financial burden of injured participants. Employer-related barriers to return to work included the employer not listening to the needs of the injured participant, not understanding their physical limitations, and placing unrealistic expectations on the injured person. While the financial benefits of compensation schemes were acknowledged, issues accessing entitlements and delays in receiving benefits were commonly reported by participants, suggesting that improvements in scheme processes could have substantial benefits for injured patients. Conclusions: Seriously injured patients commonly experienced substantial financial and work-related impacts of injury. Participants of working age who were unemployed prior to injury, did not have extensive leave accrual at their pre-injury employment, and those not covered by injury compensation schemes or income protection insurance clearly represent participants \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveat risk'' for substantial financial hardship post-injury. Early identification of these patients, and improved provision of information about financial support services, budgeting and work retraining could assist in alleviating financial stress after injury (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{GabrielBrida2017,
  title = {{Analysis of the Determinants of Domestic Tourism in Uruguay}},
  author = {Gabriel Brida, Juan and Noel Gonzalez, Maria and Lanzilotta, Bibiana},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {108},
  pages = {43--78},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the determinants of flows of domestic tourism in Uruguay in the context of an extended gravity model during the period 2010-2012. This analysis is done at a disaggregated level, considering the bilateral flows between two regions (department) of the country, one as source of tourism and the other as the destination. Gravity models suggest that tourist flows depend positively on the size of each region (department in Uruguay) and negatively on the distance between them. The extended version includes explanatory variables to characterize the supply and demand for domestic tourism. Three models are estimated, one for each year, which allows to compare and to estimate the robustness of the results. The methodology of estimating applied (following Santos, Silva and Teynero 2006)) was Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood with cross-section data which has been proven, is one of the most appropriate for estimating gravity models. Domestic tourist flows are represented from the number of trips from one region (department) to another, for the 19 departments of the country within a calendar year. Results obtained in this paper constitute a first contribution to the analysis of the determinants of domestic tourist movements, and provides potentially valuable information for decision-making of public and private sectors (planning strategies, policy, marketing, communication). The study shows that tourist flows depend positively on the size of population of each department and negatively of the distance that separates them. This result is in line with the general gravity models and also with the results recently found in another countries (Galvez, Muro and Such, 2014; Massida and Etzo, 2012; Marrocu and Pacci, 2013). The regions (departments) with higher income and the capital of the country (Montevideo) are the main sources of domestic tourists. The research also shows that the departments that share a border have greater tourist flows between each other. In addition, departments with ocean coasts or good quality accommodation have a significant comparative advantage over the others. On the demand side, income earnings of people, as well as being determinant of the number of tourists that a department emits, has an elasticity greater than unity, showing that domestic tourism behaves as a luxury good. It is important to highlight the role that the capital as an issuer of tourists. Montevideo is the city where the main terminals of public transport are located and begins the national road network, allowing direct connection of the city with any department of the interior. The results suggest also that strategies of communication and promotion of tourism products and destinations, both public and private utilities, are oriented towards/from the capital (Montevideo) and the regions with higher levels of population and income. In this regard, it is important to think of better transport links between the different departmental capitals that, although have transport infrastructure (terminals and road network), in some cases, do not have direct mobility to all departments if no prior connection to Montevideo. From the supply-side point of view, the Atlantic Ocean beaches are the main comparative advantage of the departments as a tourist destination. This is the reason that explains the fact that the departments of Maldonado and Rocha concentrate much of the tourism of sun and beach during the summer months. One of the unexpected results of this work was the negative impact on incoming tourism flows of the departments that have coasts on the Rio de la Plata. This result is closely related to the concentration of domestic tourism in the summer season where the preferences of tourists are sun and beach, and the quality of water and sand is better on the Atlantic coast. Additionally, it was found that the existence of good quality accommodation (3-5 stars) causes a differential effect on the decision about which department tourists choose to vacation. Controlled by the other factors, the existence of differential lodging has a positive and differential effect on the inflow of tourists. Finally, there is a negative effect on domestic tourism flows if departments share border with Argentina. In these regions, the border effect is clearly unfavourable. Therefore, in these cases should be maximized efforts to improve the competitiveness of services, from the quality of services provided and tourism products offered. In more general terms, the results show the rationality of that communication strategies and promotion of tourism products and destinations, are geared towards Montevideo and the departments with major population and income per capita. It is also important to address these efforts to neighbours departments, as empirical evidence shows a positive relationship between tourist flows and the fact that departments share administrative boundaries. In terms of the policy implications of these results, it would be interesting to think of departmental or regional agreements for the creation of a network of promotion, where the adjoining departments can benefit from the implementation of joint tourist promotion strategies. Finally, thinking of an efficient marketing, this work provides relevant information on the system components of internal tourism in Uruguay: the peculiarities of the source market of tourists in the country and also provides information on the competitive position of destinations. Taking into account these information would help to attract and retain domestic tourists. Thinking in extensions of this work, a first one that emerges is the incorporation of the information for the years 2013 onwards (not available at the date of preparation of this paper). For example, extending the information a couple of years would enable applying other estimation techniques (pool cross section and panel data) that would enrich the analysis. In turn, it would make it possible to analyse the robustness of the results obtained by applying alternative estimation methods (Models Zero Inflated, etc.) and to explore a better way to capture the effect of the (not significant as these results) multilateral resistance. Moreover, the desegregation of analysis between tourist flows corresponding to regular trips, no regular trips and excursions, could yield to relevant results for public policy. Regular trips have different characteristics than the other (more associated with vacation travel) and it is important to considering them separately. Finally, another possible variant of this study is to consider a different regional disaggregation, for example using the regionalization criteria defined by the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, grouping them in six tourist areas (Montevideo, Southeast, Central, South west, Coast, North).},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Domestic tourism,Gravity model,Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood,Tourism economics,Uruguay}
}

@article{Gaby2017,
  title = {The {{Civic Engagement Gap}}(s): {{Youth Participation}} and {{Inequality From}} 1976 to 2009},
  author = {Gaby, Sarah},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {YOUTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {49},
  number = {7},
  pages = {923--946},
  issn = {0044-118X},
  doi = {10.1177/0044118X16678155},
  abstract = {Civic participation in the United States is highly unequal, resulting in a civic engagement gap between socioeconomic, racial, and gender groups. Variation in civic participation and the civic engagement gap remain contested, primarily as a result of inconsistent definitions and measurement issues in previous work. Using consistent measures from the Monitoring the Future Study from 1976 to 2009, I analyze whether sociodemographic gaps in youth civic participation changed during a period of growing income inequality. I find that since the 1970s, electoral participation decreased, volunteering increased, and social movement activity remained constant. Participation varied by sociodemographic group, with highly educated Whites most active in all activities. Females volunteered more than males, but participated at the same rate in all other activities. The gap between male and female volunteering increased over the time period, as did the socioeconomic gap in volunteering. Racial gaps in participation, however, remained relatively stable from 1976 to 2009.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {civic engagement,civic engagement gap,inequality,political participation,social movements,volunteering,youth}
}

@article{Gadallah2022,
  title = {Household Catastrophic Total Cost Due to Tuberculosis in {{Egypt}}: Incidence, Cost Drivers and Policy Implication},
  author = {Gadallah, Mohsen and Amin, Wagdy and Rady, Mervat},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {28},
  number = {7},
  pages = {489--497},
  issn = {1020-3397},
  doi = {10.26719/emhj.22.049},
  abstract = {Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that disproportionately affects the poor. The World Health Organization lists economic factors as one of main barriers to tuberculosis management. Aims: This study aimed to estimate the household total catastrophic cost of TB and its determinants among newly diag-nosed Egyptian tuberculous patients. Methods: This was a cohort prospective study covering 257 TB patients registered in 2019. The patients were followed up bi-monthly until the end of the treatment regimen (4 visits). A standardized questionnaire published by the poverty sub-working group of the Stop TB Partnership was used after minor modification. The following costs were measured: pre-diagnosis, direct and indirect, guardian and coping, as well as annual household income. Catastrophic cost (direct plus indirect) was considered if the total cost of TB treatment exceeded 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the household's annual income. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using different thresholds. Results: The incidence of household total catastrophic cost was 24.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The mean total cost of TB treatment was US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar 198. Over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total direct cost was incurred during the pre-diagnosis period. After adjustment for other determinant variables using multivariable logistic regression, we found that age {$<$} 30 years, living in a house with crowding index {$>$} 2, poverty and coping were more likely to cause higher total catastrophic cost. Conclusions: Catastrophic cost was experienced by 1 out of every 4 new TB patients. As the main cost drivers were pover-ty and coping, the Ministry of Health and Population should be collaborated with Ministry of Finance and NGOs to put a plan of social protection system for poor families with TB patients.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {catastrophic cost,cohort study,economic burden,Egypt,tuberculosis}
}

@book{Gafiuc2014,
  title = {Educational {{Concepts}} for {{Social Inclusion}} on the {{Labor Market}} of {{Young People}} at {{Risk}}},
  author = {Gafiuc, Petru Vasile},
  editor = {Vasile, C},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {ADULT EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITIES: LOCAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES},
  series = {Procedia {{Social}} and {{Behavioral Sciences}}},
  volume = {142},
  issn = {1877-0428},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.652},
  abstract = {The European policies through its own funding programs underline the increase need for creating educational models for people at risk. Many official documents speak about vulnerable groups of the European society, constantly creating categorizations that are not always understandable and relevant for social workers with activities in social inclusion. Slightly less is discussed about the failure of some implemented programs to facilitate the social inclusion of vulnerable raised within the social assistance systems of the Member State. In Romania also, for some years now, a series of social integration models for youngsters which come from the child protection system was experimented, which unfortunately can't always be considered good practices. These young people abandoned by their families, are abandoned for the second time after graduation by the system in which they grew up and which offered them a range of services and protection measures, but without access to the labor market. Through the opportunities opened by the adult education system it is possible to develop some innovative training concepts for these young people which often do not require state protection by basic services, a house and food, but adequate employment opportunities. This article analyses the European and Romanian possibilities for the inclusion of youngsters at risk by proposing the implementation of a training and employment system through apprenticeship in local workshops or Small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This model offers youngsters a place of work where they can practice their competencies, a mentor from which they can learn, the experience of a job environment and of course a minimum income for their work. This training concept can be included and valorized by establishing a legal framework to facilitate the public-private partnership, the cooperation between adult education institutions, local businesses and child protection systems, for the benefit of this disadvantaged category. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/).},
  langid = {english},
  note = {4th International Conference on Adult Education, Iasi, ROMANIA, APR 27-30, 2014}
}

@article{Gage2010,
  title = {Examining the {{Most Relevant Conceptualization}} of the {{Socioeconomic Status Construct}} for {{Cancer Research}}},
  author = {Gage, Elizabeth},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  journal = {CANCER NURSING},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  pages = {E1-E9},
  issn = {0162-220X},
  doi = {10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181c29583},
  abstract = {Background: Although previous research has established a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer outcomes, there is still little understanding of the processes that contribute to these outcome disparities. Objective: This study aimed to describe the ways a family's SES influences their healthcare behavior after a child is diagnosed with cancer. Methods: The sample included 5 case study families and in-depth interviews with 21 parents. Case study families were interviewed and observed once a month for 6 months. Results: Parents' finances influenced their ability to maintain household expenses and to pay for healthcare expenses and household help. Wealth and help from friends and family are important aspects of families' financial statuses. Parents' educational attainment affected their ability to understand diagnosis and treatment options, their confidence and communication with healthcare professionals, and the utility of their social networks. Parents' occupation influenced their work schedule flexibility, fringe benefits, and their access to and quality of employer-sponsored health insurance. Conclusions: Findings suggest that 3 overarching domains of SES (eg, financial, education, and occupation) have important implications for parents' healthcare navigation. This study underscores the need to use a nuanced set of SES measures (beyond income and education) in future research to enhance our understanding of how SES affects healthcare navigation and refine intervention initiatives designed to help reduce health disparities. Implications for Practice: Cancer education initiatives should focus on enhancing patient-provider interactions, health communication, accessing health information, and resolving work and financial barriers to cancer care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer,Health disparities,Pediatric oncology,Socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Gagne2019,
  title = {Considering the Age-Graded Nature of Associations between Socioeconomic Characteristics and Smoking during the Transition towards Adulthood},
  author = {Gagne, Thierry and {Quesnel-Vallee}, Arnelie and Frohlich, Katherine L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PREVENTIVE MEDICINE},
  volume = {123},
  pages = {262--269},
  issn = {0091-7435},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.038},
  abstract = {Young adulthood is a sensitive period characterized by the accumulation of resources and transitions in and out of education, employment, family, and housing arrangements. The association between these characteristics and smoking outcomes likely varies with age yet few studies address its dynamic age-graded nature. To explore this, we examined 2083 young adults ages 18-25 from the 2011-2012 cross-sectional sample of the Montreal-based Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking. We operationalized participants' socioeconomic characteristics using their resources (e.g., education, income, financial difficulties) and transition stages (i.e., studying, working full-time, living arrangements with parents and children, and being in a relationship). We examined differences in these characteristics' associations with occasional and daily smoking across two-year categories (18-19, 20-21, 22-23, and 24-25) using multinomial logistic regression models with age-based interaction terms. Findings highlighted four characteristics, i.e., educational attainment, personal income, student status, and relationship status, with significant differences in associations with smoking outcomes across age categories. Between the age groups of 18-19 and 24-25: 1) the negative association between low educational attainment and daily smoking increased; 2) the positive association between personal income and daily smoking decreased; 3) the negative association between student status and both outcomes decreased; 4) the negative association between relationship status and occasional smoking increased. Findings support that the associations between young adults' socioeconomic characteristics and smoking outcomes vary substantially during the second and third decades of life. Addressing this has critical implications for identifying vulnerable populations and developing appropriate age-based policies in this age group.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,Smoking,Socioeconomic factors,Transition to adulthood,Young adults}
}

@article{Gajewski2022,
  title = {Why {{Do They Leave}}? {{Challenges}} to {{Retention}} of {{Surgical Clinical Officers}} in {{District Hospitals}} in {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Gajewski, Jakub and Wallace, Marisa and Pittalis, Chiara and Mwapasa, Gerald and Borgstein, Eric and Bijlmakers, Leon and Brugha, Ruairi},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {354--361},
  doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2020.142},
  abstract = {Background: Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are the worst affected by a lack of safe and affordable access to safe surgery. The significant unmet surgical need can be in part attributed to surgical workforce shortages that disproportionately affect rural areas of these countries. To combat this, Malawi has introduced a cadre of non-physician clinicians (NPCs) called clinical officers (COs), trained to the level of a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Surgery. This study explored the barriers and enablers to their retention in rural district hospitals (DHs), as perceived by the first cohort of COs trained to BSc in Surgery level in Malawi. Methods: A longitudinal qualitative research approach was used based on interviews with 16 COs, practicing at DHs, during their BSc training (2015); and again with 15 of them after their graduation (2019). Data from both time points were analysed and compared using a top-down thematic analysis approach. Results: Of the 16 COs interviewed in 2015, 11 intended to take up a post at a DH following graduation; however, only 6 subsequently did so. The major barriers to remaining in a DH post as perceived by these COs were lack of promotion, a more attractive salary elsewhere; and unclear, stagnant career progression within surgery. For those who remained working in DH posts, the main enablers are a willingness to accept a low salary, to generate greater opportunities to engage in additional earning opportunities; the hope of promotional opportunities within the government system; and greater responsibility and recognition of their surgical knowledge and skills as a BSc-holder at the district level. Conclusion: The sustainability of surgically trained NPCs in Malawi is not assured and further work is required to develop and implement successful retention strategies, which will require a multi-sector approach. This paper provides insights into barriers and enablers to retention of this newly-introduced cadre and has important lessons for policy makers in Malawi and other countries employing NPCs to deliver essential surgery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Global Surgery,Malawi,Non-physician Clinicians,Task-Sharing}
}

@article{Galizzi2019,
  title = {Successful Return to Work during Labor Market Liberalization: The Case of {{Italian}} Injured Workers},
  author = {Galizzi, Monica and Leombruni, Roberto and Pacelli, Lia},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL FOR LABOUR MARKET RESEARCH},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2510-5019},
  doi = {10.1186/s12651-019-0260-5},
  abstract = {We investigate the long term employment outcomes of Italian injured workers over a time period when the country introduced policy reforms that increased labor market flexibility but reduced job security. Using an employer-employee database matched with injury data, we observe that both before and after the reforms almost one-fourth of injured workers were no longer employed 3years after their first return to work. We note a slight decrease in this share after the reforms (from 24 to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\%) while we find a decline in workers' job security as measured by their probability of re-employment in permanent contracts. We use multinomial logit estimates to study how liberalization reforms were associated with a changing role of individual, firm, and injury characteristics in shaping long-term employment outcomes of injured workers after their recovery period. Heterogeneity analyses show that low wage employees, women, immigrants, and individuals who suffered a more severe injury were penalized more. Pre-injury individual characteristics became stronger predictors of long-term employment than firms' characteristics. In particular, we find that the advantage provided by working in larger firms was significant before the liberalization reforms, but disappeared afterward, while the advantage provided by human capital became more relevant after the liberalization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Deregulation,Italy,Matched employer-employee data,Maximum medical improvement,Multinomial logit,Occupational injuries,Return to work}
}

@article{Gallaher1995,
  title = {Social Policy and the Construction of Need: {{A}} Critical Examination of the Geography of Needs Assessments for Low-Income Women's Health},
  author = {Gallaher, C},
  year = {1995},
  month = aug,
  journal = {GEOFORUM},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {287--295},
  issn = {0016-7185},
  doi = {10.1016/0016-7185(95)00033-X},
  abstract = {In public health care, needs assessments are a common practice, often done once a year or every couple of years, to determine arenas on which providers should focus their prime attention. The structure of needs assessments varies between political boundaries, but within political boundaries (e.g. state, county, etc.) they are generally standardized so that organizations offering similar types of care may compare results and streamline strategies. Public health providers, however, often see needs assessments as bureaucratic mazes through which providers must navigate to gain state and federal dollars. Despite this image, needs assessments play an integral role in how governmentally subsidized health care services are provided and delivered. Equally important, needs assessment design may at once reinforce and be reinforced by existing geographies of inequality and associated social policy regarding subsidized populations. The purpose of this paper is to examine this mutually constitutive relationship between social policy and spatiality using an empirical example in the public health arena, specifically, the needs assessment process for federally subsidized women's health care clinics in Butler County, Ohio, where I worked as an intern on a three year needs assessment in 1993. The paper focuses on how the problem definition process (the use of indicators of need) constitutes and is constituted by a dualistic conception of health care provision which views health care as either preventive or sick care and the provision of care as either site specific or individual specific. I criticize this binary conception and then analyze it in terms of the geographical implications for low income women and children seeking subsidized health care. The paper has three sections. The first section lays out a theoretical framework through which social policy analysis may be understood. The second section offers an introduction to the study area and the needs assessment methodology for subsidized women's health care clinics in Ohio. The third and final section examines the geographical implications of the needs assessment process in Ohio.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Galos2023,
  title = {Why Do Women Opt for Gender-Atypical Fields of Study? {{The}} Increasing Role of Income Motivation over Time},
  author = {Galos, Diana Roxana and Strauss, Susanne},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {85},
  number = {4},
  pages = {795--817},
  issn = {0018-1560},
  doi = {10.1007/s10734-022-00866-0},
  abstract = {Gender segregation in fields of study represents an important explanation for gender inequalities in the labor market, such as the gender wage gap. Research shows that horizontal gender segregation in higher education persists for a variety of reasons, including women's greater communal goals and men's greater motivation to earn high incomes. Yet with the male breadwinner model in decline, a key question is whether women's motivation to earn high incomes might contribute to increasing women's participation in female-atypical fields of study. Using data from the German Student Survey over a period of 30 years, our findings show that the proportion of women enrolled in female-atypical fields of study increased from 1984 to 2015. Moreover, women's motivation to earn high incomes mediates the effect of time on enrollment in female-atypical fields of study. Their motivation to earn high incomes might thus be a factor contributing to the disruption of gender segregation in fields of study over time. Furthermore, contrary to expectations, the motivation to earn high incomes as a driving force for women to opt for gender-atypical fields of study is not stratified by social background.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Fields of study,Gender,Income,Motivation,Social background,Time}
}

@article{Galperin2021,
  title = {Employment and the Gender Digital Divide in {{Latin America}}: {{A}} Decomposition Analysis},
  author = {Galperin, Hernan and Arcidiacono, Malena},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY},
  volume = {45},
  number = {7},
  issn = {0308-5961},
  doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102166},
  abstract = {There is a vast literature that examines the determinants of the gender digital gap in developing countries, and puts forth policy recommendations to mitigate it. However, few studies examine how gender differences in labor force participation and employment patterns affect ICT adoption in general, or Internet use in particular. This matters because employment and the types of jobs that men and women do correlate with different opportunities to access the Internet and develop digital skills, both of which contribute to overall Internet engagement. This study contributes to fill this gap by exploring how gender differences in employment affect the digital gender gap in four Latin American countries. The findings point to differences in employment patterns between men and women as the largest single contributor to the gender gap in Internet use in these countries, ahead of differences in other predictors of Internet use such as income, age and education. Further, our results suggest that the correlation between employment and Internet use is stronger among women than men, which we attribute to the fact that women tend to work in more ICT-intensive sectors (e.g., health services and education). Estimates from a decomposition analysis suggest that if women were employed at the same rate as men the gender digital gap in these countries would be reduced by at least a quarter.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decomposition analysis,Digital gender gap,Labor markets,Latin America}
}

@article{Galukande2013,
  title = {Pretraining {{Experience}} and {{Structure}} of {{Surgical Training}} at a {{Sub-Saharan African University}}},
  author = {Galukande, Moses and Ozgediz, Doruk and Elobu, Emmanuel and Kaggwa, Sam},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGERY},
  volume = {37},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1836--1840},
  issn = {0364-2313},
  doi = {10.1007/s00268-013-2053-2},
  abstract = {The common goal of surgical training is to provide effective, well-rounded surgeons who are capable of providing a safe and competent service that is relevant to the society within which they work. In recent years, the surgical workforce crisis has gained greater attention as a component of the global human resources in health problems in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the models for specialist surgical training in Uganda; (2) evaluate the pretraining experience of surgical trainees; (3) explore training models in the United States and Canada and areas of possible further inquiry and intervention for capacity-building efforts in surgery and perioperative care. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Makerere University, College of Health Sciences during 2011-2012. Participants were current and recently graduated surgical residents. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and were entered and analyzed using an excel Microsoft spread sheet. The Makerere University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board approved the study. Of the 35 potential participants, 23 returned the questionnaires (65 \textbackslash textbackslash\%). Mean age of participants was 29 years with a male/female ratio of 3:1. All worked predominantly in general district hospitals. Pretraining procedures performed numbered 2,125 per participant, which is twice that done by their US and Canadian counterparts during their entire 5-year training period. A rich pretraining experience exists in East Africa. This should be taken advantage of to enhance surgical specialist training at the institution and regional level.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Galvan2022,
  title = {Gender {{Identity}} and {{Quality}} of {{Employment}}},
  author = {Galvan, Estefania},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECONOMICA},
  volume = {89},
  number = {354},
  pages = {409--436},
  issn = {0013-0427},
  doi = {10.1111/ecca.12401},
  abstract = {Studies for high-income countries have shown that the prescription that a man should earn more than his wife holds back women's performance in the labour market, evidencing the importance of gender identity norms in explaining persistent gender gaps. Using data on couples in Uruguay for the period 1986-2016, this paper analyses behavioural responses to the male breadwinner norm, investigating the role of job informality as an additional mechanism of response to gender norms. My results show that the higher the probability that the wife earns more than her husband, the less likely she is to engage in a formal job, providing evidence that gender norms affect not only the quantity of labour supply (i.e. labour force participation and hours of work), but also the quality of jobs in which women are employed. Moreover, I also identify meaningful effects of the norm on men: those with lower potential earnings than their wives react to the norm by self-selecting into better-paid formal jobs. Not considering these effects would lead to underestimating the consequences of gender norms on labour market inequalities in the context of developing countries.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gandini2016,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of the {{Crisis}} on {{Occupational Segregation}} of {{Skilled Migrants}} from {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}} in the {{United States}}, 2006-2012},
  author = {Gandini, Luciana and {Lozano-Ascencio}, Fernando},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {POPULATION SPACE AND PLACE},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5, SI},
  pages = {441--456},
  issn = {1544-8444},
  doi = {10.1002/psp.1909},
  abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of the 2007-2008 economic and financial crisis on the levels of employment and unemployment of skilled migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as well as their conditions of labour insertion and levels of income, in order to identify patterns of occupational segregation and wage inequality according to their participation in the US labour market. This analysis was developed using a comparative perspective in two ways: on the one hand, comparing skilled migrants from LAC to the skilled migrant population from other regions of the world and to the native skilled population and, on the other hand, by analysing these indicators pre-crisis and post-crisis. The information source employed in this study was the March supplements of the Current Population Survey 2006-2012. Our findings indicate that the crisis affected the entire skilled population in the USA and particularly the migrant population. This impact is stronger among LAC women because they are the ones at greatest disadvantage, a situation that worsened following the crisis. Skilled migrants from LAC are substantially more segregated on the occupational structure than other migrants, and they increased its concentration in medium-skilled occupations. The study also found that skilled migrants from LAC are underrepresented in professional occupations. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {crisis and migration,Latin America and the Caribbean,migration to the USA,occupational segregation,skilled migration,wage differentials}
}

@article{Gang2017,
  title = {Sometimes, Winners Lose: {{Economic}} Disparity and Indigenization in {{Kazakhstan}}},
  author = {Gang, Ira N. and Schmillen, Achim},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {45},
  number = {3},
  pages = {605--621},
  issn = {0147-5967},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2016.11.002},
  abstract = {Several post-Soviet states have introduced indigenization policies to improve the relative economic, political or social position of formerly disadvantaged populations. Using one example of such policies - \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveKazakhization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in Kazakhstan - we investigate their impact on the comparative earnings of two directly affected groups, ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Russians. Oaxaca decompositions show that Kazakhs are better endowed with income generating characteristics but receive lower returns to these characteristics than Russians. The second effect dominates and Kazakhs have comparatively lower average living standards. While \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveKazakhization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace may have been successful in some sense it appears to also have induced ethnic Russians to move into jobs that (at least in monetary terms) are superior now to those held by Kazakhs. Journal of Comparative Economics 45 (2017) 605-621. Rutgers University, 75 Hamilton Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Schaumburg-Lippe-Strasse 5-9, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), 30 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAX, UK; The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS), Landshuter Strasse 4, 93047 Regensburg, Germany. (C) 2016 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decomposition,Ethnicity,Indigenization,Kazakhstan}
}

@article{Garcia-Faroldi2022,
  title = {{Digital inequality in Spain: The differentiated adoption of beneficial uses of Internet (2017-2019)}},
  author = {{Garcia-Faroldi}, Livia},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {124},
  pages = {73--100},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {Internet access is nowadays widespread in Spanish society. Nevertheless, a digital divide still exists. The term \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedigital divide\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is defined by the OECD (2001:5) as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe gap between individuals, household, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In this context, Norris (2001) proposed three dimensions of the digital divide: (1) global divide, the divergence of Internet access between countries; (2) social divide, the usability gap between different groups as a result of social stratification; and (3) democratic divide, the gap between those who use and do not use digital resources for political mobilization and participation in public life. Other authors differentiate between three divides: in access, in skills and in outcomes (Wei et al. 2011). Digital divide research began with the study of the access to Internet and its use (the so-called first divide), although soon after the interest moved to the uses that different social groups made of Internet. Di Maggio et al. (2004) distinguished capital-enhancing activities (activities that improve social status) from social and recreational activities. These different uses of internet give rise to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedigital inequalities\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In this paper, three digital divides are considered: the first is related to the access, the second to using or not Internet and the third to three capital-enhancing activities. We use representative samples (2017 and 2019) from the National Institute of Statistics (INE in Spanish) and the Center for Sociological Research (CIS in Spanish). The size of the sample is 17,337 (INE 2017), 17,196 (INE 2019) and 2,482 (CIS 2017). We first analyse the access gap and reasons why households are not connected. Second, we study the evolution of users of Internet (2006-2019). Third, we create different indexes for measuring three capital-enhancing activities: and index of educational purposes, an index of professional purposes, and two indexes for measuring civic and political participation. The index of educational purposes includes four items: 1) make an online course, 2) use Internet content for learning purpose, 3) communicate with students and teachers through websites; and 4) other e-learning activities. The index of professional purposes includes two items: 1) search or apply for a job through Internet; and 2) participate in professional networks. Lastly, in order to measure political and civic participation two indexes are proposed. First, the index includes three items from the INE dataset: 1) reading news online; express opinions about social, civic and political topics; and 3) participate in online enquiry or vote about civic and political topics. Second, the index includes six items from the CIS dataset: 1) contact with a politician or political party; 2) communication with an association or organization; 3) subscribe to a list about current affairs; 4) write comments about social and political topics; 5) donation to association/ organization; and 6) sign a petition or join a campaign. The analytical strategy first includes a descriptive analysis of the dependent variables, comparing how different social categories use Internet and participate online. Second, we carry out regression analyses to discover which of the different independent variables (level of education, age, sex, size of habitat, employment status and income) better predict the use of internet for capital-enhancing activities and online political and civic participation. Regarding access, although it is true that Internet access has become widespread, in 2019 more than 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households do not have access to the Internet at home. The analysis of why household are not connected shows that motivational access (attitudes towards Internet) is the most frequent explanation for this trend. In 2019, among those habitants living in households without Internet, more than 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% explains that they don't need Internet and more than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% considers they don't have enough knowledge to use it. This motivational access is indeed stratified: these reasons are more frequent in rural areas and in poorer families. Other motives also mentioned, although to a lesser extent (around one in four), are related to economic difficulties (costs of equipment and connection). Finally, difficulties of access to broadband internet connections, especially in rural areas, also are mentioned. Regarding use, Internet is widespread among young and more educated population (99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people aged 16 to 24 and with tertiary education in 2019) but it is remarkable the expansion among old people (almost two-thirds of those aged 65 to 74 have accessed Internet in the last three months). Similar trends of diffusion of the Internet use could be observed in all levels of education and size of habitat. The only group where non-Internet outnumbers Internet users in 2019 are people who have not finished primary education. Finally, it is remarkable how the gender gap has disappeared in 2019. Regarding capital-enhancing activities in Internet, the data confirm the so-called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveMatthew effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (Merton, 1968), or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverich get richer effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, that is, the most beneficial Internet uses in order to improve social status are practiced by people who already occupy a well-off position in the offline world. This result is in line with previous studies (Di Maggio et al. 2004, Hargittai and Hinnats 2008). This is especially the case when Internet is used for educational purposes or for creating contacts in professional networks. Regarding the use of Internet for educational purposes, regressions show that this activity is more widespread among younger, more educated people and students. Regarding professional purposes, as expected, the unemployed is the group who uses more often the web when they search for a job, but also the most educated and youngest people use the Internet most frequently to improve their job position. Nevertheless, regressions show a negative association between family income and the use of Internet for professional purposes. Further research is needed to explain which channels use the better off people to improve their professional status. Lastly, the results on online civic and political participation corroborate that the groups with the greatest involvement coincide with those with higher traditional participation. Regressions show that sex, level of education, age and income are the most important predictors of political participation: men, the more educated, younger and the better off participate more online than women, the less educated, older and the economic disadvantage population. Nonetheless it can also be observed that online participation gives space to new activism, at least to some extent. Some groups less involved in the conventional channels of political participation take a more active role here, such as students and people aged 16 to 24. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that those who are taking more advantage of the digital world are the same people who are better situated in the offline world. In our analysis, two variables stand out above all as the most relevant: educational level and age. Other variables are relevant, although to a lesser extent: employment status, income, size of habitat and gender. These findings confirm previous research carried out in Spain focused on the distinction between Internet users or not (Robles and Molina 2007, Robles and Torres-Albero 2012). The results also corroborate recent research on the second gap in Spain, although this second gap was previously measured focusing on other activities such as e-shopping (Torres Albero 2017). Further research is needed to study how the material access impact in Spanish digital divide. That is, we need to focus on aspects as differences in device-related opportunities, device and peripheral diversity and maintenance expenses of devices and peripherals (van Deursen and van Dijk 2019). It is also needed to study other capital-enhancing activities and to compare if those groups more involved these types of activities are at the same time more involved in recreational activities. This work shows that, even though the Internet is widespread, the uses that could be more beneficial for the social position of the users are more frequent among people who already occupy a good social position in the offline world. Internet itself does not causes social exclusion, but digital inequalities reinforce the inequalities of the offline world if authorities do not act. These findings have clear political implications. First, public authorities should concentrate on those social groups with more negative attitudes towards Internet because the motivational access is the first step of the appropriation process (van Deursen and van Dijk 2019). Second, an effort should be made to improve material access in disadvantaged areas and groups. Third, digital alphabetization (increasing digital skills) is needed in order to decrease the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveMatthew effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, so disadvantaged groups could use Internet to improve their social status.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Civic participation,Digital divide,E-learning,Political participation,Professional networks}
}

@article{Garcia-Gomez2011,
  title = {Health, Disability and Work: Patterns for the Working Age Population},
  author = {{Garcia-Gomez}, Pilar and {von Gaudecker}, Hans-Martin and Lindeboom, Maarten},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL TAX AND PUBLIC FINANCE},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {146--165},
  issn = {0927-5940},
  doi = {10.1007/s10797-010-9150-z},
  abstract = {We examine the role of health as a determinant of labour force participation, paying particular attention to the link between the two provided by disability insurance schemes. We first review the evidence on associations between health and labour force participation. Enrolment in disability insurance is not determined by health alone, and we highlight the main other causes that the literature has identified. In an application to The Netherlands, we follow the structure of the literature review and show that the trends in health and disability insurance enrolment look rather positive. In particular, the 1990 reforms of disability insurance might have been more effective than previously realised because part of their success was hidden by demographic change: The large number of baby boomers kept the absolute inflow high as they aged, despite large reductions in relative rates.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Garcia-Louzao2023,
  title = {Wage and {{Employment Impact}} of {{Minimum Wage}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Lithuania}} \&\#x2729;},
  author = {{Garcia-Louzao}, Jose and Tarasonis, Linas},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {51},
  number = {2},
  pages = {592--609},
  issn = {0147-5967},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2022.12.002},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates the worker-level effects of a historically large and permanent increase in the minimum wage in Lithuania. Our identification strategy leverages variation in workers' exposure to the new minimum wage, and exploits the fact that there has been no increase in the minimum wage in previous years, to account for heterogeneous labor market prospects of low-wage workers relative to high-wage workers. Using detailed administrative records to track workers before and after the policy change, we show that the minimum wage hike significantly increased the earnings of low-wage workers. This direct effect was amplified by wage spillovers reaching the median of the pre-policy income distribution. Overall, we find no negative effects on the employment prospects of low-wage workers. However, we provide suggestive evidence that young workers, highly exposed municipalities, and tradable sectors may be more negatively affected. In contrast, labor market concentration or the presence of envelope wages appear to be associated with lower job losses. Taken together, our findings imply an employment elasticity with respect to the minimum wage of -0.021, and an own-wage elasticity of -0.033, suggesting that wage gains dominated employment losses.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Minimum wage,Wages}
}

@article{Garfield2006,
  title = {Fathers and the Well-Child Visit},
  author = {Garfield, {\relax CF} and Isacco, A},
  year = {2006},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {117},
  number = {4},
  pages = {E637-E645},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2005-1612},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Societal and economic shifts have expanded the roles that fathers play in their families. Father involvement is associated with positive cognitive, developmental, and sociobehavioral child outcomes such as improved weight gain in preterm infants, improved breastfeeding rates, higher receptive language skills, and higher academic achievement. However, father involvement in health care has been studied little, especially among nonmarried, minority fathers. Fathers are a significant part of the child's medical home, and comprehensive involvement of both parents is ideal for the child's well-being and health. Well-child visits (WCVs) represent opportunities for fathers to increase their involvement in their child's health care while learning valuable information about the health and development of their child. The objective of this study was to explore fathers' involvement in, experience and satisfaction with, and barriers to WCVs using qualitative methods. METHODS. In-depth, semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted in 2 cities with a subsample of fathers who were participating in the national Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The 32 fathers who participated in our study come from a nested qualitative study called Time, Love, and Cash in Couples with Children. Fathers in our study reside in Chicago or Milwaukee and were interviewed about health care issues for 1.5 hours when the focal child was 3 years of age. Questions focused on the father's overall involvement in his child's health care, the father's attendance and experiences at the doctor, health care decision-making between mother and father, assessment of focal child's health, gender/normative roles, and the father's health. The open-ended questions were designed to allow detailed accounts and personal stories as told by the fathers. Coding and analysis were done using content analysis to identify themes. Particular themes that were used for this study focused on ideals of father involvement and dis/satisfaction, barriers to, and experiences in the health care system. RESULTS. Of the 50 fathers from the Time, Love, and Cash in Couples with Children study in the 2 cities, 3 had moved out of the state, 6 were in jail, 7 had been lost in earlier follow-up, and 1 had died, leaving 33 eligible respondents. Of those, 1 refused to participate, resulting in a final sample of 32 fathers and an adjusted response rate of 97\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The mean age was 31 years, and the sample was 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% black, 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% Hispanic, and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% white; 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% were nonmarried. Only 2 fathers had attained a college degree or higher, and 84\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the fathers were employed at the time of the interview. The majority (53\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had attended a WCV and 84\textbackslash textbackslash\% had been to see a doctor with their child in the past year. Reasons for attending a WCV included (1) to gather information about their child, (2) to support their child, (3) to ask questions and express concerns, and (4) to gain firsthand experience of the doctor and the WCV. Fathers reported positive and negative experiences in their encounters with the health care system. The 3 main contributors to fathers' satisfaction with health care professionals were (1) inclusive interactions with the physician, (2) the perception of receiving quality care, and (3) receiving clear explanations. The negative experiences were often specific instances and noted along with positive comments. The negative experiences that were mentioned by the fathers included feeling viewed suspiciously by health care staff, being perceived as having a lesser emotional bond with their child than the mother, and the perception that they were receiving a lower quality of service compared with the mother. Major barriers to attending WCVs include employment schedules as well as their relationship with the focal child's mother. For example, some fathers stated that they did not attend WCVs because that was a responsibility that the mother assumed within the family. Other fathers lacked confidence in their parenting skills, which resulted in lower involvement levels. Also mentioned were health care system barriers such as inconvenient office hours and a lack of access to their child's records. Despite the presence of several barriers that seem to prevent fathers from attending WCVs, many fathers (20 of 32; 63\textbackslash textbackslash\%) mentioned \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesituational flexibility,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which enables them to overcome the stated barriers and attend doctor visits. For example, some fathers viewed the seriousness of the visit such as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveear surgery\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as a reason to rearrange their schedules and attend a doctor visit with their child. CONCLUSION. The majority of fathers from our sample have attended a WCV, and most have been to their child's doctor in the past year; WCVs and doctor appointments are ways in which fathers are involved in their child's health care. Fathers detailed specific reasons for why they attend WCVs, such as to support their child, ask questions, express concerns, and gather information firsthand. The fathers reported more positive than negative experiences with the health care staff, and, overall, they are satisfied with their experiences with the health care system. Reasons for satisfaction include feeling as though their questions had been dealt with seriously and answered appropriately. However, the fathers in our study did report a variety of barriers to health care involvement, including conflicting work schedules, a lack of confidence in their parental role, and health care system barriers. Professionals who care for children and families need to explore creative ways to engage fathers in the structured health care of their children. For example, pediatricians can stress the benefits of both parents being involved in their child's health care while reframing the importance of WCVs. Understanding that many fathers have situational flexibility when it comes to health care encounters may encourage physicians to suggest more actively that fathers attend WCVs. Pediatricians can also support existing public policies such as the national 2003 Responsible Fatherhood Act that provides grants and programs that promote the father's role in the family and advocate for additional policies that would foster quality father involvement. Continued collaboration among families, physicians, and other health care professionals is essential to support father involvement and ensure positive health outcomes for children.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fathers,medical home,parenting,pediatric,well-child visit}
}

@article{Garg2018,
  title = {Universal {{Health Coverage}} in {{India}}: {{Newer Innovations}} and the {{Role}} of {{Public Health}}},
  author = {Garg, Suneela},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INDIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {62},
  number = {3},
  pages = {167--170},
  issn = {0019-557X},
  doi = {10.4103/ijph.IJPH\textbackslash_221\textbackslash_18},
  abstract = {The realization of Universal Health Coverage requires adequate healthcare financing and human resources to provide financial protection to the economically disadvantaged population by covering their medicine, diagnostics, and service costs. Conventionally, inadequate public healthcare financing and the lack of skilled human resources are considered as the major barriers towards achieving UHC in India. To strengthen the Indian healthcare system, there has been significant increase budgetary allocation towards healthcare, a national health protection scheme targeting low-income households, upgrading of primary health-care and expansion of the health work-force. Nevertheless, an evolving paradigm for improving holistic health, sanitation, nutrition, gender equity, drug accessibility and affordability, innovative initiatives in national health programs for reduction of maternal deaths, tuberculosis and HIV burden and the utilization of information technology in healthcare provision of the underserved and the marginalized is gaining rapid acceleration. These represent a genuine innovation towards fulfillment of UHC goals for India.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health financing,India,public health}
}

@article{Gari2013,
  title = {Access to {{HIV}}/{{AIDS}} Care: A Systematic Review of Socio-Cultural Determinants in Low and High Income Countries},
  author = {Gari, Sara and {Doig-Acuna}, Camilo and Smail, Tino and Malungo, Jacob R. S. and {Martin-Hilber}, Adriane and Merten, Sonja},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-13-198},
  abstract = {Background: The role of socio-cultural factors in influencing access to HIV/AIDS treatment, care and support is increasingly recognized by researchers, international donors and policy makers. Although many of them have been identified through qualitative studies, the evidence gathered by quantitative studies has not been systematically analysed. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a systematic review of quantitative studies comparing surveys done in high and low income countries to assess the extent to which socio-cultural determinants of access, identified through qualitative studies, have been addressed in epidemiological survey studies. Methods: Ten electronic databases were searched (Cinahl, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, IBSS, JSTOR, MedLine, Psyinfo, Psyindex and Cochrane). Two independent reviewers selected eligible publications based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize data comparing studies between low and high income countries. Results: Thirty-four studies were included in the final review, 21 (62\textbackslash textbackslash\%) done in high income countries and 13 (38\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in low income countries. In low income settings, epidemiological research on access to HIV/AIDS services focused on socio-economic and health system factors while in high income countries the focus was on medical and psychosocial factors. These differences depict the perceived different barriers in the two regions. Common factors between the two regions were also found to affect HIV testing, including stigma, high risk sexual behaviours such as multiple sexual partners and not using condoms, and alcohol abuse. On the other hand, having experienced previous illness or other health conditions and good family communication was associated with adherence to ART uptake. Due to insufficient consistent data, a meta-analysis was only possible on adherence to treatment. Conclusions: This review offers evidence of the current challenges for interdisciplinary work in epidemiology and public health. Quantitative studies did not systematically address in their surveys important factors identified in qualitative studies as playing a critical role on the access to HIV/AIDS services. The evidences suggest that the problem lies in the exclusion of the qualitative information during the questionnaire design. With the changing face of the epidemic, we need a new and improved research strategy that integrates the results of qualitative studies into quantitative surveys.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access,Adherence,Antiretroviral therapy,HIV/AIDS,Socio-cultural barriers,Survey study,Systematic review}
}

@article{Garikipati2012,
  title = {Microcredit and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}: {{Through}} the {{Lens}} of {{Time-Use Data}} from {{Rural India}}},
  author = {Garikipati, Supriya},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {719--750},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01780.x},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of microcredit on male and female time use, and draws on this analysis to explore the linkages between credit and women's empowerment. A study of time use can help understand these linkages, because if credit is intended to improve women's livelihoods, it can also be expected to influence the way women allocate their time. Its other advantages are that it does not suffer from much time lag and can be objectively measured. Using household survey data from rural India, the findings show that while microcredit has little impact on women's time use, it helps their husbands move away from wage work (associated with bad pay and low status) to self-employment. This is because women's loans are typically used to enhance male ownership of the household's productive assets. Further, it is found that it is only women who use loans in self-managed enterprises who are able to allocate more time to self-employment. If credit is intended to increase the value of women's work time, it follows that it is not access to loans but use of loans that matters. Ensuring women's control over loan-created assets must therefore be a critical policy objective.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gates2020,
  title = {Exploring {{Conflicts Between Work}} and {{Care}}: {{Vulnerable Populations}} and {{Paid Family Leave}}},
  author = {Gates, Alice B. and Pacheco, Dorian and Mejia, Anaceli and Varquez, Caitlin and Martinez, Emma and Dillard, Danielle},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {FAMILIES IN SOCIETY-THE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SERVICES},
  volume = {101},
  number = {3},
  pages = {353--367},
  issn = {1044-3894},
  doi = {10.1177/1044389419863258},
  abstract = {This exploratory study aims to increase understanding of conflict related to integrating work and care among racial and ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations. Employing community-based research methods, we conducted qualitative interviews with women about their caregiving needs following the birth of a child. Interviewees struggled to balance their families' need for care with income and other basic needs, and they reported experiencing physical, emotional, and financial strain. The process of negotiating leave created additional stress for workers and families. Our analysis suggests that the conflict between work and care is associated with increased social risk and vulnerability for members of already vulnerable and marginalized groups. Drawing on these insights, specific implications for paid family leave policy are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community practice,community-based research,equity issues,human rights,marginalized populations,modes of practice,policy,social justice,subjects of practice,vulnerable}
}

@article{Gathara2018,
  title = {Quantifying Nursing Care Delivered in {{Kenyan}} Newborn Units: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Direct Observational Study},
  author = {Gathara, David and Serem, George and Murphy, Georgina A. V. and Abuya, Nancy and Kuria, Rose and Tallam, Edna and English, Mike},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {8},
  number = {7},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022020},
  abstract = {Introduction In many African countries, including Kenya, a major barrier to achieving child survival goals is the slow decline in neonatal mortality that now represents 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the under-5 mortality. In newborn care, nurses are the primary caregivers in newborn settings and are essential in the delivery of safe and effective care. However, due to high patient workloads and limited resources, nurses may often consciously or unconsciously prioritise the care they provide resulting in some tasks being left undone or partially done (missed care). Missed care has been associated with poor patient outcomes in high-income countries. However, missed care, examined by direct observation, has not previously been the subject of research in low/middle-income countries. Methods and analysis The aim of this study is to quantify essential neonatal nursing care provided to newborns within newborn units. We will undertake a cross-sectional study using direct observational methods within newborn units in six health facilities in Nairobi City County across the public, private-for-profit and private-not-for-profit sectors. A total of 216 newborns will be observed between 1 September 2017 and 30 May 2018. Stratified random sampling will be used to select random 12-hour observation periods while purposive sampling will be used to identify newborns for direct observation. We will report the overall prevalence of care left undone, the common tasks that are left undone and describe any sharing of tasks with people not formally qualified to provide care. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the Kenya Medical Research Institute Scientific and Ethics Review Unit. Written informed consent will be sought from mothers and nurses. Findings from this work will be shared with the participating hospitals, an expert advisory group that comprises members involved in policy-making and more widely to the international community through conferences and peer-reviewed journals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {neonatology}
}

@article{Gatto2021,
  title = {Work Integrated Learning Resources for Students with Disabilities: Are Post-Secondary Institutions in {{Canada}} Supporting This Demographic to Be Career Ready?},
  author = {Gatto, Laura E. and Pearce, Heather and Antonie, Luiza and Plesca, Miana},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION SKILLS AND WORK-BASED LEARNING},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {125--143},
  issn = {2042-3896},
  doi = {10.1108/HESWBL-08-2019-0106},
  abstract = {Purpose The Government of Canada is adopting the pedagogical practice of Work Integrated Learning (WIL) to help youth develop the career ready skills needed to transition from school to work. As a result, colleges and universities are receiving funding to grow academic programs that link theoretical learning with practical work experience. However, there is limited research about the resources available to students with disabilities who engage in WIL. From an environmental scan of disability supports for WIL on 55 Canadian post-secondary institutions' websites and survey results from WIL professionals we ask: Do post-secondary institutions in Canada help students with disabilities become career ready? The data reveals that 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of schools have no reference to disability services for any career related activities and only 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% refer to disability supports for WIL. Survey respondents report they are not being trained nor have access to resources to support students with disabilities in WIL. The authors therefore recommend changes to public policy and resource allocation to ensure colleges and universities provide disability services for all WIL programs, train practitioners about career related disability management, and hire professionals who specialize in supporting students with disabilities in WIL. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an environmental scan of 55 Canadian post-secondary schools with a student population of 10,000 or more and identified services and resources publicly advertised online for students with disabilities in relation to employment and/or WIL activities. From this broad search, codes were developed based on general themes found in the recorded information, such as the location of information and the type of resources and services advertised for students with disabilities. During the environmental scan, the authors also collected names and emails of people listed as working in career and/or WIL departments who received an anonymous survey about their experiences working with students with disabilities. Findings As the Government of Canada expands WIL to improve labour market outcomes for youth, the research findings of the authors provide valuable evidence that post-secondary institutions are not supporting youth with disabilities to become career ready. Surprisingly, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of post-secondary institutions have no reference to disability supports for career related activities and only 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% reference supports available for engaging in WIL on their websites. In addition, WIL practitioners are not receiving the resources nor training to support this demographic to transition from school to work. This research can provide direction on resource allocation; specifically, the need for disability related supports and dedicated professionals for students who engage in WIL programs in higher education. Research limitations/implications A limitation of the methodology in scanning public sites is that universities and colleges could have services or supports advertised on sites that can only be viewed by the faculty, staff and students from that school. Thus, it is possible that employment information for students with disabilities is available for those with login privileges. The authors attempted to mitigate this limitation by collecting survey responses about programs and services from WIL practitioners who work at the schools. The authors also did not measure marketing of services on social media platforms (e.g. Facebook, Instagram). Another limitation is that the WIL practitioner survey results are based on their perceptions. The sample size was not randomized, nor can the authors confirm it is a representative sample of all WIL practitioners in Canada. Practical implications As countries continue to grapple with how to deal with the intersectionality of disability on an already disadvantaged demographic in the labour market, they must ensure that students with disabilities have access to career ready activities while in school. The authors therefore recommend public policy and resource allocation, not only in Canada but at a global level, that ensures post-secondary institutions: (1) create disability management programs and resources for all WIL and career activities; (2) hire dedicated professionals who specialize in working with students with disabilities in WIL; and (3) provide mandatory training for WIL practitioners on how to support students with disabilities in programs that develop their career ready skills. Social implications Preparing students with disabilities to be career ready when they graduate will benefit the Canadian economy. This wasted human capital not only negatively impacts a labour market with an aging demographic, it affects social service programs as Canadians with disabilities are one-third times more likely to live in poverty compared to Canadians without disabilities (Canadian Survey on Disability, 2017). The G20 report also stated that if employment rates for people with disabilities who are able to work were the same as for people without disabilities, economies around the world could increase their GDP by 3-7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (ILO and OECD, 2018). Originality/value There is no research in Canada to date that provides a national overview of the services in higher education advertised to support students with disabilities in WIL.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inclusive education,School to work transition supports,Students with disabilities,Work integrated learning,Work integrated learning practitioners}
}

@article{Gaughan2004,
  title = {National Science Training Policy and Early Scientific Careers in {{France}} and the {{United States}}},
  author = {Gaughan, M and Robin, S},
  year = {2004},
  month = may,
  journal = {RESEARCH POLICY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {569--581},
  issn = {0048-7333},
  doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.005},
  abstract = {The economic health of nations and regions is increasingly coming to rest on the scientific and technical labor force conducting scientific research. As such, enormous social resources are directed to educating and training those who will fire the engines of economic growth. In the first part of this paper, we compare recent investment in the scientific and technical labor forces by two giants of nationally-supported research endeavors: France and the United States. We find that France is more invested in scientific and technical training, but that both nations invest directly and indirectly in the scientific and technical labor force. French policy is more likely to support the individual graduate student directly through a national grant, while graduate students in the US tend to rely indirectly on federal support through research grants to other researchers. We then use duration models on individual data to predict entry into a permanent academic position within three years of completing a Ph.D. We do not find that industrial support of graduate training has any effect on later success in obtaining a position. There is, however, evidence of different academic labor markets operating in each country. In France, entry into a position has not depended on period factors, while in the US more recent cohorts have been more successful in obtaining permanent employment. Furthermore, postdoctoral positions in France delay or deter academic careers, but have no impact on entry in the US: this suggest that two different modes of scientific human resources management operate in France and in the USA. In the USA, Ph.D.s are seen as an essential element in the process of knowledge transfer, and early mobility does not affect entry into permanent academic careers. In France, few incentives are given to encourage mobility, which merely deters the access to permanent jobs. Finally, we found that graduates of the most prestigious undergraduate institutions were systematically advantaged in obtaining permanent academic employment, suggesting that academic stratification occurs very early in the training path in each country. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {France,scientific and technical human capital,scientific labor force,scientific research,United States}
}

@article{Gault2006,
  title = {The Costs and Benefits of Policies to Advance Work/Life Integration},
  author = {Gault, B and Lovell, V},
  year = {2006},
  month = may,
  journal = {AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST},
  volume = {49},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1152--1164},
  issn = {0002-7642},
  doi = {10.1177/0002764206286383},
  abstract = {This article discusses the need for improved work/life policies, provides examples of successful and promising policy approaches, and describes methods of assessing the costs and benefits of expanded work/life supports. The current need arises from women's influx into the labor force, a decline in employer-provided benefits that support family care, an inadequate supply of child care, and inequality in the distribution of work/life benefits across income levels. Advocates in a number of states are engaged in intensive advocacy to pass paid parental leave and paid sick leave laws. Meaningful policy and programmatic change requires building public will within governments, business, and the general public. To achieve expansive policy change over the long-term, innovative efforts are needed to build a broad-based grassroots movement focused on work/life issues, to encourage businesses to vocally endorse improved practices, and to cultivate policy maker champions through improved female political representation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cost/benefit analysis,policy change,women's employment,work/life policy}
}

@article{Gayen2019,
  title = {Social Networks, Accessed and Mobilised Social Capital and the Employment Status of Older Workers: {{A}} Case Study},
  author = {Gayen, Kaberi and Raeside, Robert and McQuaid, Ronald},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {39},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {356--375},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-07-2018-0111},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of social networks, and the social capital embedded in them, to secure employment if someone had become unemployed after the age of 50 years and to reveal the process of accessing and mobilising that social capital. Design/methodology/approach A case study of a Scottish labour market was undertaken which involved an interview-based survey of those who became unemployed in their early 50's and tried to regain employment. The interview had structured and unstructured parts which allowed both quantitative and qualitative analysis to compare those who were successful in regaining work with those who were not. The uniqueness of the paper is the use of social network components while controlling for other socio-economic and demographic variables in job search of older workers. Findings Those older people who were unemployed and, returned to employment (reemployed) had a higher proportion of contacts with higher prestige jobs, their job searching methods were mainly interpersonal and the rate of finding their last job via their social networks was higher than those who remained unemployed. Both groups mobilised social capital (MSC), but those reemployed accessed higher quality social capital. Strong ties, rather than weak ties, were found to be important in accessing and mobilising social capital for the older workers who returned to employment. Research limitations/implications This work is limited to a local labour market and is based on a small but informative sample. However, it does show that policy is required to allow older people to enhance their social networks by strengthening the social capital embedded in the networks. The results support the use of intermediaries as bridges to help compensate for older people who have weak social networks. Besides the policy implications, the paper also has two distinct research implications. First, the use of social network component to the existing literature of older workers' job search. Second, exploring the type and relational strength with network members to explain older workers' reemployment. Practical implications The paper illustrates that how accessed and MSC can be measured. Social implications As populations age, this work points to an approach to support older people to re-enter employment and to include them in society. Originality/value The paper extends social network and employment literature to fill gaps on how older people require to both access and mobilise social capital. The importance of strong ties in the reemployment of older workers contrasts with much of the literature on younger workers where the strength of weak ties so far has been regarded as essential for successful job search. Measures are forwarded to reveal the relevance of social capital. The policy value of the work is in suggesting ways to facilitate older people re-enter or remain in work and hence sustain their well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Older workers,Social capital,Social networks}
}

@article{Ge2021,
  title = {Why Strong Employment Support for Persons with Disabilities Has Not Brought about Positive Outcomes? {{A}} Qualitative Study in Mainland {{China}}},
  author = {Ge, Zhong-Ming and Chen, Ren-Xing and Tang, Wei-Zhong and Cong, Yu},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {121},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105839},
  abstract = {Employment is an important way for persons with disabilities (PwDs) to participate in society and fulfil their potential. However, despite the impression that employment support for PwDs is improving, why is the actual employment situation in China stagnant or even worsening? In order to answer this question, this paper uses a qualitative study in BTQ City, QL Province, China to analyze the causes of the general problems in employment support for PwDs by breaking them down into official government, quasi-government, and primary support groups. This study finds that the prioritization of \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic development' dominates people's thinking and actions, to the detriment of social and economic goals. Consequently, the responses of the three employment support systems are: (a) an official government focus on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveproductivism\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace means PwDs employment is not a priority, and official support is usually \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveall talk, no action\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace; (b) bureaucratic quasi-government organizations are reluctant to assist beyond mere formalities to boost PwDs employment as this does not form part of their performance assessment; and (c) individualism resulting from societal breakdown makes the primary support group perceive a lack of benefit in assisting PwDs, and any assistance they render is done purely out of self-interest and are therefore unsustainable. We hope that the findings of this study will provide some inspiration and reference for improving the employment policy of PwDs in China.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Employment support,Persons with disabilities,Productivism}
}

@article{GebreEyesus2023,
  title = {Health Care Providers? Preparedness and Health Care Protection against the Third Wave of {{COVID-19}} Pandemics in a Resource-Limited Setting in {{Southwest Ethiopia}}: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {GebreEyesus, Fisha Alebel and Geleta, Omega Tolessa and Shiferaw, Bisrat Zeleke and Tarekegn, Tadesse Tsehay and Amlak, Baye Tsegaye and Emeria, Mamo Solomon and Terefe, Tamene Fetene and Temere, Bogale Chekole and Mewahegn, Agerie Aynalem and Jimma, Melkamu Senbeta and Chanie, Ermias Sisay and Misganaw, Natnael Moges and Degu, Fatuma Seid and Eshetu, Menen Amare},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PAN AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL},
  volume = {44},
  doi = {10.11604/pamj.2023.44.53.31428},
  abstract = {Introduction: the provision of quality health care during the COVID-19 pandemic depends largely on the health of health care providers. Health care providers' as frontline caregivers dealing with infected patients play a significant role in limiting the outbreak of the disease by implementing safety and prevention practices. However, low and middle -income countries experience barriers to preparedness due to limited resources. Methods: an institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 326 health care providers' from August 10-25, 2021 in Gurage zonal public hospitals. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A pretested self-administered structured questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The data were entered into the Epi-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were presented. Results: this study showed that 53.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, of health care providers', had adequate preparation against COVID-19 pandemics. The finding showed that monthly income, occupation, and working experience were found to be significantly associated with health care providers' preparedness. Nearly one-quarter (24.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 28.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 39.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of health care providers had access to facemasks, alcohol sanitizer, glove, and isolation gowns respectively. Conclusion: the levels of health care providers' preparedness and health care protection against the third wave COVID-19 pandemic were found to be low. Based on our findings, the government and other stakeholders should design interventions to increase health care providers' preparedness to respond to the ongoing pandemic and purchase an adequate supply of personal protective equipment to protect the health care providers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Gurage,health care workers,Healthcare providers,preparedness}
}

@article{Gehring2022,
  title = {Social Service Providers' Perspectives on Caring for Structurally Vulnerable Hospital Patients Who Use Drugs: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Gehring, Nicole D. and Speed, Kelsey A. and Dong, Kathryn and Pauly, Bernie and Salvalaggio, Ginetta and Hyshka, Elaine},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-022-08498-x},
  abstract = {Background People who use drugs and are structurally vulnerable (e.g., experiencing unstable and/or lack of housing) frequently access acute care. However, acute care systems and providers may not be able to effectively address social needs during hospitalization. Our objectives were to: 1) explore social service providers' perspectives on addressing social needs for this patient population; and 2) identify what possible strategies social service providers suggest for improving patient care. Methods We completed 18 semi-structured interviews with social service providers (e.g., social workers, transition coordinators, peer support workers) at a large, urban acute care hospital in Western Canada between August 8, 2018 and January 24, 2019. Interviews explored staff experiences providing social services to structurally vulnerable patients who use drugs, as well as continuity between hospital and community social services. We conducted latent content analysis and organized our findings in relation to the socioecological model. Results Tensions emerged on how participants viewed patient-level barriers to addressing social needs. Some providers blamed poor outcomes on perceived patient deficits, while others emphasized structural factors that impede patients' ability to secure social services. Within the hospital, some participants felt that acute care was not an appropriate location to address social needs, but most felt that hospitalization affords a unique opportunity to build relationships with structurally vulnerable patients. Participants described how a lack of housing and financial supports for people who use drugs in the community limited successful social service provision in acute care. They identified potential policy solutions, such as establishing housing supports that concurrently address medical, income, and substance use needs. Conclusions Broad policy changes are required to improve care for structurally vulnerable patients who use drugs, including: 1) ending acute care's ambivalence towards social services; 2) addressing multi-level gaps in housing and financial support; 3) implementing hospital-based Housing First teams; and, 4) offering sub-acute care with integrated substance use management.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Acute care,Houseless,Illegal drugs,Qualitative research,Social needs,Social services,Social work,Structural vulnerability}
}

@article{Geiger-Brown2011,
  title = {Sleep {{Promotion}} in {{Occupational Health Settings}}},
  author = {{Geiger-Brown}, Jeanne and McPhaul, Kathleen M.},
  editor = {Redeker, {\relax NS} and McEnany, {\relax GP}},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {SLEEP DISORDERS AND SLEEP PROMOTION IN NURSING PRACTICE},
  pages = {355--369},
  abstract = {Most adults spend a significant number of their waking hours at work. The work relatedness of employees' sleep is not always obvious to employers, as sleep is usually a private behavior. Yet there is much about how work is organized that influences the opportunity to sleep, the quality of sleep that is achieved, and the risk for sleep disorders. Circadian rhythm disruptions influence sleep when work schedules include very early start times, night shift work, or shift rotation. Reduced sleep opportunity from long working hours, shift overruns and overtime, long commutes, and being called in during time off may cause sleep deprivation. The physical surroundings of the job (light, noise) can increase or inhibit alertness, and over time can alter circadian rhythms. When work is physically or psychologically stressful, it can inhibit sleep by increasing sympathetic nervous system activity that is incompatible with restful sleep. Certain occupational groups (health care, transportation, public safety, food service, mining, construction, executive travel) are at particular risk for impaired sleep because of work stress and the scheduling of work hours. Because nurses care for workers throughout the life span in all health care settings, the nursing curriculum must teach the basics of sleep to entry-level nurses, nurse practitioners, and occupational health nurses (OHNs). (See Chapter 24, Future Directions in Sleep Promotion: Nursing Practice, Research, and Education.) This chapter discusses the work-related impediments to sleep and interventions to improve sleep, with implications for health promotion and occupational health programs in the workplace. The consequences of acute and chronic sleep deprivation for workers are well documented. Workplace injuries and accidents are more frequent, causing pain and suffering, as well as lost productivity for the worker who is sleep deprived. Frequent or high cost claims can lead to higher costs to the employer for health benefits. Chronic sleep deprivation increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, stroke, and heart disease, as well as metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. These work-related health hazards can be addressed with active health promotion and occupational health programs and practices that minimize serious adverse outcomes. Sleep promotion is ideally a shared responsibility of workers, their employers, and health care providers. Workers themselves must consider the priority they place on sleep when competing demands threaten to derail a healthy lifestyle and performance at work. They must also be aware when their sleep is abnormal, seek treatment, and adhere to treatment recommendations if a sleep disorder is detected. Employers who are trying to create a healthy work environment must have a systematic plan at all levels of the organization to recognize sleep-related aspects of the physical work environment, the intensity of workplace stressors, and how work is organized to advantage workers' sleep. They must provide health insurance coverage to ensure that workers receive specialty treatment for their sleep disorder-related symptoms and provide accommodations if chronic sleep disorders continue to impair functioning. The employee health unit is the best place to coordinate the health promotion activities at work as well as screening, clinical care, referrals, and accommodation. The personnel in the employee health and/or safety departments should conduct exposure assessments of scheduling practices and monitor trends in injuries to inform healthy scheduling practices. When the exposure assessment identifies possible risk factors for sleep deprivation or sleep disorders, the occupational health nurse clinicians must incorporate thorough sleep and occupational exposure histories, provide health education regarding sleep and work, and tailor interventions to improve sleep quantity and quality. The health care providers in the employee health department can also recognize sentinel occupational health events, such as sleep complaints, drowsiness at work, and accidents and injuries which might indicate additional workers at risk for occupational sleep disorders (Figure 22.1). In the ideal situation, all are motivated to create a healthy workplace where workers can be safe and productive and then go home, sleep restfully and long enough, and enjoy a high quality of life. Combined, these concerns clearly have implications for workplace policy development to ensure worker safety and productivity.},
  isbn = {978-0-8261-0658-2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{George2021,
  title = {Usefulness and Expectations on Skills Development and Entrepreneurship among Women of Low Socioeconomic Status in {{Ogun State}}, {{Nigeria}}},
  author = {George, Tayo O. and Oladosun, Muyiwa and Oyesomi, Kehinde and Orbih, Mary U. and Nwokeoma, Nwanne and Iruonagbe, Charles and Ajayi, Lady and {Lawal-Solarin}, Esther},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {AFRICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
  volume = {25},
  number = {5S, 5},
  pages = {170--186},
  issn = {1118-4841},
  doi = {10.29063/ajrh2021/v25i5s.16},
  abstract = {The acquisition of vocational training skills and entrepreneurial know-how is acknowledged as an added advantage and a safety net to navigate poverty, especially in dwindling economic recession time and massive unemployment. This study examined the factors influencing the usefulness and perceived realization of skills development/empowerment to encourage more women's involvement in small scale businesses and promote its effect on poverty alleviation in households across Nigeria. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews conducted post-the vocational skill/empowerment training. The training was organized among Campus Keepers in a private university in Ogun State, Nigeria. Forty Campus Keepers were selected using the systematic sampling technique from a total population of 224, and 37 of the 40 selected voluntarily participated in this study. The Campus Keepers were women with low socioeconomic status who worked as cleaners on the university campus. Five of the Campus Keepers were purposively selected as key informants for the study. Results showed that respondents who had earlier knowledge and vocational skills training reported that it leads to self-employment. This view was higher for respondents who had more people in their household than those with fewer people (OR = 22.7 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI= .56, 921.31]). The perception that the training can lead to additional income was lower for respondents who reported that either they or their spouses were sole breadwinners in their household than for those who reported that both/others/none were breadwinners (OR = .05 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI=0, 1.2]). The odds that the skills development/empowerment training will result in perceived improved business was higher for respondents who gained more knowledge/information from the training than those who did not (OR=29.19 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI = 1.1, 777.48]). Findings from the qualitative study suggest that key informants who participated in past training were yet to establish a profitable business of their dream fully. Governmental policy and program intervention that incorporates these findings will lead to increased participation of the target population in similar training in the future, leading to poverty alleviation towards achieving the SDGs for Nigeria. (Afr J Reprod Health 2021; 25\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace5s]: 170-186).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {expectations on skills,low socioeconomic status,perceived realization,Skills development,women entrepreneurship}
}

@article{Georgiadis2017,
  title = {Gender Inequalities in Labour Market Outcomes {{Evidence}} for {{Greek}} Regions before and throughout the Crisis},
  author = {Georgiadis, Thomas and Christopoulos, George},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {38},
  number = {5},
  pages = {675--695},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-11-2015-0198},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the investigation of gender inequalities in the labour market at the regional level in Greece throughout the years preceding and following the economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach - Utilising microdata from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU- SILC)database from 2005 up to the most recent available, the authors construct the Total Earnings Gap Index, a composite index at the individual level which incorporates gender differentials in aspects related to employment, work intensity and earnings. This approach is further complemented by the results of the econometric analysis (a probit model for the probability of being in employment and a Heckman selection model for the determinants of hourly pay and hours worked), which portray the impact of gender on a set of labour-related characteristics. Findings - The findings of the analysis indicate a widespread reduction of the gender gap; however, this appears to be mainly the result of a sharper fall in employment among men, hence pointing towards a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverace to the bottom\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace process which presents few - if any - signs of an increase of women's economic independence. The emerging picture points towards a trend of regional convergence in gender gaps, while also highlighting that similar gender equality outcomes are, in certain cases, shaped by radically different dynamics. Originality/value - This paper uses an innovative composite index which provides a multi-dimensional depiction of gender inequality in the Greek labour market. This index has been introduced by Eurostat and has been applied at the country level, with this paper being the first - to the authors' knowledge-to apply it at the regional level. Additionally, by examining years before and throughout the crisis, the present analysis adopts a dynamic perspective, offering valuable insight into the seismic shifts that Greece's labour market structure has undergone during this period.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Europe,Gender,Labour market,Pay differentials,Regional development}
}

@article{Gerlitz2023,
  title = {The End of the Golden Age: On Growing Challenges for Male Workers and Their Partners to Secure a Family Income},
  author = {Gerlitz, Jean-Yves},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {247--261},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcac039},
  abstract = {Thanks to the male breadwinner model with wages sufficient to support a family, working-class families used to be financially secure. The transformation towards the adult worker model (AWM) saw an accumulation of adverse employment characteristics-especially among manual and non-manual routine occupations-and a rise in poverty risks. However, there is a lack of research that combines these strands. I ask to what extent male Western German workers and their partners' ability to secure labour earnings that support a family has changed, and to what degree this was hampered by various adverse employment characteristics. Focusing on service and production workers with cohabiting partners, I analyse whether their individual and combined labour income is sufficient to support a family. Performing descriptive trend analysis and linear probability models with German Socio-Economic Panel data for 1985-2013, I compare class effects of four periods. I find that since the end of the 1990s, male service and production workers increasingly struggle to secure a family income-mainly driven by low wages and low work intensity, while partners' labour market participation has gained relevance. The transformation towards the AWM coincided with a devaluation of the most privileged group among workers and thus the working class as a whole.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gheorghiev2023,
  title = {Economic Migrants in the {{Czech}} Segmented Labour Market: {{Covid-19}} as a Magnifying Glass},
  author = {Gheorghiev, Olga},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3/4, SI},
  pages = {370--383},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-06-2022-0162},
  abstract = {PurposeThis study examines Covid-19-related policies as a showcase for priorities in migration governance, the role of the state and employers' associations, as well as gaps in social security and social protection.Design/methodology/approachThis paper looks at how immigration interacts with the labour market in the Czech Republic through the prism of the varieties of capitalism framework and its relation to the concepts of labour market segmentation and flexibility.FindingsThe findings show that pandemic-related measures focused on continuously adjusting a legislative framework granting access to third-country workers. However, protective measures that would guarantee migrant workers and their families access to social rights, such as healthcare, were lacking. In this context, several lines of segmentation are observed: between migrant workers in standard employment and those in non-standard employment, when looking at their access to healthcare; between migrants hired directly by employers and those working through temporary agencies in terms of their wages, stability and protection; and, at a sectoral level, between the skilled workforce and migrants that are pushed to low-qualified poorly paid, and routinised jobs.Originality/valueThis paper expands the existing literature on the preferences and influence of governments, employers and trade unions regarding the demand for foreign labour in varieties of capitalism by adding the perspective of a Central European economic model. At the same time, its findings contribute to the understanding that labour market inequalities are not fostered on the supply side of migrant labour, through exogenous societal or cultural characteristics specific to countries of origin, but rather through institutionalised measures, practices and policies in countries of destination.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Covid-19,Healthcare,Labour migration,Migration policies}
}

@article{Ghio2023,
  title = {Linguistic {{Barriers}} to {{Immigrants}}' {{Labor Market Integration}} in {{Italy}}},
  author = {Ghio, Daniela and Bratti, Massimiliano and Bignami, Simona},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {357--394},
  issn = {0197-9183},
  doi = {10.1177/01979183221107923},
  abstract = {This article investigates whether and to what extent poor proficiency in Italian impairs immigrants' labor market integration in Italy. Using individual-level survey data, we apply instrumental variables methods to leverage presumably exogenous variations in Italian proficiency induced by immigrants' demo-linguistic characteristics (e.g., age at arrival, linguistic distance between mother tongue and destination language, speaking Italian during childhood) and their interplays. We find that, given the low-skill nature of Italy's immigrant labor market, poor proficiency in communication skills (speaking and understanding Italian) produces larger penalties for immigrants' labor force participation and employment than does the lack of formal skills (reading and writing). In contrast, no effect is found on immigrants' job characteristics like the type of contract and full-time or part-time work. Whereas female immigrants were more penalized than males by poor linguistic proficiency in labor force participation, immigrants in linguistic groups that were more likely to work with (for) co-nationals were less affected by linguistic barriers than other immigrant groups. Yet, when investigating perceived integration outcomes, immigrants working with (for) co-nationals fared worse on feeling at home, feeling accepted, and overall life satisfaction in Italy. As our analysis shows, linguistic enclaves in workplaces, while not always representing a hurdle to immigrants' labor market success, can generate trade-offs for other non-labor market integration outcomes. These findings highlight that the development of linguistic skills should be prioritized in migration policy agendas, taking into account heterogeneity in immigrants' demographic and linguistic profiles.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {labor market integration,linguistic integration}
}

@article{Giannotti2022,
  title = {The Bias in Estimating Accessibility Inequalities Using Gravity-Based Metrics},
  author = {Giannotti, Mariana and Tomasiello, Diego B. and Bittencourt, Taina A.},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {101},
  issn = {0966-6923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103337},
  abstract = {Accessibility measures have been extensively used to explore the outcomes of the spatial distribution of transport, jobs, and population groups in cities. Despite its wide use, identifying the population groups that most benefit from accessibility is not straightforward and different metrics might result in different conclusions. The present work aims to analyze the potential bias of using gravity-based measures based on revealed mobilities to identify job accessibility inequalities. By looking at two large and very different regions, the municipality of Sa similar to o Paulo (SP) and the Greater London Area (GLA), we argue that distance decay functions built from current trip behaviors should be carefully used in evaluations of accessibility inequalities because it may underestimate disparities between socio-occupational groups and also result in a misleading interpretation of impedance factors. Two distinct approaches were implemented to support those claims. We first estimate group-specific distance decay functions, considering only travel time. Secondly, we consider both travel time and travel cost relative to income to estimate zone-specific and city-specific distance decay functions for each one of the study areas. The population of both cases studies was stratified according to the NS-SEC standard to select the highest and the lowest socio-occupational groups and to explore job accessibility inequalities. It was found that higherlevel and lower-level socio-occupational groups of SP and GLA present striking differences in terms of travel times and relative travel costs, with SP being more unequal. By applying the distance decay function of the lowest level socio-occupational group to the calculations of the job accessibility of the highest level group, and by adding travel cost to the analysis, we highlight inconsistencies between gravity-based accessibility calculations and theory, as trips taken by different groups can be mistakenly associated with willingness to travel. From a policy perspective, our findings emphasize that accessibility inequalities in large urban centers, especially in the Global South, can be underestimated if revealed mobilities are considered to represent the willingness to travel and by not taking into account the relative cost of travel.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessibility measures,Inequalities,Public transport}
}

@article{Gica2021,
  title = {Transformative Rural Tourism Strategies as Tools for Sustainable Development in {{Transylvania}}, {{Romania}}: A Case Study of {{Sancraiu}}},
  author = {Gica, Oana Adriana and Coros, Monica Maria and Moisescu, Ovidiu Ioan and Yallop, Anca C.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {WORLDWIDE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM THEMES},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {124--138},
  issn = {1755-4217},
  doi = {10.1108/WHATT-08-2020-0088},
  abstract = {Purpose According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions, while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It aims at having a low impact upon the environment and local culture; generating income and employment; and ensuring the conservation of local ecosystems. This paper aims to examine the ways in which the development and promotion of a new tourism product based on unique rural heritage and traditions contribute to the development of sustainable tourism by relating the practices to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 1, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 17. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a literature review on the topic of sustainable rural tourism, this paper uses a case-study methodological approach and provides an example of a sustainable rural tourism destination from the North Western development region of Romania (Cluj County, Transylvania) to depict specific sustainable tourism practices. The study uses a comprehensive desk-research based on secondary data from key industry and academic sources. Findings The research findings show that sustainable rural tourism can greatly support the development of rural destination and makes a significant contribution to the sustainable development of the Romanian tourism industry, in general, and rural economies in particular, as shown in the case examined in the paper. Sancraiu represents an example of sustainable tourism practices that contribute to poverty reduction (SDG1 - Target 1.A), provide decent work and ensure economic growth (SDG8 - Target 8.9), help reducing inequalities (SDG10 - Target 10.3), protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage (SDG 11 - Target 11.4), promote responsible consumption and production (SDG 21 - Target 12.b) and last but not least this destination demonstrates that development is only possible when partnerships are forged (SDG 17). Social implications This paper illustrates that fostering unique rural heritage and traditions can contribute to the sustainable development of destinations. Sustainable tourism practices contribute not only financially to a destination but also to its social infrastructures, jobs, nature conservation, adoption of new working practices and the revitalisation of passive and poor rural areas. Originality/value This paper examines and depicts sustainable rural tourism development as a transformative strategy contributing to the long-term viability of a rural destination. The research findings can be viewed as an example of good practice, which may be applicable to other geographic regions with similar contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Case study,Romania,Rural tourism,Sancraiu,Sustainable development goals,Transformative strategies}
}

@article{Giesselmann2014,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Labour Market Reform Policies}} on {{Insiders}}' and {{Outsiders}}' {{Low-Wage Risk}}},
  author = {Giesselmann, Marco},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {30},
  number = {5},
  pages = {549--561},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcu053},
  abstract = {Taking a cross-national comparative perspective, this study analyses differences in individual determinants of the low-wage risk across institutional settings. It builds on previous research that dealt with the impact of labour market reform measures on the distribution of labour market risks in advanced economies. It is widely held that such reforms have a particularly adverse effect on labour market outsiders, specifically on entrants to the labour market. We seek to differentiate this assumption and to show that this presumed effect is conditional on the configuration of the bargaining system. Using hierarchical models that match EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) microdata with several macro indicators for 20 countries, we find that, in contexts with a high degree of bargaining centralization, the relative low-wage risk of entrants and re-entrants from inactivity increases with commodification and deregulation. If bargaining is decentralized, however, the effects of labour market reform policies on insider/outsider disparities are marginal. Additionally, we show that the same still holds true if a measure of employment protection legislation (EPL) is regarded as the moderating institutional filter. We explain these findings with theoretical concerns based on the concept of closure. These predict that centralized bargaining structures and high EPL (or, rather, closed employment relationships) will systematically channel risks produced by reform measures to the periphery of the labour market.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gifford2005,
  title = {Combat Casualties and Race: {{What}} Can We Learn from the 2003-2004 {{Iraq}} Conflict?},
  author = {Gifford, B},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {ARMED FORCES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {201+},
  issn = {0095-327X},
  doi = {10.1177/0095327X0503100203},
  abstract = {Since the end of the draft in 1973, African Americans have been overrepresented among volunteers for the US Armed Forces.(1) While many commentators have hailed the military as a uniquely egalitarian avenue for social and economic advancement in a society beset with racial inequities, the high participation rate among blacks has periodically led to concerns that they (and more recently, other ethnic minorities such as Hispanics) would disproportionately suffer from casualties in the event of military hostilities.(2) However, after numerous US military engagements since the 1970s, these fears have not been borne out. In fact, African Americans seem less likely to die in combat than their overall representation in uniform would suggest. Taken at face value, the racial composition of US combat casualties stands in stark contrast to the racial pattern of morbidity and mortality in the larger society, where African Americans as a group fare worse than whites on measures such as death rates, infant mortality, and life expectancy.(3) It would seem that, as a comparatively disadvantaged group, African Americans in the all-volunteer era have reaped the benefits of military service without unduly bearing its ultimate burdens. However, explanations for the unexpectedly low African American casualty rate have not been rigorously examined. Furthermore, assessing the racial equity of military service based on historical casualty patterns assumes that future combat operations will closely resemble those that have occurred since Vietnam-an assumption that in this new century looks increasingly untenable. Extending the work of Martin Binkin and his collaborators,(4) this study argues that the racial composition of combat casualties reflects three factors: the social processes that sort volunteers into various military units and occupational specialties; the mix of units and specialties that participate in military operations; and the battlefield conditions they encounter. Or put another way, given a particular environment within which armed conflict occurs, the probability of any person becoming a casualty is a function of their representation in those units most likely to make hostile contact with enemy forces. Following this, the underrepresentation of African Americans in the units most involved in combat operations since Vietnam may partly explain the disjuncture between their military participation and casualty rates. By extension, the higher propensity of whites to serve in combat capacities could explain their higher-than-expected, post-Vietnam casualty rate. The same may be true of ethnic Hispanics, who are also overrepresented in the combat arms, though their reasons for volunteering for such assignments may differ from those of their non-Hispanic white counterparts. The short duration of post-Vietnam US ground combat engagements such as Panama and Somalia-as well as the prominent roles played by special operations and light-infantry units for which blacks are less likely to volunteer(5)-has thus far prevented a rigorous evaluation of such propositions. However, the 2003-2004 conflict in Iraq presents one opportunity to assess the race distribution of US casualties under varying combat conditions. First, compared to other combat engagements since Vietnam, many diverse military units have been operating in Iraq for a relatively long time. Second, the US military experience in Iraq has been, broadly speaking, marked by differing conflict environments. In the relatively brief opening period, coalition ground combat forces (mainly US and British infantry and armor) rapidly penetrated deep into enemy territory and carried out offensive actions primarily against Iraqi military forces. The subsequent-and ongoing-mission involves efforts by combat and noncombat personnel (e.g., intelligence, police, logistical, and civil affairs) to consolidate US control, restore civil order, pacify hostile forces, and administer occupied areas. This study assesses the racial equity of military service by examining the racial distribution of US casualties in Iraq for the first twelve months national dialogue on the equity of military service may shift back to the social process that impels whites-particularly those from the lower socioeconomic strata-into the ranks. However, should US troops resume large-scale offensive campaigns against a number of seerningly growing and increasingly well-organized insurgent threats, casualties among blacks and Hispanics may creep up to a point where the fairness of military sacrifice again becomes an uncomfortable racial issue. On a final note, the findings of this study are not germane only to the military experiences of the United States. As of 2000, several advanced industrial democracies with long histories of conscription had abandoned the practice in favor of voluntary service, or had plans to phase it out by 2004. (36) Some nations with rising immigration rates have experienced increased racial and ethnic diversity in their volunteer militaries,(37) while others (such as Spain and France) actively recruit foreign volunteers. At the same time, conflicts such as Kosovo in 1999 and contemporary operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have subjected the militaries of many nations to their first hostile fire in decades (for example, coalition casualties in Iraq include personnel from Italy, Spain, Poland, Denmark, and Bulgaria). To the degree that ethnic enlistment patterns are similarly structured by socioeconomic factors, debates about military equity and recruitment policies in the US case may presage similar dialogues elsewhere.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gilmartin2022,
  title = {Finding the {{Gap}}: {{Immigrant Integration Outcomes}} and {{Settlement Service Provision}} in the {{Republic}} of {{Ireland}}},
  author = {Gilmartin, Mary and Dagg, Jennifer},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {679--699},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-021-00862-w},
  abstract = {Immigrant integration is increasingly assessed through integration outcomes, which assess the degree of convergence of the experiences of immigrants and non-immigrants within a country. Integration processes - for example, settlement services in key areas such as employment, education and social inclusion - help to enhance integration outcomes. In this paper, we use the example of the Republic of Ireland to show that the relationship between desired integration outcomes and the provision of settlement services needs considerably more attention. We present immigrant integration outcomes for specific regions and groups of immigrants derived from existing large-scale data sets. We then use publicly available data on existing settlement services to assess the extent to which settlement services address key areas of immigrant integration outcomes. We demonstrate that there are considerable gaps in the provision of appropriate settlement services that could support the enhancement of key integration outcomes, such as the quality of work, language proficiency and housing. If immigrant integration outcomes are to be improved, the relationship between outcomes and settlement service provision has to be better coordinated and targeted to address the structural barriers faced by particular groups of immigrants and by immigrants living in particular regions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Immigrant integration,Integration outcomes,Ireland,Settlement services}
}

@article{Gilmore2015,
  title = {Tobacco-Free World 3 {{Exposing}} and Addressing Tobacco Industry Conduct in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Gilmore, Anna B. and Fooks, Gary and Drope, Jeffrey and Bialous, Stella Aguinaga and Jackson, Rachel Rose},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {LANCET},
  volume = {385},
  number = {9972},
  pages = {1029--1043},
  issn = {0140-6736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60312-9},
  abstract = {The tobacco industry's future depends on increasing tobacco use in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face a growing burden of tobacco-related disease, yet have potential to prevent full-scale escalation of this epidemic. To drive up sales the industry markets its products heavily, deliberately targeting non-smokers and keeps prices low until smoking and local economies are sufficiently established to drive prices and profits up. The industry systematically flaunts existing tobacco control legislation and works aggressively to prevent future policies using its resource advantage to present highly misleading economic arguments, rebrand political activities as corporate social responsibility, and establish and use third parties to make its arguments more palatable. Increasingly it is using domestic litigation and international arbitration to bully LMICs from implementing effective policies and hijacking the problem of tobacco smuggling for policy gain, attempting to put itself in control of an illegal trade in which there is overwhelming historical evidence of its complicity. Progress will not be realised until tobacco industry interference is actively addressed as outlined in Article 5.3 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Exemplar LMICs show this action can be achieved and indicate that exposing tobacco industry misconduct is an essential first step.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Giloth2000,
  title = {Learning from the Field: {{Economic}} Growth and Workforce Development in the 1990s},
  author = {Giloth, {\relax RP}},
  year = {2000},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {340--359},
  issn = {0891-2424},
  doi = {10.1177/089124240001400402},
  abstract = {Although attention to labor market preparation, access, and retention for disadvantaged workers has experienced a dramatic turnaround in the past 6 years for economic and policy reasons, serious challenges remain. Today's workforce development implies more than employment training in the narrow sense: It means substantial employer engagement, deep community connections, career advancement, integrative human service supports, contextual and industry-driven education and training, reformed community colleges, and connective tissue of networks. This article discusses six areas of workforce development learning: (a) retention and advancement, (b) employer and jobseeker customers, (c) regions and neighborhoods, (d) race and labor markets, (e) best practices and replication, and (f) labor market reform. In addition to inevitable economic downturns, optimism should be tempered by three big challenges: the underlying patterns of wage and income inequality, the persistence of race and gender inequalities, and our historic failure to create effective links between schools and labor markets.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ginn2001,
  title = {Pension Prospects of Minority Ethnic Groups: Inequalities by Gender and Ethnicity},
  author = {Ginn, J and Arber, S},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {519--539},
  issn = {0007-1315},
  abstract = {Minority ethnic groups have low income in later life from private pensions, partly due to shorter employment records in Britain since migration. Yet disadvantage and discrimination in the labour market, as well as differences in cultural norms concerning women's employment, may lead to persistence of ethnic variation in private pension acquisition. Little is known about the pension arrangements made by men and women in minority ethnic groups during the working life. This paper examines the extent of ethnic disadvantage in private pension scheme arrangements and analyses variation according to gender and specific ethnic group, using three years of the British Family Resources Survey, which provides information on over 97,000 adults aged 20-59, including over 5,700 from ethnic minorities. Both men and women in minority ethnic groups were less likely to have private pension coverage than their white counterparts but the extent of the difference was most marked for Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. Ethnicity interacted with gender, so that Blacks showed the least gender inequality in private pension arrangements, reflecting the relatively similar full-time employment rates of Black men and women. A minority ethnic disadvantage in private pension coverage, for both men and women, remained after taking account of age, marital and parental status, years of education, employment variables, class and income. The research suggests that minority ethnic groups - especially women - will be disproportionately dependent on means-tested benefits in later life, due to the combined effects of low private pension coverage and the policy of shifting pension provision towards the private sector.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ethnicity,gender,inequality,pensions,privatization}
}

@article{Ginn2006,
  title = {Employment and Social Integration in Midlife - {{Preferred}} and Actual Time Use across Welfare Regime Types},
  author = {Ginn, Jay and Fast, Janet},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {RESEARCH ON AGING},
  volume = {28},
  number = {6},
  pages = {669--690},
  issn = {0164-0275},
  doi = {10.1177/0164027506291748},
  abstract = {Policy makers aim to raise the retirement age for economic reasons. For individuals, longer employment maintains income and social contacts. However, retirement allows more time for socially integrating activities with family and friends. There is therefore tension for midlife individuals between the perceived advantages of employment and retirement. Welfare states vary in policies toward older workers, in terms of incentives for working longer or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveearly exit:\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which may influence individuals' preferences concerning retirement timing. Data from 20 European countries were used to examine middle-aged women's and men's attitudes toward employment and other time uses. The analysis incorporated age, gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and type of welfare regime. Work-life conflict was evident, expressed as preferring more time for family, friends, and leisure, especially where employment rates were highest and more for women than men. Many full-timers preferred shorter hours. Differences between desired and actual employment status were greatest among working-class, female, and older individuals. Unmet demand for jobs was most common in transitional and Mediterranean welfare states. The likelihood of employment was related to the type of welfare regime.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,gender,retirement timing,social integration,welfare regimes}
}

@article{Ginsburg2023,
  title = {A Survey of Barriers and Facilitators to Ultrasound Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Ginsburg, Amy Sarah and Liddy, Zylee and Khazaneh, Parsa T. and May, Susanne and Pervaiz, Farhan},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-30454-w},
  abstract = {Point-of-care ultrasound has the potential to help inform assessment, diagnosis, and management of illness in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). To better understand current ultrasound use, barriers and facilitators to use, and perceptions and practices in LMIC, we conducted an anonymous online global survey targeting healthcare providers training and using ultrasound in LMIC. A total of 241 respondents representing 62 countries participated and most were physicians working in publicly-funded urban tertiary hospitals in LMIC. Most had received ultrasound training (78\textbackslash textbackslash\%), reported expertise (65\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and confidence (90\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in ultrasound use, and had access to ultrasound (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%), utilizing ultrasound most commonly for procedures and for evaluations of lungs, heart, and trauma. Access to an ultrasound machine was reported as both the top barrier (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and top facilitator (53\textbackslash textbackslash\%); other common barriers included access to education and training, cost, and competition for use and other common facilitators included access to a probe, gel, and electricity, and acceptance by healthcare providers, administrators, and patients. Most (80\textbackslash textbackslash\%) noted ultrasound access was important and 96\textbackslash textbackslash\% agreed that ultrasound improves quality of care and patient outcomes. Improving access to low-cost ultrasound equipment is critical to increasing ultrasound use among those who are trained.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Giraldo2023,
  title = {The Spatial and Economic Relationship between Labour Informality and Homicides in {{Cali}}, {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Giraldo, Magaly Faride Herrera and Espitia, Carlos Giovanni Gonzalez and Diaz, Hector Ochoa},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {41},
  number = {5},
  issn = {0950-6764},
  doi = {10.1111/dpr.12709},
  abstract = {Motivation: In the analysis of the relationship between the labour market and crime, the variable that comes from the labour market is generally the unemployment rate. However, there are labour market characteristics that are more significant than unemployment, such as labour informality, in the context of violent crime in low-income and middle-income countries. Purpose: This article aims to estimate the spatial and economic relationship between homicides and labour informality by neighbourhood in Cali, the city with the highest homicide rate currently and historically in Colombia. Methods and approach: Using administrative data and a unique survey of formal and informal labour market conditions, we estimate a Spatial Durbin Model to capture the spatial endogeneity of the relationship between homicides and the labour market in the city's neighbourhoods. Findings: The main results show evidence of the positive spatial and economic relationship between labour informality and homicides in the city's neighbourhoods. In addition, the bulk of this effect occurs in some hillside settlement neighbourhoods with characteristics associated with acute labour informality. Policy implications: We propose a social and economic development programme to improve the conditions of the informal labour market and therefore achieve a reduction in homicides in specific areas, such as city hot spots found in our spatial results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {crime,emerging hot spot,hillside settlements,homicides,labour informality}
}

@article{Giuliani2017,
  title = {Cash-for-Care Policy in {{Sweden}}: {{An}} Appraisal of Its Consequences on Female Employment},
  author = {Giuliani, Giuliana and Duvander, Ann Zofie},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {49--62},
  issn = {1369-6866},
  doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12229},
  abstract = {In 2008, Sweden introduced a cash-for-care benefit consisting of a flat-rate sum paid by municipalities to parents whose children were between the ages of one and three and who did not use publicly subsidised childcare. The main object of the reform was to increase parents' freedom to choose', but the policy was criticised because of its potentially negative effects on gender equality and mothers' employment. This study focuses on the effects of cash-for-care on female employment in Sweden. The study shows that the adoption of this policy had negative effects on female employment, although primarily in rural areas. Cash-for-care was abolished in Sweden in 2016. To evaluate the effects that the policy had on female employment during the time it was in place is important as it indicates what may happen if the policy is introduced again.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cash-for-care,family policy,female employment,gender disparities,labour market,Sweden,work-family conflict}
}

@article{Giummarra2022,
  title = {A {{Registry-Based Observational Cohort Study Examining Patterns}} of {{Pain}} and {{Mental Health Symptoms}} and {{Their Impact}} on {{Work}} or {{Other Activities After Injury}}},
  author = {Giummarra, Melita J. and Dipnall, Joanna F. and Gabbe, Belinda J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {67},
  number = {3},
  pages = {405--420},
  issn = {0090-5550},
  doi = {10.1037/rep0000453},
  abstract = {Impact and Implications This is one of the largest studies to date to characterize patterns of pain and mental health postinjury, including predictors of reduced symptoms over time using a robust registry-based cohort. The findings highlight that most characteristics associated with reductions in pain or mental health symptoms are not modifiable (e.g., age, education, neighborhood, and employment status). People who are experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health before injury are at the greatest risk of experiencing persistent problems after injury. Outcomes for those patients could potentially be improved if trauma and rehabilitation services provide targeted assessment and coordinated treatment early after injury given that risk factors can be identified during the trauma admission. Purpose/Objective Research: This study aimed to examine patterns of pain and mental health after injury, and the patient characteristics associated with reductions in those symptoms. Research Method/Design: This registry-based observational cohort study included all people {$>$}= 16 years old hospitalized for unintentional injuries from 2007 to 2014 who were included in the Victorian State Trauma Registry or Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry, survived to 12-months postinjury and did not have severe brain injury or spinal cord injury (N = 31,073). Symptoms and related impacts were measured with pain Numerical Rating Scale, EuroQol Five Dimensions Three Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L), and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) pain and mental health items at 6-, 12-, and 24-months postinjury. Symptom patterns over time, and their predictors, were examined using Latent Class and Transition Analyses and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Four classes were identified: (1) Low pain and mental health problems (49-54\textbackslash textbackslash\%); (2) mental health problems only (11-12\textbackslash textbackslash\%); (3) pain problems only (18-23\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and (4) pain and mental health problems (16-17\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most people stayed within the same class over time, or transitioned to fewer problems. People who transitioned to lower problems had higher socioeconomic status (e.g., higher education level, higher neighborhood-level advantage, and employment), better preinjury health (e.g., no disability or substance use condition) and noncompensable injuries. Conclusion/Implications: Reduced pain and mental health symptoms and related impairments were primarily associated with nonmodifiable biological, social, or economic characteristics. People with persistent symptoms were often already living with social disadvantage preinjury, and may have benefited from risk screening and proactive interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anxiety,depression,disability,pain,recovery}
}

@article{Glasziou2017,
  title = {Evidence for Underuse of Effective Medical Services around the World},
  author = {Glasziou, Paul and Straus, Sharon and Brownlee, Shannon and Trevena, Lyndal and Dans, Leonila and Guyatt, Gordon and Elshaug, Adam G. and Janett, Robert and Saini, Vikas},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {LANCET},
  volume = {390},
  number = {10090},
  pages = {169--177},
  issn = {0140-6736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30946-1},
  abstract = {Underuse-the failure to use effective and affordable medical interventions-is common and responsible for substantial suffering, disability, and loss of life worldwide. Underuse occurs at every point along the treatment continuum, from populations lacking access to health care to inadequate supply of medical resources and labour, slow or partial uptake of innovations, and patients not accessing or declining them. The extent of underuse for different interventions varies by country, and is documented in countries of high, middle, and low-income, and across different types of health-care systems, payment models, and health services. Most research into underuse has focused on measuring solutions to the problem, with considerably less attention paid to its global prevalence or its consequences for patients and populations. Although focused effort and resources can overcome specific underuse problems, comparatively little is spent on work to better understand and overcome the barriers to improved uptake of effective interventions, and methods to make them affordable.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Glick1998,
  title = {Maternal Labour Supply and Child Nutrition in {{West Africa}}},
  author = {Glick, P and Sahn, {\relax DE}},
  year = {1998},
  month = aug,
  journal = {OXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3},
  pages = {325--355},
  issn = {0305-9049},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0084.00103},
  abstract = {It is widely recognized that women in developing countries have dual roles as generators of household income and as primary caregivers to their children. Many policies directed at reducing poverty or malnutrition involve one or the other of these roles. Programs to reduce child malnutrition, for example, typically target mothers as caregivers. However, because of the time constraints women face, there are potential conflicts between women's different activities about which policy makers are rarely informed. Nutrition interventions have not usually considered the barriers to participation in such programs facing mothers who, either by choice or necessity, have entered the labour force (Leslie, 1988; Engle, 1994). Similarly, policies directed at improving female employment opportunities typically ignore women's important role in household activities related to children's healthy development. In this paper we address a potentially important implication of women's multiple roles and the time constraints they face: that female labour force participation, by reducing the time available for household activities related to child development, may glace young children at nutritional risk.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Glidewell2015,
  title = {Does a Local Financial Incentive Scheme Reduce Inequalities in the Delivery of Clinical Care in a Socially Deprived Community? {{A}} Longitudinal Data Analysis},
  author = {Glidewell, Liz and West, Robert and Hackett, Julia E. C. and Carder, Paul and Doran, Tim and Foy, Robbie},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC FAMILY PRACTICE},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.1186/s12875-015-0279-9},
  abstract = {Background: Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with inequalities in health care and outcomes. Despite concerns that the Quality and Outcomes Framework pay-for-performance scheme in the UK would exacerbate inequalities in primary care delivery, gaps closed over time. Local schemes were promoted as a means of improving clinical engagement by addressing local health priorities. We evaluated equity in achievement of target indicators and practice income for one local scheme. Methods: We undertook a longitudinal survey over four years of routinely recorded clinical data for all 83 primary care practices. Sixteen indicators were developed that covered five local clinical and public health priorities: weight management; alcohol consumption; learning disabilities; osteoporosis; and chlamydia screening. Clinical indicators were logit transformed from a percentage achievement scale and modelled allowing for clustering of repeated measures within practices. This enabled our study of target achievements over time with respect to deprivation. Practice income was also explored. Results: Higher practice deprivation was associated with poorer performance for five indicators: alcohol use registration (OR 0.97; 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.96,0.99); recorded chlamydia test result (OR 0.97; 0.94,0.99); osteoporosis registration (OR 0.98; 0.97,0.99); registration of repeat prednisolone prescription (OR 0.98; 0.96,0.99); and prednisolone registration with record of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan/referral (OR 0.92; 0.86,0.97); practices in deprived areas performed better for one indicator (registration of osteoporotic fragility fracture (OR 1.26; 1.04,1.51). The deprivation-achievement gap widened for one indicator (registered females aged 65-74 with a fracture referred for a DEXA scan; OR 0.97; 0.95,0.99). Two other indicators indicated a similar trend over two years before being withdrawn (registration of fragility fracture and over-75 s with a fragility fracture assessed and treated for osteoporosis risk). For one indicator the deprivation-achievement gap reduced over time (repeat prednisolone prescription (OR 1.01; 1.01,1.01). Larger practices and those serving more affluent areas earned more income per patient than smaller practices and those serving more deprived areas (t = -3.99; p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Any gaps in achievement between practices were modest but mostly sustained or widened over the duration of the scheme. Given that financial rewards may not reflect the amount of work undertaken by practices serving more deprived patients, future pay-for-performance schemes also need to address fairness of rewards in relation to workload.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Pay-for-performance,Primary health care,Social deprivation}
}

@article{Glied2014,
  title = {Two-{{Generation Programs}} and {{Health}}},
  author = {Glied, Sherry and Oellerich, Don},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {79--97},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  doi = {10.1353/foc.2014.0006},
  abstract = {Parents' health and children's health are closely intertwined healthier parents have healthier children, and vice versa. Genetics accounts for some of this relationship, but much of it can be traced to environment and behavior, and the environmental and behavioral risk factors for poor health disproportionately affect families living in poverty. Unhealthy children are likely to become unhealthy adults, and poor health drags down both their educational attainment and their income. Because of the close connection between parents' and children's health, write Sherry Glied and Don Oellerich, we have every reason to believe that programs to improve parents' health will improve their children's health as well. Yet few programs aim to work this way, except for a narrow category of programs that target pregnant women, newborns, and very young children. Glied and Oellerich assess these programs, discuss why there are so few of them, and suggest ways to expand them. Their chief conclusion is that structural barriers in the U.S. healthcare system stand in the way of such programs. Some of these barriers have to do with health insurance, access to care, and benefits, but the biggest one is the fact that physicians typically specialize in treating either children or adults, rather than families as a whole. The Affordable Care Act has begun to break down some of these barriers, the authors write, but much remains to be done.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Goel2019,
  title = {Factors Affecting Medical Students' Interests in Working in Rural Areas in {{North India-A}} Qualitative Inquiry},
  author = {Goel, Sonu and Angeli, Federica and Dhirar, Nonita and Sangwan, Garima and Thakur, Kanchan and Ruwaard, Dirk},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210251},
  abstract = {Background and Objective The shortage of doctors, especially in rural areas, is a major concern in India, which in turn affects the effective delivery of health care services. To support new policies able to address this issue, a study was conducted to determine the discouraging and encouraging factors affecting medical students' interests towards working in rural areas. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive qualitative study has been conducted in three states of North India. It comprised six focus group discussions, each consisting of 10-20 medical students of six government medical colleges. The verbatim and thematic codes have been transcribed by using a \textbackslash textasciigravecategorical aggregation approach'. The discussions were thematically analyzed. Results Ninety medical students participated in the study. The discouraging factors were grouped under two broad themes namely unchallenging professional environment (poor accommodation facilities and lack of necessary infrastructure; lack of drug and equipment supplies; inadequate human resource support; lesser travel and research opportunities) and gap between financial rewards and social disadvantages (lower salary and incentives, social isolation, political interference, lack of security). Similarly, the encouraging factors were congregated under three main themes namely willingness to give back to disadvantaged communities (desire to serve poor, underprivileged and home community), broader clinical exposure (preferential admission in post-graduation after working more than 2-3 years in rural areas) and higher status and respect (achieving higher social status). Conclusions This qualitative study highlights key factors affecting medical students' interest to work in rural areas. A substantial similarity was noted between the factors which emerge from the current study and those documented in other countries. These findings will help policy-makers and medical educators to design and implement a comprehensive human resource strategy that shall target specific factors to encourage medical students to choose job positions in rural areas.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Goel2023,
  title = {Gender Gap in Mobility Outside Home in Urban {{India}}},
  author = {Goel, Rahul},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {32},
  issn = {2214-367X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2023.01.004},
  abstract = {India has one of the highest levels of gender inequality in the world. Work participation rate of women is among the lowest, with a wide gender gap. There are seclusion norms that restrict the mobility of women outside the home. However, transport literature in India has not explored the impact of this lack of autonomy on gender differences in travel demand. I use 2019 population-representative nationwide time-use survey of India. The dataset reported both travel and non-travel activities for 30-minute episodes over a 24-hour period. For urban residents, I analysed gender differences in trip rates and mobility rates, where the latter is defined as the per-centage going out of home at least once on the reporting day. I developed gender-stratified logistic regression models at the individual level with mobility as a binary outcome. It was found that 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the females did not report going out of the home compared to only 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% of males. The mobility of females reduces steeply from adolescence to young adulthood and then remains largely stable at a low level before reducing further for older adults. No such variation is observed among males, except their mobility is also reduced among older adults. There is a clear dichotomy with women mostly participating in in-house activities while men mostly involved in out-of-home activities. Adolescence or adulthood, marriage, living with one or more household members, having an infant in the house, lower income, and less education are associated with a lower likelihood of female mobility. The results highlight the need for gender-stratified analysis for transportation research, and a need for greater engagement across the disciplines of development economics, social sciences, and transport planning.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,India,Mobility,Time use,Trip rate,Urban}
}

@article{Gold2013,
  title = {Job {{Acquisition}} by {{Urban Youth With Disabilities Transitioning From School}} to {{Work}}},
  author = {Gold, Paul B. and Fabian, Ellen S. and Luecking, Richard G.},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--45},
  issn = {0034-3552},
  doi = {10.1177/0034355213481248},
  abstract = {Despite legislation promoting youth transition from school to employment, and despite growing knowledge of factors contributing to successful transitions, youth with disabilities continue to work at lower rates compared with their nondisabled peers. Over the past decade, efforts specifically directed toward reducing this intractable employment gap between these two groups of youth have met with relatively little success. Marriott Foundation's Bridges from School-to-Work Program, a national multisite intervention offering paid competitive employment to high school youth enrolled in special education programs prior to school exit, addresses obstacles to labor market participation confronted by youth with disabilities, with an intensive, time-limited vocational intervention at seven inner-city urban sites across the United States. We found universally high job placement rates of a large sample of youth with disabilities enrolled in high school over several recent years of operation (2006 to 2011) across their sociodemographic and disability characteristics, and across diverse urban areas throughout the United States. Thus, we argue that educational, disability, and rehabilitation professionals should hold high expectations for employment success of these youth, regardless of their disabilities and the local economic conditions of the communities in which they live.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career,employment program participation,gender disparities,school-to-work transition,vocational,youth with disabilities}
}

@article{Golden1996,
  title = {The Economics of Worktime Length, Adjustment, and Flexibility - {{A}} Synthesis of Contributions from Competing Models of the Labor Market},
  author = {Golden, L},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {REVIEW OF SOCIAL ECONOMY},
  volume = {54},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--45},
  issn = {0034-6764},
  doi = {10.1080/00346769600000001},
  abstract = {An eclectic framework is developed to understand long-term and short-term patterns in worktime, and to explain labor market anomalies such as the downward inflexibility of the workweek and coexistence of underemployment and overemployment. Neoclassical labor demand and supply models focus narrowly on monetary cost and individual welfare consequences. Post-Keynesian, institutionalist, and radical political economy paradigms suggest work hours and institutions regulating its adjustment also reflect uncertainty, relative incomes, internal labor markets, custom, power, and effort-regulation. Work hours have three measurable dimensions-mean duration, variability, and dynamic flexibility. Employers seek \textbackslash textasciigrave'numerical flexibility,'' and households desire minimal conflict with non-worktime activities. If irreconciliable, length and allocation outcomes will be determined by relative bargaining power. Given evidence of imperfect sorting in labor markets according to hours preferences, and that flexible hour arrangements favorably affect productivity or personnel cost (an \textbackslash textasciigrave'efficiency hours'' hypothesis), innovative government policies are suggested which would induce firms to better synchronize their aims with diversifying employee preferences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZXN2CWR6/Golden_1996_The economics of worktime length, adjustment, and flexibility - A synthesis of.pdf}
}

@article{Golden2001,
  title = {Flexible Work Schedules - {{Which}} Workers Get Them?},
  author = {Golden, L},
  year = {2001},
  month = mar,
  journal = {AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST},
  volume = {44},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1157--1178},
  issn = {0002-7642},
  doi = {10.1177/00027640121956700},
  abstract = {More than 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the U.S. workforce now reports having an ability to alter their daily starting and ending times of work Yet, provision of flexibility in the timing of work is not keeping pace with demand. Moreover there is much disparity in access to schedule flexibility by workers' demographic. work, and job characteristics. Probit estimation finds that the probability that a worker has such flexibility is reduced by being female, non-White, and less educated. The likelihood is increased by being self-employed, in college, married, part-time, in certain occupations and industries, and working 50 or more hours per week flexibility is reduced for those working a standard day shift or 40-hour workweek. Workers thus sacrifice either leisure time or income to gain better access to flexibility in the scheduling of work, or they endure the costs of job mobility. Public policy should focus on delivering more flexible schedules to the excluded 73\textbackslash textbackslash\%.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Goldstone2017,
  title = {Mental Health Care Providers' Perceptions of the Barriers to Suicide Prevention amongst People with Substance Use Disorders in {{South Africa}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Goldstone, Daniel and Bantjes, Jason},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1752-4458},
  doi = {10.1186/s13033-017-0153-3},
  abstract = {Background: Substance use is a well-established, and potentially modifiable, risk factor for suicide. Suicide prevention interventions are typically framed within the biomedical paradigm and focus on addressing individual risk factors, improving access to psychiatric care, and improving the skills of medical personnel to recognise at-risk individuals. Few studies have focused on contextual factors that hinder suicide prevention in people with substance use disorders, particularly in low-resource settings. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore mental health care providers' perceptions of barriers to suicide prevention in people with substance use disorders in South Africa. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 mental health care providers who worked with suicidal people with substance use disorders in Cape Town, South Africa. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and Atlas. ti software was used to code the data inductively. Results: Two superordinate themes were identified: structural issues in service provision and broad contextual issues that pose barriers to suicide prevention. Participants thought that inadequate resources and insufficient training hindered them from preventing suicide. Fragmented service provision was perceived to lead to patients not receiving the psychiatric, psychological, and social care that they needed. Contextual problems such as poverty and inequality, the breakdown of family, and stigma made participants think that preventing suicide in people with substance use disorders was almost impossible. Conclusions: These findings suggest that structural, social, and economic issues serve as barriers to suicide prevention. This challenges individual risk-factor models of suicide prevention and highlights the need to consider a broad range of contextual and socio-cultural factors when planning suicide prevention interventions. Findings suggest that the responsibility for suicide prevention may need to be distributed between multiple stakeholders, necessitating intersectoral collaboration, more integrated health services, cautious use of task shifting, and addressing contextual factors in order to effectively prevent suicide in people with substance use disorders.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Low- and middle-income country,Mental health care,Qualitative research,South Africa,Substance use disorder,Suicide prevention}
}

@article{Golembeski2020,
  title = {Food {{Insecurity}} and {{Collateral Consequences}} of {{Punishment Amidst}} the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
  author = {Golembeski, Cynthia A. and Irfan, Ans and Dong, Kimberly R.},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {357--373},
  issn = {1948-4682},
  doi = {10.1002/wmh3.378},
  abstract = {Bipartisan governmental representatives and the public support investment in health care, housing, education, and nutrition programs, plus resources for people leaving prison and jail (Halpin, 2018; Johnson \textbackslash textbackslash\& Beletsky, 2020; USCCR, 2019). The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 banned people with felony drug convictions from receiving food stamps or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. Food insecurity, recidivism, and poor mental and physical health outcomes are associated with such bans. Several states have overturned SNAP benefit bans, yet individuals with criminal convictions are still denied benefits due to eligibility criteria modifications. COVID-19 has impaired lower-income, food-insecure communities, which disproportionately absorb people released from prison and jail. Reentry support is sorely lacking. Meanwhile, COVID-19 introduces immediate novel health risks, economic insecurity, and jail and prison population reductions and early release. Thirty to 50 percent of people in prisons and jails, which are COVID-19 hotspots, have been released early (Flagg \textbackslash textbackslash\& Neff, 2020; New York Times, 2020; Vera, 2020). The Families First Coronavirus Response Act increases flexibility in providing emergency SNAP supplements and easing program administration during the pandemic. Meanwhile, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights recommends eliminating SNAP benefit restrictions based on criminal convictions, which fail to prevent recidivism, promote public safety, or relate to underlying crimes. Policy improvements, administrative flexibility, and cross-sector collaboration can facilitate SNAP benefit access, plus safer, healthier transitioning from jail or prison to the community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID,criminal justice,equity,nutrition}
}

@article{GomesFernandes2022,
  title = {Factors Related to the Accumulation of Healthy Behavior among Older Adults Attending Primary {{Health Care}}},
  author = {Gomes Fernandes, Ana Paula and Cardoso, Veronica Ribeiro and {dos Santos}, Kamila Cristina and Migliaccio, Mariane Martins and Pinto, Juliana Martins},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {677--690},
  issn = {1874-7884},
  doi = {10.1007/s12062-022-09376-4},
  abstract = {The adoption and maintenance of healthy behaviors contribute for its accumulation throughout life, which require more than information disclosure and recommendations. Biopsychosocial factors may work as barriers to adherence to healthier behaviors, and yet have been underexplored. The objective was to investigate the factors related to the accumulation of healthy behavior among older adults attending Primary Health Care. Cross-sectional analysis with 201 older adults from baseline of Longitudinal Investigation of Functioning Epidemiology (LIFE) was performed in a Southeastern Brazilian city. The Healthy Behavior Score (HBS), ranging from 0 to 8, was calculated by the sum of the following habits: Physical activity practice, healthy eating, water consumption, night sleep time, not smoking, not drinking alcohol, frequent social relations, and spirituality. A linear multivariate regression was performed to test the influence of biopsychosocial aspects on HBS, with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval. Higher number of healthy behaviors was related to high social support, better cognitive status, less depressive symptoms and lower functional performance. Additionally, age and resilience score were correlated to healthy behaviors, which were higher among women and those with sufficient income. Multivariate analysis revealed depressive symptoms, functional performance and education as independent predictors of HBS. Depressive symptoms, functional performance and education are predictors of accumulation of health behaviors, independently of health status, contextual and sociodemographic aspects. Higher social support partially contributed to the higher number of healthy behaviors, and should be considered in public health policies for healthy longevity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aging,Health Promotion,Preventive medicine,Public Health,Quality of life}
}

@article{Gomez-Garcia2022,
  title = {{{POTENTIALITY OF}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveEXTENDED LEARNING TIME}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{IN THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF UNACCOMPANIED MIGRANT MINORS}}},
  author = {{Gomez-Garcia}, Laura},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {TRABAJO SOCIAL GLOBAL-GLOBAL SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {62--86},
  issn = {2013-6757},
  doi = {10.30827/tsg-gsw.v12.21991},
  abstract = {Minors who migrate alone must make a complex transition to independent life with a limited support network, low educational levels and job qualifications, placing them in a situation of special vulnerability to social exclusion. Faced with this situation, Social Work cannot stay quiet and must be oriented towards emancipatory interventions, in this case, access to equitable and quality education becomes crucial. This study aims to analyze the impact of the implementation of an educational strategy called Extended Learning Time with this group of minors, focusing on the acquisition of instrumental learning, the degree of employability and the social inclusion of the group. The biographical method and a communicative methodology with a markedly qualitative approach have been used. The sample is made up of research staff, heads of centers and programs, as well as former youths. The results show various improvements in academic performance, an increase in well-being and more respectful and supportive interactions. In addition, improvements are detected at a professional level by helping to recover its transformative potential. Therefore, these interventions based on dialogic learning become a powerful tool for overcoming situations of socio-educational disadvantage in Social Work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Extended Learning Time,Migrants minors,Overcoming inequalities,Social impact,Social Work}
}

@article{Gong2018,
  title = {Role of {{Monetary Incentives}} in the {{Digital}} and {{Physical Inter-Border Labor Flows}}},
  author = {Gong, Jing and Hong, Yili and Zentner, Alejandro},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {866--899},
  issn = {0742-1222},
  doi = {10.1080/07421222.2018.1481661},
  abstract = {By allowing individuals to engage in remote relationships with foreign employers, online labor markets have the potential to mitigate the inefficiency costs due to the legal barriers and other frictions deterring international physical migration. This study investigates how the supply of foreign labor in digital and physical markets responds differently to monetary incentives. We use a unique data set containing information on digital labor flows from a major global online labor platform in conjunction with data on physical labor flows. We exploit short-term fluctuations in the exchange rate as a source of econometric identification: a depreciation of a country's currency against the U.S. dollar increases the incentives of its workers to seek digital and physical employment from employers based in the United States. Using a panel count data model, we find that monetary incentives induced by depreciations of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar are positively associated with the supply of foreign labor in digital markets, as expected from the frictionless nature of electronic markets. However, we fail to find a positive relationship between monetary incentives and the supply of foreign labor in physical markets, which might be expected due to the substantial bureaucratic restrictions and transaction costs associated with physical migration. We further examine how countries' income and information and communications technologies development levels moderate the positive relationship between monetary incentives and digital labor flows. Our findings are useful for gauging the extent to which digital labor flows can alleviate the economic inefficiencies from the restrictions on physical migration.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {digital labor markets,Economics of information systems,electronic markets,income elasticity,information policy,monetary incentive theory,online labor markets,outsourcing,remote employment}
}

@article{Gonzales2015,
  title = {Increasing {{Opportunities}} for the {{Productive Engagement}} of {{Older Adults}}: {{A Response}} to {{Population Aging}}},
  author = {Gonzales, Ernest and {Matz-Costa}, Christina and {Morrow-Howell}, Nancy},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GERONTOLOGIST},
  volume = {55},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {252--261},
  issn = {0016-9013},
  doi = {10.1093/geront/gnu176},
  abstract = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveProductive aging\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace puts forward the fundamental view that the capacity of older adults must be better developed and utilized in activities that make economic contributions to society-working, caregiving, volunteering. It is suggested that productive engagement can lead to multiple positive ends: offsetting fiscal strains of a larger older population, contributing to the betterment of families and civil society, and maintaining the health and economic security of older adults. Advocates claim that outdated social structures and discriminatory behaviors limit participation of older adults in these important social roles as well as prevent the optimization of outcomes for older adults, families, and society. We ask two important questions: (a) How can we shape policies and programs to optimally engage the growing resources of an aging population for the sake of society and older adults themselves? and (b) How can policies pertaining to productive engagement reduce health and economic disparities? We answer these questions by first describing the current state of engagement in each of the three productive activities and summarize some current policies and programs that affect engagement. Next we highlight challenges that cross-cut productive engagement. Finally, we provide policy recommendations to address these challenges.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caregiving,Disparities,Employment,Productive aging,Social policy,Volunteering},
  note = {White House Conference on Aging (WHCoA) - Creating an Aging Policy Vision for the Decade Ahead, Washington, DC, JUL 13, 2015}
}

@article{Gonzales2020,
  title = {Voices from the {{Field}}: {{Ecological Factors}} That {{Promote Employment}} and {{Health Among Low-Income Older Adults}} with {{Implications}} for {{Direct Social Work Practice}}},
  author = {Gonzales, Ernest and Lee, Kathy and Harootyan, Bob},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {211--222},
  issn = {0091-1674},
  doi = {10.1007/s10615-019-00719-x},
  abstract = {We employed cumulative dis/advantage and ecological theories to identify risk and protective factors at the individual, family, institutional, and societal levels that promote employment and health among low-income older adults. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 older adults who participated in a federally funded training and employment program for low-income individuals 55+ years of age. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Approximately 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had experienced a lifetime of disadvantages (e.g. low levels of formal education, poor physical and mental health, enduring poverty, physically demanding jobs). Surprisingly, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents had higher levels of education, excellent or good health, consistent lifetime employment, and personal drive to obtain employment, but had experienced a major health, economic, or social shock that resulted in unemployment, poverty and at times, homelessness. Their life stories, as well as the extant literature, enabled us to understand the many risk and protective factors across the ecological framework associated with employment and improved health. A holistic, strengths-based approach, which utilizes the full scope of biopsychosocial and service assessments is required to bolster employment and health of low-income older adults.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {advantage,Cumulative dis,Ecological framework,Older workers,Risk and protective factors}
}

@article{Gonzalez-Perez2021,
  title = {The {{BCG Vaccine}} for {{COVID-19}}: {{First Verdict}} and {{Future Directions}}},
  author = {{Gonzalez-Perez}, Maria and {Sanchez-Tarjuelo}, Rodrigo and Shor, Boris and {Nistal-Villan}, Estanislao and Ochando, Jordi},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1664-3224},
  doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.632478},
  abstract = {Despite of the rapid development of the vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it will take several months to have enough doses and the proper infrastructure to vaccinate a good proportion of the world population. In this interim, the accessibility to the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) may mitigate the pandemic impact in some countries and the BCG vaccine offers significant advantages and flexibility in the way clinical vaccines are administered. BCG vaccination is a highly cost-effective intervention against tuberculosis (TB) and many low-and lower-middle-income countries would likely have the infrastructure, and health care personnel sufficiently familiar with the conventional TB vaccine to mount full-scale efforts to administer novel BCG-based vaccine for COVID-19. This suggests the potential for BCG to overcome future barriers to vaccine roll-out in the countries where health systems are fragile and where the effects of this new coronavirus could be catastrophic. Many studies have reported cross-protective effects of the BCG vaccine toward non-tuberculosis related diseases. Mechanistically, this cross-protective effect of the BCG vaccine can be explained, in part, by trained immunity, a recently discovered program of innate immune memory, which is characterized by non-permanent epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages that leads to increased inflammatory cytokine production and consequently potent immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent work highlighting the potential use of BCG for the treatment respiratory infectious diseases and ongoing SARS-CoV-2 clinical trials. In situations where no other specific prophylactic tools are available, the BCG vaccine could be used as a potential adjuvant, to decrease sickness of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or to mitigate the effects of concurrent respiratory infections.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bacille Calmette-Guerin,cross-protection,SARS-CoV-2,trained immunity,vaccination}
}

@article{Gonzalez2019,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Lived Experience With}} the {{Criminal Justice System}}: {{A Qualitative Study}} of {{Peer Re-entry Specialists}}},
  author = {Gonzalez, Jennifer M. Reingle and Rana, Rachel E. and Jetelina, Katelyn K. and Roberts, Madeline H.},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY},
  volume = {63},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1861--1875},
  issn = {0306-624X},
  doi = {10.1177/0306624X19830596},
  abstract = {The aim of this article was to describe the implementation and qualitative outcomes of peer reentry specialists (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracepeers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) on housing attainment, mental health, and substance use problems, and increased life domain functioning. One-on-one interviews were conducted with peers and clients to understand the program implementation, peer experiences, and progress toward target outcomes. Data were iteratively coded using inductive thematic identification and data reduction. Results suggest that peers' lived experiences were useful in building rapport with clients. Peers applied their lived experiences to assist clients in seeking treatment for substance use and mental health conditions, in addition to helping them locate housing and employment. Several structural barriers prevented peers from addressing client needs. Peer time was routinely consumed by assisting clients in seeking identification, requisite for treatment or use of health care services, housing or securing employment. Findings suggested peers were working to address many client needs. Future research should examine the effectiveness of peer assistance on client-level health outcomes, including recidivism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {lived experience,peer re-entry specialists,qualitative,recidivism}
}

@article{Goodman2017,
  title = {Economic Empowerment or Cash-Dependency for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in {{Kenya}}: {{Evidence}} from an Alternative to Cash-Only Models},
  author = {Goodman, Michael L. and Gitari, Stanley and Keiser, Philip H. and {Raimer-Goodman}, Lauren},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--48},
  issn = {1369-6866},
  doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12226},
  abstract = {Orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) often have worse educational, developmental, nutritional, and behavioral outcomes than non-OVC. Much of these disparities come from reduced household earnings due to the loss of parental income. The present study used conditional process analysis to evaluate income and savings among OVC households, using cross-sectional data from 1,060 OVC in a 3-year Kenyan empowerment program that combined elements of cash transfer, psychosocial support, and small business entrepreneurship. Higher monthly earnings were significantly associated with program participation in a graded fashion. Approximately one-third of the association was mediated by material inputs, indicating that a substantial portion may be explained by other unobserved program elements. Eighty-five percent of increased rates of saving money in the past year were mediated by improved monthly income, cash transferred and improved food consumption. Data analysis highlights the need for multisectoral approaches and the need for more research to understand how to improve household economic stability among OVC. Key Practitioner Message: center dot Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) are at risk of greater poverty, leading to multiple developmental and health challenges; center dot Current policy in Kenya to offset costs of caring for OVC utilizes monthly cash transfers to households providing care for OVC; center dot The present study found that increases in monthly income in an OVC multisectoral empowerment program were largely due to factors beyond the material inputs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {international social work,quantitative research,social and economic justice,social welfare policy,youth development}
}

@article{Gordon2011,
  title = {The {{Working After Cancer Study}} ({{WACS}}): A Population-Based Study of Middle-Aged Workers Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer and Their Return to Work Experiences},
  author = {Gordon, Louisa G. and Lynch, Brigid M. and Beesley, Vanessa L. and Graves, Nicholas and McGrath, Catherine and O'Rourke, Peter and Webb, Penelope M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-11-604},
  abstract = {Background: The number of middle-aged working individuals being diagnosed with cancer is increasing and so too will disruptions to their employment. The aim of the Working After Cancer Study is to examine the changes to work participation in the 12 months following a diagnosis of primary colorectal cancer. The study will identify barriers to work resumption, describe limitations on workforce participation, and evaluate the influence of these factors on health-related quality of life. Methods/Design: An observational population-based study has been designed involving 260 adults newly-diagnosed with colorectal cancer between January 2010 and September 2011 and who were in paid employment at the time they were diagnosed. These cancer cases will be compared to a nationally representative comparison group of 520 adults with no history of cancer from the general population. Eligible cases will have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer and will be identified through the Queensland Cancer Registry. Data on the comparison group will be drawn from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. Data collection for the cancer group will occur at 6 and 12 months after diagnosis, with work questions also asked about the time of diagnosis, while retrospective data on the comparison group will be come from HILDA Waves 2009 and 2010. Using validated instruments administered via telephone and postal surveys, data will be collected on socio-demographic factors, work status and circumstances, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for both groups while the cases will have additional data collected on cancer treatment and symptoms, work productivity and cancer-related HRQoL. Primary outcomes include change in work participation at 12 months, time to work re-entry, work limitations and change in HRQoL status. Discussion: This study will address the reasons for work cessation after cancer, the mechanisms people use to remain working and existing workplace support structures and the implications for individuals, families and workplaces. It may also provide key information for governments on productivity losses.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gorman2019,
  title = {How Organizational Characteristics Shape Gender Difference and Inequality at Work},
  author = {Gorman, Elizabeth H. and Mosseri, Sarah},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGY COMPASS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1751-9020},
  doi = {10.1111/soc4.12660},
  abstract = {Why should students and scholars who are interested in gender difference and inequality study organizations? In recent years, as research on organizations has migrated to business schools and become less connected to other subfields of the discipline, the value of organizational sociology has become less evident to many. Yet characteristics of organizations contribute in important ways to producing different experiences and outcomes for women and men, by constraining certain individual actions and enabling or bringing about others. In this essay, we trace the consequences of four categories of organizational characteristics-the formal structure of work, employment practices, informal structure and culture, and organizational networks and fields-for gender inequality in three areas: workplace experiences, work-family conflict, and career outcomes. We close with some brief reflections on future directions for research linking organizations and gender.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gorn2005,
  title = {{Demographic variables related to depression: Differences between males and females living in low income urban-areas}},
  author = {Gorn, {\relax SB} and Sainz, {\relax MT} and Icaza, {\relax MEMM}},
  year = {2005},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SALUD MENTAL},
  volume = {28},
  number = {6},
  pages = {33--40},
  issn = {0185-3325},
  abstract = {This paper is aimed at exploring the relationship of some sociodemographic variables with the presence of depressive disorders among a low-income urban sample. Different variables have consistently been associated with such disorders, for instance, marital status, sex, and socio-economic status. As to marital Status, some studies show that married people have better health conditions and feel more satisfied with their lives than their unmarried counterparts. Similarly, it has been found that widowed or divorced people present a number of psychological problems. Low-income population is also at high risk of suffering depressive symptoms, in this sense, some researchers have stated that the lack of resources is associated with sadness, high stress levels, isolation, uncertainty, and low access to health care and/or other Sources of support. According to the Mexican National Survey on Mental Health conducted With urban population over 18, the prevalence of depressive disorders is higher among widowers and divorced individuals -both males and females- than among their married counterparts. In addition, an association was found between depression, low schooling and unemployment. A survey undertaken in Mexico City yielded similar results though gender differences were not explored; higher prevalences of depression were found for those who reported having lost their Couple or marital break LIP than for those who were married or single. Other groups that had high depression prevalence were lower income individuals, and those with less schooling. Couple relationships and other socio-demographic variables play a key role in the presence of depressive disorders. Thus, the present Study is aimed at: a) analysing how marital status affects the presence of depressive disorders in men and women; b) exploring the role of low socio-economic level in the presence of depressive symptoms; c) exploring which combination of sociodemographic variables better predict the presence of depressive disorder in males and females. Method: This research was carried Out in four low-income communities located in southern Mexico City. The selected communities include Topilejo, Isidro Fabela and San Pedro Martir within the Tlalpan district, and the fourth community was Constituted by the neighbourhoods of San Marcos and San Juan, in the Xochimilco district. The research design was multistage; blocks were selected at the first stage, dwelling segments, at second stage, and finally, ill the third stage the interviewed individual was selected. After this procedure, the Final sample consisted of 1156 interviewees, 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% were males and 51\textbackslash textbackslash\%, females. The information was gathered through a household questionnaire that explores the general characteristics of the people living in the same dwelling Listed on the questionnaire, Such as relationship to the Family head, age, sex, schooling and income. Some other aspects related to the dwelling characteristics were also explored. Diagnosis of depressive disorder was obtained through the diagnostic interview CID] version 1.1, which assesses the presence of mental disorders according to the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The selected interviewees participated volunatrily after the research objectives were explained; in addition, the terms of confidentiality were Particularly emphasized. Each interview lasted 90 minutes on average. Data analysis were performed with the statistical program SPSS v. 10 for Windows. Results: The findings showed higher prevalence of depressive disorders among females, among people that experienced loss or family rupture and among those with lower econornic resources. Similarly, prevalence of depression was higher for men (6.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and women (18.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) who had lost their Spouse than for their married Counterpart. As to differences between married and single people, the prevalence of depressive disorders in the group of men that had ever married was lower (4.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than the prevalence found in the group of married men (5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The opposite was observed among females, since single women present more depressive problems (13.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than married women (5.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Results also showed how economic difficulties have an effect on the presence of depressive disorders. However, differences between married and single men with the lowest income were minimal. Two logistic regression models show that, particularly among women, the presence of depressive disorder is related to the lack of a couple, economic disadvantages; for instance, low family income, belonging to a large extended family and playing the social role of family head,,which implies responsibility to a large extent. Discussion: The findings of the present study are consistent with previous research that report higher prevalence of depression among females, People without a couple and those with less economic resources. Different authors have confirmed that problems of economic nature are consistently associated with depression problems. Lack of resources leads to high stress levels, sadness, isolation, among other troubles. This situation is more severe for females. Women play a number of social roles that put them at higher risk of suffering mental disorders. Nowadays, women still bear the responsibility of being wives, mothers, educators and care providers for many people, and have become an important part of the work force at the same time. The deficiencies that female family heads Must face in different areas not only increase the risk of suffering disorders such as depression and poor quality Of life, but also jeopardize their children's opportunities in the future. Dejarlais and colleagues suggest that in order to improve these women's oriental health it is necessary to take actions in two ways. On the one hand, it is essential to deal with the factors related to the presence of female distress; on the other, it is crucial to provide attention to reduce the negative consequences. In this way, any prevention or intervention program Must include, among other elements, tools to expand women's capabilities to have an income, reinforce social Support networks, and to stimulate Social and community participation in order to improve their cognitive and relational resources as well as self-esteem. In addition, women must have information about the pathological process they undergo and attention Options at their disposal, but to make these programs effective it is above all necessary to tailor them according to women's concerns and needs. This can only be possible if women act as active collaborators. Finally, to work on intervention and prevention programs for female family heads encloses the possibility of breaking the cycle that reproduces distress among their children.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {depressive disorders,marital status,Mexico,poverty,urban population}
}

@article{Gornick2021,
  title = {Wealth Accumulation and Retirement Preparedness in Cross-National Perspective: {{A}} Gendered Analysis of Outcomes among Single Adults},
  author = {Gornick, Janet C. and Sierminska, Eva},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5, SI},
  pages = {549--564},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/09589287211056174},
  abstract = {Wealth is an increasingly important dimension of economic well-being and is attracting rising attention in discussions of social inequality. In this article, we compare - within and across countries - wealth outcomes, and link those to both employment-related factors and policy solutions that have the potential to improve wealth creation and retirement security for women. By constructing country-specific portraits of wealth outcomes and \textbackslash textasciigraveretirement preparedness', we reveal extensive cross-national variation in multiple facets of wealth. Our regression analysis finds a statistically significant and positive effect of work experience on wealth, with that effect, in general, increasing over time. The effect of work experience for single women is greater than for single men, suggesting that, among men, other, stronger forces are at work in creating wealth. The retirement preparedness outcomes indicate that single women in all three countries are in a precarious position at retirement, with much lower expected annual wealth levels than single men. The second preparedness indicator, which links expected annual wealth to income, demonstrates that men have the potential to cover larger shares of their income at retirement - and thus are more able, than their female counterparts, to maintain standards of living achieved earlier in life. Our policy discussion indicates that employment remains a viable option for ultimately bolstering women's wealth accumulation. Many scholars, gender equality advocates and policymakers have argued for raising women's employment rates - for a multitude of reasons - but few, if any, have made the case for strengthening women's employment in order to ultimately bolster women's wealth building. We hope to help reduce the gap in the literature on policy supports for women's employment and re-open the discussion on how women can create more wealth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,gender differences,policy,retirement,wealth,welfare states}
}

@article{Goswami2021,
  title = {Wealth Distribution and Skills Generation under Public and Private Education Systems},
  author = {Goswami, Sriparna and Chakraborty, Bidisha},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INDIAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {350--372},
  issn = {1753-8254},
  doi = {10.1108/IGDR-02-2020-0025},
  abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to understand the differing impacts of wealth distribution on human capital accumulation and skilled-unskilled labour generation under three educational paradigms as follows: private, public and a system of mixed education. Design/methodology/approach The authors use an overlapping generations model. Findings The wealth dynamics show that both in the private education system and public education system, there are two possible outcomes- stagnation and steady growth depending on the efficiency of the education system, skill premium and other parameters. The choice of the education system through voting is discussed. It is found that skilled workers would always vote for private education whilst unskilled workers vote for private education if public education expenditure of the economy is low. Research limitations/implications The study is subject to several limitations. This paper considers the rate of interest and wage rate to be exogenously given, and thus ignores the general equilibrium effects. The authors do not consider the labour-leisure choice. The introduction of labour leisure choice in the model would alter many of the results. The authors do not consider heterogeneous ability across individuals. The analysis of the differential efficiency of the different education systems needs further, rigorous research. Also, this paper does not consider other occupations such as entrepreneurship and self-employment. This paper considers the labour demand function to be perfectly elastic, and hence, does not consider any demand constraint. What happens if bequests are taxed? What happens if parents are not altruistic? These questions may be addressed in future research. Social implications If the proportion of tax paying skilled labour is low in any country, pure public education may not be able to generate sustained human capital growth. For countries with a sufficiently large proportion of skilled labour, the public education system would be successful. On the other hand, if skill premium is low or the education system is poorly managed private education system may fail too. Originality/value Whilst investigating the effects of public vs private education on growth and development in the presence of unequal wealth distribution, The authors have tried to address a few questions. First, why the public education system has been successful in skill accumulation in developed countries whilst it has failed to do so in less developed countries? Second, why do some countries with mostly privately run educational institutions perform much better in human capital production whilst others do not? Third, in an economy with unequal wealth distribution, what are the factors that result in public or private education as a voting equilibrium outcome?},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Growth,H31,Human capital,I25,J24,O15,Private education,Public choice,Public education}
}

@article{Gould-Werth2018,
  title = {Employers' {{Perspectives}} on {{Accommodating}} and {{Retaining Employees}} with {{Newly Acquired Disabilities}}: {{An Exploratory Study}}},
  author = {{Gould-Werth}, Alix and Morrison, Katherine and {Ben-Shalom}, Yonatan},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {611--633},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-018-9806-6},
  abstract = {Introduction Timely and appropriate accommodations can help employees who experience disabilities stay at work instead of exiting the labor force. Employers can play a critical role in connecting such workers with the accommodations they need. This qualitative study seeks to inform policy makers who want to improve workforce retention outcomes by uncovering factors that affect whether employers provide accommodations to, and ultimately retain, employees with disabilities. Methods We conducted semistructured interviews with a convenience sample of human resources professionals in 14 Arkansas-based employers, yielding detailed information on 50 cases in which an employee developed or disclosed a disability. We analyzed the interviews using a grounded theory approach and compared cases to identify key themes emerging across subgroups of cases. Results Two organization-level factors and four employee-level factors influenced employers' efforts to accommodate and retain employees with disabilities: employer resources; employers' communication with the employee and other stakeholders; employee tenure; employee work performance; active/sedentary nature of employee role; and the severity and type of employees' health conditions. Conclusions Consistent with prior literature, employers with greater access to resources and better ability to communicate generally made greater effort to accommodate and retain employees with disabilities. However, employers in the study did not deploy these resources and processes consistently when making decisions about whether and how to provide accommodations to workers with disabilities; employee-level characteristics affected their actions. Policy makers should consider intervention approaches that reach workers who may be overlooked by employers with scarce resources.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Qualitative research,Work,Work accommodations,Work retention}
}

@article{Gould2007,
  title = {Health Insurance Eroding for Working Families: {{Employer-provided}} Coverage Declines for Fifth Consecutive Year},
  author = {Gould, Elise},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {441--467},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.2190/C285-1547-1L23-R1X5},
  abstract = {In 2005, the percentage of Americans with employer-provided health insurance fell for the fifth year in a row. Workers and their families have been falling into the ranks of the uninsured at alarming rates. The downward trend in employer-provided coverage for children also continued into 2005. In the previous four years, children were less likely to become uninsured as public sector health coverage expanded, but in 2005 the rate of uninsured children increased. While Medicaid and SCHIP still work for many, the government has not picked up coverage for everybody who lost insurance. The weakening of this system-notably for children-is particularly difficult for workers and their families in a time of stagnating incomes. Furthermore, these programs are not designed to prevent low-income adults or middle- or high-income families from becoming uninsured. Government at the federal and state levels has responded to medical inflation with policy changes that reduce public insurance eligibility or with proposals to reduce government costs. Federal policy proposals to lessen the tax advantage of workplace insurance or to encourage a private purchase system could further destabilize the employer-provided system. Now is a critical time to consider health insurance reform. Several promising solutions could increase access to affordable health care. The key is to create large, varied, and stable risk pools.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gould2018,
  title = {Solidarity and the Problem of Structural Injustice in Healthcare},
  author = {Gould, Carol C.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BIOETHICS},
  volume = {32},
  number = {9, SI},
  pages = {541--552},
  issn = {0269-9702},
  doi = {10.1111/bioe.12474},
  abstract = {The concept of solidarity has recently come to prominence in the healthcare literature. When understood descriptively, it usefully supplements other conceptions like reciprocity (e.g., between healthcare providers and their patients), patient-centered medicine, or care ethics. In the context of health insurance (especially in Europe), an appeal to solidarity effectively addresses the problem of the motivation for taking seriously the medical needs of compatriots by emphasizing shared vulnerabilities and needs. If understood more broadly as human solidarity, the notion proposes attention to the health of distant others, as a condition of their dignity. And taken normatively, it fills in some of the requirements of the abstract norms of justice and equality by advocating \textbackslash textasciigravestanding with' or aiding fellow community members or possibly also distant others in regard to their medical needs. Solidarity may be understood be required either for its own sake, when taken as a separate norm, or as a way to realize the demands of justice and equal treatment in matters of health. The current focus on solidarity in the healthcare literature is useful and important, in my view. Yet, to my mind, the understanding of it tends to be unduly restricted. For one thing, the literature has most often focused on solidarity within nation-states, as a relation among compatriots that supports universal healthcare. The notion is also seen as having import for contemporary developments like large health databases, biobanks, personalized medicine, and organ donation. A few authors extend solidarity more widely, particularly in interpreting the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, with its reference to solidarity in Article 13 and its implication in some other articles. Yet, these various uses of the conception of solidarity in healthcare have thus far tended to either disregard or even to actively eschew its traditional meanings of labor solidarity or social movement solidarity, or indeed, any use of the term that posits an \textbackslash textasciigraveother' against which solidarity might be practiced (although it is generally recognized that the concept is bounded and particular). I suggest that the neglect of some important historical (and contemporary) senses of solidarity-and especially social movement solidarity-leads to a blind spot in the current bioethical theories. An alternative reading of solidarity in healthcare drawing on social movement and labor contexts would highlight a crucial dimension of contemporary healthcare provision, namely, structural injustice. Systemic forms of injustice militate against adequate healthcare for all, and suggest the need for solidaristic action to struggle against and to remedy existing entrenched inequalities. Omitting an account of structural injustice and even of justice itself from the core meaning of solidarity leads, I argue, to a rather weak and too easy sense of what solidarity requires, and is ill suited to serve as an adequate normative guide for improving healthcare in the present. This is the case most obviously in regard to healthcare in the United States with its unequal health system, but I suggest it applies more generally and even in Europe, and certainly if we take the obligations of solidarity to extend transnationally. While traditional notions of solidarity within existing communities and nation-states remain significant, I believe that an adequate conception of solidarity needs to show how it is connected to justice. It also needs to extend transnationally, given our increasingly interconnected world, which raises difficult questions of the relation between national and transnational solidarities, and the justifications we can give for prioritizing the health and healthcare of those closer to us. In this essay, I will begin by briefly indicating how the existing approaches to solidarity in healthcare, despite their trenchant analyses of many of its features and applications, remain abstract and without sufficient critical import by not directly considering the impact of structural injustices. I will then attempt to sketch how an understanding of institutional barriers to equal treatment, along with the commitment to achieving justice concretely, need to inform not only our application of solidarity in practice but also our understanding of the core meaning of solidarity itself. I will not be able to address here the complex question of the priority that is often given to the needs of those close to us and the related question of negotiating our obligations to engage in national vs. transnational solidarity efforts, but I have taken this up in other work. In a series of books and articles, Barbara Prainsack and Alena Buyx have taken the lead in calling attention to the relevance of the concept of solidarity for bioethics. They have articulated a general conception and sketched several potential implications for healthcare and bioethics more widely. They advance the following definition: \textbackslash textasciigraveSolidarity is an enacted commitment to carry \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecosts\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (financial, social, emotional, or otherwise) to assist others with whom a person or persons recognize similarity in a relevant respect.' Prainsack and Buyx usefully develop the notion of solidarity as a practice and see it as operating within three domains: the interpersonal, the group, and the administrative/legal. Their conception is largely descriptive, although it has some normative preconditions, and involves what they call axiological/axiomatic normativity of some sort. The difficulty of this latter phrase aside, Prainsack and Buyx seem willing to countenance morally negative expressions of solidarity (e.g., among members of a gang or even a terror group) in the interest of preserving the analytic utility of the concept. Moreover, they sharply distinguish solidarity from justice, regarding the latter as deontic and thus as not part of the concept of solidarity itself. But given their attention to the context of the practice of solidarity, they expect that norms like justice would be brought to bear, presumably to qualify the practice of solidarity. Since Prainsack and Buyx's approach is perhaps the most highly developed conception of solidarity in the bioethics literature, it can serve as a useful foil for elaborating my own account, drawing on and extending my previous work on this theme. The main strength of their approach, it seems to me, lies in its aptness for understanding solidarity as a group practice, and especially within nation-states. Indeed, their view, with its emphasis on bearing costs to assist others within a group, seems to line up primarily with what has been called a \textbackslash textasciigravecivic solidarity' conception, one that has been prominent in connection with European welfare states. The idea that solidarity can come to be entrenched administratively and legally also points to the dominance of that European model in their understanding (though their conception is supplemented with what they call interpersonal solidarity). Importantly, these authors' emphasis on solidarity as a practice helpfully ties solidarity to action. They suggest that this action orientation serves to distinguish solidarity from empathy or other sentiments. However, the centrality in their account of bearing \textbackslash textasciigravecosts' with the aim of assisting others brings the model close to the Christian tradition of solidarity with its emphasis on relieving suffering and aiding the poor. Their perspective likewise focuses on individual activity in aiding others, rather than on collective action. (The term \textbackslash textasciigravecosts', however, has financial connotations that do not sit altogether easily with this religious perspective.)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {healthcare,justice,solidarity}
}

@article{Gouzoulis2023,
  title = {Economic and Political Determinants of the {{South African}} Labour Share, 1971-2019},
  author = {Gouzoulis, Giorgos and Constantine, Collin and Ajefu, Joseph},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {184--207},
  issn = {0143-831X},
  doi = {10.1177/0143831X211063230},
  abstract = {This study examines the drivers of the steady decline in South Africa's private sector labour share between 1971 and 2019. The focus on South Africa is instructive as its distributional contestation is bounded in a matrix of racial conflict. Crucial reforms on trade, finance and welfare were undertaken since 1994, but the study finds little evidence that the extension of the franchise promoted egalitarianism, since white economic elites invested in de facto political power. This study employs an Unrestricted Error Correction Model to estimate the drivers of the private sector labour share, and the findings suggest that globalisation, financialisation and public spending have decreased the labour share, while the effects of education have been positive but insufficient to halt the decline.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Democratisation,employment relationship,financialisation,globalisation,inequality}
}

@article{Gowda2023,
  title = {The {{Local Market}} of {{Major Teaching Hospitals}}},
  author = {Gowda, Niraj and Patel, Nisha M. M. and Ellenbogen, Michael I. I. and Miller, Brian J. J.},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL},
  volume = {116},
  number = {5},
  pages = {410--414},
  issn = {0038-4348},
  doi = {10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001554},
  abstract = {ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the local communities served by major teaching hospitals.MethodsUsing a dataset of hospitals around the United States provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, we identified major teaching hospitals (MTHs) using the Association of American Medical Colleges' definition of those with an intern-to-resident bed ratio above 0.25 and more than 100 beds. We defined the local geographic market surrounding these hospitals as the Dartmouth Atlas hospital service area (HSA). Using MATLAB R2020b software, data from each ZIP Code Tabulation Area from the US Census Bureau's 2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimate Data tables were grouped by HSA and attributed to each MTH. One-sample t tests were used to evaluate for statistical differences between the HSAs and the US average data. We further stratified the data into regions as defined by the US Census Bureau: West, Midwest, Northeast, and South. One-sample t tests were used to evaluate for statistical differences between MTH HSA regional populations with their respective US regional population.ResultsThe local population surrounding 299 unique MTHs covered 180 HSAs and was 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% White, 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% female, 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% older than 65 years old, 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% with public insurance coverage, 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% with any disability, and 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% with at least a bachelor's degree. Compared with the overall US population, HSAs surrounding MTHs had higher percentages of female residents, Black/African American residents, and residents enrolled in Medicare. In contrast, these communities also showed higher average household and per capita income, higher percentages of bachelor's degree attainment, and lower rates of any disability or Medicaid insurance.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that the local population surrounding MTHs is representative of the wide-ranging ethnic and economic diversity of the US population that is advantaged in some ways and disadvantaged in others. MTHs continue to play an important role in caring for a diverse population. To support and improve policy related to the reimbursement of uncompensated care and care of underserved populations, researchers and policy makers must work to better delineate and make transparent local hospital markets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {academic medical centers,demography,health catchment area,hospital service area,teaching hospitals}
}

@article{Grady2017,
  title = {The State, Employment, and Regulation: Making Work Not Pay},
  author = {Grady, Jo},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {EMPLOYEE RELATIONS},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {274--290},
  issn = {0142-5455},
  doi = {10.1108/ER-03-2016-0059},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of specific active labour market policies (ALMP) and increased use of zero hour contracts (ZHCs) in creating an environment in which low-wage jobs flourish. Alongside these, it examines the role of financialization over the last 30 years in fostering the nuturalization of policies that institutionalize low wages and deregulate the economy in favour of big business. Design/methodology/approach - This paper draws upon academic literature, official statistics, and analyses via the concept of neoliberalism. Findings - This paper demonstrates that via a set of interconnected macro and micro factors low pay is set to remain entrenched in the UK. It has demonstrated that this is not the result of some natural response to labour market demands. Far from it, it has argued that these policy choices are neoliberal in motivation and the outcome of establishing low pay and insecure employment is a significant character of the contemporary labour market is deliberate. Research limitations/implications - This paper encourages a re-think of how the authors address this issue of low pay in the UK by highlighting alternative forms of understanding the causes of low pay. Practical implications - It presents an alternative analysis of low pay in the UK which allows us to understand and call into question the low-pay economy. In doing so it demonstrates that crucial to this understanding is state regulation. Social implications - This paper allows for a more nuanced understanding of the economic conditions of the inequality caused by low pay, and provides an argument as to alternative ways in which this can be addressed. Originality/value - The paper examines the relationship between the rise of neoliberalism and finance capital, the subsequent emergence of the neoliberal organization, the associated proliferation of ALMP and ZHCs, and the impact of these on creating a low-wage economy. It makes the argument that the UK's low-wage economy is the result of regulatory choices influenced by a political preference for financialization, even if such choices are presented as not being so. Thus, the contribution of this paper is that it brings together distinct and important contemporary issues for scholars of employee relations, but connects them to the role of the state and neoliberal regulation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inequality,National minimum wage,New living wage,Regulation,Workfare,Zero hour contracts}
}

@article{Graham2021,
  title = {Crowdsourcing {{Global Perspectives}} in {{Ecology Using Social Media}}},
  author = {Graham, Emily B. and Smith, A. Peyton},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {2296-701X},
  doi = {10.3389/fevo.2021.588894},
  abstract = {Transparent, open, and reproducible research is still far from routine, and the full potential of open science has not yet been realized. Crowdsourcing-defined as the usage of a flexible open call to a heterogeneous group of individuals to recruit volunteers for a task -is an emerging scientific model that encourages larger and more outwardly transparent collaborations. While crowdsourcing, particularly through citizen- or community-based science, has been increasing over the last decade in ecological research, it remains infrequently used as a means of generating scientific knowledge in comparison to more traditional approaches. We explored a new implementation of crowdsourcing by using an open call on social media to assess its utility to address fundamental ecological questions. We specifically focused on pervasive challenges in predicting, mitigating, and understanding the consequences of disturbances. In this paper, we briefly review open science concepts and their benefits, and then focus on the new methods we used to generate a scientific publication. We share our approach, lessons learned, and potential pathways forward for expanding open science. Our model is based on the beliefs that social media can be a powerful tool for idea generation and that open collaborative writing processes can enhance scientific outcomes. We structured the project in five phases: (1) draft idea generation, (2) leadership team recruitment and project development, (3) open collaborator recruitment via social media, (4) iterative paper development, and (5) final editing, authorship assignment, and submission by the leadership team. We observed benefits including: facilitating connections between unusual networks of scientists, providing opportunities for early career and underrepresented groups of scientists, and rapid knowledge exchange that generated multidisciplinary ideas. We also identified areas for improvement, highlighting biases in the individuals that self-selected participation and acknowledging remaining barriers to contributing new or incompletely formed ideas into a public document. While shifting scientific paradigms to completely open science is a long-term process, our hope in publishing this work is to encourage others to build upon and improve our efforts in new and creative ways.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disturbance,FAIR,ICON,open innovation (OI),open science,Twitter}
}

@article{GranellPerez2020,
  title = {{Demographic supplement for motherhood within the framework of equality policies. Analysis of objectives, results and outcomes}},
  author = {Granell Perez, Rafael and Salvador Cifre, Concha},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {287--322},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.98.13570},
  abstract = {This study analyses, from the perspective of public economics, the Demographic Supplement for Motherhood (CDM) introduced in the Spanish Social Security System in 2016. This measure is a supplement added to the contributory pension received on retirement, widowhood or disability for women who began to receive a pension and who have had two or more children. It was introduced with two objectives in mind: to reduce the gender gap in pensions and to socially recognise the contribution of motherhood to the pension system. In this paper, a socioeconomic analysis of this measure is carried out. The objectives and issues of this measure are reviewed and its distributional effects are analysed. The main source of information are data provided by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, in particular the Continuous Sample of Working History (MCVL). This is a new approach, with the focus being on public economics rather than on legal aspects and use of the MCVL data which, for the first time, includes measurements related to the CDM. The main objectives of this study are: 1) to estimate the impact that the CDM has had on the pension system during the first year of application; 2) to analyse the differences in treatment it generates; and, 3) to assess its distributional effects on the gender gap in pensions and on inequality among women. The study finishes with an analysis of other equality policies and puts forward the main conclusions reached and proposals for alternative measures. The results show that the CDM has affected 58.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of new female pensioners. The women who have benefitted most from this measure are those who receive a widow's pension (50.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by retirement pension (39.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and disability pension (9.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Their sociodemographic characteristics show that 53.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the supplement is paid to mothers with 2 children, while women not receiving CDM tend to have higher educational levels than those who are in receipt of the supplement. It also shows that self-employed workers tend to have more than one child and, therefore, receive the CDM in a greater proportion (62.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than employed workers (57.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The estimated cost of this measure amounted to 64 million euros in 2016 (approximately 0.05\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the expenditure on contributory pensions), a figure that will increase considerably as the supplement is extended to future female pensioners. Among the main criticisms highlighted by this study is the difference in treatment this measure generates. It purports to be a measure which acknowledges the value of motherhood yet it discriminates against many mothers by excluding women who were pensioners before 2016 and who are the most affected, historically, by more unfavourable family and work structures. In addition, other categories excluded are mothers with only one child, women who took voluntary retirement, women who receive non-contributory pensions and women who do not receive any pension. Finally, the measure works against the principle of equality between men and women, promulgated by the European Union, because it discriminates against fathers. Another criticism is that the amount of the CDM increases as the pension rises and continues to be paid even when the maximum pension is reached. This means that those women with higher pensions benefit more from the supplement, which is contrary to measures applied in other countries. One suggestion to improve the equality of this measure is that the supplement should have an upper limit. Furthermore, its effect on reducing inequality has been insignificant. As a measure of equality between men and women, the CDM has reduced the gender gap between new pensioners (2.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) but its effect on the whole system is very poor (0.22\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The pension gap between men and women in Spain is still very wide at a rate of 29.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% and much more work needs to be done to reduce this gap. Finally, a pension system that gives women greater rights for raising children can reinforce traditional roles, discouraging mothers from entering the formal labour market and fathers from taking a break from their professional careers. This is why these measures are being questioned by the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of equal treatment between mothers and fathers. The CDM does not address the causes of the problem of gender discrimination. It does not address discrimination in employment nor does it offer the support required in the workplace for reconciling maternity and paternity leave. It is ineffective as a stimulus to change labour behaviour of women because its effect is in the long term and it is an outdated measure that can be counterproductive. In light of these problems, the priority for the government would be to establish authentic equality policies which create opportunities for both men and women to develop their full potential. 1) labour market policies that eliminate gender differences (access to employment, wages and job promotion at work), improving the flexibility and the rationale of the working day, and 2) reconciliation policies related to family and work life, aimed at all workers, that recognise fathers and mothers as having co-responsibility for childcare. The following measures are proposed to reduce the gender gap in pensions: a) Replace the current CDM with an additional contribution period per child or a fixed amount supplement, in recognition of the period of time dedicated to bringing up children. If contribution years were added for accessing the pension, the number of women with contributory pensions would increase. To avoid the same negative aspects already highlighted, it should be implemented in a way that covers all kind of pensions and gives greater support to mothers of children with disabilities. b) Improve non-contributory (universal) pensions, which are those of lesser value. This measure would increase the number of women with pensions in their own right, thereby reducing the coverage gap and the pension gap of the total population (including non-pensioners). This extension is vital to stop the pension system being a welfare system (low coverage) and being outdated and out of touch (excessively linked to family relationships). Our further studies will be centred on these proposals with data provided by the MCVL in future years.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {gender gap,inequality,pensions,Social Security}
}

@article{Grasso2019,
  title = {Socio-{{Demographic Predictors}} of {{Food Waste Behavior}} in {{Denmark}} and {{Spain}}},
  author = {Grasso, Alessandra C. and Olthof, Margreet R. and Boeve, Anja J. and {van Dooren}, Corne and Lahteenmaki, Liisa and Brouwer, Ingeborg A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {11},
  number = {12},
  doi = {10.3390/su11123244},
  abstract = {Food waste generated at the household level represents about half of the total food waste in high-income countries, making consumers a target for food waste reduction strategies. To successfully reduce consumer food waste, it is necessary to have an understanding of factors influencing food waste behaviors (FWB). The objective of this study was to investigate socio-demographic predictors of FWB among consumers in two European countries: Denmark and Spain. Based on a survey involving 1518 Danish and 1511 Spanish consumers, we examined the associations of age, sex, education, marital status, employment status, and household size with FWB. By using structural equation modeling based on confirmatory factor analysis, we created the variable FWB from self-reported food waste and two activities that have been correlated with the amount of food wasted in previous studies: namely, shopping routines and food preparation. Results show that being older, unemployed, and working part-time were associated with less food waste behavior in both countries. In Denmark, being male was associated with more food waste behavior, and living in a household with four or more people was associated with less food waste behavior. These results underscore the modest role of socio-demographic characteristics in predicting food waste behavior in Europe.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {behavior,food waste,predictors,SEM,socio-demographic}
}

@article{Gray2014,
  title = {Partnering for {{Mental Health Promotion}}: {{Implementing Evidence Based Mental Health Services Within}} a {{Maternal}} and {{Child Home Health Visiting Program}}},
  author = {Gray, Lisa A. and Price, Sarah Kye},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {70--80},
  issn = {0091-1674},
  doi = {10.1007/s10615-012-0426-x},
  abstract = {This article details the clinical foundations of a social work focused community-based participatory research project promoting women's mental health during and around the time of pregnancy. Specifically, we discuss the theoretical, empirical and organizational implementation of an enhanced engagement model of mental health service delivery that integrates evidenced based practices into the structure and services of an existing non-profit maternal and child health home visiting agency. The model is grounded in literature addressing barriers to accessing mental health care among minority women living in low-income communities. We discuss informing the intervention through direct consumer involvement, as well the rationale supporting the inclusion of Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy into the design and implementation of the model which emphasizes adequate training of staff with varying levels of mental health experience. Finally, we describe typical client situations and responses reflected by the Enhanced Engagement model and discuss future implications of this approach as a way to offer meaningful intervention to women and families who may not have access or eligibility to utilize specialty mental health services.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gray2018,
  title = {Patterns and {{Predictors}} of {{Failed}} and {{Sustained Return-to-Work}} in {{Transport Injury Insurance Claimants}}},
  author = {Gray, Shannon E. and {Hassani-Mahmooei}, Behrooz and Cameron, Ian D. and Kendall, Elizabeth and Kenardy, Justin and Collie, Alex},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {740--748},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-018-9761-2},
  abstract = {Purpose To determine the incidence of employed people who try and fail to return-to-work (RTW) following a transport crash. To identify predictors of RTW failure. Methods: A historical cohort study was conducted in the state of Victoria, Australia. People insured through the state-based compulsory third party transport accident compensation scheme were included. Inclusion criteria included date of crash between 2003 and 2012 (inclusive), age 15-70years at the time of crash, sustained a non-catastrophic injury and received at least 1 day of income replacement. A matrix was created from an administrative payments dataset that mapped their RTW pattern for each day up to 3 years' post-crash. A gap of 7 days of no payment followed by resumption of a payment was considered a RTW failure and was flagged. These event flags were then entered into a regression analysis to determine the odds of having a failed RTW attempt. Results: 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of individuals had a RTW fail, with males having 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of experiencing RTW failure. Those who were younger, had minor injuries (sprains, strains, contusions, abrasions, non-limb fractures), or were from more advantaged socio-economic group, were less likely to experience a RTW failure. Most likely to experience a RTW failure were individuals with whiplash, dislocations or particularly those admitted to hospital. Conclusions: Understanding the causes and predictors of failed RTW can help insurers, employers and health systems identify at-risk individuals. This can enable earlier and more targeted support and more effective employment outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Injuries,Rehabilitation,Return to work}
}

@article{Grayson2011,
  title = {Impact of {{AOA Status}} and {{Perceived Lifestyle}} on {{Career Choices}} of {{Medical School Graduates}}},
  author = {Grayson, Martha S. and Newton, Dale A. and Patrick, Patricia A. and Smith, Lawrence},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1434--1440},
  issn = {0884-8734},
  doi = {10.1007/s11606-011-1811-9},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Based upon student ratings of such factors as predictable work hours and personal time, medical specialties have been identified as lifestyle friendly, intermediate, or unfriendly. Lifestyle friendly programs may be more desirable, more competitive, and for students elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Medical Society, more attainable. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether AOA students increasingly entered lifestyle friendly residency programs and whether trends in program selection differed between AOA and non-AOA graduates. DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study examined PGY-2 data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the 12 allopathic schools in the Associated Medical Schools of New York. PARTICIPANTS: Data on 1987-2006 graduates from participating schools were evaluated. MAIN MEASURES: Residency program selection over the 20-year period served as the main outcome measure. KEY RESULTS: AOA graduates increasingly entered lifestyle-friendly residencies-from 12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1987 to 32.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2006 (p {$<$} 0.01). There was also a significant decrease in AOA graduates entering lifestyle unfriendly residencies, from 31.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1987 to 12.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2006 (p {$<$} 0.01). Selection of lifestyle intermediate residencies among AOA graduates remained fairly stable at an average of 53\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Similar trends were found among non-AOA students. However, within these categories, AOA graduates increasingly selected radiology, dermatology, plastic surgery and orthopedics while non-AOA graduates increasingly selected anesthesiology and neurology. CONCLUSIONS: While lifestyle factors appear to influence residency program selection, AOA graduates differentially were more likely to either choose or attain certain competitive, lifestyle-friendly specialties. Health care reform should be targeted to improve lifestyle and decrease income disparities for specialties needed to meet health manpower needs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Grecu2022,
  title = {Oil Discoveries and Gender Inequality},
  author = {Grecu, Anca M. and Bataille, Edner},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEMOGRAPHIC ECONOMICS},
  issn = {2054-0892},
  doi = {10.1017/dem.2022.16},
  abstract = {Some studies suggest that resource-rich countries tend to allocate talent and investment toward the resource sector and away from manufacturing or agriculture reducing the competitiveness of these other sectors. Because mining overwhelmingly employs men, when other sectors shrink so do employment opportunities for women (Ross, 2008). This could significantly affect core social structures. Using plausibly exogenous variation in natural resource wealth due to giant oil discoveries and an event study design, this paper finds that giant oil discoveries are associated with relatively worse female outcomes as measured by higher male/female population ratios, higher teen birth rates, and lower educational attendance of tertiary education among women relative to men. However, the impact on health outcomes tapers off within 8 years. Additionally, during periods of increasing oil prices, there is no significant evidence of such effects possibly due to an income effect.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,gender population structure,giant oil discoveries,health,resource curse}
}

@article{Greene2018,
  title = {An Examination of Socioeconomic Equity in Health Experiences in Six {{Latin American}} and {{Caribbean}} Countries},
  author = {Greene, Jessica and Guanais, Frederico},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {REVISTA PANAMERICANA DE SALUD PUBLICA-PAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {42},
  issn = {1020-4989},
  doi = {10.26633/RPSP.2018.127},
  abstract = {Objective. Most Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries are working toward the provision of universal health coverage, and ensuring equity is a priority for those nations. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which adults' socioeconomic status was related to health care experience in six LAC countries. Methods. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between educational attainment and seven health experience outcomes in three areas: assessment of the health system, access to care, and experience with general practitioner. For this work, we used data from an Inter-American Development Bank survey of adults in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, and Panama that was conducted in 2012-2014. Results. Brazil and Jamaica, the two countries with unified public coverage, stood out for having substantially greater inequality, according to the results of bivariate analyses, with more-educated respondents reporting better health care experiences for five of the seven outcomes. For Jamaica, educational differences largely remained in multivariate analyses: college graduates were less likely (odds ratio (OR) = 0.37) than those with primary education to report their health system needs major reform and were more likely (OR = 2.57) to have a regular doctor. In Brazil, educational differences were mostly eliminated in multivariate models, though people with private insurance consistently reported better outcomes than those with public coverage. Colombia, in contrast, exhibited the least inequality despite having the highest income inequality of the six countries. Conclusions. Future research is needed to understand the policies and strategies that have resulted in Colombia achieving high levels of equity in patient health care experience, and Jamaica and Brazil demonstrating high levels of inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {coverage equity,equity in access to health services,Health equity,Latin America,West Indies}
}

@article{Greysen2013,
  title = {Global Health Experiences of {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Physicians}}: A Mixed Methods Survey of Clinician-Researchers and Health Policy Leaders},
  author = {Greysen, S. Ryan and Richards, Adam K. and Coupet, Sidney and Desai, Mayur M. and Padela, Aasim I.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {1744-8603},
  doi = {10.1186/1744-8603-9-19},
  abstract = {Background: Interest and participation in global health activities among U.S. medical trainees has increased sharply in recent decades, yet the global health activities of physicians who have completed residency training remain understudied. Our objectives were to assess associations between individual characteristics and patterns of post-residency global health activities across the domains of health policy, education, and research. Methods: Cross-sectional, mixed methods national survey of 521 physicians with formal training in clinical and health services research and policy leadership. Main measures were post-residency global health activity and characteristics of this activity (location, funding, products, and perceived synergy with domestic activities). Results: Most respondents (73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) hold faculty appointments across 84 U.S. medical schools and a strong plurality (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%) are trained in internal medicine. Nearly half of all respondents (44\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported some global health activity after residency; however, the majority of this group (73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported spending {$<$}= 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of professional time on global health in the past year. Among those active in global health, the majority (78\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported receiving some funding for their global health activities, and most (83\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported at least one scholarly, educational, or other product resulting from this work. Many respondents perceived synergies between domestic and global health activities, with 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% agreeing with the statement that their global health activities had enhanced the quality of their domestic work and increased their level of involvement with vulnerable populations, health policy advocacy, or research on the social determinants of health. Despite these perceived synergies, qualitative data from in-depth interviews revealed personal and institutional barriers to sustained global health involvement, including work-family balance and a lack of specific avenues for career development in global health. Conclusions: Post-residency global health activity is common in this diverse, multi-specialty group of physicians. Although those with global health experience describe synergies with their domestic work, the lack of established career development pathways may limit the benefits of this synergy for individuals and their institutions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Career development,Global health,Health policy,International medicine}
}

@article{Griffin2021,
  title = {Disparities in {{Dental Use}} and {{Untreated Caries Prevalence}} by {{Income}}},
  author = {Griffin, S. O. and {Thornton-Evans}, G. and Wei, L. and Griffin, P. M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JDR CLINICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {234--241},
  issn = {2380-0844},
  doi = {10.1177/2380084420934746},
  abstract = {Introduction: Untreated dental caries (UC), although preventable, is the most prevalent disease in the United States. UC diminishes quality of life and lowers productivity for millions of Americans and is notably higher among lower-income compared to higher-income persons. Objective: This study examines changes in disparities by income in past-year dental use (DU) and UC in 4 life stages (2-5, 6-19, 20-64, and {$>$}= 65 y) between 1999-2004 and 2011-2016. We also examined changes in dental safety net policies during this time. Methods: We obtained data on dependent variables, UC and DU, from cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys for 1999-2004 and 2011-2016. We used multivariable regression models with 3 main-effect explanatory variables: income ({$<$}200\textbackslash textbackslash\% or {$>$}= 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% federal poverty level), life stage, and survey period (1999-2004 or 2011-2016) and sociodemographic variables. We included 2-way interaction terms among main-effect variables to test whether disparities had changed over time in each life stage and a 3-way term to test changes in disparities differed across life stages. Results: Model-adjusted disparities in DU decreased for both preschool-age and school-age children, and disparities in UC decreased for school-age children. Changes in DU and UC disparities were not detectable for working-age adults and increased for retirement-age adults. Changes in DU and UC among preschool and school-age children were not significantly different from one another and were significantly different from changes among retirement-age adults. Compared to working-age adults, changes in disparities for DU and UC were significantly different for school-age children, and changes in DU were significantly different for preschool-age children. Between surveys, the dental safety net was expanded for youth but remained largely unchanged for adults. Conclusions: Expanding the dental safety net for youth could have contributed to increased access to dental care among children relative to adults and contributed to the decrease in disparities in DU and UC among youth. Knowledge Transfer Statement:Between 1999-2004 and 2011-2016, the dental safety net was expanded for youth but remained largely unchanged for adults. Using national survey data to compare changes in disparities in past-year dental use and untreated dental caries by income between adults and youth sheds light on the potential impact of expanding the dental safety net.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dental caries,dentists' practice patterns,health care disparities,Medicaid,Medicare,public policies}
}

@article{Groen2022,
  title = {Development of a {{Mobile Application}} for {{Detection}} of {{Adolescent Mental Health Problems}} and {{Feasibility Assessment}} with {{Primary Health Care Workers}}},
  author = {Groen, Gunter and {Joerns-Presentati}, Astrid and Dessauvagie, Anja and Seedat, Soraya and {van den Heuvel}, Leigh L. and Suliman, Sharain and Grobler, Gerhard and Jansen, Ronelle and Mwape, Lonia and Mukwato, Patricia and Chapima, Fabian and Korhonen, Joonas and Stein, Dan J. and Jonker, Deborah and Mudenda, John and Turunen, Timo and Valtins, Karlis and Beinarovica, Anete and Grada, Leva and Lahti, Mari},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {43},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1046--1055},
  issn = {0161-2840},
  doi = {10.1080/01612840.2022.2124003},
  abstract = {Introduction: There has been a sharp increase in the use of digital health interventions in global health, particularly mobile health applications, in recent years. The extreme shortage of health care providers trained in mental health screening and intervention in low- and middle-income countries raises questions about the applicability of mobile applications to deliver these services due to their accessibility and availability. This exploratory paper describes the development and feasibility assessment of a mobile screening application for the detection of mental disorders among adolescents in Zambia and South Africa. Methods: Eighty-two health care workers (HCW) working in primary care evaluated the acceptability and practicality of the mobile screening application after receiving brief training. The evaluation included questions from the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) as well as open-ended questions. Results: The acceptability of the screening app was high and study participants were positive about using the app in routine care. Problems with internet connectivity, and time and staff constraints were perceived as the main barriers to regular use. Conclusion: HCW in primary care were able and willing to use a mobile screening app for the detection of mental health problems among treatment-seeking adolescents. Implementation in clinical practice needs to be further evaluated.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Groenewold2008,
  title = {{{REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT DISPARITIES}}: {{AN EVALUATION OF POLICY MEASURES}}},
  author = {Groenewold, N. and Hagger, A. J.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS},
  volume = {47},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0004-900X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8454.2008.00354.x},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the efficacy of regional and federal government policies in reducing inter-regional unemployment disparities. We use as our framework a two-region general equilibrium model with a given freely-mobile supply of labour. We assume inter-regional migration to occur in response to inter-regional utility differentials. Each region has households, firms and a regional government. In addition to regional governments, there is a federal government. The firms in a region use a single factor, labour, to produce a single good which we assume to be different to that produced in the other region. It is supplied to households and to the regional government in the form of payroll taxes. Households consume some, trade some with households in the other region and give some up to the federal government as income tax. Firms and households bargain over wages and firms then choose employment to maximise profits. The resulting equilibrium will generally not be a full-employment one. We simulate a linearised numerical version of the model. We examine seven alternative policies, six carried out by a regional government and one by the federal government. In the first group there are traditional tax/expenditure polices as well as policies which might be seen as attacking the natural rate of unemployment: changes in unemployment benefits, changes in union power, changes in the labour force and changes in labour productivity. The federal government policy is a regionally-differentiated fiscal policy. Contrary to expectations, many policies which have traditionally been recommended to alleviate unemployment are found, in fact, to exacerbate the unemployment problem.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Groisman2008,
  title = {Distributive Effects during the Expansionary Phase in {{Argentina}} (2002-2007)},
  author = {Groisman, Fernando},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CEPAL REVIEW},
  number = {96},
  pages = {203--222},
  issn = {0251-2920},
  abstract = {This article analyses developments in the labour market and income distribution in Argentina between 2002 and 2007, using data from the Permanent Household Survey and econometric estimates. Following the 2001 crisis the employment situation improved in the aggregate and there was initially a marked decline in income concentration. This reduction later tailed off, however, apparently because of differences in the opportunities for different types of households to reap the benefits of growth. Members of resource-poor households had less chance of finding work and faced disadvantages in terms of pay and labour market participation. The isolation and social homogeneity of the neighbourhoods in which these households were located appear to have influenced the distributive outcome.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Argentina,Data analysis,Econometric models,Economic conditions,Economic indicators,Employment,Income,Income distribution,Social indicators}
}

@article{Gronlund2020,
  title = {Minding the {{Care Gap}}: {{Daycare Usage}} and the {{Negotiation}} of {{Work}}, {{Family}} and {{Gender Among Swedish Parents}}},
  author = {Gronlund, Anne and Oun, Ida},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {151},
  number = {1},
  pages = {259--280},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02366-z},
  abstract = {The article asks whether daycare can alleviate work-family tensions in the dual-earner society or if perceptions of \textbackslash textasciigravecare gaps' will hamper women's careers. Using survey data from Swedish parents with pre-school children (n approximate to 2250) and qualitative interviews of survey respondents (n = 40), we explore how children's daycare hours and parents' reflections on daycare hours are related to mothers' and fathers' involvement in paid and unpaid work and to their perceptions of stress. The results show that parents have a strong ambition to limit daycare hours. This ambition provides a stressful dilemma for mothers but for fathers, daycare is not a source of stress. Maternal part-time work is an important tool for managing daycare hours, but collides with ideals of gender equality. Full-time work can be combined with short daycare hours, provided that the parents take shifts in the home and share care responsibilities. Sharing of care work also reduces mothers' stress. However, such arrangements require flexible schedules which are more available to parents in high-skill jobs. Single parents have little opportunity to keep daycare hours short.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Daycare,Family policy,Flexible schedules,Gender,Parenthood,Part-time}
}

@article{Groshen2021,
  title = {Labor {{Market Trends}} and {{Outcomes}}: {{What Has Changed}} since the {{Great Recession}}?},
  author = {Groshen, Erica L. and Holzer, Harry J.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {695},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {49--69},
  issn = {0002-7162},
  doi = {10.1177/00027162211022326},
  abstract = {This article describes 40 years of trends in wages and labor force participation for the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveworking class\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace-workers with a high school education or less-compared to workers with a college degree or more. We compare cyclical peaks over the entire period 1979 to 2019, with particular focus on the Great Recession (2007-2010) and recovery (2010-2019). We also present results by gender and race. We find real wage growth for all workers in the recovery from the Great Recession, but not enough to change the long-term trends of growing inequality and stagnant wages for the less educated. We also find that labor force participation continued to decline for the less educated, even during the recovery. Gaps between whites and Blacks grew, while Hispanics and Asians made more progress than Blacks. We consider various explanations for these findings and show that the early effects of the 2020 to 2021 pandemic recession hurt less-educated workers and those of color more than anyone else.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Great Recession,participation,wages,working class}
}

@article{Groton2021,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveI}}'ve {{Been Through It}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Assessing Employment Barriers}} among {{Unaccompanied Women Experiencing Homelessness}}},
  author = {Groton, Danielle and Radey, Melissa},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH},
  volume = {45},
  number = {2},
  pages = {88--100},
  issn = {1070-5309},
  doi = {10.1093/swr/svab003},
  abstract = {Women represent a growing segment of the homeless population; however, little work has examined employment among an important segment of this population: women unaccompanied by children. This study addressed the following research questions: Which common employment barriers (that is, physical health, mental health, substance abuse, or domestic violence) influence employment of unaccompanied women experiencing homelessness? How do these barriers influence the employment experiences of the women? The authors analyzed a cross-sectional sample of unaccompanied women in one community's homeless management information system (n = 1,331). Then they completed semistructured interviews (n = 20) with a subsample of these women. Logistic regression analyses indicated that no employment barrier significantly related to current employment status. Interview data indicated that women perceived physical and mental health issues as barriers to full-time employment. Women reported a struggle to maintain housing even when they had employment. Integrated quantitative and qualitative analyses identified how agency data regarding barriers and employment may miss central barriers (for example, stigma, physical presentation) and employment engagement. Study findings provide support for programs that address housing and current barriers before other employment barriers, the importance of improving federal measures, and recommendations to strengthen agency-level data collection to inform program development and community-based research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers,employment,homelessness,unaccompanied women,women}
}

@article{Grotti2016,
  title = {Does Gender Equality Increase Economic Inequality? {{Evidence}} from Five Countries},
  author = {Grotti, Raffaele and Scherer, Stefani},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {13--26},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2016.06.001},
  abstract = {Men and women have become increasingly similar in their education, employment and earnings over recent decades. It has been argued that these changes have implications for economic inequality, not least because couples tend to be formed by persons with similar traits. Given the family's role in pooling and redistributing resources, increased equality within households may lead to the accumulation of either favorable or unfavorable situations. This has been expected to increase inequality between households. We investigate the extent to which the increased similarity in partners' employment participation and earnings can account for changes in income inequality. We use LIS data for Denmark, Germany, Italy, the UK and the US from the mid-19805 to the mid-2000s and employ decomposition techniques of the Theil index. We enrich the existing literature by providing internationally comparative evidence for a long time period up to more recent dates, and propose an innovative method to account for effects of employment and earnings similarity independently from changes in the overall earnings distribution. In contrast to the expectations, we show that an increased similarity among partners does not augment inequality to a relevant degree, and that the inflow of women in employment contributed to reducing inequality among households rather than augmenting it. Observed increases in inequality are instead driven by the increased polarization between high- and low-income families and by changes in the income dispersion within family types, suggesting that important social stratifiers are at work other than gender. Despite key institutional differences, this holds true for all five countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Assortative mating,Earnings' similarity,Gender equality,Household change,Income inequality,Labor market participation}
}

@article{Gruen2002,
  title = {Dual Job Holding Practitioners in {{Bangladesh}}: An Exploration},
  author = {Gruen, R and Anwar, R and Begum, T and Killingsworth, {\relax JR} and Normand, C},
  year = {2002},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {54},
  number = {2},
  pages = {267--279},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00026-0},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the system of financial and non-financial incentives underlying job preferences of doctors in Bangladesh who work both in government health services and in private practice. The study is based on a survey of 100 government-employed doctors with private practice, across different levels of care and geographical areas. In-depth interviews were carried out in a sub-sample of 28 respondents. The study explores the beliefs and attitudes towards the arrangements of joint private/public practice, establishes profiles of fee levels and earnings and examines the options to change the incentive system in a way that ensures an increased involvement of dual job holding practitioners in the priority areas of care. Consultation fees were Tk120 on average (range Tk20-300) and found to be correlated with the qualification of the practice owner and the type of service offered. A majority of the respondents reported at least to double their government income by engaging in private practice. Significant predictors of total income included the number of patients seen in private practice (p = 0.000), employment in a secondary or tertiary care facility (p = 0.001) and ownership of premises for private practice (p = 0.033). Age was found to be marginally significant (p = 0.084). No association was found between total income and specialisation, private practice costs, level of government salary or a degree from abroad. The data suggest that doctors have adopted individual strategies to accommodate the advantages of both government employment and private practice in their career development, thus maximising benefit from the incentives provided to them e.g. status of a government job, and minimising opportunity costs of economic losses e.g. lower salaries. Commitment to government services was found to be greater among doctors in primary health care who reported they would give up private practice if paid a higher salary. Among doctors in secondary and tertiary care, the propensity to give up private practice was found to be low. Financial incentives that aim to increase numbers of doctors in rural areas, such as a non-private-practice allowance, are more likely to be appreciated by doctors who are at the beginning of their career. Improved training and career opportunities also appear to be of high importance for job satisfaction. Policy changes to ensure a better resource allocation to the priority areas of the health sector have to reflect an understanding of the incentives generated by the organisational and financial context within which dual job holding practitioners operate. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bangladesh,health economics,human resource development,incentives}
}

@article{Grueneberg2021,
  title = {Challenges in the {{Provision}} of {{Pediatric Palliative Care}} in {{Mexico}}: {{A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey}}},
  author = {Grueneberg, Elena Solveig and {Ramos-Guerrero}, Jorge and Pastrana, Tania},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE CARE},
  issn = {0825-8597},
  doi = {10.1177/08258597211062767},
  abstract = {Objective: An enormous need for pediatric palliative care (PPC) has been reported, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the access to PPC is limited. This study identifies the current challenges in the provision of PPC and their severity from the perspective of healthcare professionals. Method: We conducted a web-based descriptive cross-sectional survey among healthcare professionals treating children in need of palliative care in Mexico in 2019. We used convenience sampling and snowball sampling to acquire participants. Results: Seventy healthcare professionals from Mexico participated. Participants were 64.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% female, on average 45.8 (SD = 10.9) years old, had an average of 15.84 (SD = 10.4) years of work experience and worked in 15 states. The three most severe barriers reported were: (1) Few teams and/or networks of out-of-hospital/domestic support; (2) Absence of training centres and continuing medical/paramedical education in PPC; and (3) Lack of legal, labor, and economic protection for parents who must stop working to be with their children. The barriers related to a lack of awareness and commitment, a lack of support, legal factors, and working conditions were rated highest. Participants considered increased awareness and better knowledge of PPC for all as the top priority, and particularly emphasized the need for better education and training of health professionals. Conclusion: We have identified several barriers to successful palliative care (PC) provision for children. Primarily, these are lack of awareness and commitment, especially of the health authorities and the medical professions, lack of personal and financial support, legal factors, and working conditions. The need to change and improve care exists at the policy level, the health professional level, and the public societal level.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescent,barrier,challenge,children,health services accessibility,Mexico,pediatric palliative care}
}

@article{Gruson-Wood2023,
  title = {The Problem of Heteronormativity in Family-Based Health Promotion: Centring Gender Transformation in {{Ontario}}, {{Canada}}},
  author = {{Gruson-Wood}, Julia and Haines, Jess and Rice, Carla and Chapman, Gwen E.},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE},
  volume = {114},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {659--670},
  issn = {0008-4263},
  doi = {10.17269/s41997-023-00760-x},
  abstract = {ObjectivesSocial scientists have demonstrated that family health work is interlinked with heteronormative gender inequities. Yet family-based public health interventions rarely incorporate a gender transformative approach or address heteronormativity as a potential health barrier in North America. Instead, attention to gender surfaces primarily in family health interventions conducted in low- to middle-income countries with majority Black and racialized populations. The objective of this article is to establish the importance of designing health interventions that account for heteronormative relations in Ontarian families by drawing on empirical data from the Guelph Family Health Study (GFHS).MethodsWe draw on data (February-October 2019) from (1) semi-structured interviews with 20 families and with 4 health educators facilitating the GFHS home visits and (2) observational data of 11 GFHS home visits and 1 health educator training day. Informed by gender transformation theory, data were analyzed and coded to understand the impact of gender, sexuality, and place in family health interventions.ResultsPre-existing heteronormative parenting relations were reinforced through GFHS participation: the GFHS was mother-led, increasing some mothers' stress levels. Fathers tended to consider paid work a justification for disengaging from the GFHS, and their detachment sometimes obstructed mothers' intervention efforts. Health educators (all women) were caught in these relations, feeling like because of their gender, they were viewed by parents as confidants and marriage counsellors.ConclusionFindings emphasize the need for expanding the epistemic and methodological approaches to family-based health interventions, changing the demographic and geographic emphasis within the field, and designing interventions that focus on societal-level changes. Heterosexuality has not been analyzed as a risk factor within the public health field, but our findings indicate the need for further study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,Colonialism,Family-based health intervention,Gender transformation,Heteronormativity,Heterosexuality}
}

@article{GrzywaczII2018,
  title = {Racial {{Disparities}} and {{Factors Affecting Michigan Colorectal Cancer Screening}}},
  author = {Grzywacz II, Vincent and Hussain, Nasir and Ragina, Neli},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {901--906},
  issn = {2197-3792},
  doi = {10.1007/s40615-017-0438-x},
  abstract = {Introduction The objective of this study was to investigate the various factors that influence colorectal cancer screening in Michigan using 6091 participants in the Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System representing adults {$>$}= 50 years old. Methods Screening for colorectal cancer was assessed as fecal occult blood testing or colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy. Full models simultaneously adjusted for alcohol use, angina/coronary heart disease, stroke, heart attack, gender, income, marital status, race, age, diabetes, disability, exercise, health care coverage, health care access, smoking, and mental health. Data analysis included cross-tabulation and logistic regression modeling. Results Minorities were 1.3 (unadjusted odds ratio; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval = 1.03-1.57) times more likely to never have a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy than non-Hispanic whites. Race/ethnicity was not significant in the full model, but adults with the following characteristics were significantly (p {$<$} 0.05) more likely to never have a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy: no personal doctor/health care provider, no health care coverage, light alcohol consumption {$<$}= 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of days, no alcohol consumption, low income {$<$} \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15,000, 50-64 years old, no diabetes, no activity limitation, no exercise, smoked daily, and smoked some days. Conclusion The racial disparity in colorectal cancer screening in Michigan was explained by other characteristics. The healthcare community can work to eliminate racial disparities in colorectal cancer screening by increasing screening efforts for individuals with these characteristics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer screening,Colonoscopy,Colorectal cancer,Disease prevention,Health policy,Racial disparities}
}

@article{Guadagnolo2017,
  title = {Cancer {{Care Access}} and {{Outcomes}} for {{American Indian Populations}} in the {{United States}}: {{Challenges}} and {{Models}} for {{Progress}}},
  author = {Guadagnolo, B. Ashleigh and Petereit, Daniel G. and Coleman, C. Norman},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SEMINARS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {143--149},
  issn = {1053-4296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.11.006},
  abstract = {Low socioeconomic and health care access realities of being American Indian/Alaskan Native (Al/AN) in the United States combined with decades of data documenting poor cancer outcomes for-this population provide a population nested within the United States that is analogous to the cancer care landscape of low- and middle-income countries internationally. We reviewed the medical literature with respect to cancer prevention, access to cancer treatment, and access to effective supportive and palliative care for Al/AN populations in the United States. Research confirms poorer cancer outcomes, suboptimal cancer screening, and high-risk cancer behaviors among Al/AN communities. Al/AN cancer patients are less likely to undergo recommended cancer surgeries, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation therapy than their White counterparts. Studies including both rural and urban survivors with Al cancer revealed barriers to receipt of optimal cancer symptom management and proportionally lower hospice use among Al/AN populations. Culturally tailored programs in targeted communities have been shown to mitigate the observed cancer-related health disparities among Al/AN communities. There is still much work to be done to improve cancer-related health outcomes in Al/AN communities, and the goals of the providers serving them corresponds with those propelling the growing interest in global oncology equity. Policy work and more funding are needed to continue to build upon the work that the Indian Health Service and established cancer-related health programs have begun in Al/AN communities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Guan2017,
  title = {Should the Poor Have No Medicines to Cure? {{A}} Study on the Association between Social Class and Social Security among the Rural Migrant Workers in Urban {{China}}},
  author = {Guan, Ming},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {1475-9276},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-017-0692-x},
  abstract = {Background: The rampant urbanization and medical marketization in China have resulted in increased vulnerabilities to health and socioeconomic disparities among the rural migrant workers in urban China. In the Chinese context, the socioeconomic characteristics of rural migrant workers have attracted considerable research attention in the recent past years. However, to date, no previous studies have explored the association between the socioeconomic factors and social security among the rural migrant workers in urban China. This study aims to explore the association between socioeconomic inequity and social security inequity and the subsequent associations with medical inequity and reimbursement rejection. Methods: Data from a regionally representative sample of 2009 Survey of Migrant Workers in Pearl River Delta in China were used for analyses. Multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze the impacts of socioeconomic factors on the eight dimensions of social security (sick pay, paid leave, maternity pay, medical insurance, pension insurance, occupational injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance) and the impacts of social security on medical reimbursement rejection. The zero-inflated negative binomial regression model (ZINB regression) was adopted to explore the relationship between socioeconomic factors and hospital visits among the rural migrant workers with social security. Results: The study population consisted of 848 rural migrant workers with high income who were young and middle-aged, low-educated, and covered by social security. Reimbursement rejection and abusive supervision for the rural migrant workers were observed. Logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant associations between socioeconomic factors and social security. ZINB regression showed that there were significant associations between socioeconomic factors and hospital visits among the rural migrant workers. Also, several dimensions of social security had significant associations with reimbursement rejections. Conclusions: This study showed that social security inequity, medical inequity, and reimbursement inequity happened to the rural migrant workers simultaneously. Future policy should strengthen health justice and enterprises' medical responsibilities to the employed rural migrant workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Medical inequity,Reimbursement rejection,Rural migrant workers,Social class,Social security inequity}
}

@article{Guglielmo2021,
  title = {Physical {{Activity Types}} and {{Programs Recommended}} by {{Primary Care Providers Treating Adults With Arthritis}}, {{DocStyles}} 2018},
  author = {Guglielmo, Dana and Theis, Kristina A. and Murphy, Louise B. and Boring, Michael A. and Helmick, Charles G. and Omura, John D. and Odom, Erica L. and Duca, Lindsey M. and Croft, Janet B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {1545-1151},
  doi = {10.5888/pcd18.210194},
  abstract = {Primary care providers (PCPs) can offer counseling to adults with arthritis on physical activity, which can reduce pain and improve physical function, mental health, and numerous other health outcomes. We analyzed cross-sectional 2018 DocStyles data for 1,366 PCPs who reported they always or sometimes recommend physical activity to adults with arthritis. Most PCPs sampled (88.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) recommended walking, swimming, or cycling; 65.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not recommend any evidence-based, arthritis-appropriate physical activity programs recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opportunities exist for public health awareness campaigns to educate PCPs about evidence-based physical activity programs proven to optimize health for adults with arthritis when more than counseling is needed. Objective Physical activity is recommended for adults with all types of arthritis because it can reduce pain and improve physical functioning, mood, and quality of life (1,2). Professional organizations encourage health care professionals to counsel adults with arthritis on physical activity and recommend supervised programs when needed (3,4). Primary care providers (PCPs) frequently treat arthritis (5) and are instrumental in promoting physical activity. Although we previously found that 98.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PCPs always or sometimes recommend physical activity to adults with arthritis (6), the content of physical activity counseling may affect its effectiveness (3). Addressing patient concerns (eg, arthritis-specific physical activity barriers such as pain) warrants specific guidance and referrals to safe, supervised programs (3). To build on a previous study, we examined physical activity types and programs recommended among PCPs recommending physical activity to adults with any type of arthritis and compared distributions of characteristics of PCPs recommending programs versus PCPs unaware of them. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 2018 Porter Novelli Doc Styles (https://styles.porternovelli.com/docstyles), an online national market research survey assessing PCP attitudes, patient en counters, and use of medical information resources. Eligible Doc-Styles participants were family practitioners, internists, obstetri-cian/gynecologists, and nurse practitioners aged 21 or older, liv-ing and practicing in the US, practicing for at least 3 years, treat-ing at least 10 patients weekly, and working at an individual, group, or inpatient practice. From June through August 2018, Porter Novelli invited participants by email to complete the sur-vey from the Sermo Global Medical Panel (www.sermo.com), SurveyHealthcareGlobus (www.surveyhealthcareglobus.com), and WebMD (www.webmd.com). Target quotas (1,000 PCPs, 250 ob-stetricians/gynecologists, and 250 nurse practitioners) were met by inviting highly responsive participants (defined as completing {$>$}75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of any kind of survey \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracenot only DocStyles] in which they had been invited to participate) first from among those not parti-cipating in DocStyles 2017. Of 2,582 invited persons, 1,505 com-pleted the survey (response rate, 58.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and were compensated \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar55 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar77 based on number of questions asked. We excluded 116 PCPs not treating adults with arthritis and 23 never recommend-ing physical activity, which resulted in an analytic sample of 1,366. Additional survey details are available elsewhere (6). Al-though analyses were not subject to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) institutional review board, we followed all Council of American Survey Research Organizations guidelines, and the data set was deidentified. The 2018 DocStyles Survey included a module with questions about recommendations for CDC-recognized arthritis-appropriate physical activity programs (hereafter \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprograms\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) (7), which have an evidence base for addressing physical activity barriers (8). PCPs treating an average of at least 1 adult with arthritis weekly completed multiple choice questions about physical activity coun-seling for adults with arthritis, including physical activity types, programs recommended, and reasons for not recommending pro-grams. We calculated percentages for physical activity type and program variables overall (N = 1,366) and reasons for not recommending programs among PCPs not recommending programs (n = 895). To identify opportunities for promoting program awareness, we gen-erated distributions of PCP characteristics overall (N = 1,366) and for those recommending programs (n = 471) and unaware of pro-grams (n = 710). We generated percentages using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc); we performed chi 2 tests in Excel version 2008 (Microsoft Corp) to assess differences (significant at alpha = .05) between PCP groups. Results PCPs were commonly aged 50 or older (46.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 43.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-48.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), men (57.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 54.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-60.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), non-Hispanic White (67.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 64.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-69.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and working in a group outpatient practice (67.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 65.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-70.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) (Ta-ble). Most PCPs recommended walking, swimming, or cycling (88.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 86.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-89.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), stretching (63.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 61.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-66.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and physical therapy (60.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 58.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-63.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) (Figure). Programs were recommended less fre-quently than physical activity: 34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 471) of PCPs recom-mended 1 or more programs. The most commonly recommended programs were the Arthritis Foundation's Aquatic Program (18.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 16.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-20.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), the Arthritis Foundation's Exer-cise Program (14.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 12.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-16.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and Walk With Ease (13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 12.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-15.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) (Figure). Most PCPs did not recommend any programs (65.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 63.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-68.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%); among this group (n = 895), the most commonly reported reasons were being unaware of them (n = 710; 79.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 76.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%-82.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%); programs were unavailable in their area (22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 19.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%-25.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), unaffordable for patients (12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 10.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-14.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), or inaccessible to patients (12.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 10.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-14.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and believing patients would not attend (10.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 8.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Guilding2020,
  title = {Designing and Evaluating an Interprofessional Education Conference Approach to Antimicrobial Education},
  author = {Guilding, Clare and Hardisty, Jessica and Randles, Elsa and Statham, Louise and Green, Alan and Bhudia, Roshni and Thandi, Charan Singh and Teodorczuk, Andrew and Scott, Lesley and Matthan, Joanna},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12909-020-02252-9},
  abstract = {Background Arguably, Medical School curricula are deficient in learning opportunities related to the safe and effective use of medicines, in particular antimicrobials. Infection management is complex and multidisciplinary, and learning opportunities should reflect these principles. Aligned to the complexity of the subject matter, simulation and interprofessional based teaching are methods that can foster the collaborative skills required of future healthcare professionals. There have been calls to develop these methods in the teaching of safe prescribing and the management of infections; however, reports of such studies are limited. Methods We developed an interprofessional education (IPE) conference for second year undergraduate medical and pharmacy students based in the North East of England. We considered contact theory in the design of three small group interprofessional workshops, on the broad themes of antimicrobial stewardship, infection management and patient safety. A mixed methods approach assessed students' attitudes towards IPE, barriers and facilitators of learning, and perceived learning gains. Qualitative data from workshop evaluation forms were analysed thematically, while quantitative data were analysed descriptively and differences between medical and pharmacy cohorts analysed using unpaired two-tailed t-tests. Results 226/352 students returned the workshop evaluation forms (66\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pharmacy students, 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% of medical students). 281/352 students responded to a series of Likert scale questions on the value of interprofessional education (88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pharmacy students, 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of medical students). Students reported acquisition of knowledge and skills, including concepts and procedures related to infection management and antimicrobial prescribing, and the development of problem-solving and critical evaluation skills. Students reflected on their attitude towards interprofessional collaboration. They reported a greater understanding of the roles of other healthcare professionals, reflected on the importance of effective communication in ensuring patient safety, and were more confident to work in interprofessional teams after the conference. Conclusions A robust IPE event, theoretically underpinned by contact theory and developed collaboratively, achieved interprofessional learning at scale and helped develop healthcare professionals willing to collaborate across disciplines. The resources, and evaluation insights based on the 3P (presage, process, and product) model of learning and teaching, will be of value to other educators who seek to develop theoretically-sound IPE interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antibiotics,Antimicrobial stewardship,Human errors,Interprofessional education,Interprofessional learning,IPE,Medicine,Pharmacy,Prescribing,Simulation}
}

@article{Gullett2022,
  title = {Employment {{Industry}} and {{Occupational Class}} in {{Relation}} to {{Serious Psychological Distress}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Gullett, Lauren R. and Alhasan, Dana M. and Jackson II, W. Braxton and Jackson, Chandra L.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {14},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph19148376},
  abstract = {Occupational characteristics may influence serious psychological distress (SPD) and contribute to health inequities; yet, few studies have examined multiple employment industries and occupational classes in a large, racially diverse sample of the United States. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, we investigated employment industry and occupational class in relation to SPD in the overall population and by race/ethnicity, gender, age, household income, and health status. We created eight employment industry categories: professional/administrative/management, agricultural/manufacturing/construction, retail trade, finance/information/real estate, educational services, health care/social assistance, accommodation/food services, and public administration/arts/other services. We also created three occupational class categories: professional/management, support services, and laborers. SPD was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and scores {$>$}= 13 indicated SPD. We adjusted for confounders and used Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs). Among the 245,038 participants, the mean age was 41.7 +/- 0.1 years, 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Non-Hispanic (NH)-White, and 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were categorized as having SPD. Compared to the professional/administrative/management industry, working in other industries (e.g., manufacturing/construction (PR = 0.82 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.70-0.95]) and educational services (PR = 0.79 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.66-0.94])) was associated with lower SPD. Working in support services and laborer versus professional/management positions were both associated with 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher prevalence of SPD (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.35; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.38, respectively). Furthermore, working in a support services or laborer versus professional/management position was associated with higher SPD in most employment industries. Industry-specific workplace interventions to equitably improve mental health are warranted.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic status,employment,mental health,occupational health,occupations,psychological distress,race factors}
}

@article{Gunasekara2013,
  title = {Income-Related Health Inequalities in Working Age Men and Women in {{Australia}} and {{New Zealand}}},
  author = {Gunasekara, Fiona Imlach and Carter, Kristie and McKenzie, Sarah},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {211--217},
  issn = {1326-0200},
  doi = {10.1111/1753-6405.12061},
  abstract = {Objective : To examine income-related inequalities in health in working age men and women in Australia and New Zealand. Methods : We used data from two longitudinal surveys, Wave 8 (2008) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey and Wave 7 (2008/2009) of the New Zealand Survey of Family Income and Employment (SoFIE). We compared concentration indices (a measure of income-related health inequality) that examined the distribution of general and mental health-related quality of life scores (from the SF-36) across income in working age (20-65 year old) men and women. Decomposition analyses of the concentration indices were done to identify the relative contribution of various determinants to the income-related health inequality. Results : General health (GH) scores generally decline with age, and mental health (MH) scores increase with age, in both surveys. Income-related health inequalities were present in both the HILDA and SoFIE samples, with better health in high income groups. Decomposition analyses found that income, area deprivation and being inactive in the labour force were major contributors to income-related health inequality, in both surveys, and for both health outcomes. Conclusions and implications : Despite some baseline differences in income-related health inequalities using Australian and New Zealand surveys, we found similar modifiable determinants, which could be targeted to improve health inequalities in both countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health inequalities,Household Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey,income,New Zealand Survey of Family Income and Employment (SoFIE),SF-36}
}

@article{Gupta2011,
  title = {Access to Non-Pecuniary Benefits: Does Gender Matter? {{Evidence}} from Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Gupta, Neeru and Alfano, Marco},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {1478-4491},
  doi = {10.1186/1478-4491-9-25},
  abstract = {Background: Gender issues remain a neglected area in most approaches to health workforce policy, planning and research. There is an accumulating body of evidence on gender differences in health workers' employment patterns and pay, but inequalities in access to non-pecuniary benefits between men and women have received little attention. This study investigates empirically whether gender differences can be observed in health workers' access to non-pecuniary benefits across six low-and middle-income countries. Methods: The analysis draws on cross-nationally comparable data from health facility surveys conducted in Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Jamaica, Mozambique, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. Probit regression models are used to investigate whether female and male physicians, nurses and midwives enjoy the same access to housing allowance, paid vacations, in-service training and other benefits, controlling for other individual and facility-level characteristics. Results: While the analysis did not uncover any consistent pattern of gender imbalance in access to non-monetary benefits, some important differences were revealed. Notably, female nursing and midwifery personnel (the majority of the sample) are found significantly less likely than their male counterparts to have accessed in-service training, identified not only as an incentive to attract and retain workers but also essential for strengthening workforce quality. Conclusion: This study sought to mainstream gender considerations by exploring and documenting sex differences in selected employment indicators across health labour markets. Strengthening the global evidence base about the extent to which gender is independently associated with health workforce performance requires improved generation and dissemination of sex-disaggregated data and research with particular attention to gender dimensions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gupta2014,
  title = {Challenges and {{Possible Solutions}} to {{Colorectal Cancer Screening}} for the {{Underserved}}},
  author = {Gupta, Samir and Sussman, Daniel A. and Doubeni, Chyke A. and Anderson, Daniel S. and Day, Lukejohn and Deshpande, Amar R. and Elmunzer, B. Joseph and Laiyemo, Adeyinka O. and Mendez, Jeanette and Somsouk, Ma and Allison, James and Bhuket, Taft and Geng, Zhuo and Green, Beverly B. and Itzkowitz, Steven H. and Martinez, Maria Elena},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JNCI-JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE},
  volume = {106},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0027-8874},
  doi = {10.1093/jnci/dju032},
  abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. CRC incidence and mortality can be reduced through screening. However, in the United States, screening participation remains suboptimal, particularly among underserved populations such as the uninsured, recent immigrants, and racial/ethnic minority groups. Increasing screening rates among underserved populations will reduce the US burden of CRC. In this commentary focusing on underserved populations, we highlight the public health impact of CRC screening, list key challenges to screening the underserved, and review promising approaches to boost screening rates. We identify four key policy and research priorities to increase screening among underserved populations: 1) actively promote the message, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe best test is the one that gets done\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace; 2) develop and implement methods to identify unscreened individuals within underserved population groups for screening interventions; 3) develop and implement approaches for organized screening delivery; and 4) fund and enhance programs and policies that provide access to screening, diagnostic follow-up, and CRC treatment for underserved populations. This commentary represents the consensus of a diverse group of experts in cancer control and prevention, epidemiology, gastroenterology, and primary care from across the country who formed the Coalition to Boost Screening among the Underserved in the United States. The group was organized and held its first annual working group meeting in conjunction with the World Endoscopy Organization's annual Colorectal Cancer Screening Committee meeting during Digestive Disease Week 2012 in San Diego, California.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gupta2022,
  title = {Mental Health Review Board under the {{Mental Health Care Act}} (2017), {{India}}: {{A}} Critique and Learning from Review Boards of Other Nations},
  author = {Gupta, Snehil and Misra, Maitreyi and Gill, Neeraj},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {81},
  issn = {0160-2527},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101774},
  abstract = {The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 (MHCA) of India is a landmark and welcome step towards centering persons with mental illness (PwMI) and recognizing their rights concerning their treatment and care decisions and ensuring the availability of mental healthcare services. As mentioned in its preamble, the Act is a step towards aligning India's laws or mental health (MH) policy with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which India ratified in 2007. Amidst several positives, the implementation of the Act has been marred by certain practical issues which are partly attributed to the inherent conceptual limitations.Countries across the globe, both High Income-and Low-and Middle-Income Countries, have enacted legislation to ensure that the rights of treatment and care of PwMI are respected, protected, and fulfilled. They have also provisioned quasi-judicial bodies (Mental Health Review Boards MHRBs/tribunals) for ensuring these rights. However, their structure and function vary.This paper compares the constitution and functioning of review boards across different countries and intends to provide future directions for the effective implementation and functioning of the MHRB under India's MHCA.This review found that effective implementation of the MHRB under MHCA is compromised by an ambitious, six-membered, constitution of the MHRB, lack of clarity about the realistic combination of the quorum to adjudicate decisions, inadequate human and financial resources, and an overstretched area of functioning.Although MHRB has been envisaged as a quasi-judicial authority to ensure the rights of PwMI, it needs to be made more pragmatic. The size and composition of the MHRB currently envisaged is likely to be a barrier in the establishment of the MHRB as well as its functioning. A smaller composition (3-5 membered) involving one psychiatrist, one judicial/legal member, and at least one PwMI or member from civil society having lived experience of working with PwMI or caregiver, could be a more pragmatic approach. The passing of this law also necessitates increasing the overall health budget, especially the mental health budget with funds earmarked specifically for the implementation of the law, which necessarily includes setting up the MHRB. An evaluation of the implementation of the MHRB, including its determinants, would be a useful step in this direction.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {India,Mental health care act,Mental health legislation,Psychiatry,Review board,Tribunal}
}

@article{Gupta2023,
  title = {Hearing Disability and Employment: A Population-Based Analysis Using the 2017 {{Canadian}} Survey on Disability},
  author = {Gupta, Shikha and Jaiswal, Atul and Sukhai, Mahadeo and Wittich, Walter},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {45},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1836--1846},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2076938},
  abstract = {Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of hearing disability on employment rates; examine how various factors are associated with employment; and identify workplace accommodations available to persons with hearing disabilities in Canada. Material and methods: A population-based analysis was done using the data collected through the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability (CSD), representing 6 million (n = 6 246 640) Canadians. A subset of the complete dataset was created focusing on individuals with a hearing disability (n = 1 334 520). Weighted descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: In 2017, the employment rates for working-age adults with a hearing disability were 55\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Excellent general health status (OR: 3.37; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 2.29-4.96) and daily use of the internet (OR: 2.70; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.78-4.10) had the highest positive effect on the employment rates. The top three needed but least available accommodations were communication aids (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%), technical aids (19\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and accessible parking/elevator (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion: Employment rates for persons with a hearing disability are lower than the general population in Canada. Employment outcomes are closely associated with one's general health and digital skills. Lack of certain workplace accommodations may disadvantage individuals with a hearing disability in their employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessible Canada Act,Canadian Survey on Disability,employment,Employment Equity Act,Hearing disability,hearing impairment,labour force participation,workplace accommodations,workplace inclusion}
}

@article{Gurantz2022,
  title = {Impacts of {{State Aid}} for {{Nontraditional Students}} on {{Educational}} and {{Labor Market Outcomes}}},
  author = {Gurantz, Oded},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {241--271},
  issn = {0022-166X},
  doi = {10.3368/jhr.57.1.0618-9570R2},
  abstract = {Up to three-fourths of college students can be classified as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenontraditional,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace yet whether typical policy interventions improve their education and labor market outcomes is understudied. I use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the impacts of a state financial aid program aimed towards nontraditional students. Eligibility has no impacts on degree completion for students intending to enroll in community colleges or four-year colleges but increases bachelor's degrees for students interested in large, for-profit colleges by four percentage points. I find no impacts on employment or earnings for all applicants. This research highlights challenges in promoting human capital investment for adults.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Guzman2017,
  title = {Assessing Equity in Transport Accessibility to Work and Study: {{The Bogota}} Region},
  author = {Guzman, Luis A. and Oviedo, Daniel and Rivera, Carlos},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {236--246},
  issn = {0966-6923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.016},
  abstract = {This research was aimed at exploring levels of equity in accessibility to employment and education in the city-region of Bogota, Colombia's capital city. Building on consolidated methodologies for the assessment of potential accessibility, we estimate accessibility indicators at the zone level, evaluate how potential accessibility varies among income groups, and present evidence related to transport mode, in order to analyze social and spatial inequalities produced by the distribution of accessibility to employment and education activities. The research incorporates a method to evaluate how accessibility varies among zones according to average income and mode of transport in order to produce evidence-based arguments that can inform transport policy in the city-region of Bogota, and other similar contexts in the Global South. Our results show strong distributional effects of the socio-spatial and economic structure of the city-region, its transport infrastructure and services, and the effect of current transport and land-use policies for citizens of different income groups. The tools and empirical evidence in this research seek to contribute to informed policy development in Latin America and other developing contexts, and feeding current debates on the role of accessibility in addressing social and spatial inequalities stemming from urban mobility. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access inequalities,Bogota,Commuting access,Potential accessibility}
}

@article{Habib2023,
  title = {Remittances and {{Labor Supply}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Tunisia}}},
  author = {Habib, Hajer},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1870--1899},
  issn = {1868-7865},
  doi = {10.1007/s13132-022-00952-9},
  abstract = {The objective is to present our contribution to the theoretical literature through a simple theoretical model dealing with the effect of remittances on the labor market of the origin countries and on the other hand to test this relationship empirically in the case of Tunisia. The methodology used consists of estimating a panel of the nine main destinations of the Tunisian migrants in Europe between 1997 and 2017. The empirical results show that the main factors explaining the decision to emigrate are the economic factors related mainly to the income differential, the demographic factors related to the differential age structure of the origin and host populations, and the cultural factors linked basically to the language mastery. Indeed, the migrant stocks are one of the main determinants of the remittances to Tunisia. But there are other variables that do not lack importance such as the economic conditions linked by the host countries. This shows that Tunisian migrants react more to economic conditions in European countries than in Tunisia. The economic situation of European countries dominates the number of emigrants as an explanatory factor for the amount of transfers from Tunisian emigrants. Similarly, the results confirm that an increase in remittances significantly reduces the demand for employment and therefore increases the unemployment rate. This positive correlation reveals that the impact of demographic changes on the effect of remittances occurs through an increase in unemployment due to the aging of the population, which coincides with the case of Tunisia going through a demographic transition period.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Demographic changes,International migration,Labor market participation,Remittances,Tunisia}
}

@article{Hada2020,
  title = {Gender Mainstreaming in the {{Nepalese}} Rural Transport Sector: Working towards Transformative Change},
  author = {Hada, Jun Dongol},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-TRANSPORT},
  volume = {173},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97--106},
  issn = {0965-092X},
  doi = {10.1680/jtran.18.00177},
  abstract = {Nepal is progressive in mainstreaming gender equality and social inclusion in the rural transport sector. Research studies were conducted using qualitative methods to assess the extent to which people living within the zone of influence of road and bridge projects have benefitted in two rural districts, namely, Ramechhap and Okhaldhunga. The projects in these districts were successful in meeting the quantitative targets. The project's targeting approach to provide employment to women and disadvantaged groups in construction projects had very positive impacts on their livelihoods. With increased incomes, people could send their children to schools, add wealth and start small businesses. However, heavy domestic duties constrain women's potential to participate fully in road/bridge construction. (For full participation, a worker is expected to work in road/bridge construction for 90 days in a year; the wages earned would fulfil their food sufficiency for a year for an economically poor family.) Project quotas for women in user committees have increased their representation, but they are hardly influencing decisions. Participation in training is at times constrained by factors such as women's domestic duties and distance to training venues. These wider issues need more attention in accommodating the specific needs, constraints and vulnerabilities of women to bring genuine transformations in the lives of women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bridges,roads \textbackslash textbackslash\& highways,social impact}
}

@article{Hafiz2020,
  title = {Labor {{Antitrust}}'s {{Paradox}}},
  author = {Hafiz, Hiba},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW},
  volume = {87},
  number = {2},
  pages = {381--411},
  issn = {0041-9494},
  abstract = {Growing inequality, the decline in labor's share of national income, and increasing evidence of labor-market concentration and employer buyer power are all subjects of national attention, eliciting wide-ranging proposals for legal reform. Many proposals hinge on labor-market fixes and empowering workers within and beyond existing work law or through tax-and-transfer schemes. But a recent surge of interest focuses on applying antitrust law in labor markets, or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelabor antitrust.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace These proposals call for more aggressive enforcement by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as well as stronger legal remedies for employer collusion and unlawful monopsony that suppresses workers' wages. The turn to labor antitrust is driven in part by congressional gridlock and the collapse of labor law as a dominant source of labor market regulation, inviting regulation through other means. Labor antitrust promises an effective attack because agency discretion and judicial enforcement can police labor markets without substantial amendments to existing law, bypassing the current impasse in Congress. Further, unlike labor and employment law, labor antitrust is uniquely positioned to challenge industry-wide wage suppression: suing multiple employers is increasingly challenging in work law as a statutory, doctrinal, and procedural matter. But current labor-antitrust proposals, while fruitful, are fundamentally limited in two ways. First, echoing a broader antitrust policy crisis, they inherit and reinvigorate debates about the current consumer welfare goal of antitrust. The proposals ignore that, as a theoretical and practical matter, employers' anticompetitive conduct in labor markets does not necessarily harm consumers. As a result, workers' labor-antitrust challenges will face an uphill battle under current law: when consumers are not harmed, labor antitrust can neither effectively police employer buyer power nor fill gaps in labor market regulation left by a retreating labor law. Second, the proposals ignore real synergies between antitrust enforcement and labor regulation that could preempt the rise of employer buyer power and contain its exercise. This Essay analyzes the limitations of current labor-antitrust proposals and argues for \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveregulatory sharing\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace between antitrust and labor law to combat the adverse effects of employer buyer power. It makes three key contributions. First, it frames the new labor antitrust as disrupting a grand regulatory bargain, reinforced by the Chicago School, that separated labor and antitrust regulation to resolve a perceived paradox in serving two masters: workers and consumers. The dominance of the consumer welfare standard resolved that paradox. Second, it explains how scholarly attempts to invigorate labor antitrust fail to overcome this paradox and ignore theoretical and doctrinal roadblocks to maximizing both worker and consumer welfare, leaving worker-plaintiffs vulnerable to failure. Third, it proposes a novel restructuring of labor market regulation that integrates antitrust and labor law enforcement to achieve coherent and effective regulation of employer buyer power. It refocuses labor-antitrust claims on consumer welfare ends. In doing so, it also relegates worker welfare considerations to a labor law supplemented and fortified by the creation of substantive presumptions and defenses triggered by labor-antitrust findings as well as labor agency involvement in merger review.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hahn2022,
  title = {Sex {{Disparities}} in {{Re-Employment}} in {{Stroke Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy}}},
  author = {Hahn, Marianne and Groeschel, Sonja and Hayani, Eyad and Brockmann, Marc A. and Muthuraman, Muthuraman and Groeschel, Klaus and Uphaus, Timo and Tr, German Stroke Registry Endovasc},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {STROKE},
  volume = {53},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2528--2537},
  issn = {0039-2499},
  doi = {10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037386},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Strokes in the working-age population represent a relevant share of ischemic strokes and re-employment is a major factor for well-being in these patients. Income differences by sex have been suspected a barrier for women in returning to paid work following ischemic stroke. We aim to identify predictors of (not) returning to paid work in patients with large vessel occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) to identify potential areas of targeted vocational rehabilitation. METHODS: From 6635 patients enrolled in the German Stroke Registry Endovascular Treatment between 2015 and 2019, data of 606 patients of the working population who survived large vessel occlusion at least 90 days past MT were compared based on employment status at day 90 follow-up. Univariate analysis, multiple logistic regression and analyses of area under the curve were performed to identify predictors of re-employment. RESULTS: We report 35.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients being re-employed 3 months following MT (median age 54.0 years; 36.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of men, 34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceP=0.722]). We identified independent negative predictors against re-employment being female sex (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 0.427 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.229-0.794]; P=0.007), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 24 hours after MT (OR, 0.775 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.705-0.852]; P{$<$}0.001), large vessel occlusion due to large-artery atherosclerosis (OR, 0.558 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.312-0.997]; P=0.049) and longer hospital stay (OR, 0.930 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.868-0.998]; P=0.043). Positive predictors favoring re-employment were excellent functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1) at 90 day follow-up (OR, 11.335 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 4.864-26.415]; P{$<$}.001) and combined treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (OR, 1.904 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.046-3.466]; P=0.035). Multiple regression modeling increased predictive power of re-employment status significantly over prediction by best single functional outcome parameter (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 24 hours after MT {$<$}= 5; R-2: 0.582 versus 0.432; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.887 versus 0.835, P{$<$}0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is more to re-employment after MT than functional outcome alone. In particular, attention should be paid to possible systemic barriers deterring women from resuming paid work.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Haines2009,
  title = {Developing the {{Nurse Practitioner}} Role in a Rural {{Australian}} Hospital - a {{Delphi}} Study of Practice Opportunities, Barriers and Enablers},
  author = {Haines, Helen M. and Critchley, Jennifer},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {30--36},
  issn = {0813-0531},
  abstract = {Objectives To gain a consensus view of potential roles for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in a rural Australian hospital and identify the barriers and enablers in their development and implementation. Design A three round Delphi study. Setting A rural hospital. Participants Twenty eight nurses, five doctors, four consumers, two health service managers, two allied health practitioners, one midwife, three community workers, two administrators and three others with hospital affiliation. Main Outcome Measures Consensus at 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% level of agreement or greater, identifying service gaps which might benefit from NPs and the barriers and enablers impacting on the success of developing and implementing the role. Results Introduce mental health, aged and critical care NPs initially. Barriers and enablers identified as impacting on the development and implementation of the role were: Educational access for isolated rural nurses local cohort learning with employment contracts encompassing fee assistance and designated study time. Acceptance from doctors - supported role provided the proposed service is sustainable. Small teams of NPs would achieve this. Inappropriate Recruitment - NP role matching service need, not individual. Policy and Funding Constraints - clients are best served by NPs working across the care continuum. Co funding by acute and community providers could overcome the current constraints of commonwealth/state payment. Conclusion In developing and implementing NP roles at a rural health service the issues of access to tertiary education, creating a sustainable number of NP positions and financial cooperation from community and acute providers must be taken into account. Only then can nurses who wish to take on this NP role in a rural health service have the possibility of success.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delphi study,Nurse Practitioners,rural}
}

@article{Hajizadeh2015,
  title = {Paid Maternity Leave and Childhood Vaccination Uptake: {{Longitudinal}} Evidence from 20 Low-and-Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Hajizadeh, Mohammad and Heymann, Jody and Strumpf, Erin and Harper, Sam and Nandi, Arijit},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {140},
  pages = {104--117},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.008},
  abstract = {The availability of maternity leave might remove barriers to improved vaccination coverage by increasing the likelihood that parents are available to bring a child to the clinic for immunizations. Using information from 20 low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) we estimated the effect of paid maternity leave policies on childhood vaccination uptake. We used birth history data collected via Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to assemble a multilevel panel of 258,769 live births in 20 countries from 2001 to 2008; these data were merged with longitudinal information on the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) weeks of paid maternity leave guaranteed by each country. We used Logistic regression models that included country and year fixed effects to estimate the impact of increases in FTE paid maternity leave policies in the prior year on the receipt of the following vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) commonly given at birth, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP, 3 doses) commonly given in clinic visits and Polio (3 doses) given in clinic visits or as part of campaigns. We found that extending the duration of paid maternity leave had a positive effect on immunization rates for all three doses of the DTP vaccine; each additional FTE week of paid maternity leave increased DTP1, 2 and 3 coverage by 1.38 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.18, 1.57), 1.62 (CI = 1.34, 1.91) and 2.17 (CI = 1.76, 2.58) percentage points, respectively. Estimates were robust to adjustment for birth characteristics, household-level covariates, attendance of skilled health personnel at birth and time-varying country-level covariates. We found no evidence for an effect of maternity leave on the probability of receiving vaccinations for BCG or Polio after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariates. Our findings were consistent with the hypothesis that more generous paid leave policies have the potential to improve DTP immunization coverage. Further work is needed to understand the health effects of paid leave policies in LMICs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childhood vaccination,Low-and-middle-income countries,Maternity leave}
}

@article{Hajizadeh2018,
  title = {Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Lengthy Wait Time in {{Canada}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Canadian Community Health Surveys}}},
  author = {Hajizadeh, Mohammad},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {369--383},
  issn = {1618-7598},
  doi = {10.1007/s10198-017-0889-3},
  abstract = {Reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers is a primary objective of the Canadian health system. Notwithstanding such concern about accessibility of services, long waiting times for health services have been a prominent health policy issue in recent years. Using pooled data from four nationally representative Canadian Community Health Surveys (CCHSs, 2000/01, 2003, 2005 and 2010; n = 266,962) we examine socioeconomic inequality in lengthy wait time (LWT) to health care among adults (aged 18-65) in Canada. The relative and absolute concentration indices (RC and AC, respectively) are used to quantify income-related inequality in LWT in Canada and for its provinces. Additionally, we decompose the RC and AC indices to identify factors affecting income-related inequality in LWT. Our descriptive results show that, on average, 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Canadian adults experienced LWT to access health services in the past 12 months. While 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the residents of British Columbia and Saskatchewan reported LWT to access health care services, this figure was 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Quebec. Our findings also demonstrated that LWT was mainly concentrated among the poor in Canada \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceRC = -0.039; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) -0.049 to -0.028 and AC = -0.067; CI -0.086 to -0.049]. The RC and AC suggested statistically significant pro-rich inequality of LWT in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Decomposition analyses indicate that, besides income itself, health status (measured by a set of 15 chronic condition indicators), immigration status and geographical factors were the most important factors contributing to the concentration of LWT among the poor in Canada. These results provide some evidence that low-income individuals tend to have lengthier wait times for publicly-funded health care in Canada in comparison to their high-income counterparts. The observed negative gradient between income and long waiting time may be interpreted as evidence of socioeconomic inequity within Canadian health care system. Thus, further work is required to understand the mechanisms explaining the concentration of long wait time among the poor in Canada.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Absolute and relative inequalities,Canada,Decomposition,Socioeconomic status,Wait time}
}

@article{Haley-Lock2007,
  title = {Protecting Vulnerable Workers: {{How}} Public Policy and Private Employers Shape the Contemporary Low-Wage Work Experience},
  author = {{Haley-Lock}, Anna and Shah, Melissa Ford},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  journal = {FAMILIES IN SOCIETY-THE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SERVICES},
  volume = {88},
  number = {3},
  pages = {485--495},
  issn = {1044-3894},
  doi = {10.1606/1044-3894.3659},
  abstract = {This paper presents a conceptual approach to understanding how government and private employers shape the employment experiences of contemporary low-wage workers. After reviewing recent changes in employment conditions that have disproportionately affected poor working families, we present two perspectives on the structural vulnerability for low-wage workers: policy and organizational stratification. The stratification approach suggests that public policy and private workplace practices interact with workers' personal and family circumstances to shape the outcomes of low-wage employment. Applying these lenses to restaurant workers, we examine why and how some workers may be uniquely disadvantaged by emerging proposals to change minimum wage laws. Promising directions for intervention are also discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/D9T7GRN9/Haley-Lock_Shah_2007_Protecting vulnerable workers.pdf}
}

@article{Hall2013,
  title = {Employment as a Health Determinant for Working-Age, Dually-Eligible People with Disabilities},
  author = {Hall, Jean P. and Kurth, Noelle K. and Hunt, Suzanne L.},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {100--106},
  issn = {1936-6574},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2012.11.001},
  abstract = {Background: Individuals with disabilities are a health disparity population with high rates of risk factors, lower overall health status, and greater health care costs. The interacting effect of employment, health and disability has not been reported in the research. Objective: This study examined the relationship of employment to health and quality of life among people with disabilities. Methods: Self-reported survey data and secondary claims data analyses of 810 Kansans ages 18-64 with disabilities who were dually-eligible for Medicare and Medicaid; 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% were employed, with 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% working less than 40 hours per week. Statistical analyses included ANOVA for differences between the employed and unemployed groups' health status, risk scores, and disease burdens; chi-square analyses for differences in prevalence of health risk behaviors and differences in quality of life by employment status; and logistic regression with health status measures to determine factors associated with higher than average physical and mental health status. Results: Findings indicated participants with any level of paid employment had significantly lower rates of smoking and better quality of life; self-reported health status was significantly higher, while per person per month Medicaid expenditures were less. Employment, even at low levels, was associated with better health and health behaviors as well as lower costs. Participants reported being discouraged from working by medical professionals and federal disability policies. Conclusions: Although cause-effect cannot be established from this study, findings strongly support changes to provider practices and federal disability policy to support employment at all levels for people with disabilities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Dual-eligible,Employment,Health disparity}
}

@article{Hall2018,
  title = {Correlates of Expected {{eMental Health}} Intervention Uptake among {{Filipino}} Domestic Workers in {{China}}},
  author = {Hall, Brian J. and Shi, Wei and Garabiles, Melissa R. and Chan, Edward W. W.},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {2054-4251},
  doi = {10.1017/gmh.2018.25},
  abstract = {Background. Transnational migrant populations face critical barriers to mental health service utilization that perpetuate mental health disparities globally. Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) number over 2 million globally and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% are female domestic workers. Structural barriers prevent equitable access to mental health services for this population. Electronic mental health (eMental Health) intervention is a scalable alternative to face-to-face treatment. The current study sought to identify key correlates of intention to use eMental Health within a community of female Filipino domestic workers living and working in Macao (SAR), China. Methods. Respondent-driven sampling implemented at a community field site was used to reach a sample of 1364 female domestic workers. A multivariable adjusted partial proportional-odds (PPO) model was used to assess relevant correlates of intent to use eMental Health. Results. The majority (62.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported being likely to utilize eMental Health. The adjusted PPO model showed that younger age (18-25, 26-35, 36-45 v. over 55), longer time as an OFW, being likely (v. neutral and unlikely) to seek professional services, willingness to pay for services (v. not), belief that mental health services are a priority (v. low priority), having access to Wi-Fi outside the employer's home (v. not), and higher levels of social support were associated with increased odds of intent to use eMental Health. Conclusions. eMental Health is a promising intervention with high potential for uptake among OFWs. The majority of the study population owned a smartphone and were able to connect to the Internet or Wi-Fi. Future work will rigorously evaluate eMental Health programs for use among OFWs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Domestic workers,eMental Health,migrants,scalable interventions}
}

@article{Hall2019,
  title = {Job {{Mobility}} among {{Unauthorized Immigrant Workers}}},
  author = {Hall, Matthew and Greenman, Emily and Yi, Youngmin},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {97},
  number = {3},
  pages = {999--1028},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soy086},
  abstract = {This study evaluates how authorization status shapes job transitions among Mexican and Central American immigrants in the United States. Specifically, using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we impute legal status and track employment histories for authorized and unauthorized workers, as well as native-born counterparts, in the less skilled labor market. We distinguish job moves based on changes in occupations and employers; and by linking workers jobs to expected wages in their occupations, we are able to determine whether job transitions result in occupational upgrades or downgrades. Results reveal that unauthorized immigrants have lower adjusted rates of job mobility, consistent with arguments that their lack of work authorization traps their employment. Moreover, when unauthorized migrants do change jobs, their transitions are characterized by a process of occupational churning in which they cycle between similarly positioned jobs and have low rates of upward mobility, both within and across firms. We also test the possibility that the wage returns to job mobility are conditioned by legal status. Finally, we find that the penalties to job mobility associated with unauthorized status are more severe for women than men, potentially because of their high levels of segregation in socially isolating jobs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hall2019a,
  title = {Intersectoral Collaboration for People-Centred Mental Health Care in {{Timor-Leste}}: A Mixed-Methods Study Using Qualitative and Social Network Analysis},
  author = {Hall, Teresa and Kakuma, Ritsuko and Palmer, Lisa and Minas, Harry and Martins, Joao and Armstrong, Greg},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1752-4458},
  doi = {10.1186/s13033-019-0328-1},
  abstract = {Background Intersectoral collaboration is fundamental to the provision of people-centred mental health care, yet there is a dearth of research about how this strategy operates within mental health systems in low- and middle-income countries. This is problematic given the known attitudinal, structural and resource barriers to intersectoral collaboration in high-income country mental health systems. This study was conducted to investigate intersectoral collaboration for people-centred mental health care in Timor-Leste, a South-East Asian country in the process of strengthening its mental health system. Methods This study employed a mixed-methods convergent design. Qualitative data elicited from in-depth interviews with 85 key stakeholders and document review were complemented with quantitative social network analysis to assess understandings of, the strength and structure of intersectoral collaboration in the Timorese mental health system. Results There was consensus among stakeholder groups that intersectoral collaboration for mental health is important in Timor-Leste. Despite resource restrictions discussed by participants, interview data and social network analysis revealed evidence of information and resource sharing among organisations working within the health and social (disability and violence support) sectors in Timor-Leste (network density = 0.55 and 0.30 for information and resource sharing, respectively). Contrary to the assumption that mental health services and system strengthening are led by the Ministry of Health, the mixed-methods data sources identified a split in stewardship for mental health between subnetworks in the health and social sectors (network degree centralisation = 0.28 and 0.47 for information and resource sharing, respectively). Conclusions Overall, the findings suggest that there may be opportunities for intersectoral collaborations in mental health systems in LMICs which do not exist in settings with more formalised mental health systems such as HICs. Holistic understandings of health and wellbeing, and a commitment to working together in the face of resource restrictions suggest that intersectoral collaboration can be employed to achieve people-centred mental health care in Timor-Leste.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asia Pacific,Global mental health,Governance,Intersectoral collaboration,Timor-Leste}
}

@article{Hallden2012,
  title = {The Skills and Autonomy of Female Part-Time Work in {{Britain}} and {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Hallden, Karin and Gallie, Duncan and Zhou, Ying},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {187--201},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2011.07.001},
  abstract = {Most OECD countries have experienced an increase of female part-time employment in the last decades. It has been argued that part-time work may give greater employment flexibility, enabling mothers to reconcile conflicting demands of family and work and thereby facilitating their integration into the wage economy. At the same time, it has been suggested that female part-time work implies segmentation of the labour force into a core and a periphery, with marginalized, low qualified jobs for part-time employees. However, little attention has been given to the possible mediating effect of the institutional context on potential job quality disadvantages of part-timers. We examine this question by comparing the skills and autonomy of female part-time workers in two countries, Britain and Sweden, often considered as representing quite distinct forms of institutional regime. The results show that female part-time employees in Sweden hold positions of higher skill and have more autonomy compared to their equivalents in Britain. Even so, both British and Swedish part-time employees face relative disadvantage when compared to female full-time workers. We conclude that differences in the institutional systems of Sweden and Britain do have a significant effect on the absolute skill level of part-time work. However, the relative disadvantage of part-timers persists despite Swedish policies giving greater salience to improvements in the quality of work. (C) 2011 international Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Autonomy,Female part-time,Job quality,Skills}
}

@article{Halvorsen2020,
  title = {Job {{Training}} and so {{Much More}} for {{Low-Income Older Adults}}: {{The Senior Community Service Employment Program}}},
  author = {Halvorsen, Cal J. and Yulikova, Olga},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {223--229},
  issn = {0091-1674},
  doi = {10.1007/s10615-019-00734-y},
  abstract = {An important anti-poverty program for older Americans is facing a serious problem: The Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP) was deemed \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveineffective\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by the Department of Labor. The department's 2020 budget, in fact, proposes the program's elimination. SCSEP, which places low-income adults aged 55 and older with multiple barriers to work in on-the-job training in nonprofit and public agencies while providing a modest stipend, has the goal of helping participants to transition into unsubsidized, gainful employment. Yet measures used to determine the program's effectiveness focus solely on employment outcomes, ignoring important outcomes related to health and social engagement. This commentary advocates for the preservation of SCSEP by countering the view that it is purely an employment intervention for low-income older adults. We describe the complexity of the program and the people it serves and argue that using select measures that do not encompass the breadth of SCSEP's benefits creates an inaccurate appearance of ineffectiveness. We conclude with recommendations for SCSEP administrators and grantees, social workers, and others to enhance the promise of this important program.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Federal budget,Older Americans Act,Older workers,Policy,SCSEP,Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act,Workforce training}
}

@article{Halvorsen2020a,
  title = {Assessments of Fit and Usability of Work-Life Supports in the Context of Diversity and Perceptions of Fairness},
  author = {Halvorsen, Cal J. and Saran, Indrani and {Pitt-Catsouphes}, Marcie},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
  volume = {23},
  number = {5, SI},
  pages = {556--575},
  issn = {1366-8803},
  doi = {10.1080/13668803.2020.1809996},
  abstract = {There is a robust literature that examines outcomes associated with work-life supports. Scholars have considered the \textbackslash textasciigravefit' between employee needs and the supports available while others have examined the \textbackslash textasciigraveusability'-or the potential consequences of using-work-life supports. In this article, we suggest that \textbackslash textasciigravefit' and \textbackslash textasciigraveusability' could be related to both employees' own demographic, social, and cultural identities, as well as perceptions of fairness at the workplace. While scholars have focused on organizational justice and workplace fairness for quite some time, the context of diversity-in its many forms-has rarely been included in this conversation or has simply been added as a series of controls in statistical analyses without regard to diversity's various forms. In response, we review the work-life literature to consider the broad context of diversity as well as various domains of workplace fairness. We then present a conceptual framework that aims to guide future work-life research on the fit and usability of work-life supports in the context of diversity and perceptions of fairness. We also offer research propositions to stimulate future scholarship and present findings from an exploratory study to illustrate the importance of considering the context of diversity in studies on workplace fairness.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Diversity,intersectionality,organizational justice,usability,work-life supports,workplace fairness}
}

@article{Ham2011,
  title = {Government Programs Can Improve Local Labor Markets: {{Evidence}} from {{State Enterprise Zones}}, {{Federal Empowerment Zones}} and {{Federal Enterprise Community}}},
  author = {Ham, John C. and Swenson, Charles and Imrohoroglu, Ayse and Song, Heonjae},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {95},
  number = {7-8},
  pages = {779--797},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.027},
  abstract = {Federal and state governments spend well over a billion dollars a year on programs that encourage employment development in disadvantaged labor markets through the use of subsidies and tax credits. In this paper we use an estimation approach that is valid under relatively weak assumptions to measure the impact of State Enterprise Zones (ENTZs), Federal Empowerment Zones (EMPZs), and Federal Enterprise Community (ENTC) programs on local labor markets. We find that all three programs have positive, statistically significant, impacts on local labor markets in terms of the unemployment rate, the poverty rate, the fraction with wage and salary income, and employment. Further, the effects of EMPZ and ENTC designation are considerably larger than the impact of ENTZ designation. We find that our estimates are robust to allowing for a regression to the mean effect. We also find that there are positive, but statistically insignificant, spillover effects to neighboring Census tracts of each of these programs. Thus our positive estimates of these program impacts do not simply represent a transfer from the nearest non-treated Census tract to the treated Census tract. Our results are noteworthy for several reasons. First, our study is the first to jointly look at these three programs, thus allowing policy makers to compare the impacts of these programs. Second, our paper, along with a concurrent study by Neumark and Kolko (2008), is the first to carry out the estimation accounting for overlap between the programs. Third, our estimation strategy is valid under weaker assumptions than those made in many previous studies; we consider three comparison groups and let the data determine the appropriate group. Fourth, in spite of our conservative estimation strategy, by looking at national effects with disaggregated data, we show that ENTZ designation generally has a positive effect on the local labor market, while most previous research on ENTZs, much of which used more geographically aggregated data to look at state-specific effects, did not find any significant impacts. Fifth, we note that there is little or no previous work on ENTCs. Overall, our results strongly support the efficacy of these labor market interventions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hamad2020,
  title = {Association of {{Neighborhood Disadvantage With Cardiovascular Risk Factors}} and {{Events Among Refugees}} in {{Denmark}}},
  author = {Hamad, Rita and Ozturk, Buket and Foverskov, Else and Pedersen, Lars and Sorensen, Henrik T. and Botker, Hans E. and White, Justin S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JAMA NETWORK OPEN},
  volume = {3},
  number = {8},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14196},
  abstract = {Question Is there an association of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage with the development of cardiovascular risk factors, myocardial infarction, and stroke among refugees? Findings In this quasi-experimental cohort study, 49.305 refugees who were assigned to more disadvantaged neighborhoods across Denmark were at increased risk of developing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and myocardial infarction over subsequent decades. No associations were found for stroke. Meaning Neighborhood characteristics may be associated with long-term cardiovascular risk among refugees. This quasi-experimental cohort study uses data from the Danish population register of adult immigrants arriving from 1986 to 1998 and health outcomes from the inpatient clinic register, outpatient clinic register, and prescription drug register to assess the association between disadvantaged neighborhoods and cardiovascular disease risk among refugees. Importance Refugees are among the most disadvantaged individuals in society, and they often have elevated risks of cardiovascular risk factors and events. Evidence is limited regarding factors that may worsen cardiovascular health among this vulnerable group. Objective To test the hypothesis that refugee placement in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Design, Setting, and Participants The study population of this quasi-experimental, registry-based cohort study included 49.305 adults 18 years and older who came to Denmark as refugees from other countries during the years of Denmark's refugee dispersal policy from 1986 to 1998. Refugees were dispersed to neighborhoods with varying degrees of socioeconomic disadvantage in an arbitrary manner conditional on observed characteristics. The association of neighborhood disadvantage on arrival with several cardiovascular outcomes in subsequent decades was evaluated using regression models that adjusted for individual, family, and municipal characteristics. Health outcomes were abstracted from the inpatient register, outpatient specialty clinic register, and prescription drug register through 2016. Data analysis was conducted from May 2018 to July 2019. Exposures A composite index of neighborhood disadvantage was constructed using 8 neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics derived from Danish population register data. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary study outcomes included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Before data analysis commenced, it was hypothesized that higher levels of neighborhood disadvantage were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors and events. Results A total of 49 305 participants were included (median \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceinterquartile range] age, 30.5 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace24.9-39.8] years; 43.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% women). Participant region of origin included 6318 from Africa (12.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 7253 from Asia (14.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 3446 from Eastern Europe (7.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 5416 from Iraq (11.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 6206 from Iran (12.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 5558 from Palestine (via Lebanon, Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territories; 11.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and 15 108 from Yugoslavia (30.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Adjusted models revealed an association between placement in disadvantaged neighborhoods and increased risk of hypertension (0.71 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.30-1.13] percentage points per unit of disadvantage index; P {$<$} .01), hyperlipidemia (0.44 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.06-0.83] percentage points; P = .01), diabetes (0.45 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.09-0.81] percentage points; P = .01), and myocardial infarction (0.14 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.03-0.25] percentage points; P = .01). No association was found for stroke. Individuals who arrived in Denmark before age 35 years had an increased risk of hyperlipidemia (1.16 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.41-1.92] percentage points; P {$<$} .01), and there were no differences by sex. Conclusions and Relevance In this quasi-experimental cohort study, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with increased cardiovascular risk in a relatively young population of refugees. Neighborhood characteristics may be an important consideration when refugees are placed by resettlement agencies and host countries. Future work should examine additional health outcomes as well as potential mediating pathways to target future interventions (eg, neighborhood ease of walking, employment opportunities).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hamada2023,
  title = {Double Truth: Employment Insecurity and Gender Inequality in {{Japan}}'s Neoliberal Promotion of Side Jobs},
  author = {Hamada, Iori},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JAPAN FORUM},
  issn = {0955-5803},
  doi = {10.1080/09555803.2023.2240804},
  abstract = {The \textbackslash textasciigraveWork Style Reform' (WSR) initiative, spearheaded by the late former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, has advocated for the adoption of \textbackslash textasciigravefukugyo' ('side jobs') as an additional source of income for workers. While this initiative is often uncritically viewed as a possible solution to insecure employment, especially for women employed in low-paying, temporary positions, this article argues that the WSR's promotion of fukugyo, reinforces patriarchal norms rather than challenging them. Furthermore, it critiques the neoliberal ideology that underpins the WSR initiative, which portrays underpriviledged groups of workers, such as working women in non-regular employment earning less than their male counterparts, as \textbackslash textasciigraveflexible', \textbackslash textasciigraveautonomous' and \textbackslash textasciigraveentrepreneurial', capable of juggling multiple jobs while fulfiling their domestic duties. The article claims that the WSR's promotion of fukugyo lacks sufficient legal safeguards and social welfare support for fukugyo workers, the majority of whom are not recognised as \textbackslash textasciigraveworkers' under Japan's labour law. As a result, it could exacerbate the problems of employment insecurity and gender inequality in Japan.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {flexible labour market,gender inequality,informal labour,Japan,labour policy,neoliberalism,pay gap,platform economy,precarious employment,side jobs}
}

@article{Hamilton2013,
  title = {Implementation of {{Evidence-Based Employment Services}} in {{Specialty Mental Health}}},
  author = {Hamilton, Alison B. and Cohen, Amy N. and Glover, Dawn L. and Whelan, Fiona and Chemerinski, Eran and McNagny, Kirk P. and Mullins, Deborah and Reist, Christopher and Schubert, Max and Young, Alexander S.},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {48},
  number = {6, 2},
  pages = {2224--2244},
  issn = {0017-9124},
  doi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12115},
  abstract = {ObjectiveStudy a quality improvement approach for implementing evidence-based employment services at specialty mental health clinics. Data Sources/Study SettingSemistructured interviews with clinicians and administrators before, during, and after implementation. Qualitative field notes, structured baseline and follow-up interviews with patients, semistructured interviews with patients after implementation, and administrative data. Study DesignSite-level controlled trial at four implementation and four control sites. Hybrid implementation-effectiveness study with mixed methods intervention evaluation design. Data Collection/Extraction MethodsSite visits, in-person and telephone interviews, patient surveys, patient self-assessment. A total of 801 patients completed baseline surveys and 53 clinicians and other clinical key stakeholders completed longitudinal qualitative interviews. Principal FindingsAt baseline, sites varied in the availability, utilization, and quality of supported employment. Each site needed quality improvement for this service, though for differing reasons, with some needing development of the service itself and others needing increased service capacity. Improvements in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and referral behaviors were evident in mid- and postimplementation interviews, though some barriers persisted. Half of patients expressed an interest in working at baseline. Patients at implementation sites were 2.3 times more likely to receive employment services during the study year. Those who had a service visit were more likely to be employed at follow-up than those who did not. ConclusionsStudies of implementation and effectiveness require mixed methods to both enhance implementation in real time and provide context for interpretation of complex results. In this study, a quality improvement approach resulted in superior patient-level outcomes and improved clinician knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, in the context of substantial variation among sites.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health services,implementation research,Mixed methods,schizophrenia,supported employment}
}

@article{Hamilton2023,
  title = {Does {{Frequency}} or {{Amount Matter}}? {{An Exploratory Analysis}} the {{Perceptions}} of {{Four Universal Basic Income Proposals}}},
  author = {Hamilton, Leah and Despard, Mathieu and Roll, Stephen and Bellisle, Dylan and Hall, Christian and Wright, Allison},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  doi = {10.3390/socsci12030133},
  abstract = {Advocates for a Universal Basic Income (UBI) argue that it would provide citizens with a basic foundation for financial security, boost the economy, alleviate poverty, encourage entrepreneurship, reduce crime, and insulate the employment sector against job losses due to automation. Still, the idea lags in popularity in the United States compared to existing cash policies such as the annual Earned Income Tax Credit and one-time COVID-19 relief packages. We hypothesize that this disparity is related to predicted uses of a UBI in comparison to annual or lump sum cash programs. In this survey of 836 Americans, we explore whether predicted behavioral responses to four randomly assigned hypothetical cash transfer scenarios vary across the domains of amount and frequency. Respondents are more likely to associate monthly payments with work disincentives and lump-sum transfers with debt repayment. Implications for UBI advocates include the need to continue educating the public on the empirical associations between UBI, employment, and expenditures.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {experiment,survey research,universal basic income,welfare}
}

@article{Hampshire2017,
  title = {Who Bears the Cost of \textbackslash textasciigraveinformal Mhealth'? {{Health-workers}}' Mobile Phone Practices and Associated Political-Moral Economies of Care in {{Ghana}} and {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Hampshire, Kate and Porter, Gina and Mariwah, Simon and Munthali, Alister and Robson, Elsbeth and Owusu, Samuel Asiedu and Abane, Albert and Milner, James},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {34--42},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czw095},
  abstract = {Africa's recent communications \textbackslash textasciigraverevolution' has generated optimism that using mobile phones for health (mhealth) can help bridge healthcare gaps, particularly for rural, hard-to-reach populations. However, while scale-up of mhealth pilots remains limited, health-workers across the continent possess mobile phones. This article draws on interviews from Ghana and Malawi to ask whether/how health-workers are using their phones informally and with what consequences. Healthworkers were found to use personal mobile phones for a wide range of purposes: obtaining help in emergencies; communicating with patients/colleagues; facilitating community-based care, patient monitoring and medication adherence; obtaining clinical advice/information and managing logistics. However, the costs were being borne by the health-workers themselves, particularly by those at the lower echelons, in rural communities, often on minimal stipends/salaries, who are required to \textbackslash textasciigravecare' even at substantial personal cost. Although there is significant potential for \textbackslash textasciigraveinformal mhealth' to improve (rural) healthcare, there is a risk that the associated moral and political economies of care will reinforce existing socioeconomic and geographic inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care work,community health-workers,mobile phones,moral economy,political economy,Sub-Saharan Africa,task shifting}
}

@article{Han2022,
  title = {The Impact of {{SNAP}} Work Requirements on Labor Supply},
  author = {Han, Jeehoon},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102089},
  abstract = {This study explores the impact of work requirements for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on the labor supply of able-bodied adults without dependents, exploiting variation in the work exemption across areas over time as well as the age criteria for the work requirement. I find that suspending work requirements does not discourage employment; a decrease in employment of more than 1.4 percentage points among people who are potentially affected by the exemptions can be ruled out with a 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval. I also find evidence of a reduction in hours of work among older prime-age workers due to the work exemption. Further analysis uncovers two reasons why the work exemption has little effect on employment. First, many new SNAP participants who enrolled due to the exemption are the long-term non-employed who have no labor supply to reduce. Second, the generous income deductions in benefit calculation act as a work incentive by significantly lowering the effective benefit reduction rate at very low income (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar0-600). These findings indicate that the SNAP work requirement may not achieve the intended goal of promoting employment; instead it may increase the risk of disadvantaged individuals failing to receive the assistance they need.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Handley2021,
  title = {Employment and Retirement Impacts on Health and Wellbeing among a Sample of Rural {{Australians}}},
  author = {Handley, Tonelle E. and Lewin, Terry J. and Butterworth, Peter and Kelly, Brian J.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-10876-9},
  abstract = {Background In Australia, it is projected that one in four individuals will be at the nominal retirement age of 65 or over by 2056; this effect is expected to be especially pronounced in rural areas. Previous findings on the effects of retirement on wellbeing have been mixed. The present study explores the effects of employment and retirement on health and wellbeing among a sample of rural Australians. Methods Australian Rural Mental Health Study participants who were aged 45 or over (N = 2013) were included in a series of analyses to compare the health and wellbeing of individuals with differing employment and retirement circumstances. Self-reported outcome variables included perceived physical health and everyday functioning, financial wellbeing, mental health, relationships, and satisfaction with life. Results Across the outcomes, participants who were employed or retired generally reported better health and wellbeing than those not in the workforce. Retired participants rated more highly than employed participants on mental health, relationships, and satisfaction with life. There was also a short-term benefit for perceived financial status for retired participants compared to employed participants, but this effect diminished over time. Conclusions While retirement is a significant life transition that may affect multiple facets of an individual's life, the direction and magnitude of these effects vary depending on the retirement context, namely the pre-retirement and concurrent circumstances within which an individual is retiring. Personal perceptions of status changes may also contribute to an individual's wellbeing more so than objective factors such as income. Policies that promote rural work/retirement opportunities and diversity and address rural disadvantage are needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ageing,Employment,Mental health,Retirement,Rural,Wellbeing}
}

@article{Hango2021,
  title = {Are {{Some Canadian Youth NEETer}} than {{Others}}? {{Examining North-South}} and {{Rural-Urban Inequalities}} in {{Education}}, {{Employment}}, and {{Training}}},
  author = {Hango, Darcy and Zarifa, David and Seward, Brad},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {NORTHERN REVIEW},
  number = {52},
  pages = {46--89},
  issn = {0820-0300},
  doi = {10.22584/nr52.2021.003},
  abstract = {A growing body of research studies youth not actively involved in education, employment, or training (NEET). Some recent estimates of NEET place Canadian youth at slightly below the OECD average. At the same time, however, researchers have identified a number of regional barriers that present unique challenges to labour market participation for Canadians residing in northern and rural areas. In this article, we investigate the extent to which regional differences contribute to the labour market inactivity of Canadian youth. Using multiple waves of Statistics Canada's Youth in Transition Survey (YITS-A), we find that indeed NEET rates differ for youth who reside in northern and southern Canada. Northern, rural youth show significantly higher probabilities of being NEET between ages 20 and 22. Moreover, these regional differences in NEET status continue to have a strong and independent effect, even when accounting for socio-demographic characteristics, parental socio-economic factors, educational experiences, and family structure. These inequalities in early workforce outcomes have important implications for policy-makers, as they seek new ways of bolstering the school to work transitions of northern and rural youth.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hangulu2017,
  title = {Health Care Waste Management in Community-Based Care: Experiences of Community Health Workers in Low Resource Communities in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Hangulu, Lydia and Akintola, Olagoke},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-017-4378-5},
  abstract = {Background: In South Africa, community health workers (CHWs) working in community-based care (CBC) programmes provide care to patients most of whom are living with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). Although studies have shown that the caregiving activities provided by the CHWs generate health care waste (HCW), there is limited information about the experiences of CHWs on health care waste management (HCWM) in CBC. This study explored HCWM in CBC in Durban, South Africa from the perspectives CHWs. Methods: We used three ethnographic approaches to collect data: focus group discussions, participant observations and informal discussions. Data was collected from 85 CHWs working in 29 communities in the Durban metropolis, South Africa. Data collection took place from July 2013 to August 2014. Results: CHWs provided nursing care activities to patients many of whom were incontinent or bedridden. Some the patients were living with HIV/AIDS/TB, stroke, diabetes, asthma, arthritis and high blood pressure. These caregiving activities generate sharps and infectious waste but CHWs and family members did not segregate HCW according to the risk posed as stipulated by the HCWM policy. In addition, HCW was left with domestic waste. Major barriers to proper HCWM identified by CHWs include, lack of assistance from family members in assisting patients to use the toilet or change diapers and removing HCW from homes, irregular waste collection by waste collectors, inadequate water for practicing hygiene and sanitation, long distance between the house and the toilets and poor conditions of communal toilets and pit latrines. As a result of these barriers, HCW was illegally dumped along roads or in the bush, burnt openly and buried within the yards. Liquid HCW such as vomit, urine and sputum were disposed in open spaces near the homes. Conclusion: Current policies on primary health care (PHC) and HCWM in South Africa have not paid attention to HCWM. Findings suggest the need for primary health care reform to develop the competencies of CHWs in HCWM. In addition, PHC and HCWM policies should address the infrastructure deficit in low resource communities. In order for low-and-middle-income-countries (LMICs) to develop effective community health worker programmes, there is a need for synergies in PHC and HCWM policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community health workers,Community-based care,Health care waste,HIV/AIDS}
}

@article{Hanna2020,
  title = {Use of the Six Core Surgical Indicators from the {{Lancet Commission}} on {{Global Surgery}} in {{Colombia}}: A Situational Analysis},
  author = {Hanna, Joseph S. and {Herrera-Almario}, Gabriel E. and {Pinilla-Roncancio}, Monica and Tulloch, David and Valencia, Sergio A. and Sabatino, Marlena E. and Hamilton, Charles and Rehman, Shahyan U. and Mendoza, Ardi Knobel and Bernal, Liliana Carolina Gomez and Salas, Maria Fernanda Moreno and Navarro, Maria Alejandra Pena and Nemoyer, Rachel and Scott, Michael and {Pardo-Bayona}, Mariana and Rubiano, Andres M. and Ramirez, Mauricio Vasco and Londono, Dario and {Dario-Gonzalez}, Ivan and Gracias, Vicente and Peck, Gregory L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {E699-E710},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  abstract = {Background Surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric (SAO) health-care system strengthening is needed to address the emergency and essential surgical care that approximately 5 billion individuals lack globally. To our knowledge, a complete, non-modelled national situational analysis based on the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery surgical indicators has not been done. We aimed to undertake a complete situation analysis of SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and financial risk protection using the core surgical indicators proposed by the Commission in Colombia, an upper-middle-income country. Methods Data to inform the six core surgical system indicators were abstracted from the Colombian national health information system and the most recent national health survey done in 2007. Geographical access to a Bell wether hospital (defined as a hospital capable of providing essential and emergency surgery) within 2 h was assessed by determining 2 h drive time boundaries around Bellwether facilities and the population within and outside these boundaries. Physical 2 h access to a Bellwether was determined by the presence of a motor vehicle suitable for individual transportation. The Department Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica population projection for 2016 and 2018 was used to calculate the SAO provider density. Total operative volume was calculated for 2016 and expressed nationally per 100 000 population. The total number of postoperative deaths that occurred within 30 days of a procedure was divided by the total operative volume to calculate the all-cause, non-risk-adjusted postoperative mortality. The proportion of the population subject to impoverishing costs was calculated by subtracting the baseline number of impoverished individuals from those who fell below the poverty line once out-of-pocket payments were accounted for. Individuals who incurred out-of-pocket payments that were more than 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their annual household income were considered to have experienced catastrophic expenditure. Using GIS mapping, SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and cost protection were also contextualised by socioeconomic status. Findings In 2016, at least 7.1 million people (15.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) in Colombia did not have geographical access to SAO services within a 2 h driving distance. SAO provider density falls short of the Commission's minimum target of 20 providers per 100 000 population, at an estimated density of 13.7 essential SAO health-care providers per 100 000 population in 2018. Lower socioeconomic status of a municipality, as indicated by proportion of people enrolled in the subsidised insurance regime, was associated with a smaller proportion of the population in the municipality being within 2 h of a Bellwether facility, and the most socioeconomically disadvantaged municipalities often had no SAO providers. Furthermore, Colombian providers appear to be working at or beyond capacity, doing 2690-3090 procedures per 100 000 population annually, but they have maintained a relatively low median postoperative mortality of 0.74\textbackslash textbackslash\% (IQR 0.48-0.84). Finally, out-of-pocket expenses for indirect health-care costs were a key barrier to accessing surgical care, prompting 3.1 million (6.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) individuals to become impoverished and 9.5 million (19.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) individuals to incur catastrophic expenditures in 2007. Interpretation We did a non-modelled, indicator-based situation analysis of the Colombian SAO system, finding that it has not yet met, but is working towards achieving, the targets set by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. The observed interdependence of these indicators and correlation with socioeconomic status are consistent with well recognised factors and outcomes of social, health, and health-care inequity. The internal consistency observed in Colombia's situation analysis validates the use of the indicators and has now informed development of an early national SAO plan in Colombia, to set a data-informed stage for implementation and evaluation of timely, safe, and affordable SAO health care, within the National Public Health Decennial Plan, which is due in 2022. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hannes2007,
  title = {Barriers to Evidence-Based Nursing: A Focus Group Study},
  author = {Hannes, Karin and Vandersmissen, Jo and De Blaeser, Liesbeth and Peeters, Gert and Goedhuys, Jo and Aertgeerts, Bert},
  year = {2007},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  pages = {162--171},
  issn = {0309-2402},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04389.x},
  abstract = {Aim. This paper reports a study to explore the barriers to evidence-based nursing among Flemish (Belgian) nurses. Background. Barriers obstructing the call for an increase in evidence-based nursing have been explored in many countries, mostly through quantitative study designs. Authors report on lack of time, resources, evidence, authority, support, motivation and resistance to change. Relationships between barriers are seldom presented. Methods. We used a grounded theory approach, and five focus groups were organized between September 2004 and April 2005 in Belgium. We used purposeful sampling to recruit 53 nurses working in different settings. A problem tree was developed to establish links between codes that emerged from the data. Findings. The majority of the barriers were consistent with previous findings. Flemish (Belgian) nurses added a potential lack of responsibility in the uptake of evidence-based nursing, their \textbackslash textasciigraveguest' position in a patient's environment leading to a culture of adaptation, and a future \textbackslash textasciigravetwo tier' nursing practice, which refers to the different education levels of nurses. The problem tree developed serves as (1) a basic model for other researchers who want to explore barriers within their own healthcare system and (2) a useful tool for orienting change management processes. Conclusion. Despite the fact that the problem tree presented is context-specific for Flanders (Belgium), it gives an opportunity to develop clear objectives and targeted strategies for tackling obstacles to evidence-based nursing.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers,based nursing,empirical research report,evidence,focus groups,qualitative research}
}

@article{Hansen2019,
  title = {Early Occupational Intervention for People with Low Back Pain in Physically Demanding Jobs: {{A}} Randomized Clinical Trial},
  author = {Hansen, Bjarke Brandt and Kirkeskov, Lilli and Begtrup, Luise Moelenberg and Boesen, Mikael and Bliddal, Henning and Christensen, Robin and Andreasen, Ditte Lundsgaard and Kristensen, Lars Erik and Flachs, Esben Meulengracht and Kryger, Ann Isabel},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PLOS MEDICINE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1549-1277},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002898},
  abstract = {Background Occupational medicine seeks to reduce sick leave; however, evidence for an add-on effect to usual care is sparse. The objective of the GOBACK trial was to test whether people with low back pain (LBP) in physically demanding jobs and at risk of sick leave gain additional benefit from a 3-month complex intervention that involves occupational medicine consultations, a work-related evaluation and workplace intervention plan, an optional workplace visit, and a physical activity program, over a single hospital consultation and an MRI. Methods and findings We enrolled people from the capital region of Denmark to an open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial with a superiority design from March 2014 through December 2015. In a hospital setting 305 participants (99 women) with LBP and in physically demanding jobs were randomized to occupational intervention (n = 153) or no additional intervention (control group; n = 152) added to a single hospital consultation giving a thorough explanation of the pain (i.e., clinical examination and MRI) and instructions to stay active and continue working. Primary outcome was accumulated sick leave days due to LBP during 6 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in neuropathic pain (painDETECT questionnaire \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracePDQ]), pain 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-assessed ability to continue working (range 0-10). An intention-to-treat analysis of sick leave at 6 months showed no significant difference between groups (mean difference in days suggestively in favor of no additional intervention: 3.50 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.08 to 12.07], P = 0.42). Both groups showed significant improvements in average pain score (NRS), disability (RMDQ), fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activities and work (FABQ), and physical HRQoL (SF-36 physical component summary); there were no significant differences between the groups in any secondary outcome. There was no statistically significant improvement in neuropathic pain (PDQ score), mental HRQoL (SF-36 mental component summary), and self-assessed ability to stay in job. Four participants could not complete the MRI or the intervention due to a claustrophobic attack or accentuated back pain. Workplace visits may be an important element in the occupational intervention, although not always needed. A per-protocol analysis that included the 40 participants in the intervention arm who received a workplace visit as part of the additional occupational intervention did not show an add-on benefit in terms of sick leave (available cases after 6 months, mean difference: -0.43 days \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -12.8 to 11.94], P = 0.945). The main limitations were the small number of sick leave days taken and that the comprehensive use of MRI may limit generalization of the findings to other settings, for example, general practice. Conclusions When given a single hospital consultation and MRI, people in physically demanding jobs at risk of sick leave due to LBP did not benefit from a complex additional occupational intervention. Occupational interventions aimed at limiting biopsychological obstacles (e.g., fear-avoidance beliefs and behaviors), barriers in the workplace, and system barriers seem essential to reduce sick leave in patients with LBP. This study indicates that these obstacles and barriers may be addressed by thorough usual care.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Haque2020,
  title = {Double Disadvantage? {{The}} Slow Progress of Non-{{English-speaking}} Migrant Women in Accessing Good Jobs in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Haque, Tariq H. and Haque, M. Ohidul},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {256--282},
  issn = {1030-1763},
  doi = {10.1080/10301763.2020.1824437},
  abstract = {In this paper, primary and secondary sector employment corresponds broadly to \textbackslash textasciigravegood' and \textbackslash textasciigravebad' jobs. Previous studies indicate that non-English-speaking background (NESB) migrant women are under-represented in \textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs' but none of those studies evaluates their chance of finding \textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs' in Australia. This study estimates their probability of getting good jobs and compares this with that of Australian-born women. The probability of securing good jobs for each of these groups is also estimated separately, based on a new general probit model, after classifying women into primary and secondary sector employment from their occupational categories and incomes using 2016 Australian Census data. It showed that NESB migrant women had significantly lesser probability of securing primary sector employment compared to Australian-born women. While this difference is narrowing over time, NESB migrant women's progress in accessing \textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs' has been slow. Improving English proficiency, education, recognition of overseas qualifications and experience can significantly increase their chances of attaining good jobs. This study provides an exact estimate of the probability of securing good jobs for both groups and the relevance of different determinants for this difference so that proper actions can be taken to improve the employment situation of NESB migrant women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australian-born women,general probit model,Non-English-speaking background (NESB) migrant women,primary sector employment}
}

@article{Harper2023,
  title = {Health {{Disparities Interventions}} for {{Pulmonary Disease-A Narrative Review}}},
  author = {Harper, Logan J. and Kidambi, Pranav and Kirincich, Jason M. and Thornton, J. Daryl and Khatri, Sumita B. and Culver, Daniel A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CHEST},
  volume = {164},
  number = {1},
  pages = {179--189},
  issn = {0012-3692},
  doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2023.02.033},
  abstract = {There is expansive literature documenting the presence of health disparities, but there are disproportionately few studies describing interventions to reduce disparity. In this narrative review, we categorize interventions to reduce health disparity in pulmonary disease within the US health care system to support future initiatives to reduce disparity. We identified 211 articles describing interventions to reduce disparity in pulmonary disease related to race, income, or sex. We grouped the studies into the following four categories: biologic, educational, behavioral, and structural. We identified the following five main themes: (1) there were few interventional trials compared with the breadth of studies describing health disparities, and trials involving patients with asthma who were Black, low income, and living in an urban setting were overrepresented; (2) race or socioeconomic status was not an effective marker of individual pharmacologic treatment response; (3) telehealth enabled scaling of care, but more work is needed to understand how to leverage telehealth to improve outcomes in marginalized communities; (4) future interventions must explicitly target societal drivers of disparity, rather than focusing on individual behavior alone; and (5) individual interventions will only be maximally effective when specifically tailored to local needs. Much work has been done to catalog health disparities in pulmonary disease. Notable gaps in the identified literature include few interventional trials, the need for research in diseases outside of asthma, the need for high quality effectiveness trials, and an understanding of how to implement proven interventions balancing fidelity to the original protocol and the need to adapt to local barriers to care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asthma,COPD,health care disparities,health inequalities,lung cancer,lung cancer screening,racial disparity,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Harris2011,
  title = {Adaptive E-Learning to Improve Dietary Behaviour: A Systematic Review and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis},
  author = {Harris, J. and Felix, L. and Miners, A. and Murray, E. and Michie, S. and Ferguson, E. and Free, C. and Lock, K. and Landon, J. and Edwards, P.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT},
  volume = {15},
  number = {37},
  pages = {1+},
  issn = {1366-5278},
  doi = {10.3310/hta15370},
  abstract = {Background: UK public health policy strongly advocates dietary change for the improvement of population health and emphasises the importance of individual empowerment to improve health. A new and evolving area in the promotion of dietary behavioural change is \textbackslash textasciigravee-learning', the use of interactive electronic media to facilitate teaching and learning on a range of issues including health. The high level of accessibility, combined with emerging advances in computer processing power, data transmission and data storage, makes interactive e-learning a potentially powerful and cost-effective medium for improving dietary behaviour. Objective: This review aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adaptive e-learning interventions for dietary behaviour change, and also to explore potential psychological mechanisms of action and components of effective interventions. Data sources: Electronic bibliographic databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, Dissertation Abstracts, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Center, Global Health, Health Economic Evaluations Database, Health Management Information Consortium, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) were searched for the period January 1990 to November 2009. Reference lists of included studies and previous reviews were also screened; authors were contacted and trial registers were searched. Review methods: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials, involving participants aged {$>$}= 13 years, which evaluated the effectiveness of interactive software programs for improving dietary behaviour. Primary outcomes were measures of dietary behaviours, including estimated intakes or changes in intake of energy, nutrients, dietary fibre, foods or food groups. Secondary outcome measures were clinical outcomes such as anthropometry or blood biochemistry. Psychological mediators of dietary behaviour change were also investigated. Two review authors independently screened results and extracted data from included studies, with any discrepancies settled by a third author. Where studies reported the same outcome, the results were pooled using a random-effects model, with weighted mean differences (WMDs), and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Cost-effectiveness was assessed in two ways: through a systematic literature review and by building a de novo decision model to assess the cost-effectiveness of a \textbackslash textasciigravegeneric' e-learning device compared with dietary advice delivered by a health-care professional. Results: A total of 36,379 titles were initially identified by the electronic searches, of which 43 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. All e-learning interventions were delivered in high-income countries. The most commonly used behavioural change techniques reported to have been used were goal setting; feedback on performance; information on consequences of behaviour in general; barrier identification/problem solving; prompting self-monitoring of behaviour; and instruction on how to perform the behaviour. There was substantial heterogeneity in the estimates of effect. E-learning interventions were associated with a WMD of +0.24 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.04 to 0.44) servings of fruit and vegetables per day; -0.78g (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -2.5g to 0.95g) total fat consumed per day; -0.24g (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -1.44g to 0.96g) saturated fat intake per day; -1.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -2.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to -0.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of total energy consumed from fat per day; +1.45g (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.02g to 2.92g) dietary fibre per day; +4 kcal (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -85 kcal to 93 kcal) daily energy intake; -0.1 kg/m(2) (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.7 kg/m(2) to 0.4 kg/m(2)) change in body mass index. The base-case results from the E-Learning Economic Evaluation Model suggested that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was approximately 102,112 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Expected value of perfect information (EVPI) analysis showed that although the individual-level EVPI was arguably negligible, the population-level value was between 37M pound and 170M pound at a willingness to pay of 20,000-30,000 pound per additional QALY. Limitations: The limitations of this review include potential reporting bias, incomplete retrieval of completed research studies and data extraction errors. Conclusion: The current clinical and economic evidence base suggests that e-learning devices designed to promote dietary behaviour change will not produce clinically significant changes in dietary behaviour and are at least as expensive as other individual behaviour change interventions. Future work recommendations: Despite the relatively high EVPI results from the cost-effectiveness modelling, further clinical trials of individual e-learning interventions should not be undertaken until theoretically informed work that addresses the question of which characteristics of the target population, target behaviour, content and delivery of the intervention are likely to lead to positive results, is completed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Harris2013,
  title = {Equality of Employment Opportunities for Nurses at the Point of Qualification: {{An}} Exploratory Study},
  author = {Harris, Ruth and Ooms, Ann and Grant, Robert and {Marshall-Lucette}, Sylvie and Chu, Christine Sek Fun and Sayer, Jane and Burke, Linda},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES},
  volume = {50},
  number = {3},
  pages = {303--313},
  issn = {0020-7489},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.10.008},
  abstract = {Background: Securing employment after qualification is of utmost importance to newly qualified nurses to consolidate knowledge and skills. The factors that influence success in gaining this first post are not known. Objectives: The study aimed to describe the first post gained after qualification in terms of setting, nature of employment contract and geographical distribution and explore the relationship between a range of factors (including ethnicity) and employment at the point of qualification. Design: An exploratory study using structured questionnaires and secondary analysis of data routinely collected by the universities about students and their progress during their course. Settings: The study was conducted in eight universities within a large, multicultural city in the UK as part of the \textbackslash textasciigraveReadiness for Work' research programme. Participants: Eight hundred and four newly qualified nurses who had successfully completed a diploma or degree from one of the universities; a response rate of 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% representing 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all graduating students in the study population. Methods: Data were collected by self-completed semi-structured questionnaires administered to students at the time of qualification and at three months post-qualification. Routinely collected data from the universities were also collected. Results: Fifty two percent of participants had been offered a job at the point of qualification (85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those who had applied and been interviewed). Of these, 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% had been offered a nursing post, 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the city studied, 67\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the healthcare setting where they had completed a course placement. 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveconfident\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravevery confident\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace about their employment prospects. Predictors of employment success included ethnicity, specialty of nursing and university attended. Predictors of confidence and preparedness for job seeking included ethnicity, nursing specialty, gender and grade of degree. Newly qualified nurses from non-White/British ethnic groups were less likely to get a job and feel confident about and prepared for job seeking. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that ethnicity does lead to employment disadvantage for newly qualified nurses. This is an important contribution towards recognizing and describing the evidence so that appropriate responses and interventions can be developed. It is important that universities and healthcare institutions work closely together to support students at this important time in their nursing career. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employability,Ethnicity,Newly qualified nurses,Occupational inequality}
}

@article{Harris2016,
  title = {That's Not How the Learning Works - the Paradox of {{Reverse Innovation}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Harris, Matthew and Weisberger, Emily and Silver, Diana and Dadwal, Viva and Macinko, James},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/s12992-016-0175-7},
  abstract = {Background: There are significant differences in the meaning and use of the term \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation' between industry circles, where the term originated, and health policy circles where the term has gained traction. It is often conflated with other popularized terms such as Frugal Innovation, Co-development and Trickle-up Innovation. Compared to its use in the industrial sector, this conceptualization of Reverse Innovation describes a more complex, fragmented process, and one with no particular institution in charge. It follows that the way in which the term \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation', specifically, is understood and used in the healthcare space is worthy of examination. Methods: Between September and Decemsber 2014, we conducted eleven in-depth face-to-face or telephone interview with key informants from innovation, health and social policy circles, experts in international comparative policy research and leaders in the Reverse Innovation space in the United States. Interviews were open-ended with guiding probes into the barriers and enablers to Reverse Innovation in the US context, specifically also informants' experience and understanding of the term Reverse Innovation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed thematically using the process of constant comparison. Results: We describe three main themes derived from the interviews. First, \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation,' the term, has marketing currency to convince policy-makers that may be wary of learning from or adopting innovations from unexpected sources, in this case Low-Income Countries. Second, the term can have the opposite effect - by connoting frugality, or innovation arising from necessity as opposed to good leadership, the proposed innovation may be associated with poor quality, undermining potential translation into other contexts. Finally, the term \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation' is a paradox - it breaks down preconceptions of the directionality of knowledge and learning, whilst simultaneously reinforcing it. Conclusions: We conclude that this term means different things to different people and should be used strategically, and with some caution, depending on the audience.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Developing countries,Diffusion of innovation,Evidence based medicine}
}

@article{Harrison2003,
  title = {The {{Community Dental Facilitator Project}}: {{Reducing}} Barriers to Dental Care},
  author = {Harrison, {\relax RL} and Li, J and Pearce, K and Wyman, T},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY},
  volume = {63},
  number = {2},
  pages = {126--128},
  issn = {0022-4006},
  abstract = {Objectives: This report describes an initiative developed and implemented by a low-income, urban, Canadian community to respond to their children's dental problems. Methods: The first strategy pursued by the community was the development of the Community Dental Facilitator Project. This project facilitated children's access to existing government funding for dental treatment, and subsequently facilitated access to treatment at local dental offices. Children in need of treatment were identified by a school dental screening. The facilitation work was done by three lay workers hired from within the community who represented the community's predominant ethnic groups. Results: Parents revealed that barriers to dental care in local dental offices were lack of information about funding programs, language, inflexible work situation, and mistrust of bureaucracy. By the project's end, with the assistance of the facilitators, a significantly increased number of children had been enrolled for government dental benefits ({$<$}.001). In addition to the 123 children identified at the screening as needing treatment, another 30 children \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveself-referred\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to the program. At the end of the project's original funding period, dental appointments had been made for 68 children: 60 (48.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravescreened\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace group, 8 (26.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveself-referred\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace group. One-year telephone follow-up to parents of the screened children revealed that 42 of 59 (71.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had completed treatment. Conclusions: Barriers to dental care for low income children go beyond \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomics. A community facilitation model can improve low-income children's access to existing dental services and may reduce the barriers to care for some children requiring treatment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {consumer participation,dental care for children,dental health services,ethnology,health services accessibility,medically underserved area},
  note = {6th National Health Promotion Conference, VICTORIA, CANADA, APR, 2002}
}

@article{Harrison2022,
  title = {Employment and Further Study Outcomes for Care-Experienced Graduates in the {{UK}}},
  author = {Harrison, Neil and Baker, Zoe and Stevenson, Jacqueline},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {83},
  number = {2},
  pages = {357--378},
  issn = {0018-1560},
  doi = {10.1007/s10734-020-00660-w},
  abstract = {Life outcomes for people who spent time in the care of the state as children ('care-experienced') are known to be significantly lower, on average, than for the general population. The reasons for this are complex and multidimensional, relating to social upheaval, disrupted schooling, mental and physical health issues and societal stigmatisation. Previous studies across several countries have demonstrated that they are significantly less likely to participate in higher education and more likely to withdraw early. However, little is currently known about their outcomes after graduation. This paper therefore explores the initial outcomes for the 1,010 full-time students identified as care-experienced within the cohort graduating from an undergraduate degree programme in the UK in 2016/17-the most recent year for which data are available. They were found to be slightly more likely to be unemployed and less likely to be in work (and particularly professional work) than their peers, but, conversely, more likely to be studying. These differences largely disappeared once background educational and demographic factors were controlled. The paper discusses the relationship between care-experience and other sites of inequality, concluding that care-experienced graduates are crucially over-represented in groups that are disadvantaged in the graduate labour market-e.g. by ethnicity, disability or educational history. This intersectional inequality largely explains their lower graduate outcomes. While there are important limitations with the data available, this speaks for the transformational potential of higher education in enabling care-experienced graduates to transcend childhood adversity. Recommendations for national policy and local practices conclude the paper.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care leavers,Care-experienced students,Graduate outcomes,Inequality,Widening access,Widening participation}
}

@article{Hartmann2009,
  title = {Older {{Women}}'s {{Retirement Security}}: {{A Primer}}},
  author = {Hartmann, Heidi and English, Ashley},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {109--140},
  issn = {1554-477X},
  doi = {10.1080/15544770902901932},
  abstract = {This article provides an overview of the basic facts of old age in the United States, including a description of the retirement programs commonly available to the elderly and an examination of gender differences in the retirement experience. Women's greater economic insecurity relative to men during the retirement years is closely linked to their different work experiences, including differences in earnings, years of employment, Social Security earnings records, and likelihood of pension participation and receipt. Decisions about marriage, childbirth, and caregiving, as well as societal expectations and arrangements, also affect women's retirement security. Women are also disproportionately affected by risks associated with their longer lifespans and chronic health conditions that often result in women outliving their income and assets, losing access to a spouse's resources, paying high out-of-pocket medical expenses, and requiring long-term care. Many more older women than men live alone and among the elderly the poverty rate is highest among single women living alone. After exploring the sources of women's retirement insecurity, the article concludes with brief recommendations for reform. The aging of the baby boom and the global financial crisis of 2008 combine to raise questions about the future of retirement. The authors argue it is important for policymakers and advocates to work to improve retirement security in the United States and strengthen Social Security for all, preserving those features of Social Security that work well for older women, while also reforming the outdated aspects of the Social Security system that disadvantage women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aging,employment,health,marriage,pensions,retirement security,Social Security,women}
}

@article{Hartwig2023,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveThe}} Right Thing to Do Would Be to Provide Care ... and We Can't\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Provider}} Experiences with {{Georgia}}'s 22-Week Abortion Ban ...},
  author = {Hartwig, Sophie A. and Youm, Awa and Contreras, Alyssa and Mosley, Elizabeth A. and McCloud, Candace and Goedken, Peggy and Carroll, Erin and Lathrop, Eva and Cwiak, Carrie and Hall, Kelli Stidham},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CONTRACEPTION},
  volume = {124},
  issn = {0010-7824},
  doi = {10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110059},
  abstract = {Objectives: In 2015, the Georgia (US) legislature implemented a gestational limit, or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveban\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on abortion at or beyond 22 weeks from the last menstrual period. In this study, we qualitatively examined abortion provider perspectives on the ban's impact on abortion care access and provision.Study design: Between May 2018 and September 2019, we conducted in-depth individual interviews with 20 abortion providers (clinicians, staff, and administrators) from four clinics in Georgia. Interviews explored perceptions of and experiences with the ban and its effects on abortion care. Team members coded tran-scripts to 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% agreement using an iterative, group consensus process, and conducted a thematic analysis.Results: Participants reported strict adherence to the ban and also its negative consequences: additional labor plus service-delivery restrictions, legally constructed risks for providers, intrusion into the provider-patient relationship, and impact of limited services felt by patients and, thus, providers. Participants commonly mentioned disparities in the ban's impact and viewed the ban as disproportionately affecting people of color, those experiencing financial insecurity, and those with underlying medical conditions. Nonetheless, participants described a clear, unrelenting commitment to providing quality patient-centered care and dedication to and satisfaction in their work. Conclusions: Georgia's ban operates as legislative interference, adversely affecting the provision of quality, patient-centered abortion care, despite providers' resilience and commitment. These experiences in Georgia have timely and clear implications for the entire country following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v Wade, thus reducing care access and increasing negative health and social consequences and in-equities for patients and communities on a national scale. Implications: Our findings from Georgia (US) indicate an urgent need for coordinated efforts to challenge the Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization decision and for proactive policies that protect access to later abortion care. Research that identifies strategies for supporting providers and patients faced with continuing restrictive legal environments is warranted.\textbackslash textbackslash\& COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Abortion,Abortion clinic,Abortion policy,Health care delivery,Qualitative research,United States}
}

@article{Hastbacka2016,
  title = {Barriers and Facilitators to Societal Participation of People with Disabilities: {{A}} Scoping Review of Studies Concerning {{European}} Countries},
  author = {Hastbacka, Elisabeth and Nygard, Mikael and Nyqvist, Fredrica},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ALTER-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DISABILITY RESEARCH},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {201--220},
  issn = {1875-0672},
  doi = {10.1016/j.alter.2016.02.002},
  abstract = {The aim of this scoping review is to explore previous scientific studies relating to the scholarly understanding of societal participation of people with disabilities. Six relevant databases within social science were searched using societal participation of people with disabilities, or different combinations thereof, as search words. The criteria for inclusion were: working-age people with disabilities; societal participation; accounting for facilitators or/and barriers of participation; geographical focus on or link to Europe, peer-reviewed studies using quantitative or qualitative methods published in English between January 2012 and December 2013. Thirty-two studies met these inclusion criteria. Each study was analysed relating to four measures: identity of the participator group, type of participation; type of facilitators; type of barriers. The findings show that there is a dominating focus on labour market participation and that societal participation was studied mostly concerning disabled people in general instead of any specific group. The main barriers identified were related to financial factors, attitudes, health issues and unemployment. The most frequently identified facilitators were related to legislation and disability policies, as well as to support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Association ALTER.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4C8EVVV6/Hastbacka et al_2016_Barriers and facilitators to societal participation of people with disabilities.pdf}
}

@article{Hategeka2017,
  title = {Implementing the {{Emergency Triage}}, {{Assessment}} and {{Treatment}} plus Admission Care ({{ETAT}} plus ) Clinical Practice Guidelines to Improve Quality of Hospital Care in {{Rwandan}} District Hospitals: Healthcare Workers' Perspectives on Relevance and Challenges},
  author = {Hategeka, Celestin and Mwai, Leah and Tuyisenge, Lisine},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {1472-6963},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-017-2193-4},
  abstract = {Background: An emergency triage, assessment and treatment plus admission care (ETAT+) intervention was implemented in Rwandan district hospitals to improve hospital care for severely ill infants and children. Many interventions are rarely implemented with perfect fidelity under real-world conditions. Thus, evaluations of the real-world experiences of implementing ETAT+ are important in terms of identifying potential barriers to successful implementation. This study explored the perspectives of Rwandan healthcare workers (HCWs) on the relevance of ETAT+ and documented potential barriers to its successful implementation. Methods: HCWs enrolled in the ETAT+ training were asked, immediately after the training, their perspective regarding (i) relevance of the ETAT+ training to Rwandan district hospitals; (ii) if attending the training would bring about change in their work; and (iii) challenges that they encountered during the training, as well as those they anticipated to hamper their ability to translate the knowledge and skills learned in the ETAT+ training into practice in order to improve care for severely ill infants and children in their hospitals. They wrote their perspectives in French, Kinyarwanda, or English and sometimes a mixture of all these languages that are official in the post-genocide Rwanda. Their notes were translated to (if not already in) English and transcribed, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: One hundred seventy-one HCWs were included in our analysis. Nearly all these HCWs stated that the training was highly relevant to the district hospitals and that it aligned with their work expectation. However, some midwives believed that the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveneonatal resuscitation and feeding\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace components of the training were more relevant to them than other components. Many HCWs anticipated to change practice by initiating a triage system in their hospital and by using job aids including guidelines for prescription and feeding. Most of the challenges stemmed from the mode of the ETAT+ training delivery (e.g., language barriers, intense training schedule); while others were more related to uptake of guidelines in the district hospitals (e.g., staff turnover, reluctance to change, limited resources, conflicting protocols). Conclusion: This study highlights potential challenges to successful implementation of the ETAT+ clinical practice guidelines in order to improve quality of hospital care in Rwandan district hospitals. Understanding these challenges, especially from HCWs perspective, can guide efforts to improve uptake of clinical practice guidelines including ETAT+ in Rwanda.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Clinical practical guidelines,District hospital,ETAT,Healthcare worker,Implementation,Qualitative research,Rwanda}
}

@article{Hatzmann2014,
  title = {Consequences of Caring for a Child with a Chronic Disease: {{Employment}} and Leisure Time of Parents},
  author = {Hatzmann, Janneke and Peek, Niels and Heymans, Hugo and {Maurice-Stam}, Heleen and Grootenhuis, Martha},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CHILD HEALTH CARE},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {346--357},
  issn = {1367-4935},
  doi = {10.1177/1367493513496668},
  abstract = {Chronically ill children require several hours of additional care per day compared to healthy children. As parents provide most of this care, they have to incorporate it into their daily schedule, which implies a reduction in time for other activities. The study aimed to assess the effect of having a chronically ill child on parental employment and parental leisure activity time, and to explore the role of demographic, social, and disease-related variables in relation to employment and leisure activities. Outcomes of 576 parents of chronically ill children and 441 parents of healthy school children were analyzed with multivariate regression. Having a chronically ill child was negatively related with family employment, maternal labor force participation, and leisure activity time. Use of child care was positively related to family and maternal employment of the total group of parents. Within parents of chronically ill children, most important finding was the negative relation of dependency of the child on daily care and low parental educational level with family and maternal employment. In conclusion, parents of chronically ill children, mothers in particular, are disadvantaged in society probably due to the challenge of combining child care with work and leisure time.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Haughton2008,
  title = {The {{Public Health Nutrition}} Workforce and Its Future Challenges: The {{US}} Experience},
  author = {Haughton, Betsy and George, Alexa},
  year = {2008},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION},
  volume = {11},
  number = {8},
  pages = {782--791},
  issn = {1368-9800},
  doi = {10.1017/S1368980008001821},
  abstract = {Objectives: To describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges. Design: Literature review primarily for the four workforce Surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors. Setting: The United States. Subjects: Nutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services. Results: The workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81-7 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18-2\textbackslash textbackslash\% speaking Spanish as a second language. Conclusions: The future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce's capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Public Health Nutrition,United States,workforce}
}

@article{Haveman2015,
  title = {{{THE WAR ON POVERTY}}: {{MEASUREMENT}}, {{TRENDS}}, {{AND POLICY}}},
  author = {Haveman, Robert and Blank, Rebecca and Moffitt, Robert and Smeeding, Timothy and Wallace, Geoffrey},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {593--638},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.21846},
  abstract = {We present a 50-year historical perspective of the nation's antipoverty efforts, describing the evolution of policy during four key periods since 1965. Over this half-century, the initial heavy reliance on cash income support to poor families has eroded; increases in public support came largely in the form of in-kind (e.g., Food Stamps) and tax-related (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit) benefits. Work support and the supplementation of earnings substituted for direct support. These shifts eroded the safety net for the most disadvantaged in American society. Three poverty-related analytical developments are also described. The rise of the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM)taking account of noncash and tax-related benefitshas corrected some of the serious weaknesses of the official poverty measure (OPM). The SPM measure indicates that the poverty rate has declined over time, rather than being essentially flat as the OPM implies. We also present snapshots of the composition of the poor population in the United States using both the OPM and the SPM, showing progress in reducing poverty overall and among specific socioeconomic subgroups since the beginning of the War on Poverty. Finally, we document the expenditure levels of numerous antipoverty programs that have accompanied the several phases of poverty policy and describe the effect of these efforts on the level of poverty. Although the effectiveness of government antipoverty transfers is debated, our findings indicate that the growth of antipoverty policies has reduced the overall level of poverty, with substantial reductions among the elderly, disabled, and blacks. However, the poverty rates for children, especially those living in single-parent families, and families headed by a low-skill, low-education person, have increased. Rates of deep poverty (families living with less than one-half of the poverty line) for the nonelderly population have not decreased, reflecting both the increasing labor market difficulties faced by the low-skill population and the tilt of means-tested benefits away from the poorest of the poor.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hawkes2019,
  title = {Attitudes to {{Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation}} and {{Defibrillator Use}}: {{A Survey}} of {{UK Adults}} in 2017},
  author = {Hawkes, Claire A. and Brown, Terry P. and Booth, Scott and Fothergill, Rachael T. and Siriwardena, Niroshan and Zakaria, Sana and Askew, Sara and Williams, Julia and Rees, Nigel and Ji, Chen and Perkins, Gavin D.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {8},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.1161/JAHA.117.008267},
  abstract = {Background-Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and public access defibrillator (PAD) use can save the lives of people who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Little is known about the proportions of UK adults trained, their characteristics and willingness to act if witnessing an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, or the public's knowledge regarding where the nearest PAD is located. Methods and Results-An online survey was administered by YouGov to a nonprobabilistic purposive sample of UK adults, achieving 2084 participants, from a panel that was matched to be representative of the population. We used descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling for analysis. Almost 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% were women, 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% were aged {$<$}55 years, and 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% had witnessed an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Proportions ever trained were 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% in chest-compression-only CPR, 59\textbackslash textbackslash\% in CPR, and 19.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% in PAD use. Most with training in any resuscitation technique had trained at work (54.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Compared with people not trained, those trained in PAD use said they were more likely to use one (odds ratio: 2.61), and those trained in CPR or chest-compression-only CPR were more likely to perform it (odds ratio: 5.39). Characteristics associated with being trained in any resuscitation technique included youth, female sex, higher social grade, and full-time employment. Conclusions-In the United Kingdom, training makes a difference in people's willingness to act in the event of a cardiac arrest. Although there is considerable opportunity to increase the proportion of the general population trained in CPR, consideration should be also given to encouraging training in PAD use and targeting training for those who are older or from lower social grades.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cardiac arrest,education,education campaigns,out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,prehospital care,resuscitation}
}

@article{Hayter2011,
  title = {Collective {{Bargaining}} for the 21st {{Century}}},
  author = {Hayter, Susan and Fashoyin, Tayo and Kochan, Thomas A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {225--247},
  issn = {0022-1856},
  doi = {10.1177/0022185610397144},
  abstract = {Collective bargaining has served as a cornerstone institution for democracy, a mechanism for increasing workers' incomes, improving working conditions and reducing inequality, a means for ensuring fair employment relations and a source of workplace innovation. However, the number of workers belonging to trade unions has declined in many countries and global economic integration has tipped bargaining power in favour of employers. This paper reviews recent trends and developments in respect of collective bargaining. It examines the evolution of collective bargaining institutions in different regions of the world. It highlights the manner in which collective bargaining structures have adapted to competitive pressures and the increasing coordination of bargaining practices both within and across borders. In a survey of collective bargaining agendas, the authors note the increasing diversity of issues on the bargaining agenda. They highlight particularly innovative practices in respect of the application of collective agreements to non-standard workers and the role that collective bargaining played in mitigating the effects of the recent economic crisis on workers and enterprises. They argue that the support of public policy is essential to promote and sustain collective bargaining. These developments and the ongoing challenges facing collective bargaining present a number of issues for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NXSRPQCJ/Hayter et al_2011_Collective Bargaining for the 21st Century.pdf}
}

@article{Hayter2021,
  title = {Making Collective Bargaining More Inclusive: {{The}} Role of Extension},
  author = {Hayter, Susan and Visser, Jelle},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {160},
  number = {2},
  pages = {169--195},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/ilr.12191},
  abstract = {Using data on collective bargaining coverage for 80 countries, the authors analyse the merits of using the extension of collective agreements as a policy tool for creating a floor for conditions of work and employment. Issued by public authorities, this regulatory instrument is distinctive in that it is based on agreement between independent, autonomous and representative organizations. This gives it some of the advantages of a contract as well as those of a statute. The extension of collective agreements by public authorities can provide coverage for vulnerable workers who may not otherwise have access to social protection, while offering a highly responsive form of regulation that can be adapted to particular circumstances.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {collective agreements,collective bargaining,extension,income distribution,inequality,regulation}
}

@article{He2017,
  title = {Marketization, Occupational Segregation, and Gender Earnings Inequality in Urban {{China}}},
  author = {He, Guangye and Wu, Xiaogang},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {96--111},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.12.001},
  abstract = {This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Earnings inequality,Gender,Marketization,Occupational segregation}
}

@article{He2021,
  title = {Family Status and Women's Career Mobility during Urban {{China}}'s Economic Transition},
  author = {He, Guangye and Wu, Xiaogang},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {189--224},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.8},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND In contrast to the historical experience of Western welfare states, where social and family policies help create more integrated public-private spheres, marketization in China has presented a case of sphere separation. This phenomenon has important implications for the dynamics of gender inequality in economic transition. OBJECTIVE This article examines how family status is associated with women's career mobility in reform-era urban China and the impact of family on women's career choices across different reform stages. METHOD Based on retrospective data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2008, we adopt discrete-time logit models to examine the effects of marriage and childbearing on women's upward mobility, the risk of labor market exit, and how the effects vary over time. RESULTS Chinese women in the workforce are adversely affected by marriage and having dependent children. They are more likely than men to experience (involuntary, in particular) job exit to fulfill their roles as wives and mothers and less likely to move up in the career ladder. This pattern is more prominent as the economic reform proceeds. CONCLUSION Marketization has adversely affected Chinese women's career outcomes by increasing work-family tension after the work unit (danwei) system and socialist programs that supported working women were scrapped. CONTRIBUTION This study is one of the few empirical studies to attempt to explain the widening gender gap in China's job market from the perspective of family using the two-sphere separation framework. The framework originated in Western family studies but has been adapted to suit the context of urban China},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Heaton2023,
  title = {Recruitment and {{Enrollment}} of {{Low-income}}, {{Minority Residents}} of {{Urban Public Housing}} into {{Research}}},
  author = {Heaton, Brenda and Muzzi, Alicia and Gebel, Christina and Bernstein, Judith and Garcia, Raul I. I.},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  issn = {0094-5145},
  doi = {10.1007/s10900-023-01212-w},
  abstract = {Research participation among vulnerable populations is often limited by the same socioeconomic factors that contribute to poor health. Identifying best practices for inclusion is critical to addressing health disparities. Urban public housing communities bear a disproportionate burden of chronic disease and may represent an opportunity to directly engage historically vulnerable populations in research designed to ultimately reduce that burden. We used mixed-method data to analyze recruitment effectiveness among a random sample of households (N = 380) across two public housing developments in Boston, MA who were approached for participation in a pre-COVID oral health study. Quantitative data from detailed recruitment tracking methods was analyzed to assess the relative efficiency of the methods employed. Field journals of study staff were qualitatively analyzed to identify community-specific recruitment barriers and facilitators. The participation rate among randomly sampled households was 28.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (N = 131), with participation from primarily Hispanic (59.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or Black (26\textbackslash textbackslash\%) residents. Door-to-door knocking with response yielded the highest participation (44.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by responses to informational study flyers (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Primary barriers to enrollment included references to unemployment and employment variations, shift work, childcare responsibilities, time demands, and managing multiple appointments and social services. This study finds active, door-to-door knocking and return visits resolved barriers to participation, and reduced safety concerns and historic distrust. It's time to consider how best to adapt effective pre-COVID recruitment practices for utilization under current and future exposure conditions as effective recruitment of populations such as urban public housing residents into research is only becoming more important.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health disparities,Minority health,Oral health,Public housing,Subject recruitment,Urban health}
}

@article{Hedemann2023,
  title = {Clinicians', Patients' and Carers' Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder in {{Pakistan}}: {{A}} Mixed Methods Study Protocol},
  author = {Hedemann, Thea Lynne and Asif, Muqaddas and Aslam, Huma and Maqsood, Aneela and Bukhsh, Ameer and Kiran, Tayyeba and Ahsan, Umair and Shahzad, Salman and Zaheer, Juveria and Lane, Steven and Chaudhry, Nasim and Husain, M. Ishrat and Husain, M. Omair},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0286459},
  abstract = {Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a condition characterised by significant social and occupational impairment and high rates of suicide. In high income countries, mental health professionals carry negative attitudes towards patients with BPD, find it difficult to work with patients with BPD, and even avoid seeing these patients. Negative attitudes and stigma can cause patients to fear mistreatment by health care providers and create additional barriers to care. Patients' self-stigma and illness understanding BPD also affects treatment engagement and outcomes; better knowledge about mental illness predicts intentions to seek care. The perspectives of mental health clinicians and patients on BPD have not been researched in the Pakistani setting and likely differ from other settings due to economic, cultural, and health care system differences. Our study aims to understand the attitudes of mental health clinicians towards patients with BPD in Pakistan using a self-report survey. We also aim to explore explanatory models of illness in individuals with BPD and their family members/carers using a Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI). The results of this study are important as we know attitudes and illness understanding greatly impact care. Results of this study will help guide BPD-specific training for mental health clinicians who care for patients with BPD and help inform approaches to interventions for patients with BPD in Pakistan.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Heggebo2019,
  title = {Is {{There Less Labor Market Exclusion}} of {{People With Ill Health}} in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveFlexicurity}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Countries}}? {{Comparative Evidence From Denmark}}, {{Norway}}, the {{Netherlands}}, and {{Belgium}}},
  author = {Heggebo, Kristian and Buffel, Veerle},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3},
  pages = {476--515},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.1177/0020731419847591},
  abstract = {Higher employment rates among vulnerable groups is an important policy goal; it is therefore vital to examine which social policies, or mix of policies, are best able to incorporate vulnerable groups - such as people with ill health - into the labor market. We examine whether 2 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveflexicurity\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace countries, Denmark and the Netherlands, have less labor market exclusion among people with ill health compared to the neighboring countries of Norway and Belgium. We analyze the 2 country pairs of Denmark-Norway and the Netherlands-Belgium using OLS regressions and propensity score kernel matching of EU-SILC panel data (2010-2013). Both unemployment and disability likelihood is remarkably similar for people with ill health across the 4 countries, despite considerable social policy differences. There are 3 possible explanations for the observed cross-national similarity. First, different social policy combinations could lead toward the same employment outcomes for people with ill health. Second, most policy instruments are located on the supply side, and demand side reasons for the observed \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveemployment penalty\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (e.g., employer skepticism/discrimination) are often neglected. Third, it is too demanding to hold (full-time) employment for a sizeable proportion of those who have poor health status.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {comparative social policy,disability,flexicurity,health inequality,health selection,propensity score matching,unemployment}
}

@article{Heise2015,
  title = {Cross-National and Multilevel Correlates of Partner Violence: An Analysis of Data from Population-Based Surveys},
  author = {Heise, Lori L. and Kotsadam, Andreas},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {E332-E340},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00013-3},
  abstract = {Background On average, intimate partner violence affects nearly one in three women worldwide within their lifetime. But the distribution of partner violence is highly uneven, with a prevalence of less than 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the past 12 months in many high-income countries compared with at least 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% in some low-income settings. Little is known about the factors that drive the geographical distribution of partner violence or how macro-level factors might combine with individual-level factors to affect individual women's risk of intimate partner violence. We aimed to assess the role that women's status and other gender-related factors might have in defining levels of partner violence among settings. Methods We compiled data for the 12 month prevalence of partner violence from 66 surveys (88 survey years) from 44 countries, representing 481 205 women between Jan 1, 2000, and Apr 17, 2013. Only surveys with comparable questions and state-of-the-art methods to ensure safety and encourage violence disclosure were used. With linear and quantile regression, we examined associations between macro-level measures of socioeconomic development, women's status, gender inequality, and gender-related norms and the prevalence of current partner violence at a population level. Multilevel modelling and tests for interaction were used to explore whether and how macro-level factors affect individual-level risk. The outcome for this analysis was the population prevalence of current partner violence, defined as the percentage of ever-partnered women (excluding widows without a current partner), aged from 15 years to 49 years who were victims of at least one act of physical or sexual violence within the past 12 months. Findings Gender-related factors at the national and subnational level help to predict the population prevalence of physical and sexual partner violence within the past 12 months. Especially predictive of the geographical distribution of partner violence are norms related to male authority over female behaviour (0.102, p{$<$}0.0001), norms justifying wife beating (0.263, p{$<$}0.0001), and the extent to which law and practice disadvantage women compared with men in access to land, property, and other productive resources (0.271, p{$<$}0.0001). The strong negative association between current partner violence and gross domestic product (GDP) per person (-0.055, p=0.0009) becomes non-significant in the presence of norm-related measures (-0.015, p=0.472), suggesting that GDP per person is a marker for social transformations that accompany economic growth and is unlikely to be causally related to levels of partner violence. We document several cross-level effects, including that a girl's education is more strongly associated with reduced risk of partner violence in countries where wife abuse is normative than where it is not. Likewise, partner violence is less prevalent in countries with a high proportion of women in the formal work force, but working for cash increases a woman's risk in countries where few women work. Interpretation Our findings suggest that policy makers could reduce violence by eliminating gender bias in ownership rights and addressing norms that justify wife beating and male control of female behaviour. Prevention planners should place greater emphasis on policy reforms at the macro-level and take cross-level effects into account when designing interventions. Copyright (C) Heise et al. Open access article published under the terms of CC BY},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Heitink2017,
  title = {Informal Care, Employment and Quality of Life: {{Barriers}} and Facilitators to Combining Informal Care and Work Participation for Healthcare Professionals},
  author = {Heitink, Eveline and Heerkens, Yvonne and Engels, Josephine},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--231},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-172607},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: In The Netherlands, one out of six Dutch employees has informal care tasks; in the hospital and healthcare sector, this ratio is one out of four workers. Informal carers experience problems with the combination of work and informal care. In particular, they have problems with the burden of responsibility, a lack of independence and their health. These problems can reveal themselves in a variety of mental and physical symptoms that can result in absenteeism, reduction or loss of (work) participation, reduction of income, and even social isolation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe the factors that informal carers who are employed in healthcare organizations identify as affecting their quality of life, labour participation and health. METHODS: We conducted an exploratory study in 2013-2014 that included desk research and a qualitative study. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare employees who combine work and informal care. Data were analyzed with Atlas-TI. RESULTS: We identified five themes: 1. Fear and responsibility; 2. Sense that one's own needs are not being met; 3. Work as an escape from home; 4. Health: a lack of balance; and 5. The role of colleagues and managers: giving support and understanding. CONCLUSIONS: Respondents combine work and informal care because they have no other solution. The top three reasons for working are: income, escape from home and satisfaction. The biggest problems informal carers experience are a lack of time and energy. They are all tired and are often or always exhausted at the end of the day. They give up activities for themselves, their social networks become smaller and they have less interest in social activities. Their managers are usually aware of the situation, but informal care is not a topic of informal conversation or in performance appraisals. Respondents solve their problems with colleagues and expect little from the organization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {call on responsibility,combination work,feeling trapped,Women's health}
}

@article{Heitmueller2007,
  title = {The Earnings of Informal Carers: {{Wage}} Differentials and Opportunity Costs},
  author = {Heitmueller, Axel and Inglis, Kirsty},
  year = {2007},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {821--841},
  issn = {0167-6296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.12.009},
  abstract = {A substantial proportion of working age individuals in Britain are looking after sick, disabled or elderly people, often combining their work and caring responsibilities. Previous research has shown that informal care is linked with substantial opportunity costs for the individual due to forgone wages as a result of non-labour market participation. In this paper we show that informal carers exhibit further disadvantages even when participating. Using the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) we decompose wage differentials and show that carers can expect lower returns for a given set of characteristics, with this wage penalty varying along the pay distribution and by gender. Furthermore, opportunity costs from forgone wages and wage penalties are estimated and found to be substantial. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {decomposition,earnings distribution,opportunity costs}
}

@article{Henderson2021,
  title = {The Legal Protection of Women Migrant Domestic Workers from the {{Philippines}} and {{Sri Lanka}}: An Intersectional Rights-Based Approach},
  author = {Henderson, Sophie},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARE AND CARING},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {65--83},
  issn = {2397-8821},
  doi = {10.1332/239788220X15976836167721},
  abstract = {Women migrants' position in the global labour market is constrained by gender and racial divisions of labour, and the work they are offered is often insecure, low-paid and concentrated in feminised sectors of the economy, such as domestic work. It is not only women who predominantly perform domestic work, but also women of a certain race, ethnicity, socio-economic class and nationality. This article adopts an intersectional rights-based lens to examine how selected policies and regulations in the Philippines and Sri Lanka are discriminating against, and creating conditions for the systematic exploitation of, women migrant domestic workers positioned at the intersection of multiple converging identities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,intersectionality,migrant domestic workers,rights}
}

@article{Henrickson2011,
  title = {Policy Challenges for the Pediatric Rheumatology Workforce: {{Part II}}. {{Health}} Care System Delivery and Workforce Supply},
  author = {Henrickson, Michael},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PEDIATRIC RHEUMATOLOGY},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1186/1546-0096-9-23},
  abstract = {The United States pediatric population with chronic health conditions is expanding. Currently, this demographic comprises 12-18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the American child and youth population. Affected children often receive fragmented, uncoordinated care. Overall, the American health care delivery system produces modest outcomes for this population. Poor, uninsured and minority children may be at increased risk for inferior coordination of services. Further, the United States health care delivery system is primarily organized for the diagnosis and treatment of acute conditions. For pediatric patients with chronic health conditions, the typical acute problem-oriented visit actually serves as a barrier to care. The biomedical model of patient education prevails, characterized by unilateral transfer of medical information. However, the evidence basis for improvement in disease outcomes supports the use of the chronic care model, initially proposed by Dr. Edward Wagner. Six inter-related elements distinguish the success of the chronic care model, which include self-management support and care coordination by a prepared, proactive team. United States health care lacks a coherent policy direction for the management of high cost chronic conditions, including rheumatic diseases. A fundamental restructure of United States health care delivery must urgently occur which places the patient at the center of care. For the pediatric rheumatology workforce, reimbursement policies and the actions of health plans and insurers are consistent barriers to chronic disease improvement. United States reimbursement policy and overall fragmentation of health care services pose specific challenges for widespread implementation of the chronic care model. Team-based multidisciplinary care, care coordination and self-management are integral to improve outcomes. Pediatric rheumatology demand in the United States far exceeds available workforce supply. This article reviews the career choice decision-making process at each medical trainee level to determine best recruitment strategies. Educational debt is an unexpectedly minor determinant for pediatric residents and subspecialty fellows. A two-year fellowship training option may retain the mandatory scholarship component and attract an increasing number of candidate trainees. Diversity, work-life balance, scheduling flexibility to accommodate part-time employment, and reform of conditions for academic promotion all need to be addressed to ensure future growth of the pediatric rheumatology workforce.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Henseke2019,
  title = {Against the {{Grain}}? {{Assessing Graduate Labour Market Trends}} in {{Germany Through}} a {{Task-Based Indicator}} of {{Graduate Jobs}}},
  author = {Henseke, Golo},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {141},
  number = {2},
  pages = {809--840},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-018-1839-x},
  abstract = {Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job.The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% and from 13.3 to 22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market.The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% among young men.Among young female graduates, the incidence ofunderemployment fell to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment.A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women.The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Graduate jobs,Higher education,Underemployment,Wage dispersion,Wages}
}

@article{Herault2016,
  title = {{{UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME}}: {{A UNIFYING DECOMPOSITION FRAMEWORK}}},
  author = {Herault, Nicolas and Azpitarte, Francisco},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REVIEW OF INCOME AND WEALTH},
  volume = {62},
  number = {2},
  pages = {266--282},
  issn = {0034-6586},
  doi = {10.1111/roiw.12160},
  abstract = {In recent decades income inequality has increased in many developed countries but the role of tax and transfer reforms is often poorly understood. We propose a new method allowing for the decomposition of historical changes in income distribution and redistribution measures into: (i) the immediate effect of tax-transfer policy reforms in the absence of behavioral responses; (ii) the effect of labor supply responses induced by these reforms; and (iii) a third component allowing us to explore the effect of changes in the distribution of a wide range of determinants, including the effect of employment changes not induced by policy reforms. The application of the decomposition to Australia reveals that the direct effect of tax-transfer policy reforms accounts for half of the observed increase in income inequality between 1999 and 2008, while the increased dispersion of wages and capital incomes also played an important role.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income inequality,labor supply,progressivity,redistributive effect,taxes and transfers}
}

@article{Herbst2014,
  title = {{{CHILD CARE SUBSIDIES}}, {{MATERNAL HEALTH}}, {{AND CHILD-PARENT INTERACTIONS}}: {{EVIDENCE FROM THREE NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE DATASETS}}},
  author = {Herbst, Chris M. and Tekin, Erdal},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {23},
  number = {8},
  pages = {894--916},
  issn = {1057-9230},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.2964},
  abstract = {A complete account of the US child care subsidy system requires an understanding of its implications for both parental and child well-being. Although the effects of child care subsidies on maternal employment and child development have been recently studied, many other dimensions of family well-being have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the impact of child care subsidy receipt on maternal health and the quality of child-parent interactions. The empirical analyses use data from three nationally representative surveys, providing access to numerous measures of family well-being. In addition, we attempt to handle the possibility of non-random selection into subsidy receipt by using several identification strategies both within and across the surveys. Our results consistently indicate that child care subsidies are associated with worse maternal health and poorer interactions between parents and their children. In particular, subsidized mothers report lower levels of overall health and are more likely to show symptoms consistent with anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. Such mothers also reveal more psychological and physical aggression toward their children and are more likely to utilize spanking as a disciplinary tool. Together, these findings suggest that work-based public policies aimed at economically disadvantaged mothers may ultimately undermine family well-being. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Herbst2016,
  title = {Mothers' Postdivorce Earnings in the Context of Welfare Policy Change},
  author = {Herbst, Anat and Kaplan, Amit},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {222--234},
  issn = {1369-6866},
  doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12205},
  abstract = {We examined in this study the implications of divorce for mothers' earnings, comparing the 1990s and the 2000s, and illuminating developments in welfare policy for single-parent families over those two decades. After the welfare reform of 2003, the economic autonomy of single mothers, established through a combination of welfare state-based benefits and paid labour, was delegitimised, with a turn toward the marketplace. Using a unique data set created for this research by merging Israeli census files for 1995-2008, annual administrative employment records from the National Insurance Institute and the Tax Authority, and data from the Civil Registry of Divorce, we found that most mothers tended to increase their income from paid labor following divorce. However, they did so significantly more prior to the welfare cuts than after the cuts. The results can inform policy discussions about how mothers' postdivorce earnings might be affected by welfare policy shifts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {divorce,earnings,family policy,gender,quantitative research,single mothers,social welfare policy,the labor market,wages}
}

@article{Herbst2017,
  title = {Are {{Parental Welfare Work Requirements Good}} for {{Disadvantaged Children}}? {{Evidence From Age-of-Youngest-Child Exemptions}}},
  author = {Herbst, Chris M.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {327+},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.21971},
  abstract = {This paper assesses the impact of welfare reform's parental work requirements on low-income children's cognitive and social-emotional development. The identification strategy exploits an important feature of the work requirement rules-namely, age-of-youngest-child exemptions-as a source of quasi-experimental variation in first-year maternal employment. The 1996 welfare reform law empowered states to exempt adult recipients from the work requirements until the youngest child reaches a certain age. This led to substantial variation in the amount of time that mothers can remain home with a newborn child. I use this variation to estimate the impact of work-requirement-induced increases in maternal employment. Using a sample of infants from the Birth cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, the reduced form and instrumental variables estimates reveal sizable negative effects of maternal employment. An auxiliary analysis of mechanisms finds that working mothers experience an increase in depressive symptoms, and are less likely to breastfeed and read to their children. In addition, such children are exposed to nonparental child care arrangements at a younger age, and they spend more time in these settings throughout the first year of life. (C) 2016 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Herr2014,
  title = {The Fragile Growth Regime of {{Turkey}} in the Post-2001 Period},
  author = {Herr, Hansjoerg and Sonat, Zeynep M.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY},
  number = {51},
  pages = {35--68},
  issn = {0896-6346},
  abstract = {After the 2001 crisis, Turkey continued to pursue the radical market-oriented reform strategy that had started in the early 1980s and followed the philosophy of the Washington Consensus. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the post-2001 period was relatively high, but it was a \textbackslash textasciigravejobless\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace growth caused by substantial productivity increases generated largely by intensifying the work process rather than by technological advancements. Economic growth in the post-2001 period benefited society very unequally. The growth regime of Turkey is vulnerable owing to high current account deficit; high currency mismatch, particularly in the corporate sector; high income inequality; high unemployment; and an unsatisfactory development of the industrial sector, despite some successes. We recommend a new development regime with selective capital controls, a balanced current account, an active industrial policy by the government, stronger trade unions and employers' associations engaged in social dialogue combined with coordinated wage bargaining on the sectoral level, and last but not least, redistributive policies aiming to achieve a more equal income distribution.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Herrarte2022,
  title = {{{GENDER GAPS IN WAGES AND MANAGERIAL POSITIONS}}: {{DO FAMILY-ORIENTED POLICIES CONTRIBUTE TO ACHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY AMONG EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY GRADUATES}}?},
  author = {Herrarte, Ainhoa and {Gomez-Salcedo}, Fernando Bellido},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {REVISTA DE ECONOMIA MUNDIAL},
  number = {62},
  pages = {105--124},
  issn = {1576-0162},
  doi = {10.33776/rem.v0i62.5486},
  abstract = {This article analyzes the gender gap in wages and access to managerial positions among university graduates in 12 European countries and explores the capability of work-family balance policies to close these gaps. Using the REFLEX database, we apply the coarsened exact matching algorithm to construct a balanced sample of women and men with the same academic characteristics (field of study, internships, and academic achievement, among others). The analysis reveals that the academic program characteristics play a relevant role in labor market outcomes as the gender gaps diminish when controlling for academic features. We find that gender differences in hourly wages and access to top wages are smaller in countries with longer paid paternity leaves and larger enrollment rates of children aged 0-3 years in preschools. In contrast, work-family reconciliation policies have little effect on the constraints women face in accessing high-level positions that require strong commitment and availability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender Wage Gap,Management Positions,Top Wages,University Graduates,Work-family Policies}
}

@article{Herrera-Ballesteros2017,
  title = {{Quitting smoking and willingness to pay for cessation in Panama}},
  author = {{Herrera-Ballesteros}, Victor H. and Zuniga, Julio and Moreno, Ilais and Gomez, Beatriz and {Roa-Rodriguez}, Reina},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1},
  pages = {S54-S62},
  issn = {0036-3634},
  doi = {10.21149/7727},
  abstract = {Objective. To characterize the desire for cessation and willingness to pay for abandonment therapy. Materials and methods. The data source is the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Cessation and willingness to pay were characterized by sociodemographic (SD) and socioeconomic (SE) variables. Logistic regressions were performed to estimate associations. Results. A greater desire for cessation was observed in variables: women, education, non-governmental and inactive employees, rural areas, occasional smokers and middle income, and greater willingness to pay, in: education, over 60 years old, non-governmental, self-employed, urban area, occasional smokers and low median income. Conclusions. There is a high relation between the desire for abandonment, and willingness to pay with SD and SE variables. Cessation therapies can be applied in work centers, and require a change of focus in the intervention.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {cessation,Panama,socioeconomic factors,tobacco products}
}

@article{Herzberg-Druker2019,
  title = {Family Matters: {{The}} Contribution of Households' Educational and Employment Composition to Income Inequality},
  author = {{Herzberg-Druker}, Efrat and Stier, Haya},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {82},
  pages = {221+},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.012},
  abstract = {The rise in inequality in most industrial countries has drawn attention to the social and economic processes underlying it. This study examines how changing educational attainment and employment patterns of women (mainly) are impacting households' income distribution, with Israel as a case study. The level of income inequality in Israel, which is one of the highest in the Western world, has risen significantly in recent decades, along with a rise in education and labor force participation, especially among women. Using counterfactual analysis of the Theil index between the years 1983 and 2008, our findings show that the share of highly educated households has soared, together with a rise in the share of fulltime dual-earner households. There has also been an increase in the share of doubly fortunate households: both highly educated and fulltime dual-earner. All these changes have contributed to the rise in income inequality. The study emphasizes the importance of the joint change in educational attainment and participation level as an important mechanism behind the rise in income inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Educational composition of households,Households' employment patterns,Income inequality}
}

@article{Hess2018,
  title = {Expected and Preferred Retirement Age in {{Germany}}},
  author = {Hess, Moritz},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GERONTOLOGIE UND GERIATRIE},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {98--104},
  issn = {0948-6704},
  doi = {10.1007/s00391-016-1053-x},
  abstract = {Over the last 10 years the German pension system has undergone several reforms including the abandonment of early retirement policies and an increase in the statutory retirement age. Consequently, the average retirement age has increased and future retiree cohorts have adjusted the retirement expectations and preferences as to when they would like to retire. This study was carried out to examine discrepancies between the expected and the preferred retirement age of older workers in Germany and to investigate how these discrepancies differ between groups of older workers. Based on data from the survey \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEmployment after retirement\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, the expected and preferred retirement ages of 1500 workers aged 55 years and older were compared. Regression analyses were used to investigate the influence of educational level and professional position on deviances between the expected and preferred retirement ages. On average older workers would like to retire 1.75 years earlier than they actually expect to. The deviance is significantly larger for employees with a lower professional position, lower income and lower educational level. The discrepancy between expected and preferred retirement ages, in particular for older workers in vulnerable labor market positions, indicates a potential social inequality regarding the choice of retirement timing. This must be acknowledged when considering further reforms of the German pension system.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Occupational status,Public policy,Retirement,Social class,Social inequality}
}

@article{Hetzler1999,
  title = {{To commit social change: The sociology and the sociologists of the welfare state}},
  author = {Hetzler, A},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGISK FORSKNING},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {141--154},
  issn = {0038-0342},
  abstract = {The article is an analysis of processes of social change in the Swedish society during the 1990's. Changes in systems of production and changes in identity processes are seen as central components fur understanding the transformation of the welfare state. These processes of social change can be sociologically underwood by reference to the important impact on social policy of current theories of economic growth as well as the relationship between economic theories and theories of the state, Changes in the processes of production are discussed by looking at theories of marginalisation and social exclusion as well as problems of work and maintaining a liveable income. Changes in the creation and development of identity are discussed by focusing on the public identity as it is formed by citizenship and the democratic development of the individual as a unique subject. The public identity, which is a collective identity, is analysed against a market identity where the individual is defined as a consumer or as a client and thereby objectified and isolated, The framework for the article is a four-step model of welfare state transformation which occured in Sweden as well as in other countries during the last decade. The first step is increased inequality in wages as well as income distribution, the second step is narrowing of social rights and entitlements, the third step is lowering wages, and the last step is a redefinition of the concept of employment.},
  langid = {swedish}
}

@article{Heuermann2017,
  title = {The Distributional Effect of Commuting Subsidies - {{Evidence}} from Geo-Referenced Data and a Large-Scale Policy Reform},
  author = {Heuermann, Daniel F. and Assmann, Franziska and {vom Berge}, Philipp and Freund, Florian},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {11--24},
  issn = {0166-0462},
  doi = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.08.001},
  abstract = {We use the unexpected partial repeal of a tax break for commuters in Germany to examine the distribution of benefits from commuting subsidies between workers and firms. Drawing on a large set of geo-referenced employer-employee data, we use exact route distances between place of work and place of residence to calculate individual net wage benefits from commuting subsidies. In line with urban efficiency wage theories, we find robust evidence that employers compensate workers on average for about one third of the net wage loss caused by the reform if wages are individually negotiated. We find no comparable effect for workers covered by collective wage agreements. The subsequent existence of two common subsidy regimes within an otherwise stable institutional environment allows to draw inference on how each regime redistributes income between wage groups and between regions. We find that the introduction of a lower bound for commuting distances leads to a more equal distribution of net wage benefits between wage groups and regions compared to a regime without a lower bound.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Commuting,Public policy,Taxation,Wages}
}

@article{Hewitt2017,
  title = {The Benefits of Paid Maternity Leave for Mothers' Post-Partum Health and Wellbeing: {{Evidence}} from an {{Australian}} Evaluation},
  author = {Hewitt, Belinda and Strazdins, Lyndall and Martin, Bill},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {182},
  pages = {97--105},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.022},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the health effects of the introduction of a near universal paid parental leave (PPL) scheme in Australia, representing a natural social policy experiment. Along with gender equity and workforce engagement, a goal of the scheme (18 weeks leave at the minimum wage rate) was to enhance the health and wellbeing of mothers and babies. Although there is evidence that leave, especially paid leave, can benefit mothers' health post-partum, the potential health benefits of implementing a nationwide scheme have rarely been investigated. The data come from two cross-sectional surveys of mothers (matched on their eligibility for paid parental leave), 2347 mother's surveyed pre-PPL and 3268 post-PPL. We investigated the scheme's health benefits for mothers, and the extent this varied by pre-birth employment conditions and job characteristics. Overall, we observed better mental and physical health among mothers after the introduction of PPL, although the effects were small. Post-PPL mothers on casual (insecure) contracts before birth had significantly better mental health than their pre-PPL counterparts, suggesting that the scheme delivered health benefits to mothers who were relatively disadvantaged. However, mothers on permanent contracts and in managerial or professional occupations also had significantly better mental and physical health in the post-PPL group. These mothers were more likely to combine the Government sponsored leave with additional, paid, employer benefits, enabling a longer paid leave package post-partum. Overall, the study provides evidence that introducing paid maternity leave universally delivers health benefits to mothers. However the modest 18 week PPL provision did little to redress health inequalities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Maternal health and wellbeing,Maternal leave,Work place policy}
}

@article{Heylen2019,
  title = {Getting Low Educated and Older People into Work: {{The}} Role of Fiscal Policy},
  author = {Heylen, Freddy and {Van de Kerckhove}, Renaat},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING},
  volume = {41},
  number = {4},
  pages = {586--606},
  issn = {0161-8938},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.02.001},
  abstract = {Raising employment, in particular employment among older individuals and low educated individuals, stands high on the agenda of policy makers in many OECD countries. Increased sensitivity in recent years to rising inequality has made the challenge only larger. In this paper we evaluate alternative fiscal policy scenarios to face this challenge. We construct and use an overlapping generations model for an open economy where individuals differ not only by age, but also by innate ability and human capital. The model allows us to study effects on aggregate employment, per capita income and welfare, as well as effects for specific age and ability groups. We show that well-considered fiscal policy changes can significantly improve macroeconomic productive efficiency, without increasing intergenerational or intragenerational welfare inequality. Our results strongly prefer a reduction in the labor tax rate on older workers and on all low-wage earners, financed by an overall reduction in non-employment benefits. An alternative financing option is to raise the consumption tax rate. These results are to be seen as long-run effects for economies at potential output. (C) 2019 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment by age,Fiscal policy,Heterogeneous ability,Overlapping generations (OLG),Welfare inequality}
}

@article{Hicks2021,
  title = {Acceptability and {{Potential Effectiveness}} of {{eHealth Tools}} for {{Training Primary Health Workers From Nigeria}} at {{Scale}}: {{Mixed Methods}}, {{Uncontrolled Before-and-After Study}}},
  author = {Hicks, Joseph Paul and Allsop, Matthew John and Akaba, Godwin O. and Yalma, Ramsey M. and Dirisu, Osasuyi and Okusanya, Babasola and Tukur, Jamilu and Okunade, Kehinde and Akeju, David and Ajepe, Adegbenga and Okuzu, Okey and Mirzoev, Tolib and Ebenso, Bassey},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  number = {9},
  issn = {2291-5222},
  doi = {10.2196/24182},
  abstract = {Background: The in-service training of frontline health workers (FHWs) in primary health care facilities plays an important role in improving the standard of health care delivery. However, it is often expensive and requires FHWs to leave their posts in rural areas to attend courses in urban centers. This study reports the implementation of a digital health tool for providing video training (VTR) on maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) care to provide in-service training at scale without interrupting health services. The VTR intervention was supported by satellite communications technology and existing 3G mobile networks. Objective: This study aims to determine the feasibility and acceptability of these digital health tools and their potential effectiveness in improving clinical knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to MNCH care. Methods: A mixed methods design, including an uncontrolled pre- and postquantitative evaluation, was adopted. From October 2017 to May 2018, a VTR mobile intervention was delivered to FHWs in 3 states of Nigeria. We examined changes in workers' knowledge and confidence in delivering MNCH services through a pre- and posttest survey. Stakeholders' experiences with the intervention were explored through semistructured interviews that drew on the technology acceptance model to frame contextual factors that shaped the intervention's acceptability and usability in the work environment. Results: In total, 328 FHWs completed both pre- and posttests. FHWs achieved a mean pretest score of 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 48\textbackslash textbackslash\%-54\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and mean posttest score of 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 66\textbackslash textbackslash\%-72\textbackslash textbackslash\%), reflecting, after adjusting for key covariates, a mean increase between the pre- and posttest of 17 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 15-19; P{$<$}.001). Variation was identified in pre- and posttest scores by the sex and location of participants alongside topic-specific areas where scores were lowest. Stakeholder interviews suggested a wide acceptance of VTR Mobile (delivered via digital technology) as an important tool for enhancing the quality of training, reinforcing knowledge, and improving health outcomes. Conclusions: This study found that VTR supported through a digital technology approach is a feasible and acceptable approach for supporting improvements in clinical knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices in MNCH. The determinants of technology acceptance included ease of use, perceived usefulness, access to technology and training contents, and the cost-effectiveness of VTR, whereas barriers to the adoption of VTR were poor electricity supply, poor internet connection, and FHWs'workload. The evaluation also identified the mechanisms of the impact of delivering VTR Mobile at scale on the micro (individual), meso (organizational), and macro (policy) levels of the health system. Future research is required to explore the translation of this digital health approach for the VTR of FHWs and its impact across low-resource settings to ameliorate the financial and time costs of training and support high-quality MNCH care delivery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {digital health technology,eHealth,maternal and child health,mobile phone,Nigeria,primary health worker training,video-based training}
}

@article{Hiessl2022,
  title = {Labour {{Rights}} for {{Live-In Care Workers}}: {{The Long}} and {{Bumpy Road Ahead}}},
  author = {Hiessl, Christina},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL},
  volume = {11},
  number = {12},
  doi = {10.3390/socsci11120547},
  abstract = {Domestic work, as one of the most feminised occupations in existence, is also one of those least likely to offer a prospect of equal treatment with workers in other sectors. Notably, live-in domestic workers are regularly excluded from even the most fundamental entitlements such as that to an hourly minimum wage. The rise of an international industry organising live-in care work for the frail and disabled brings the questions of how to regulate this sector back to the table also and especially in the most affluent countries. Departing from a prominent recent court decision in Germany, the contribution explores how jurisdictions around the globe approach the key legal questions determining the labour rights of live-ins. On this basis, it offers a discussion of the way forward in a policy area which urgently requires an honest discussion of how to balance conflicting vital interest of different disadvantaged groups in a fair and realistic way.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care work,domestic work,equal treatment,labour law,labour migration,labour rights,live-in work,long-term care,minimum wage,social security}
}

@article{Higgs2001,
  title = {Health Care Access: {{A}} Consumer Perspective},
  author = {Higgs, {\relax ZR} and Bayne, T and Murphy, D},
  year = {2001},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--12},
  issn = {0737-1209},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1525-1446.2001.00003.x},
  abstract = {This article describes the use of action research as an information base for policy formulation by a collaborative partnership in Spokane, Washington. Health and social service providers recognized access to care by uninsured persons as a major community issue. Little was known from the consumers perspective about factors limiting access. No benchmarks existed against which to measure progress. Investigators collected mailed surveys from 475 residents of six Spokane neighborhoods and 97 persons participated in 12 focus group sessions. Income, education, and ethnicity were primary factors affecting perceptions of degree to which medical, dental, and mental health needs were being met. Many residents were unable to obtain needed health care; low-cost dental and mental health services were named as their highest priorities. Quality of care, relationships with providers, immediacy of access, and cost were important concerns. Major barriers were cost, length of time before one could get an appointment, lack of comfort with providers, and having to miss work for appointments. Consumer input is critical in understanding local issues in health care. Action research that combines qualitative and quantitative data enhanced practice/policy decisions through assuring ownership of the research and immediate use of findings by involved agencies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {consumer attitudes,consumer perspectives,health care access,health services accessibility}
}

@article{Hill2020,
  title = {{{Work2Prevent}}, an {{Employment Intervention Program}} as {{HIV Prevention}} for {{Young Men Who Have Sex With Men}} and {{Transgender Youth}} of {{Color}} ({{Phase}} 3): {{Protocol}} for a {{Single-Arm Community-Based Trial}} to {{Assess Feasibility}} and {{Acceptability}} in a {{Real-World Setting}}},
  author = {Hill, Brandon J. and Motley, Darnell N. and Rosentel, Kris and VandeVusse, Alicia and Garofalo, Robert and Kuhns, Lisa M. and Kipke, Michele D. and Reisner, Sari and Rupp, Betty and Goolsby, Rachel West and McCumber, Micah and Renshaw, Laura and Schneider, John A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {9},
  issn = {1929-0748},
  doi = {10.2196/18051},
  abstract = {Background: In the United States, young cisgender men who have sex with men (YMSM), young transgender women (YTW), and gender nonconforming (GNC) youth face elevated rates of HIV infection. However, racial and ethnic disparities in adolescent HIV infection cannot be attributed to individual-level factors alone and are situated within larger social and structural contexts that marginalize and predispose sexual and gender minority youth of color to HIV. Addressing broader ecological factors that drive transmission requires interventions that focus on the distal drivers of HIV infection, including violence exposure, housing, food insecurity, educational attainment, and employment. Given the ways that economic instability may make YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth of color vulnerable to HIV exposure, this study focuses on employment as an HIV prevention intervention. More specifically, the intervention, called Work2Prevent (W2P), targets economic stability through job readiness and employment as a means of preventing behaviors and factors associated with adolescent and young adult HIV, such as transactional sex work and homelessness. The intervention was adapted from iFOUR, an evidence-based employment program for HIV-positive adults in phase 1 of this study, and pilot tested in a university-based setting in phase 2. Objective: This paper aims to describe the protocol for the community-based test phase of W2P. The purpose of this phase was to pilot test a tailored, theoretically informed employment intervention program among YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth of color within a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community setting. Methods: The employment intervention was pilot tested using a single-arm pretest-posttest trial design implemented among a sample of vulnerable YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth of color using services within a community-based LGBTQ center. Assessments will examine intervention feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary estimates of efficacy. Results: Phase 3 of W2P research activities began in May 2019 and was completed in December 2019. Overall, 41 participants were enrolled in the community-based pilot. Conclusions: This study will assess intervention feasibility and acceptability in the target populations and determine preliminary efficacy of the intervention to increase employment and reduce vulnerability to HIV when implemented in a community-based setting serving LGBTQ youth of color. Testing the intervention in a community setting is an opportunity to evaluate how recruitment, retention, and other outcomes are impacted by delivery in a venue akin to where this intervention could eventually be used by nonresearchers. If W2P demonstrates feasibility and acceptability, a larger multisite trial implemented in multiple community settings serving YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth of color is planned.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender nonconforming youth,HIV/AIDS,homelessness,LGBTQ,sex work,unemployment,YMSM,young men who have sex with men,young transgender women,youth,YTW}
}

@article{Hillier-Brown2019,
  title = {The Effects of Social Protection Policies on Health Inequalities: {{Evidence}} from Systematic Reviews},
  author = {{Hillier-Brown}, Frances and Thomson, Katie and Mcgowan, Victoria and Cairns, Joanne and Eikemo, Terje A. and {Gil-Gonzale}, Diana and Bambra, Clare},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {47},
  number = {6},
  pages = {655--665},
  issn = {1403-4948},
  doi = {10.1177/1403494819848276},
  abstract = {Background: The welfare state distributes financial resources to its citizens - protecting them in times of adversity. Variations in how such social protection policies are administered have been attributed to important differences in population health. The aim of this systematic review of reviews is to update and appraise the evidence base of the effects of social protection policies on health inequalities. Methods/design: Systematic review methodology was used. Nine databases were searched from 2007 to 2017 for reviews of social policy interventions in high-income countries. Quality was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 tool. Results: Six systematic reviews were included in our review, reporting 50 unique primary studies. Two reviews explored income maintenance and poverty relief policies and found some, low quality, evidence that increased unemployment benefit generosity may improve population mental health. Four reviews explored active labour-market policies and found some, low-quality evidence, that return to work initiatives may lead to short-term health improvements, but that in the longer term, they can lead to declines in mental health. The more rigorously conducted reviews found no significant health effects of any of social protection policy under investigation. No reviews of family policies were located. Conclusions: The systematic review evidence base of the effects of social protection policy interventions remains sparse, of low quality, of limited generalizability (as the evidence base is concentrated in the Anglo-Saxon welfare state type), and relatively inconclusive. There is a clear need for evaluations in more diverse welfare state settings and particularly of family policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {evidence,gender,health equity,labour market,review,Social policy}
}

@article{Hills2004,
  title = {A \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethird Way\textbackslash ensuremath''' in Welfare Reform? {{Evidence}} from the {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Hills, J and Waldfogel, J},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {765--788},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.20046},
  abstract = {U.S. welfare reforms, whether promoting work first or human capital development, have had in common an emphasis on employment as the key to improving the life chances of children living in single-mother families. We describe in this article a different type of reform-a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethird way\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in welfare reform. The welfare reforms carried out in the United Kingdom since the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveNew Labour\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace government of Tony Blair was elected in 1997 have included promotion of paid work, but along side two other components-an explicit commitment to reduce and eventually eliminate child poverty, and a campaign against long-term disadvantage under the label of tackling \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial exclusion.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Welfare-to-work reforms promoting employment for single mothers have been active but not as punitive as in the United States. At the same time, the tax credit and cash benefit system has been radically overhauled, benefiting low-income families with children, whether or not parents are working. Early indications suggest a more rapid fall in child poverty in the United Kingdom since its reforms began than in the United States since its reforms, and a faster rise in single-mother employment. (C) 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Himmelweit2005,
  title = {Making Policymakers More Gender Aware: {{Experiences}} and Reflections from the {{Women}}'s {{Budget Group}} in the {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Himmelweit, S},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {109--121},
  issn = {1554-477X},
  doi = {10.1300/J501v27n01\textbackslash_07},
  abstract = {The UK Women's Budget Group (WBG) is a think tank focusing on the gender implications of economic policy that attempts to influence UK government policy to be more gender aware and adopt policies that decrease gender inequality. The WBG has had the over-arching aim of encouraging the government to take account of gender ill policy formation and to monitor and hold itself accountable for the gender effects of its policies. At the same time the WBG has advised the government on the gender effects of particular policies and proposed inodifications to make policies more supportive of (or less harmful to) women, and poor women in particular. Such advice hag covered a number of areas, including fiscal policy, tax credits, income support, financial Support for children, childcare policy, maternity and parental leave, work-life balance policies, pensions, pay equity, training and productivity, the use of indicators and the collection of government statistics. While the government has been keen to acknowledge the WBG's influence on certain policies, in other areas the WBG has had no discernible effect on policy. This analysis focuses on several common gender issues, including taking account of gendered life-courses, intra- as well as inter-household gender inequalities, valuing and remunerating care and accounting for unpaid work, to assess the WBG's impact and possible reasons for success or failure.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care work,children,intra-household allocation,tax policy,United Kingdom,welfare}
}

@article{Hinduja2023,
  title = {Public {{Sector Education}} and {{Gender Inequality}}: {{A Mixed-Method Study}} in {{Metropolis City}} of {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Hinduja, Preeta and Siddiqui, Sohni and Kamran, Mahwish},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ASIAN WOMEN},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1225-925X},
  doi = {10.14431/aw.2023.12.39.1.45},
  abstract = {Girls' education and participation in economic activities are relatively low in patriarchal Pakistani societies due to stereotypical family roles and cultural and religious inclinations. This study examines the influences of educational institutions and educational actors on gender-role ideologies in mainstream education in the public sector in an urban setting. The study methodology uses a mixed-method research approach; the quantitative analysis is conducted using the Social Roles Questionnaire, and the study aims to explore educators' views on gender roles and their relationship to demographics. Schools' disposition toward gender segregation was investigated through a qualitative Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings of the quantitative part revealed that the majority of the participants believed in traditional gender roles regardless of differences in their education, parental education, experience, job status, level of teaching, gender, designation, and type of institution (girls only/boys only/co-education). Qualitative analysis showed that educational institutions are playing a significant role in widening the gender gap due to the perceived intention of education being gender-biased that aims at developing boys as income producers and girls as morally rich stereotypical daughters, wives, and mothers. Additionally, education allows girls to shoulder the double burden of work and home in poor and middle-class families with limited cultural and domestic careers; however, for outdoor services, teaching careers are of paramount importance. Furthermore, girls' higher education is considered less meaningful, and participants have a rigid, traditional mindset. This study is unique in that, for the first time, it examines the influence of public-sector institutions and educationists' personal mindsets on gender-role stereotypes in an urban metropolitan area of Pakistan. This research provides recommendations for policymakers to cater to gender-disparity concerns for the well-being of the nation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {classroom practices,Gender roles,girls? career,girls? higher education,Pakistan}
}

@article{Hipp2015,
  title = {{Determinants of working time differences within couples in Europe and the US}},
  author = {Hipp, Lena and Leuze, Kathrin},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE},
  volume = {67},
  number = {4},
  pages = {659--684},
  issn = {0023-2653},
  doi = {10.1007/s11577-015-0343-4},
  abstract = {Why do couples in some countries pursue a more equal division of paid labor than in others? To answer this question, we use an exchange framework that simultaneously considers country and household level characteristics to explain working hour differences both within couples and between countries. Our multi-level analyses are based on a unique dataset that links data from the US and Europe with country-level information on public policies, cultural norms, and economic conditions. Our analyses show that working time differences between heterosexual partners are considerably smaller in countries with more progressive gender norms, less wage inequality between men and women, higher childcare coverage, and individualized taxation systems. This article makes an important contribution regarding gendered labor market inequalities by systematically linking the household to the country context.},
  langid = {german},
  keywords = {Couples,Europe and US,Gender inequalities,Household,Multilevel analyses,Working hours}
}

@article{Hirano2023,
  title = {Still {{Stuck}}: {{An Examination}} of the {{Early Paid Employment Experiences}} of {{Young Women With Disabilities}}},
  author = {Hirano, Kara A. and Bromley, Katherine W. and Lindstrom, Lauren E.},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSITION FOR EXCEPTIONAL INDIVIDUALS},
  issn = {2165-1434},
  doi = {10.1177/21651434231151665},
  abstract = {Young women with disabilities tend to experience poorer postschool employment outcomes than young men with disabilities and their peers without disabilities. Paid work experiences while in high school have been identified as significantly increasing the likelihood of later employment, yet few recent studies have examined the early employment experiences of young women with disabilities. This study reports the characteristics of paid employment experiences of 134 young women with disabilities. Findings indicate that fewer young women in our sample had paid work experience than young women nearly 20 years ago, and that early employment patterns are reflective of gendered employment patterns documented in adulthood. Implications for educators and service providers include collaboration across multiple systems and a need for gender-specific interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career development,contexts,employment,high school,research methodology,survey,transition area}
}

@article{Hirway2023,
  title = {Work and {{Workers}} in {{India}}: {{Moving}} towards {{Inclusive}} and {{Sustainable Development}}},
  author = {Hirway, Indira},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {66},
  number = {2},
  pages = {371--393},
  issn = {0971-7927},
  doi = {10.1007/s41027-023-00439-4},
  abstract = {High economic growth has not led India to an egalitarian economy. In fact, despite achieving high growth under the neo-liberal policy framework, India is suffering from unprecedented inequalities of wealth and incomes (Oxfam 2021, 2023), persistent unemployment and jobless growth, severe deficiencies in education as well as in nutrition and health, and well-being, and ecological damages. These problems have been discussed by many experts and policy makers in India. However, the same growth process has impacted on the new categories of work and workers also as defined by ILO in its ground-breaking Resolution onStatistics of Work, Employment and Labour Underutilization (ILO 2013) and their time use patterns. Our careful study of the time use patterns has revealed new concerns, which have impacted adversely on the health of the mainstream economy in multiple ways. These concerns are neglected if not excluded in the mainstream discussions today. This paper attempts to study these concerns and their implications for the Indian economy. It, then, explores pathways to inclusive and sustainable development in India.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Crisis of care,Enabling macroeconomic environment,Gender inequaity,ILO resolution 2013,New categories of workers,New definition of work,Sub-optimal use of labour}
}

@article{Hjorthol2014,
  title = {Allocation of Tasks, Arrangement of Working Hours and Commuting in Different {{Norwegian}} Households},
  author = {Hjorthol, Randi and Vagane, Liva},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {75--83},
  issn = {0966-6923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.01.007},
  abstract = {Weekly working hours and commuting distance can be seen as indicators of equality/inequality between spouses. Traditionally, it is women who adjust their career more readily to meeting family obligations. In an era with a focus on equality between the genders in regard to both education and paid work, it is obvious to think of equality regarding working hours as well, and of distance to and from work. In this study we utilized data from the Norwegian Travel Survey of 2009 to examine the results of adjustments made in weekly working hours and commuting distance in families in which both husband and wife are in paid work These indicate that the family situation is significant, and that, among other things, children in a family does not lead to any reduction in men's working hours or commuting distance. Living in the periphery of large cities is disadvantageous for women who want to work full time, while living within a city tends to be to their advantageous in this regard. The results from the analysis of commuting distance show that women do not commute as far as men in comparable groups (working hours. family type, education, place of living, income, access to a car and occupation) and that the policy of regional enlargement is far from gender neutral. So long as it is women who adjust their labour market participation - both temporal and spatial - an enlargement of the regional/geographical labour market resulting potentially in longer commuting distances will primarily favour those who have the possibility to travel irrespectively of family situation, i.e. men, not women. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hoang2019,
  title = {Institutions for Private Sector Development and Pro-Poor Growth: {{Evidence}} from {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Hoang, Trung X. and Pham, Cong S. and Ulubasoglu, Mehmet A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {699--728},
  issn = {0967-0750},
  doi = {10.1111/ecot.12210},
  abstract = {Using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey 2008, we explore the differences in pro-poor growth performance in provinces in Vietnam according to the quality of the provinces' institutions that support private sector activity. We exploit the localized and varying effect of French colonial legacy across Vietnamese provinces to address the endogeneity of institutions. We find strong and robust evidence of a positive effect of good-quality institutions that support private sector activity on pro-poor growth and that enhanced working hours and hourly wage and extended income from non-farm self-employment play critical roles in this outcome.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {French colonial legacy,private sector development,pro-poor growth,Vietnam}
}

@article{Hoffman2017,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveI Got Lucky}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Class Reproduction Across}} the {{Transition}} to {{Motherhood}}},
  author = {Hoffman, Charity M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {AFFILIA-FEMINIST INQUIRY IN SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {557--573},
  issn = {0886-1099},
  doi = {10.1177/0886109917713976},
  abstract = {The United States is one of the few countries in the world without national paid parental leave benefits. The lack of a universally available policy drives women out of the paid labor force, with a disproportionate impact on low-income women. In this article, I illuminate the mechanisms by which structural inequality reproduces class inequality across the transition to motherhood. Between 2012 and 2015, I interviewed 44 first-time mothers from diverse class backgrounds. From their narratives, I identify three typologies of working womenprofessional, pink-professional, and low-wage workersand show how formal workplace policies and informal practices, coupled with women's cultural knowledge, shape new mothers' employment trajectories when they have their first child. Policy makers and social workers serving new mothers need to be attuned to how women's occupational group may facilitate or inhibit access to parental leave, in order to pave the way for more equitable paid family leave for all women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {class reproduction,gender inequality,motherhood,parental leave,qualitative,work}
}

@article{Hoffmann2016,
  title = {Barriers along the Care Cascade of {{HIV-infected}} Men in a Large Urban Center of {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Hoffmann, Michael and MacCarthy, Sarah and Batson, Ashley and {Crawford-Roberts}, Ann and Rasanathan, Jennifer and Nunn, Amy and Silva, Luis Augusto and Dourado, Ines},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--62},
  issn = {0954-0121},
  doi = {10.1080/09540121.2015.1062462},
  abstract = {Global and national HIV/AIDS policies utilize the care cascade to emphasize the importance of continued engagement in HIV services from diagnosis to viral suppression. Several studies have documented barriers that men experience in accessing services at specific stages of care, but few have analyzed how these barriers operate along the care cascade. Brazil offers a unique setting for analyzing barriers to HIV care because it is a middle-income country with a large HIV epidemic and free, universal access to HIV/AIDS services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2011 with HIV-infected men (n=25) receiving care at the only HIV/AIDS state reference center in Salvador, Brazil, the third largest city in the country. Interviews were transcribed and coded for analysis. Researchers identified barriers to services along the care cascade: health service-related obstacles (poor-quality care, lengthy wait times, and drug supply problems); psychosocial and emotional challenges (fear of disclosure and difficulty accepting HIV diagnosis); indirect costs (transportation and absenteeism at work or school); low perceived risk of HIV; and toxicity and complexity of antiretroviral drug (ARV) regimens. The stages of the care cascade interrupted by each barrier were also identified. Most barriers affected multiple, and often all, stages of care, while toxicity and complexity of ARV regimens was only present at a single care stage. Efforts to eliminate more prevalent barriers have the potential to improve care continuity at multiple stages. Going forward, assessing the relative impact of barriers along one's entire care trajectory can help tailor improvements in service provision, facilitate achievement of viral suppression, and improve access to life-saving testing, treatment, and care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {AIDS,barriers,Brazil,care cascade,delay,HIV,men}
}

@article{Hofmarcher2021,
  title = {The Effect of Education on Poverty: {{A European}} Perspective},
  author = {Hofmarcher, Thomas},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW},
  volume = {83},
  issn = {0272-7757},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102124},
  abstract = {More than 1 in 7 people in Europe live in a household whose income is below the national poverty line, but more than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people consider themselves to live in poverty. This study provides evidence on the causal relationship between education and various dimensions of poverty. I construct a novel database comprising compulsory schooling reforms in 32 European countries and use them as instruments for education. I find economically large poverty-reducing effects of education. This holds true for several objective poverty measures, which are both absolute and relative in nature, and a subjective poverty measure. An additional year of education thus reduces not only the likelihood of being classified as living in poverty but also the likelihood of considering oneself to live in poverty. Increases in labor force participation and full-time employment as well as better health are potential mechanisms behind these results. Notably, countries in Eastern Europe seem to drive the results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Compulsory schooling,Educational economics,Poverty,Social exclusion}
}

@article{Hogan2011,
  title = {Gender-{{Specific Barriers}} to {{Self-Sufficiency Among Former Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction}} and {{Alcoholism Beneficiaries}}: {{Implications}} for {{Welfare-To-Work Programs}} and {{Services}}},
  author = {Hogan, Sean R. and Unick, George J. and Speiglman, Richard and Norris, Jean C.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SERVICE RESEARCH},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {320--337},
  issn = {0148-8376},
  doi = {10.1080/01488376.2011.564071},
  abstract = {This study examines barriers to economic self-sufficiency among a panel of 219 former Supplemental Security Income (SSI) drug addiction and alcoholism (DAA) recipients following elimination of DAA as an eligibility category for SSI disability benefits. Study participants were comprehensively surveyed at six measurement points following the policy change. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine full-sample and gender-specific barriers to economic self-sufficiency. Results indicate that access to transportation, age, and time are the strongest predictors of achieving self-sufficiency for both men and women leaving the welfare system. Gender-specific barriers are also identified. Future research needs to assess the generalizability of these results to other public assistance recipients.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Holden2009,
  title = {Economic {{Security}} in {{Retirement}}: {{How Changes}} in {{Employment}} and {{Marriage Have Altered Retirement-Related Economic Risks}} for {{Women}}},
  author = {Holden, Karen C. and Fontes, Angela},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {173--197},
  issn = {1554-477X},
  doi = {10.1080/15544770902901817},
  abstract = {We examine across birth cohorts the consequences for inter- and intra-gender equality of changing patterns of women's work, earnings, and marriage. While over time work participation rates, average earnings, and pension coverage for women have become increasingly similar to those for men, inequality among women has grown. As the economic opportunities for college-educated women have improved, women with only a high school education or less are increasingly disadvantaged in the labor and marriage markets. The effects of employment changes on the future retirement security of women can either be told simplyon average the gender gap in labor force participation, wages, and pension coverage is closingor be told with attention to the growing inequality among women in employment, pension coverage and benefits. In the presence of greater gender equality, inequality among women is becoming the future retirement security challenge for women and policy makers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,labor force participation,marriage,older women}
}

@article{Holland2009,
  title = {Labor Market Participation Following Onset of Seizures and Early Epilepsy: {{Findings}} from a {{UK}} Cohort},
  author = {Holland, Paula and Lane, Steven and Whitehead, Margaret and Marson, Anthony G. and Jacoby, Ann},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {EPILEPSIA},
  volume = {50},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1030--1039},
  issn = {0013-9580},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01819.x},
  abstract = {Previous studies have reported a considerable employment disadvantage among people with epilepsy. In a cohort of men and women who had experienced a single seizure or had early epilepsy at study entry we explored employment status and social mobility over 4 years and investigated whether employment outcomes were more disadvantageous for certain social groups. Analyses were based on 350 individuals of working age identified via the UK Multicentre Study of Early Epilepsy and Single Seizures. Employment rates were calculated for the cohort and general population. Employment trajectories over 4 years were explored according to occupational social class. The relative risk of employment was calculated by clinical features of seizures and social class. Individuals with single seizures or early epilepsy had significantly lower employment rates than the general population at study entry, and 2- and 4-year follow-up. Employment rates of men and women in the cohort did not differ significantly. Although little social class mobility occurred during follow-up, there was evidence of some downward mobility between first seizure(s) and study entry. In the fully adjusted model, nonemployment was predicted at all time points by having fair/poor self-rated health and experiencing four or more seizures. We observed that some individuals continued to work in hazardous occupations or drive professionally within a year of experiencing seizure(s). People who have recently experienced a single seizure or who have early epilepsy are exposed to substantial employment disadvantage. Greater efforts are necessary to help these people return to work and stay employed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Longitudinal,New-onset epilepsy,Single seizures,Social mobility}
}

@article{Holley2012,
  title = {Who {{Cleans Up}}? {{The Declining Earnings Position}} of {{Cleaners}} in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Holley, Sasha and Rainnie, Al},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND LABOUR RELATIONS REVIEW},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--160},
  issn = {1035-3046},
  doi = {10.1177/103530461202300109},
  abstract = {Neoliberal policies of industrial relations decentralisation and privatisation have transformed the economic landscape of Australia in the last 20 years. The primary objective of these policies has been to enhance wealth and prosperity by improving productivity and flexibility of the workforce and competition and accountability in the market. Yet the evidence suggests that precarious workers are not benefiting from this increased prosperity, indeed they suffer by comparison with all other workers. Cleaners are a subset of precarious workers who have been hard hit by the dual impacts of labour market decentralisation and privatisation. This study finds quantitative evidence of an increasing gap in earnings between cleaners and other workers in Australia since the onset of workplace relations decentralisation and the proliferation of privatisation in the mid 1990s. We locate our argument in recent debates about the nature of variegated neoliberalism, the emergence of the networked economy, and the implications of these developments for the nature of work and employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cleaners,income disparity,low-paid workers,networked economy,outsourcing,precarious work,privatisation and decentralisation,vulnerable}
}

@article{Holloway2013,
  title = {Parental Involvement in Children's Learning: {{Mothers}}' Fourth Shift, Social Class, and the Growth of State Intervention in Family Life},
  author = {Holloway, Sarah L. and {Pimlott-Wilson}, Helena},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CANADIAN GEOGRAPHIES-GEOGRAPHIES CANADIENNES},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {327--336},
  issn = {0008-3658},
  doi = {10.1111/cag.12014},
  abstract = {Nation states across the global North are restructuring their education systems. This process has changed the relationship between school and home, with an increasing onus being placed on parents to involve themselves in their children's education. The article explores what mothers with different social class positions think about state attempts to enrol them in the education of their primary-aged children (ages 4-11), and considers their experience of school curriculum events designed to encourage and guide their help for children's learning within the home. Mothers' support for this form of educational restructuring is widespread, but motivations for, and experiences of, involvement vary significantly between higher-, middle- and low-income schools. This matters as parental involvement not only increases mothers' workloadsadding a fourth shift to the existing demands of paid labour, domestic work, and their own education/trainingbut also risks widening social inequality as middle-class children potentially benefit more than their working class counterparts. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the need for geographies of education to: explore parents' gendered and classed engagement with education; trace the sectors' changing spatiality in the context of growing links between different sites of learning; and produce geographies that look both inward into the education system and outward at its importance in wider society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {education,good mothering,literacy,numeracy,parental engagement,schools}
}

@article{Holtemoeller2020,
  title = {Employment Effects of Introducing a Minimum Wage: {{The}} Case of {{Germany}}},
  author = {Holtemoeller, Oliver and Pohle, Felix},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ECONOMIC MODELLING},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {108--121},
  issn = {0264-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econmod.2019.10.006},
  abstract = {Income inequality has been a major concern of economic policy makers for several years. Can minimum wages help to mitigate inequality? In 2015, the German government introduced a nationwide statutory minimum wage to reduce income inequality by improving the labour income of low-wage employees. However, the employment effects of wage increases depend on time and region specific conditions and, hence, they cannot be known in advance. Because negative employment effects may offset the income gains for low-wage employees, it is important to evaluate minimum-wage policies empirically. We estimate the employment effects of the German minimum-wage introduction using panel regressions on the state-industry-level. We find a robust negative effect of the minimum wage on marginal and a robust positive effect on regular employment. In terms of the number of jobs, our results imply a negative overall effect. Hence, low-wage employees who are still employed are better off at the expense of those who have lost their jobs due to the minimum wage.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment effects,Minimum wage,Panel model}
}

@article{Holzer2017,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Skills}} and {{Jobs}} in {{Transforming Communities}}},
  author = {Holzer, Harry J.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {CITYSCAPE},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {171--190},
  issn = {1936-007X},
  abstract = {This article outlines the obstacles to widely shared prosperity in the labor markets of older communities in the United States. It addresses the need for more and better jobs, for the education and training programs to give workers the skills to fill these jobs, and for improved access to good jobs and schooling for minority and low-income residents. Examples of successful or promising approaches in each area are provided. Policy implications include government efforts to encourage the creation of more high-wage, high-performance jobs; provide more resources and incentives to community colleges to improve the employment outcomes of disadvantaged students; expand sector-based training and high-quality career education and apprenticeships; and expand services that would link all residents in a metropolitan area to good schools and jobs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Holzinger2020,
  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Don't Worry That Much about Language': Street-Level Bureaucracy in the Context of Linguistic Diversity},
  author = {Holzinger, Clara},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ETHNIC AND MIGRATION STUDIES},
  volume = {46},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1792--1808},
  issn = {1369-183X},
  doi = {10.1080/1369183X.2019.1610365},
  abstract = {The way we deal with diversity is crucial for social equity in the context of migration-related super-diversityand represents a challenge for all actors involved. The present article aims to contribute to the understanding of linguistic discrimination by contrasting the perceptions of institutional actors and mobile European citizens concerning language-related barriers when accessing labour market mediation services and benefits. The article draws exemplarily on empirical data (mainly qualitative interviews) relating to the provision of labour market-related services by the Austrian Employment Service and Hungarian migrants' experiences with this institution. The juxtaposition of these two complementary perspectives reveals the challenges that managing linguistic diversity poses for institutions and the actors involved alike. Likewise, it permits investigations into how emerging language-related problems may translate into experiences of inequity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,Labour market integration,language policy,linguicism,migration}
}

@article{Hong2019,
  title = {{{WAGE VOLATILITY AND CHANGING PATTERNS OF LABOR SUPPLY}}},
  author = {Hong, Jay H. and Seok, Byoung Hoon and You, Hye Mi},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  pages = {595--630},
  issn = {0020-6598},
  doi = {10.1111/iere.12363},
  abstract = {Over the past few decades, the skilled-unskilled hours differential for U.S. men increased when the skill premium rose sharply, in contrast with dominant income effects. Based on PSID data, we show that over the 1967-2000 period, skilled men experienced a three times larger increase in wage volatility than unskilled men. With the rise in wage volatility, our general equilibrium incomplete markets model generates a 2.7 hours increase in the hours differential whereas it increased by 1.4 hours in the data. We find that hours adjustments are important for self-insurance in the short run, whereas precautionary savings play a crucial role eventually.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hong2021,
  title = {Transforming {{Impossible}} into {{Possible}} ({{TIP}}) for {{SUD}} Recovery: A Promising Practice Innovation to Combat the Opioid Crisis},
  author = {Hong, Philip Young P. and Kim, Suk-Hee and Marley, James and Park, Jang Ho},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE},
  volume = {60},
  number = {6-7},
  pages = {509--528},
  issn = {0098-1389},
  doi = {10.1080/00981389.2021.1958127},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study is to examine the psychological self-sufficiency (PSS) process among low-income individuals participating in the Transforming Impossible into Possible (TIP) program and explore the implications of TIP as a SUD recovery intervention. A sample of 622 individuals from 9 local job training programs in a large Midwestern city was used to examine the group differences in substance abuse barrier and employment hope as they relates to economic self-sufficiency (ESS). Individuals in the TIP program (n = 315) had statistically significant path coefficients between substance abuse barriers, employment hope and ESS while the non-TIP counterpart (n = 307) showed a significant path only between employment hope and ESS. Also, the time difference score in substance abuse barrier and ESS was greater for the TIP group compared to the non-TIP comparison group. Results provide implications for social work practice among persons with SUDs. While the traditional employment programs focused only on the interview and job skills, TIP allowed participants to discover their resources to address the inner obstacles that have been holding them back. TIP could serve as a promising model to treat SUDs and support the recovery process.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,opioid crisis,psychological self-sufficiency (PSS),recovery,substance use disorders,Transforming Impossible into Possible (TIP)}
}

@article{Hong2022,
  title = {Predictors of Loss to Follow-up from {{HIV}} Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Namibia}}},
  author = {Hong, Steven Y. and Winston, Anna and Mutenda, Nicholus and Hamunime, Ndapewa and Roy, Tuhin and Wanke, Christine and Tang, Alice M. and Jordan, Michael R.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0266438},
  abstract = {Despite progress on population-level HIV viral suppression, unknown outcomes amongst people who have initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries, commonly referred to as loss to follow-up (LTFU), remains a barrier. The mean global estimate of LTFU is 20\textbackslash textbackslash\%, exceeding the World Health Organization target of {$<$}15\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Pervasive predictors associated with LTFU include younger age, low body mass index, low CD4 count, advanced HIV clinical stage and certain ART regimens. In Namibia, ART use by eligible individuals exceeds 85\textbackslash textbackslash\%, surpassing the global average. Nonetheless, LTFU remains a barrier to achieving viral suppression and requires research to elucidate context-specific factors. An observational cohort study was conducted in Namibia in 2012 by administering surveys to individuals who presented for HIV care and initiated ART for the first time. Additional data were collected from routine medical data monitoring systems. Participants classified as LTFU at 12 months were traced to confirm their status. Predictors of LTFU were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Of those who presented consecutively to initiate ART, 524 were identified as eligible to enroll in the study, 497 enrolled, and 474 completed the baseline questionnaire. The cohort had mean age 36 years, 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% were male, mean CD4 cell count 222 cells/mm3, 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% were WHO HIV clinical stage and 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% started efavirenz-based regimens. Tracing participants classified as LTFU yielded a re-categorization from 27.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 132) to 14.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 68) LTFU. In the final multivariable model, factors associated with confirmed LTFU status were: younger age (OR 0.97, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.00-1.06, p = 0.02); male sex (OR 2.34, CI 1.34-4.06, p = 0.003); difficulty leaving work or home to attend clinic (OR 2.55, CI 1.40-4.65, p = 0.002); and baseline efavirenz-based regimen (OR 2.35, CI 1.22-4.51, p = 0.01). Interventions to reduce LTFU should therefore target young men, particularly those who report difficulty leaving work or home to attend clinic and are on an efavirenz-based regimen.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hook2011,
  title = {Employment Outcomes of Former Foster Youth as Young Adults: {{The}} Importance of Human, Personal, and Social Capital},
  author = {Hook, Jennifer L. and Courtney, Mark E.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {33},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1855--1865},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.004},
  abstract = {In spite of a prevailing policy focus, little is known about the employment outcomes of former foster youth during early adulthood and the factors associated with those outcomes. We explore how former foster youth who aged out of care in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa are faring in the labor market at age 24 and what explains variability in employment and wages for these youth. We utilize multilevel models to analyze youth's employment using four waves of the Midwest Study. Our findings point to a critical need to better understand and address barriers to education, causes of substantial racial disparities, and characteristics of family foster homes that facilitate youths' employment. We find that youth who remain in care past age 18 attain higher educational credentials which translate into better employment outcomes. This research also highlights the need for policies directed at current and former foster youth who become early parents. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hook2015,
  title = {Incorporating \textbackslash textasciigraveclass' into Work-Family Arrangements: {{Insights}} from and for {{Three Worlds}}},
  author = {Hook, Jennifer L.},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {14--31},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/0958928714556968},
  abstract = {In response to feminist critics, Esping-Andersen (1999) added family to the state-market nexus by examining the degree of familialism across regimes. In the absence of the state de-familializing care, however, it is difficult to predict work-family arrangements without reference to the overall level of inequality and a family's social location within it. Thus, levels of familialism interact with levels of economic inequality. I build on existing categorizations of how two-parent families combine work and care in European countries by adding an explicit consideration of how these patterns vary within countries by education. I utilize hierarchical clustering with data for 16 countries (2004-2010) from the Luxembourg Income Study and the European Social Survey. In some respects, refining country averages by education lends greater support to the tenets of Three Worlds, but also reveals a Southern European pattern distinguished by inequality in work-family arrangements more characteristic of liberal regimes. Findings also illustrate how countries that polarize between dual full-time and male breadwinner families largely polarize by education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic inequality,social class,welfare states,women's employment,work-family}
}

@article{Hook2016,
  title = {Reproducing {{Occupational Inequality}}: {{Motherhood}} and {{Occupational Segregation}}},
  author = {Hook, Jennifer L. and Pettit, Becky},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {329--362},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxv004},
  abstract = {This paper examines how motherhood is associated with occupational segregation, paying careful attention to how motherhood affects labor force withdrawal in ways that may obscure its relevance for occupational segregation. Using data on eleven countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (2000-2007), we find that mothers are more likely than childless women to be out of the labor force and both over- and under-represented in certain occupations. Variation in mothers' occupational segregation across countries is consistent with expectations derived from theoretical arguments about how states reconcile, or fail to reconcile, women's employment and motherhood.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hook2020,
  title = {National {{Family Policies}} and {{Mothers}}' {{Employment}}: {{How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects}} across and within {{Countries}}},
  author = {Hook, Jennifer L. and Paek, Eunjeong},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {85},
  number = {3},
  pages = {381--416},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.1177/0003122420922505},
  abstract = {Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers' employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across country contexts and within countries by mothers' educational attainment. We hypothesize that family policies interact with national levels of earnings inequality to differentially affect mothers' employment outcomes by educational attainment. We develop hypotheses about the two most commonly studied family policies-early childhood education and care (ECEC) and paid parental leave. We test these hypotheses by establishing a novel linkage between the EU-Labour Force Survey and the Current Population Survey 1999 to 2016 (n = 23 countries, 299 country-years, 1.2 million mothers of young children), combined with an original collection of country-year indicators. Using multilevel models, we find that ECEC spending is associated with a greater likelihood of maternal employment, but the association is strongest for non-college-educated mothers in high-inequality settings. The length of paid parental leave over six months is generally associated with a lower likelihood of maternal employment, but the association is most pronounced for mothers in high-inequality settings. We call for greater attention to the role of earnings inequality in shaping mothers' employment and conditioning policy effects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings inequality,educational attainment,family policies,income inequality,women's employment,work-family}
}

@article{Hora2020,
  title = {Why Targeting Matters: {{The}} Apprenticeship Program for Youth in the {{Czech Republic}}},
  author = {Hora, Ondrej and Sirovatka, Tomas},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {54},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1198--1214},
  issn = {0144-5596},
  doi = {10.1111/spol.12598},
  abstract = {In this paper, we analyze the targeting and outcomes of the apprenticeship program implemented under the Youth Guarantee/YG scheme in the Czech Republic. We examine the outcomes and targeting using counterfactual impact evaluation (quasi-experimental design) of the apprenticeship program on the basis of administrative data from the Czech Employment Office. The implementation strategy is analyzed using various policy documents. The findings indicate that the program is apparently targeted at those groups of young people who are less disadvantaged as regards education level and previous unemployment experience. At the same time, paradoxically, the effects in terms of outflows from the unemployment register are weak for the short-term and medium-term unemployed, as well as for low-skilled and high-skilled youth, and stronger effects are evident in the case of long-term unemployed and medium-skilled youth. The failures in targeting and in adjusting the program to the needs of more vulnerable groups of youth are due to an inconsistent implementation strategy of Czech Public Employment Services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {active labor market policies,apprenticeship program}
}

@article{Hordiyenko2022,
  title = {{DISABLED PEOPLE OF GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN POST-WAR UKRAINE 1945-1950}},
  author = {Hordiyenko, Vyacheslav and Hordiyenko, Halina},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {EMINAK},
  number = {2},
  pages = {130--146},
  issn = {1998-4634},
  doi = {10.33782/eminak2022.2(38).586},
  abstract = {The purpose of the paper is to highlight the living conditions of disabled people of the Great Patriotic War in post-war Ukraine, which were resulted from certain measures for the social protection of that social group, implemented by the party-government leadership of the republic. The scientific novelty is in the fact that the study focuses on manifestations of discrimination by the authorities against certain groups of the social community of disabled front-line soldiers in the Ukrainian SSR. Conclusions. The process of legal registration of the social group \textbackslash textasciigraveinvalids of the Great Patriotic War' in the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR began in 1940 and continued until the end of the Second World War. The disabled of the Soviet-German War were legally separated from all social groups of the social security system and had a number of rights and privileges. At the same time, the practice of implementing the policy of the disabled WWII soldiers' social protection by the party-government leadership of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR testified to a general tendency to ignore those rights and privileges. The facts of the encroachment of the highest-ranking Communist party and government of the USSR and Ukraine representatives upon the process of determining the degree of loss of labor capacity of disabled veterans with the aim of reducing expenses for supporting their incomes are found out. The reasons for such actions of the authorities are analyzed. The dependence of the social protection of the war disabled on the ideological guidelines of the communist state as well as the command-administrative system of managing the economy and social policy is revealed. Disabled WWII soldiers who lived in the villages were discriminated against as well. They were paid a smaller pension, were not given food stamps for a guaranteed supply of bread, and were not exempted from taxes in kind in the form of harvesting agricultural products. It was discrimination on social grounds. The administrative and coercive character of the solution to the problem of employment of disabled WWII soldiers in post-war Ukraine is proven. The paper shows the facts of discrimination against disabled war veterans with severe injuries who tried to survive on their own in hard living conditions, engaging in petty trade or begging. Authorities deprived them of freedom of movement, freedom of choice of occupation, and even personal freedom, forcibly sending them to specialized institutions. The top officials of the republic were also involved in that.},
  langid = {ukrainian},
  keywords = {disability category,disabled of the Great Patriotic War,discrimination,employment,pension,repressions,social protection}
}

@article{Hordosy2018,
  title = {Lower Income Students and the \textbackslash textasciigravedouble Deficit' of Part-Time Work: Undergraduate Experiences of Finance, Studying and Employability},
  author = {Hordosy, Rita and Clark, Tom and Vickers, Dan},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND WORK},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  pages = {353--365},
  issn = {1363-9080},
  doi = {10.1080/13639080.2018.1498068},
  abstract = {This paper explores how the various pressures of finance, employability and part-time work are experienced by undergraduates studying in an English Red Brick University. Drawing on the results of a 3-year qualitative study that followed 40 students throughout their 3 years of studies (n(1) = 40, n(2) = 40, n(3) = 38, n(total) = 118), the paper details three dimensions by which students understood their part-time employment experiences: the characteristics of employment types; motivations for employment and the challenges of shaping their employment experiences around their studies. It is argued that the current shortfalls in the student budget and the pressures of the employability agenda may actually serve to further disadvantage the lower income groups in the form of a \textbackslash textasciigravedouble deficit'. Not only are discrepancies between income and expenditure likely to mean that additional monies are necessary to study for a degree, the resulting need for part-time employment is also likely to constrain both degree outcome and capacity to enhance skills necessary for \textbackslash textasciigraveemployability'.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employability,part-time work,student debt,student finance}
}

@article{Horn2018,
  title = {The {{SDGs}} in Middle-Income Countries: {{Setting}} or Serving Domestic Development Agendas? {{Evidence}} from {{Ecuador}}},
  author = {Horn, Philipp and Grugel, Jean},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {73--84},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.005},
  abstract = {The expansion of middle-income countries in the global South is now widely acknowledged as significant for international development research and practice. But, as yet, scholars have not fully considered how middle-income countries are responding to the new global goals on international development (the Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs) outlined in Agenda 2030. Equally, insufficient attention has been paid to how - if at all - the SDGs shape domestic development policies and practices in middle income countries. We ask these questions in Ecuador, a country that recently moved from being a lower middle income and donor dependent country to a more autonomous higher middle-income country with the capacity to promote its own national domestic development approach, Buen Vivir (in English: living well). Deploying a qualitative case study methodology and drawing primarily on in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with policy makers working in Ecuador's national government and in the capital Quito, we show that policy makers' engagement with the SDGs is selective, with an emphasis on those goals and targets which are considered of domestic importance. Both the national government and Quito's local government are currently focussing mainly on SDGs 10.2 (breaking inequalities) and 11 (inclusive cities). We demonstrate that, in practice, how policy makers understand implementation of these \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepriority\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace goals is not consistent; it depends on political preferences, where policy makers are located in the architecture of decentralised governance and the context-specific challenges they face. Evidence from Ecuador suggests that the SDGs cannot be understood as a single coherent template for development that states will simply adopt. Rather they should be analysed in the context of a rapidly changing architecture of global power, shaped by the context-specific nature of national development challenges and national political structures, including decentralisation. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decentralisation,Ecuador,Middle-income countries,Quito,SDGs 11 \textbackslash textbackslash\& 10.2,Sustainable Development Goals}
}

@article{Hornberg2023,
  title = {Explaining the Training Disadvantage of Less-Educated Workers: The Role of Labor Market Allocation in International Comparison},
  author = {Hornberg, Carla and Heisig, Jan Paul and Solga, Heike},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  issn = {1475-1461},
  doi = {10.1093/ser/mwad023},
  abstract = {Less-educated workers have the lowest participation rates in job-related further training across the industrialized world, but the extent of their disadvantage varies. Using data on 28 high- and middle-income countries, we assess different explanations for less-educated workers' training disadvantage relative to intermediate-educated workers, with a focus on the role of labor market allocation (i.e. job tasks, other job features and firm characteristics). Shapley decompositions reveal a broadly similar pattern for all countries: differences in labor market allocation between less- and intermediate-educated workers are more important for explaining the training gap than differences in individual learning disposition (i.e. cognitive skills and motivation to learn). Our analysis further suggests that the training gap is related to educational and labor market institutions and that labor market allocation processes play a key role in mediating any institutional \textbackslash textasciigraveeffects'. Strong conclusions regarding the role of institutions are hampered by the small country-level sample, however.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {education systems,inequality in adult training,labor market allocation,labor market institutions,Shapley decomposition,skills}
}

@article{Horvat2014,
  title = {Cultural Competence Education for Health Professionals},
  author = {Horvat, Lidia and Horey, Dell and Romios, Panayiota and {Kis-Rigo}, John},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  number = {5},
  issn = {1469-493X},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009405.pub2},
  abstract = {Background Cultural competence education for health professionals aims to ensure all people receive equitable, effective health care, particularly those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. It has emerged as a strategy in high-income English-speaking countries in response to evidence of health disparities, structural inequalities, and poorer quality health care and outcomes among people from minority CALD backgrounds. However there is a paucity of evidence to link cultural competence education with patient, professional and organisational outcomes. To assess efficacy, for this review we developed a four-dimensional conceptual framework comprising educational content, pedagogical approach, structure of the intervention, and participant characteristics to provide consistency in describing and assessing interventions. We use the term \textbackslash textasciigraveCALDparticipants' when referring to minority CALD populations as a whole. When referring to participants in included studies we describe them in terms used by study authors. Objectives To assess the effects of cultural competence education interventions for health professionals on patient-related outcomes, health professional outcomes, and healthcare organisation outcomes. Search methods We searched: MEDLINE (OvidSP) (1946 to June 2012); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library) (June 2012); EMBASE (OvidSP) (1988 to June 2012); CINAHL (EbscoHOST) (1981 to June 2012); PsycINFO (OvidSP) (1806 to June 2012); Proquest Dissertations and Theses database (1861 to October 2011); ERIC (CSA) (1966 to October 2011); LILACS (1982 to March 2012); and Current Contents (OvidSP) (1993 Week 27 to June 2012). Searches in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, ERIC and Current Contents were updated in February 2014. Searches in CINAHL were updated in March 2014. There were no language restrictions. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, and controlled clinical trials of educational interventions for health professionals working in health settings that aimed to improve: health outcomes of patients/consumers of minority cultural and linguistic backgrounds; knowledge, skills and attitudes of health professionals in delivering culturally competent care; and healthcare organisation performance in culturally competent care. Data collection and analysis We used the conceptual framework as the basis for data extraction. Two review authors independently extracted data on interventions, methods, and outcome measures and mapped them against the framework. Additional information was sought from study authors. We present results in narrative and tabular form. Main results We included five RCTs involving 337 healthcare professionals and 8400 patients; at least 3463 (41\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were from CALD backgrounds. Trials compared the effects of cultural competence training for health professionals, with no training. Three studies were from the USA, one from Canada and one from The Netherlands. They involved health professionals of diverse backgrounds, although most were not from CALD minorities. Cultural background was determined using a validated scale (one study), self-report (two studies) or not reported (two studies). The design effect from clustering meant an effective minimum sample size of 3164 CALD participants. No meta-analyses were performed. The quality of evidence for each outcome was judged to be low. Two trials comparing cultural competence training with no training found no evidence of effect for treatment outcomes, including the proportion of patients with diabetes achieving LDL cholesterol control targets (risk difference (RD) -0.02, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.06 to 0.02; 1 study, USA, 2699 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblack\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace patients, moderate quality), or change in weight loss (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.07, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.41 to 0.55, 1 study, USA, effective sample size (ESS) 68 patients, low quality). Health behaviour (client concordance with attendance) improved significantly among intervention participants compared with controls (relative risk (RR) 1.53, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.03 to 2.27, 1 study, USA, ESS 28 women, low quality). Involvement in care by \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenon-Western\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace patients (described as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemainly Turkish, Moroccan, Cape Verdean and Surinamese patients\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) with largely \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveWestern\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace doctors improved in terms of mutual understanding (SMD 0.21, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.00 to 0.42, 1 study, The Netherlands, 109 patients, low quality). Evaluations of care were mixed (three studies). Two studies found no evidence of effect in: proportion of patients reporting satisfaction with consultations (RD 0.14, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.03 to 0.31, 1 study, The Netherlands, 109 patients, low quality); patient scores of physician cultural competency (SMD 0.11 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.63 to 0.85, 1 study, USA, ESS 68 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCaucasian\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenon-Causcasian\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace patients (described as Latino, African American, Asian and other, low quality). Client perceptions of health professionals were significantly higher in the intervention group (SMD 1.60 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05 to 2.15, 1 study, USA, ESS 28 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBlack\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace women, low quality). No study assessed adverse outcomes. There was no evidence of effect on clinician awareness of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveracial\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace differences in quality of care among clients at a USA health centre (RR 1.37, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.97 to 1.94. P = 0.07) with no adjustment for clustering. Included studies did not measure other outcomes of interest. Sensitivity analyses using different values for the Intra-cluster coefficient (ICC) did not substantially alter the magnitude or significance of summary effect sizes. All four domains of the conceptual framework were addressed, suggesting agreement on core components of cultural competence education interventions may be possible. Authors' conclusions Cultural competence continues to be developed as a major strategy to address health inequities. Five studies assessed the effects of cultural competence education for health professionals on patient-related outcomes. There was positive, albeit low-quality evidence, showing improvements in the involvement of CALD patients. Findings either showed support for the educational interventions or no evidence of effect. No studies assessed adverse outcomes. The quality of evidence is insufficient to draw generalisable conclusions, largely due to heterogeneity of the interventions in content, scope, design, duration, implementation and outcomes selected. Further research is required to establish greater methodological rigour and uniformity on core components of education interventions, including how they are described and evaluated. Our conceptual framework provides a basis for establishing consensus to improve reporting and allow assessment across studies and populations. Future studies should measure the patient outcomes used: treatment outcomes; health behaviours; involvement in care and evaluations of care. Studies should also measure the impact of these types of interventions on healthcare organisations, as these are likely to affect uptake and sustainability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hoshi2022,
  title = {The Heterogeneous Effects of {{COVID-19}} on Labor Markets: {{People}}'s Movement and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions},
  author = {Hoshi, Kisho and Kasahara, Hiroyuki and Makioka, Ryo and Suzuki, Michio and Tanaka, Satoshi},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES},
  volume = {63},
  issn = {0889-1583},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jjie.2021.101170},
  abstract = {The paper investigates the heterogeneous effect of a policy-induced decline in people's mobility on the Japanese labor market outcome during the early COVID-19 period. Regressing individual-level labor market outcomes on prefecture-level mobility changes using policy stringency index as an instrument, our two-stage least squares estimator presents the following findings. First, the number of people absent from work increased for all groups of individuals, but the magnitude was greater for workers with non-regular employment status, low-educated people, females especially with children, and those aged 31 to 45 years. Second, while work hours decreased for most groups, the magnitude was especially greater for business owners without employees and those aged 31 to 45. Third, the negative effect on unemployment was statistically significant for older males who worked as regular workers in the previous year. The impact was particularly considerable for those aged 60 and 65, thus suggesting that they lost their re-employment opportunity due to COVID-19. Fourth, all these adverse effects were greater for people working in service and sales occupations. Fifth, a counterfactual experiment of more stringent policies indicates that while an average worker would lose JPY 3857 in weekly earnings by shortening their work hours, the weekly loss for those aged 31 to 45 years and working in service and sales occupations would be about JPY 13,842.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavior,COVID-19,Inequality,Short-time work,Working from home}
}

@article{Houck2019,
  title = {Pharmacist-Driven Multidisciplinary Pretreatment Workup Process for Hepatitis {{C}} Care: {{A}} Novel Model for Same-Day Pretreatment Workup},
  author = {Houck, Kelly K. and Ifeachor, Amanda P. and Fleming, Breanne S. and Andres, Audrey M. and O'Donovan, Kristin N. and Johnson, Andrew J. and Liangpunsakul, Suthat},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACISTS ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {59},
  number = {5},
  pages = {710--716},
  issn = {1544-3191},
  doi = {10.1016/j.japh.2019.05.003},
  abstract = {Objectives: The objective is to describe and quantify the impact of a novel practice model for pharmacist involvement in care coordination and patient education in hepatitis C virus (HCV) care. Setting: This practice model was implemented in the gastroenterology clinic at the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Indianapolis, Indiana. Practice description: Traditional pretreatment workup for HCV requires multiple on-site appointments to complete imaging and laboratory assessments and for provider and social work appointments. High pretreatment time burden and increasing psychosocial complexity of the patient population present significant barriers to HCV eradication. Patients frequently miss appointments, and each on-site visit creates a separate opportunity for patients to be lost to follow-up. Practice innovation: The pharmacist-driven multidisciplinary pretreatment workup process was launched by HCV pharmacists to mitigate barriers. Patients complete the pretreatment evaluation process, which includes same-day pharmacy education, provider visit, social work assessment, FibroScan, and laboratory assessments, in approximately 2.5 hours. Evaluation: Forty-six patients who completed the pharmacist-driven multidisciplinary pretreatment workup process versus 235 patients who completed traditional workup were analyzed for time from date of HCV consultation placement to treatment start and time from most recent HCV provider visit to treatment start. Results: From time of HCV consult entry to date of treatment start, patients were initiated on HCV treatment in an average of 42.2 +/- 7.5 days and 184.1 +/- 27.6 days (P = 0.0001) within the intervention and traditional workup groups, respectively. A decreased time from most recent HCV provider visit to treatment initiation was noted between groups with 38.2 +/- 7.1 days and 54.7 +/- 3.6 days (P = 0.04) in the intervention and traditional workup groups, respectively. Conclusion: The pharmacist-driven multidisciplinary pretreatment workup process is an effective way to engage patients and decrease time to treatment initiation. This model could be replicated in other practice settings, especially those challenged by multi-step care coordination. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Pharmacists Association.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Houweling2010,
  title = {Socio-Economic Inequalities in Childhood Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the International Evidence},
  author = {Houweling, Tanja A. J. and Kunst, Anton E.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN},
  volume = {93},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--26},
  issn = {0007-1420},
  doi = {10.1093/bmb/ldp048},
  abstract = {In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the probability of dying in childhood is strongly related to the socio-economic position of the parents or household in which the child is born. This article reviews the evidence on the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in childhood mortality within LMICs, discusses possible causes and highlights entry points for intervention. Evidence on socio-economic inequalities in childhood mortality in LMICs is mostly based on data from household surveys and demographic surveillance sites. Childhood mortality is systematically and considerably higher among lower socio-economic groups within countries. Also most proximate mortality determinants, including malnutrition, exposure to infections, maternal characteristics and health care use show worse levels among more deprived groups. The magnitude of inequality varies between countries and over time, suggesting its amenability to intervention. Reducing inequalities in childhood mortality would substantially contribute to improving population health and reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The contribution of specific determinants, including national policies, to childhood mortality inequalities remains uncertain. What works to reduce these inequalities, in particular whether policies should be universal or targeted to the poor, is much debated. The increasing political attention for addressing health inequalities needs to be accompanied by more evidence on the contribution of specific determinants, and on ways to ensure that interventions reach lower socio-economic groups.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child mortality,health inequality,review,socioeconomic factors}
}

@article{Howells2018,
  title = {Exploring the Career Choices of {{White}} and {{Black}}, {{Asian}} and {{Minority Ethnic}} Women Pharmacists: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Howells, Kelly and Bower, Peter and Hassell, Karen},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {6},
  pages = {507--514},
  issn = {0961-7671},
  doi = {10.1111/ijpp.12424},
  abstract = {Objective In the UK, a growing number of females entering pharmacy are women from Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups (BAME). Research shows that BAME women are more likely to work in the community sector and be self-employed locums than white women, and Asian women overrepresented in part-time, lower status roles. This study aims to explore the employment choices of white and BAME women pharmacists to see whether their diverse work patterns are the product of individual choices or other organisational factors. Methods Key findings This study analyses 28 qualitative interviews conducted with 18 BAME and 10 white women pharmacists. The interview schedule was designed to explore early career choices, future career aspirations and key stages in making their career decisions. The findings show that white and BAME women are influenced by different factors in their early career choices. Cultural preferences for self-employment and business opportunities discourage BAME women from hospital sector jobs early in their careers. Resonating with other studies, the findings show that white and BAME women face similar barriers to career progression if they work part-time. Textbox Conclusions Women working part-time are more likely to face workforce barriers, irrespective of ethnic origin. Cultural preferences may be preventing BAME women from entering the hospital sector. This research is important in the light of current debates about the future shape of pharmacy practice, as well as wider government policy objectives that seek to improve the working lives of health care professionals and promote racial diversity and equality in the workplace.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment choices,ethnic minorities,pharmacy workforce,qualitative,women}
}

@article{Howie2020,
  title = {Heterogeneous Labor and Structural Change in Low- and Middle-Income, Resource-Dependent Countries},
  author = {Howie, Peter and Atakhanova, Zauresh},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {ECONOMIC CHANGE AND RESTRUCTURING},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {297--332},
  issn = {1573-9414},
  doi = {10.1007/s10644-018-9242-9},
  abstract = {In this paper we analyse structural change and its implications for labor productivity growth in Kazakhstan, Malawi, and Zambia, three resource-dependent countries, during the resource boom that lasted from 2001 to 2013. We pay particular attention to the effects of labor heterogeneity by assessing the demand for pre-determined occupations. The effects of structural change on heterogeneous labor markets are studied by developing a model to explain the observed patterns of labor migration between sectors. We use labor force survey data from Kazakhstan and census microdata for Malawi and Zambia available from the IPUMS International database. In-depth examinations are performed using a decomposition technique and multinomial logit regression to examine labor demand patterns. Results show that private services experienced the largest increase in employment across all occupations and relative skill deepening. Substantial decreases in managers occurred in public services. The results indicate that structural change is fundamental in shaping the allocation of individuals across different occupations within the labor market. Moreover, during a resource boom, the results indicate that the public sector experiences a skill-drain that may affect the quality of governance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Kazakhstan,Labor productivity,Malawi,Resource boom,Structural change,Zambia}
}

@article{Hu2019,
  title = {Literacy, {{Numeracy}},{{Technology Skill}}, and {{Labour Market Outcomes}} among {{Indigenous Peoples}} in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Hu, Min and Daley, Angela and Warman, Casey},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CANADIAN PUBLIC POLICY-ANALYSE DE POLITIQUES},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--73},
  issn = {0317-0861},
  doi = {10.3138/cpp.2017-068},
  abstract = {We use the 2012 Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to examine the relationship between information-processing skills, educational attainment, and labour market outcomes among Indigenous peoples in Canada. Relative to the non-Indigenous sample, we find negative earnings differentials, higher unemployment, and lower employment and labour market participation among Indigenous peoples, as well as important differences between First Nations, Metis, and Inuit workers. First Nations peoples show larger gaps in terms of earnings and employment outcomes. Moreover, Metis peoples show worse employment outcomes and negative earnings differentials in the upper part of the distribution. First Nations peoples also show sizable gaps in literacy, numeracy, and technology skill relative to the non-Indigenous sample. Not surprisingly, there is a positive relationship between information-processing skills and wages. However, the returns to skills are very similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. That is, we find no evidence of economic discrimination. Once these skills are conditioned on, the earnings differentials decline. We also find that education can reduce skill and wage gaps, although the additional impact is small. The results imply the need to consider barriers to education faced by Indigenous peoples.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aboriginal,cognitive skills,decomposition,earnings,economic discrimination,employment,First Nations,Indigenous,information-processing skills,Inuit,labour market,labour market participation,literacy,Metis,numeracy,Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies,technology skill,unemployment}
}

@article{Hua2022,
  title = {Internet {{Penetration}} and {{Income Inequality}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Chinese Young Labor Market}}},
  author = {Hua, Yu and Zhang, Haiyan},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2022.2156471},
  abstract = {The Internet technology has had a visible impact on the daily work and lives of people, especially the youth. This paper aims to investigate the influence of Internet technology on labour income as well as the channels through which income is affected, with a variety of empirical methods. Using the Chinese Family Panel Survey (CFPS) in 2014 and 2018, we discover that a \textbackslash textasciigravedigital gap' in Internet use is emerging. First, young labour force with higher income and education, urban identity, and working in high-skilled industry earn more from Internet use than their peers. Second, the return of operational income is higher than the return of wage income. Third, the return on long-term Internet use is higher than the return on short-term Internet use; however, the return has tended to decline, particularly among the bottom 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% income groups. Forth, the Internet affects their income through three main channels: assisting learning, improving working efficiency, and promoting information sharing. We also offer a few policy suggestions (e.g. improving the allocation of Internet resources).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {digital gap,income inequality,Internet use,time difference,young labour}
}

@article{Huang2019,
  title = {Use of {{Technology}} to {{Promote Child Behavioral Health}} in the {{Context}} of {{Pediatric Care}}: {{A Scoping Review}} and {{Applications}} to {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Huang, Keng-Yen and Lee, Douglas and Nakigudde, Janet and Cheng, Sabrina and Gouley, Kathleen Kiely and Mann, Devin and Schoenthaler, Antoinette and Chokshi, Sara and Kisakye, Elizabeth Nsamba and Tusiime, Christine and Mendelsohn, Alan},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1664-0640},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00806},
  abstract = {Background: The burden of mental, neurological, and substance (MNS) disorders is greater in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The rapid growth of digital health (i.e., eHealth) approaches offer new solutions for transforming pediatric mental health services and have the potential to address multiple resource and system barriers. However, little work has been done in applying eHealth to promote young children's mental health in LMICs. It is also not clear how eHealth has been and might be applied to translating existing evidence-based practices/strategies (EBPs) to enable broader access to child mental health interventions and services. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to summarize current eHealth applications and evidence in child mental health. The review focuses on 1) providing an overview of existing eHealth applications, research methods, and effectiveness evidence in child mental health promotion (focused on children of 0-12 years of age) across diverse service contexts; and 2) drawing lessons learned from the existing research about eHealth design strategies and usability data in order to inform future eHealth design in LMICs. Results: Thirty-two (32) articles fitting our inclusion criteria were reviewed. The child mental health eHealth studies were grouped into three areas: i) eHealth interventions targeting families that promote child and family wellbeing; ii) eHealth for improving school mental health services (e.g., promote school staff's knowledge and management skills); and iii) eHealth for improving behavioral health care in the pediatric care system (e.g., promote use of integrated patient-portal and electronic decision support systems). Most eHealth studies have reported positive impacts. Although most pediatric eHealth studies were conducted in high-income countries, many eHealth design strategies can be adapted and modified to fit LMIC contexts. Most user-engagement strategies identified from high-income countries are also relevant for populations in LMICs. Conclusions: This review synthesizes patterns of eHealth use across a spectrum of individual/family and system level of eHealth interventions that can be applied to promote child mental health and strengthen mental health service systems. This review also summarizes critical lessons to guide future eHealth design and delivery models in LMICs. However, more research in testing combinations of eHealth strategies in LMICs is needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {behavioral health,eHealth,framework,health service,low-and-middle-income country,mHealth,parenting,pediatric}
}

@article{Huang2023,
  title = {Brain Gain from {{Asia}}: Educational and Occupational Selection of {{Asian}} Migrants into the {{United States}}},
  author = {Huang, Xiaoning},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {44},
  number = {3},
  pages = {373--402},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-08-2021-0488},
  abstract = {Purpose This study investigates how working-age Asian immigrants' educational attainment and professional abilities when arriving in the United States have evolved over the past 4 decades and draws inferences on the impact of the US employment based visa policies. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the 1980, 1990 and 2000 census and American Community Survey for 2001 to 2019, the study adopts multivariate regression and regression discontinuity design to investigate the trends in educational and occupation selection among Asian immigrants and the association with policy changes in the H1B visa program. Findings The findings suggest that new Asian immigrants were more positively selected for education than non-Asian immigrants and US natives and this pattern of positive selection increased over time. Newly arrived South Asian and East Asian immigrants had the highest share of highly educated professionals than Southeast Asians and US-born persons. I infer that the enactment and changes in the H1-B program might have contributed to the changing patterns of the educational and occupational selection among East and South Asian Immigrants. The results also shed light on how Asian immigrants' skill selection might be related to the size of Asian diasporas in the US and sending countries' income, inequality and education level. Originality/value The story of changing the skill profile (educational and occupational profile) of newly arrived Asian immigrants during 1980-2019 can provide valuable policy implications. US immigration policies are routinely criticized for being inefficient and outdated. The economic prosperity of Asian countries over time also provides an excellent opportunity to test the theories pertaining to how sending countries' income, inequality and education level of the population are associated with Asian migrants' education and occupation when arriving in the US. This study can provide insightful perspectives for policymakers and business decision-makers to adapt to the changing demographics of Asian migrant workers. The most recent reports on Asian immigrants in the US highlighted the aggregated trends of migration flow and education. Still, none have provided a longitudinal and nuanced review of Asian immigrants' educational and occupational selection into the US.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Immigration,Immigration in the US,Immigration policy,Immigration theory}
}

@article{Huber2009,
  title = {The {{Politics}} of {{Women}}'s {{Economic Independence}}},
  author = {Huber, Evelyne and Stephens, John D. and Bradley, David and Moller, Stephanie and Nielsen, Francois},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--39},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxp005},
  abstract = {We identify the political conditions that shape the economic position of married/cohabiting women and of the economically most vulnerable group of women-025EFsingle mothers. Specifically, we examine the determinants of reductions in single mothers' poverty rate due to taxes and transfers, and women's wages relative to spouses'/ partners' wages. The Luxembourg Income Study archive yields an unbalanced panel with 71 observations on 15 countries. The principal determinants of poverty reduction due to taxes and transfers are left government, constitutional veto points, and welfare generosity. The relative wage of women in couples is a function mainly of female labor force participation, part time work among women, and women's mobilization. In explaining the causal pathways to these outcomes, we highlight the interrelationships of welfare state, care, and labor market policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Huchko2015,
  title = {The Time Has Come to Make Cervical Cancer Prevention an Essential Part of Comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for {{HIV-positive}} Women in Low-Income Countries},
  author = {Huchko, Megan J. and Maloba, May and Nakalembe, Miriam and Cohen, Craig R.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
  volume = {18},
  number = {5},
  pages = {39--43},
  doi = {10.7448/IAS.18.6.20282},
  abstract = {Introduction: HIV and cervical cancer are intersecting epidemics that disproportionately affect one of the most vulnerable populations in the world: women in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Historically, the disparity in cervical cancer risk for women in LMICs has been due to the lack of organized screening and prevention programmes. In recent years, this risk has been augmented by the severity of the HIV epidemic in LMICs. HIV-positive women are at increased risk for developing cervical precancer and cancer, and while the introduction of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved life expectancies among HIV-positive women it has not been shown to improve cancer-related outcomes. Therefore, an increasing number of HIV-positive women are living in LMICs with limited or no access to cervical cancer screening programmes. In this commentary, we describe the gaps in cervical cancer prevention, the state of evidence for integrating cervical cancer prevention into HIV programmes and future directions for programme implementation and research. Discussion: Despite the biologic, behavioural and demographic overlap between HIV and cervical cancer, cervical cancer prevention has for the most part been left out of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for HIV-positive women. Lower cost primary and secondary prevention strategies for cervical cancer are becoming more widely available in LMICs, with increasing evidence for their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Going forward, cervical cancer prevention must be considered a part of the essential package of SRH services for HIV-positive women. Effective cervical cancer prevention programmes will require a coordinated response from international policymakers and funders, national governments and community leaders. Leveraging the improvements in healthcare infrastructure created by the response to the global HIV epidemic through integration of services may be an effective way to make an impact to prevent cervical cancer among HIV-positive women, but more work remains to determine optimal approaches. Conclusions: Cervical cancer prevention is an essential part of comprehensive HIV care. In order to ensure maximal impact and cost-effectiveness, implementation strategies for screening programmes must be adapted and rigorously evaluated through a framework that includes equal participation with policymakers, programme planners and key stakeholders in the target communities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cervical cancer prevention,HIV,integration}
}

@article{Hudson2016,
  title = {Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Series Completion: {{Qualitative}} Information from Providers within an Integrated Healthcare Organization},
  author = {Hudson, Sharon M. and Rondinelli, June and Glenn, Beth A. and Preciado, Melissa and Chao, Chun},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {VACCINE},
  volume = {34},
  number = {30},
  pages = {3515--3521},
  issn = {0264-410X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.066},
  abstract = {Objective: This qualitative study aimed to identify doctors' and nurses' perceptions of patient-, provider-, and system-level factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine completion that may be targets for intervention. Methods: We analyzed data from 61 qualitative interviews with pediatricians, family medicine physicians, and immunization nurses at medical centers that had the highest and lowest HPV vaccine completion rates within the same health care system. Results: In both groups, almost all providers reported strong support for the HPV vaccine. In detailing how they talk to parents and patients about the vaccine, more of the providers working at higher completion centers described using effective communication techniques, including engaging parents and patients in two-way conversation and demonstrating awareness of cultural and practical barriers to completion that families may face. Providers at higher completion centers were also more likely to depict a local medical culture supportive of and committed to HPV vaccine completion, with greater levels of proactivity and teamwork. In contrast, providers working at lower completion medical centers described a lack of proactivity, and the strategies they suggested to improve HPV vaccine completion tended to be approaches that someone other than medical providers would implement. The comments made by these providers sometimes reflected a level of negativity and judgment absent from the comments of providers at higher completion centers. Conclusion: Interventions to improve HPV vaccination completion rates should address both individual and system-level factors. Improving communication skills, encouraging a supportive medical culture, and addressing resource issues is likely to improve vaccine adherence. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adherence,Human papillomavirus,Patient-provider communication,Vaccine}
}

@article{Hughes2021,
  title = {Who Actually Cares for Children in Slums? {{Why}} We Need to Think, and Do, More about Paid Childcare in Urbanizing Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {Hughes, Robert C. and {Kitsao-Wekulo}, Patricia and Muendo, Ruth and Bhopal, Sunil S. and {Kimani-Murage}, Elizabeth and Hill, Zelee and Kirkwood, Betty R.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {376},
  number = {1827},
  issn = {0962-8436},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2020.0430},
  abstract = {The early years are critical and inform the developmental trajectory of children. This is justifiably attracting growing policy attention. Much of this attention is focused on interventions and policies directed at parents, especially mothers. Yet emerging evidence suggests that increasing numbers of children in rapidly urbanizing low- and middle-income countries are now spending much of their day with other formal and informal childcare providers, including largely unregulated paid childcare providers. This paper summarizes the limited literature about the use of such paid childcare in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, before considering possible reasons behind the lack of research evidence. Finally, key research gaps and their implications for public health practice are explored, with reference to the ongoing British Academy funded Nairobi Early Childcare in Slums research programme in Nairobi, Kenya. We argue that improving childcare may be an under-explored strategy to help some of the world's most disadvantaged children in the most important period of their lives, and that interventions in this largely informal market should be built on a rigorous research base. This article is part of the theme issue \textbackslash textasciigraveMultidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal-child health'.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child health,childcare,early childhood development,nurturing care,urban health}
}

@techreport{Hui2013,
  title = {Economic Growth and Inequality in {{Singapore}}: {{The}} Case for a Minimum Wage},
  author = {Hui, Weng Tat},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {152},
  number = {1},
  pages = {107--123},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1564-913X.2013.00171.x},
  abstract = {. In the context of Singapore's ageing population, the employment of large numbers of low-skilled foreign workers is proving to be a major challenge to inclusive growth because of the stagnation of low-wage workers' incomes. In order to address this problem, the author makes the case for introducing a minimum wage to complement existing in-work benefit schemes. After addressing the commonly voiced objections to a minimum wage system, he suggests ways in which a minimum wage could be implemented in Singapore. New measures to enhance the social safety net and foster more sustainable economic growth are also proposed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic development,low income,migrant worker,minimum wage,Singapore,wage differential,wage policy}
}

@article{Hulsegge2022,
  title = {Employers' Attitude, Intention, Skills and Barriers in Relation to Employment of Vulnerable Workers},
  author = {Hulsegge, G. and Otten, W. and {van de Ven}, H. A. and Hazelzet, A. M. and Blonk, R. W. B.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {72},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1215--1226},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-210898},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known why some organizations employ vulnerable workers and others do not. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between the attitude, intention, skills and barriers of employers and employment of vulnerable workers. METHODS: We included 5,601 inclusive organizations ({$>$}= 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of employees had a disability, was long-term unemployed or a school dropout) and 6,236 non-inclusive organizations of the Netherlands Employers Work Survey 2014-2019. We operationalized employer factors based on the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as attitude (negative impact), intention (mission statement regarding social inclusion), skills (human resources policies and practices), and barriers (economic conditions and type of work). We used multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared to non-inclusive organizations, inclusive organizations had a more negative attitude (OR:0.81) and a stronger intention to employ vulnerable workers (OR:6.09). Regarding skills, inclusive organizations had more inclusive human resources practices (OR:4.83) and initiated more supporting human resources actions (OR:4.45). Also, they adapted more work conditions towards the needs of employees (OR:1.52), negotiated about work times and absenteeism (OR:1.49), and had general human resources practices on, for example, employability (OR:1.78). Inclusive organizations had less barriers reflected by better financial results (OR:1.32), more employment opportunities (OR:1.33) and more appropriate work tasks (OR:1.40). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, inclusive organizations reported more positive results on the employer factors of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction, except for a more negative attitude. The more negative attitude might reflect a more realistic view on the efforts to employ vulnerable groups, and suggests that other unmeasured emotions and beliefs are more positive.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,employers,hiring intention,occupational rehabilitation,retention}
}

@article{Hum1999,
  title = {Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Hum, D and Simpson, W},
  year = {1999},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CANADIAN PUBLIC POLICY-ANALYSE DE POLITIQUES},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {379--394},
  issn = {0317-0861},
  doi = {10.2307/3551526},
  abstract = {The wage opportunities afforded different racial groups vary considerably. We present a new analysis of wage differentials for different visible minority groups in Canada which also accounts for immigration background, using the first wave of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics. With the exception of Black men, we find no statistically significant wage disadvantage for visible minorities who are native born. It is primarily among immigrants that wage differentials for visible minority membership exist. Our results suggest that policies to achieve a colour-blind Canadian labour market may have to focus more on immigrant assistance and less on traditional employment equity legislation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hummel2023,
  title = {Optimal Income Taxation in Unionized Labor Markets q},
  author = {Hummel, Albert Jan and Jacobs, Bas},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {220},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104801},
  abstract = {This paper extends the Diamond (1980) model with labor unions to study optimal income taxation and to analyze whether unions can be desirable for income redistribution if income taxes are optimized. Unions bargain with firms over wages in each sector and firms unilaterally determine employment. Optimal unemployment benefits and optimal income taxes are lower in unionized labor markets. Unions raise the efficiency costs of income redistribution, because unemployment benefits and income taxes raise wage demands, and thereby generate involuntary unemployment. We show that unions are socially desirable only if they represent (low-income) workers whose participation is subsidized on a net basis. By creating implicit taxes on work, unions alleviate the labor-market distortions caused by income tax-ation. We empirically verify whether (i) participation tax rates are lower if unions are more powerful, and (ii) unions are desirable by compiling our own data set with union densities and participation tax rates for 18 sectors in 23 advanced countries. In line with our theoretical predictions, we find that participation tax rates are lower if unions are stronger. Moreover, the desirability condition for unions is never met empirically. Numerical simulations for the Netherlands confirm that unions are not desirable if income taxes are optimized and optimal participation taxes are lower if unions are stronger.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Labor participation,Optimal taxation,Unions,Wage bargaining}
}

@article{Hummel2023a,
  title = {Implementing a Psychosocial Care Approach in Pediatric Inpatient Care: Process Evaluation of the Pilot {{Child Life Specialist}} Program at the {{University Hospital}} of {{Munich}}, {{Germany}}},
  author = {Hummel, Julia and Voss, Stephan and Clark, Holly and Coenen, Michaela and Klein, Christoph and Rehfuess, Eva A. and Zu Rhein, Valerie and {Voigt-Blaurock}, Varinka and {Jung-Sievers}, Caroline},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {2296-2360},
  doi = {10.3389/fped.2023.1178871},
  abstract = {BackgroundChild Life Specialists (CLSs) are psychosocial care professionals of child development and health who focus on the individual needs and rights of young patients. CLSs accompany sick children and focus on the children's perspective and their reality of life. CLS programs are already established in clinical settings in the United States and other Anglophone countries but have not yet been piloted in the German health care setting, neither has their implementation been evaluated in this context. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing the implementation of a pilot CLS program in pediatric inpatient care at the Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital at the University Hospital of Munich, Germany. MethodsBuilding on methods commonly employed in the evaluation of complex interventions, we developed a logic model to guide the process evaluation of our program. Semi-structured interviews with four groups of stakeholders were conducted in person or via videoconferencing between June 2021 and January 2022. Data was analyzed collectively using the method of qualitative content analysis by Mayring. ResultsFifteen individual interviews were conducted with patients (children aged 5-17 years, n = 4), parents (n = 4), CLSs (n = 4) and other health professionals (n = 3). Factors influencing the implementation were identified on three levels: system, staff and intervention. On the system level, a clearer definition of CLSs' tasks and responsibilities was perceived as important and would likely lead to a delineation from other (psychosocial) professions and a reduction of potential resistances. On the staff level, lacking training opportunities and feelings of being insufficiently skilled were limiting the CLSs professional self-confidence. On the intervention level, the emergence of a unique characteristic of the CLSs' work (i.e., preparation for medical procedures) supported the acceptance of the new program. ConclusionsThe implementation of a CLS program into an established hospital system with existing psychosocial care services is challenging. Our results contribute to a better understanding of implementation processes of such an additional psychosocial care approach and provide recommendations for addressing upcoming challenges.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child life specialist,complex intervention,influencing factors,logic model,pediatric psychosocial care,process evaluation,qualitative interviews}
}

@article{Hunt2004,
  title = {Regional Transit Program for Welfare to Work in {{Chicago}}, {{Illinois}} - {{Three}} Years Later},
  author = {Hunt, {\relax KL} and Czerwinski, J},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {TRANSIT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE, MARKETING AND FARE POLICY, AND CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE},
  series = {{{TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD-SERIES}}},
  number = {1887},
  pages = {3--9},
  issn = {0361-1981},
  abstract = {The impact of the welfare-to-work (WtW) regional public transportation program on participants in Chicago, Illinois, is reviewed 3 years after an initial study. The regional transportation program provided free transit passes and vanpool services to participants during their first 6 months of employment and training on regional transit options for job developers. WtW participants' travel patterns were noted, social service contractors were interviewed, and Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) clients were examined. In 2000, pass use for WtW participants and regular 30-day pass users was determined to be almost identical because of the strong economy of the late 1990s. Three years later, travel patterns suggested that participants were beginning to find employment farther from home, many in the job-rich O'Hare Airport corridor, and that the costs and benefits of sending low-income workers to distant work locations needed to be assessed. Although providing fare subsidies that allow low-income workers to take advantage of existing infrastructure may be helpful, transportation solutions probably will not be enough to make a meaningful and sustained impact. The regional transportation program illustrates the need for holistic approaches to social policy. The disproportionate level of transit dependency, longer travel times, and significantly higher use of public transit in many of the Chicago communities that have the highest numbers of TANF clients than in the city as a whole point to a serious need for affordable housing near job centers in the Chicago region.},
  isbn = {0-309-09482-8},
  langid = {english},
  note = {83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board, Washington, DC, JAN 11-15, 2004}
}

@article{Hunt2022,
  title = {Non-Profit Breastfeeding Organisations' Peer Support Provision in Areas of Socio-Economic Deprivation in the {{UK}}: {{A}} Meta-Ethnography},
  author = {Hunt, Louise and Thomson, Gill and Whittaker, Karen and Dykes, Fiona},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1740-8695},
  doi = {10.1111/mcn.13271},
  abstract = {In many high-income countries such as the United Kingdom, inequalities in breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates exist, whereby socio-economically advantaged mothers are most likely to breastfeed. Breastfeeding peer support interventions are recommended to address this inequality, with non-profit breastfeeding organisations providing such support in areas of deprivation. As these organisations' roots and membership are often formed of relatively highly resourced women who have different backgrounds and experiences to those living in areas of deprivation, it is important to understand their practices in this context. In order to explore how UK non-profit organisations practice breastfeeding peer support in areas of socio-economic deprivation, a systematic review and meta-ethnography of published and grey literature was undertaken. Sixteen texts were included, and three core themes constructed: (1) \textbackslash textasciigravechanging communities' reveals practices designed to generate community level change, and (2) \textbackslash textasciigraveenabling one to one support', explains how proactive working practices enabled individual mothers' access to supportive environments. (3) \textbackslash textasciigraveforging partnerships with health professionals', describes how embedding peer support within local health services facilitated peer supporters' access to mothers. While few breastfeeding peer support practices were directly linked to the context of socio-economic deprivation, those described sought to influence community and individual level change. They illuminate the importance of interprofessional working. Further work to consolidate the peer-professional interface to ensure needs-led care is required.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breastfeeding peer support,meta-ethnography,non-profit,peer support,socio-economic deprivation,systematic review}
}

@article{Hupkau2022,
  title = {Work and Children in {{Spain}}: Challenges and Opportunities for Equality between Men and Women},
  author = {Hupkau, Claudia and {Ruiz-Valenzuela}, Jenifer},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {SERIES-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1-2, SI},
  pages = {243--268},
  issn = {1869-4187},
  doi = {10.1007/s13209-021-00243-7},
  abstract = {Over the past decades, Spain has seen a striking convergence between women's and men's participation in the labour market. However, this convergence has stalled since the early 2010s. We show that women still fare worse in several important labour market dimensions. Gender inequalities are further aggravated among people with children. Women with children under 16 are much more likely to be unemployed, work part-time or on temporary contracts than men with children of the same age. We show that it is unlikely that preferences alone can account for these gaps. A review of the evidence shows that family policies, such as paternity leave expansions, financial incentives in the form of tax credits for working mothers and subsidised or free childcare for very young children, could help reduce the motherhood penalty. However, such policies are likely to be more effective if combined with advances in breaking up traditional gender roles.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Family policy,Gender gaps,Inequality,Motherhood penalty}
}

@article{Huston2002,
  title = {Family and Individual Predictors of Child Care Use by Low-Income Families in Different Policy Contexts},
  author = {Huston, {\relax AC} and Chang, {\relax YE} and Gennetian, L},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  pages = {441--469},
  issn = {0885-2006},
  doi = {10.1016/S0885-2006(02)00185-0},
  abstract = {We examine family and individual characteristics that predict low-income parents' child care use, problems with child care, and receipt of public subsidies using data from three demonstration studies testing policies to promote employment for low-income parents (primarily single mothers). The characteristics that mattered most, particularly for use of center-based care were family structure (ages and number of children), parents' education, and personal beliefs about family and work. The effects of race and ethnicity were inconsistent suggesting-that generalizations about ethnic differences in child care preferences should be viewed With caution. There was little support for the proposition that,many low-income parents do not need child care assistance because they use relative care. Child care subsidies and other policies designed to reduce the cost of care and to increase parents' employment appeared to meet the needs associated with caring for very young children and for large families and were most effective in reaching parents with relatively less consistent prior employment experience. Parents whose education and personal beliefs were consistent with a preference for center-based care were most likely to take advantage of the opportunity to choose that option and to use subsidies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child-care selection,low-income families,parents}
}

@article{Huston2010,
  title = {Human {{Development}} in {{Societal Context}}},
  author = {Huston, Aletha C. and Bentley, Alison C.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY},
  series = {{{ANNUAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY}}},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {411--437},
  issn = {0066-4308},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100442},
  abstract = {Low family socioeconomic position is a net of related conditions-low income, material deprivation, single-parent family structure, low educational level, minority ethnic group membership, and immigrant status. According to ecological theory, proximal contexts experienced by children, including family, material resources, out-of-school experiences, schools, neighborhoods, and peers, are mediators of poverty effects. Developmental timing of exposure to poverty conditions and the processes by which effects occur differ for cognitive and social domains of development. Understanding how contexts combine and interact is as important as understanding their independent influences. Effects may be cumulative, but advantages in one context can also ameliorate disadvantages in others. Although research is typically based on unidirectional causal models, the relations between the developing child and the contexts he or she experiences are reciprocal and transactional. Finally, although income inequality has increased greatly, little is known about the influences of relative poverty and social inequality on human development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {children,ecological theory,policy,poverty,social inequality}
}

@article{Hutchinson2022,
  title = {Perspectives on People with Intellectual Disabilities as Business Owners},
  author = {Hutchinson, Claire and Lay, Kiri and Alexander, June and Ratcliffe, Julie},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {149--163},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-221179},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Microenterprise is emerging as an employment pathway for people with intellectual disabilities, but there is little published research in this area. OBJECTIVE: To identify the facilitators, barriers and outcomes from microenterprises owned by people with intellectual disabilities from several stakeholder perspectives. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven business owners and 22 other stakeholders with data analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: A key facilitator for successful microenterprise was the availability of, and continued access to, three pillars of formal support (microenterprise consultant, personal assistant, and an enterprise management group). Key barriers identified were funding limitations, role confusion between supports, and problems recruiting supports with business skills. Outcomes for business owners included personal/emotional growth, skills development, autonomy, having a meaningful role, and contributing to their communities. Other stakeholders experienced personal rewards and an increased expectation of the capacities of people with intellectual disabilities. Income generation and cessation of benefits was not the goal of the model or noted as a main consideration by stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS: Microenterprise can provide people with intellectual disabilities with an employment pathway highly tailored to their goals, capacities and interests. With consistent formal support, people with intellectual disabilities can run businesses over many years.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {formal support,informal support,Microenterprise,people with intellectual disabilities,qualitative}
}

@article{Hwong2022,
  title = {Stroke Thrombolysis in a Middle-Income Country: {{A}} Case Study Exploring the Determinants of Its Implementation},
  author = {Hwong, Wen Yea and Ng, Sock Wen and Tong, Seng Fah and Ab Rahman, Norazida and Law, Wan Chung and Kaman, Zurainah and Wong, Sing Keat and Puvanarajah, Santhi Datuk and Sivasampu, Sheamini},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-2295},
  doi = {10.3389/fneur.2022.1048807},
  abstract = {IntroductionTranslation of evidence into clinical practice for use of intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke care has been slow, especially across low- and middle-income countries. In Malaysia where the average national uptake was poor among the public hospitals in 2018, one hospital intriguingly showed comparable thrombolysis rates to high-income countries. This study aimed to explore and provide in-depth understanding of factors and explanations for the high rates of intravenous stroke thrombolysis in this hospital. MethodsThis single case study sourced data using a multimethod approach: (1) semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, (2) surveys, and (3) review of medical records. The Tailored Implementation of Chronic Diseases (TICD) framework was used as a guide to understand the determinants of implementation. Twenty-nine participants comprising the Hospital Director, neurologists, emergency physicians, radiologists, pharmacists, nurses and medical assistants (MAs) were included. Thematic analyses were conducted inductively before triangulated with quantitative analyses and document reviews. ResultsFavorable factors contributing to the uptake included: (1) cohesiveness of team members which comprised of positive interprofessional team dynamics, shared personal beliefs and values, and passionate leadership, and (2) facilitative work process through simplification of workflow and understanding the rationale of the sense of urgency. Patient factors was a limiting factor. Almost two third of ischemic stroke patients arrived at the hospital outside the therapeutic window time, attributing patients' delayed presentation as a main barrier to the uptake of intravenous stroke thrombolysis. One other barrier was the availability of resources, although this was innovatively optimized to minimize its impact on the uptake of the therapy. As such, potential in-hospital delays accounted for only 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients who missed the opportunity to receive thrombolysis. ConclusionsDespite the ongoing challenges, the success in implementing intravenous stroke thrombolysis as standard of care was attributed to the cohesiveness of team members and having facilitative work processes. For countries of similar settings, plans to improve the uptake of intravenous stroke thrombolysis should consider the inclusion of interventions targeting on these modifiable factors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {acute stroke care,barrier,developing countries,facilitator,intravenous thrombolysis,translational research}
}

@article{Hyde2019,
  title = {Running with or against the Treadmill? {{Labor}} Unions, Institutional Contexts, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Comparative Perspective},
  author = {Hyde, Allen and Vachon, Todd E.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--282},
  issn = {2325-1042},
  doi = {10.1080/23251042.2018.1544107},
  abstract = {In this paper, we examine one institution that has received less attention in scholarly debates about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, despite its inherent connection to economic activity and political activism: labor unions. For some, unions represent particularistic interest groups that pursue the economic interests of their members at the expense of the environment. For others, they represent the organized political voice of a working class demanding safe and healthy work environments and communities. We also consider how the effect of unions is conditioned by institutional context, including the presence of employment protection laws and the degree of corporatist governance. We use error correction models (ECMs) to examine the relationship between union density and GHG emissions among 18 affluent countries between the years of 1990 and 2010. We find union density to be associated with reduced GHG emissions, net of controls. We also find that unions have a greater reducing capacity when they are able to participate in policy formation, but that capacity is reduced with the presence of strong employment protection laws. We conclude that further research is needed before policy decisions are made and hope that this study opens up new discussions about the role of labor in addressing climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,GHG emissions,jobs versus the environment,labor unions,treadmill theory}
}

@article{Hyland2020,
  title = {Gendered {{Laws}} and {{Women}} in the {{Workforce}}},
  author = {Hyland, Marie and Djankov, Simeon and Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW-INSIGHTS},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {475--490},
  issn = {2640-205X},
  doi = {10.1257/aeri.20190542},
  abstract = {This paper offers for the first time a global picture of gender discrimination by the law as it affects women's economic opportunity and charts the evolution of legal inequalities over five decades. Using the World Bank's newly constructed Women, Business and the Law database, we document large and persistent gender inequalities, especially with regard to pay and treatment of parenthood. We find positive correlations between more equal laws pertaining to women in the workforce and more equal labor market outcomes, such as higher female labor force participation and a smaller wage gap between men and women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hyland2022,
  title = {Implementing Patient-Reported Outcomes in Routine Clinical Care for Diverse and Underrepresented Patients in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Hyland, Colby J. and Guo, Ruby and Dhawan, Ravi and Kaur, Manraj N. and Bain, Paul A. and Edelen, Maria O. and Pusic, Andrea L.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s41687-022-00428-z},
  abstract = {Plain English summary Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) allow doctors and researchers to understand the patient perspective, such as how they are doing physically, mentally, or socially. When used, PROs can improve health and increase satisfaction of patients. Many clinics and hospitals are interested in using PROs in everyday care. Doctors, hospitals, and insurance companies are also using information from PROs to decide if the care they give is good quality. Unfortunately, certain groups of patients, such as racial and ethnic minorities and patients with low income, report worse PROs. Because of these differences, it will be important to make sure that PROs are being collected from all people, but not much is known regarding how this has been done. This study demonstrates what is known so far with regard to using PROs in everyday clinical care for these diverse patient groups. Findings from this study show that PROs can be successfully collected, but more work is needed in certain medical fields, and some types of patients have specific needs, concerns, or preferences with regard to PRO collection. Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used increasingly in routine clinical care and inform policies, reimbursements, and quality improvement. Less is known regarding PRO implementation in routine clinical care for diverse and underrepresented patient populations. Objective This review aims to identify studies of PRO implementation in diverse and underrepresented patient populations, elucidate representation of clinical specialties, assess implementation outcomes, and synthesize patient needs, concerns, and preferences. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched September 2021 for studies aiming to study PRO implementation in diverse and underrepresented patient populations within the United States. Studies were screened and data extracted by three independent reviewers. Implementation outcomes were assessed according to Proctor et al. taxonomy. A descriptive analysis of data was conducted. Results The search yielded 8,687 records, and 28 studies met inclusion criteria. The majority were observational cohort studies (n = 21, 75\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and conducted in primary care (n = 10, 36\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most studies included majority female (n = 19, 68\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and non-White populations (n = 15, 54\textbackslash textbackslash\%), while fewer reported socioeconomic (n = 11, 39\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or insurance status (n = 9, 32.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most studies assessed implementation outcomes of feasibility (n = 27, 96\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and acceptability (n = 19, 68\textbackslash textbackslash\%); costs (n = 3, 11\textbackslash textbackslash\%), penetration (n = 1, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and sustainability (n = 1, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were infrequently assessed. Conclusion PRO implementation in routine clinical care for diverse and underrepresented patient populations is generally feasible and acceptable. Research is lacking in key clinical specialties. Further work is needed to understand how health disparities drive PRO implementation outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Clinical care,Diverse,Implementation,Patient-reported outcome,Patient-reported outcome measure,PRO,PROM,Underrepresented patient population}
}

@article{HYLLEGARD1992,
  title = {{{HIGHER-EDUCATION AND CHALLENGING WORK}} - {{OPEN ADMISSIONS AND ETHNIC AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JOB COMPLEXITY}}},
  author = {HYLLEGARD, D and LAVIN, {\relax DE}},
  year = {1992},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL FORUM},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {239--260},
  issn = {0884-8971},
  doi = {10.1007/BF01125042},
  abstract = {While there has been much research on the influence of educational attainment on occupational status and earnings, relatively little is known about its impact on other qualities of work, such as job complexity. This article explores how educational credentials affect access to jobs that provide challenging work. To do so it uses longitudinal data on black, Hispanic, and white men and women who attended the City University of New York after it initiated its landmark open-admissions policy in 1970. That program was designed to boost educational attainments among disadvantaged minority students and to enhance opportunities for desirable jobs. Analyses reveal that overall the jobs held by these minorities involved less complex work than those held by whites. These inequalities are explained partly by disparities in educational attainment, but differences in employment sector also are important: the minorities were more often in the public sector, where work was generally less challenging. Gender differences in work complexity are related to the varying distribution of sex-typed jobs in the public and private sectors. Policies such as open admissions add to opportunity in the labor market, but effects are limited by wider institutional conditions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ETHNICITY,GENDER,HIGHER EDUCATION,INEQUALITY,WORK}
}

@article{Hynek2022,
  title = {Change in {{Work-Related Income Following}} the {{Uptake}} of {{Treatment}} for {{Mental Disorders Among Young Migrant}} and {{Non-migrant Women}} in {{Norway}}: {{A National Register Study}}},
  author = {Hynek, Kamila Angelika and Hollander, Anna-Clara and Liefbroer, Aart C. and Hauge, Lars Johan and Straiton, Melanie Lindsay},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2021.736624},
  abstract = {Background: Women, and migrant women in particular, are at increased risk of many common mental disorders, which may potentially impact their labor market participation and their work-related income. Previous research found that mental disorders are associated with several work-related outcomes such as loss of income, however, not much is known about how this varies with migrant background. This study investigated the change in work-related income following the uptake of outpatient mental healthcare (OPMH) treatment, a proxy for mental disorder, in young women with and without migrant background. Additionally, we looked at how the association varied by income level.Methods: Using data from four national registries, the study population consisted of women aged 23-40 years residing in Norway for at least three consecutive years between 2006 and 2013 (N = 640,527). By using a stratified linear regression with individual fixed effects, we investigated differences between majority women, descendants and eight migrant groups. Interaction analysis was conducted in order to examine differences in income loss following the uptake of OPMH treatment among women with and without migrant background.Results: Results showed that OPMH treatment was associated with a decrease in income for all groups. However, the negative effect was stronger among those with low income. Only migrant women from Western and EU Eastern Europe with a high income were not significantly affected following OPMH treatment.Conclusion: Experiencing a mental disorder during a critical age for establishment in the labor market can negatively affect not only income, but also future workforce participation, and increase dependency on social welfare services and other health outcomes, regardless of migrant background. Loss of income due to mental disorders can also affect future mental health, resulting in a vicious circle and contributing to more inequalities in the society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {early adulthood,income,mental disorder,migrant women,national register data,outpatient mental health care}
}

@article{Iezzoni2014,
  title = {Trends in {{U}}.{{S}}. Adult Chronic Disability Rates over Time},
  author = {Iezzoni, Lisa I. and Kurtz, Stephen G. and Rao, Sowmya R.},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {402--412},
  issn = {1936-6574},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.05.007},
  abstract = {Background: Trends in the patterns and prevalence of chronic disability among U.S. residents carry important implications for public health and public policies across multiple societal sectors. Objectives: To examine trends in U.S. adult population rates of chronic disability from 1998 to 2011 using 7 different disability measures and examining the implications of trends in population age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: We used National Health Interview Survey data on civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. residents ages {$>$}= 18 from selected years between 1998 and 2011. We used self-reported information on functional impairments, activity/participation limitations, and expected duration to create 7 chronic disability measures. We used direct standardization to account for changes in age, race/ethnicity, and BMI distributions over time. Multivariable logistic regression models identified associations of disability with sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Without adjustment, population rates of all 7 disabilities increased significantly (p {$<$} 0.0001) from 1998 to 2011. The absolute percentage change was greatest for movement difficulties: 19.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1998 and 23.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2011. After separate adjustments for trends in age, race/ethnicity, and BMI distributions, 6 disability types continued to show increased rates over time (p {$<$} 0.01), except for sensory disabilities. Over time, poor education, poverty, and unemployment remained significantly associated with disability. Conclusions: If these trends continue, the numbers and proportions of U.S. residents with various disabilities will continue rising in coming years. In particular, the prevalence of movement difficulties and work limitations will increase. Furthermore, disability will remain strongly associated with low levels of education, employment, and income. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Iftikhar2023,
  title = {Barriers and {{Facilitators}} for {{Female Healthcare Professionals}} to {{Be Leaders}} in {{Pakistan}}: {{A Qualitative Exploratory Study}}},
  author = {Iftikhar, Sundus and Yasmeen, Rahila and Khan, Rehan Ahmed and Arooj, Mahwish},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {71--82},
  issn = {1179-3201},
  doi = {10.2147/JHL.S399430},
  abstract = {Purpose: Despite being in high numbers in medical colleges, only a small proportion of women join the workforce and even fewer reach leadership positions in Pakistan. Organizations like United Nations and Women Global Health are working towards closing the gender gap. The study aims to explore the enablers and barriers for women in healthcare leadership and to explore the strategies to promote women in leadership positions in Pakistan's specific societal culture. Methods: In this qualitative exploratory study, semi-structured interviews of 16 women holding leadership positions in the health-care profession, ie, medical and dental (basic or clinical sciences) were included. The data were collected until saturation was achieved. The data were analyzed in MS Excel. Deductive and Inductive thematic analysis was done.Results: Thirty-eight codes were generated that were combined in the form of categories. The major themes that emerged from the data were: elevating factors, the shackles holding them back, let us bring them up and implicit bias. Elevating factors were intrinsic motivation and exceptional qualifications, while the shackles were related to gender bias, male insecurities, and lack of political background. It was noteworthy that differences in gender roles were highly defined by culture and religion.Conclusion: There is a need to change the perception of South Asian society and redefine gender roles through media and individual attempts. Women must take charge of their choices and believe in themselves. The institutional policies to help promote gender equality would be mentorship programs for new faculty, gender-responsive training for everyone, equal opportunities for all, and maintaining gender diversity on all committees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender disparity,gender roles in Pakistani society,leadership in the health profession}
}

@article{IgnacioGimenez-Nadal2016,
  title = {Health Inequality and the Uses of Time for Workers in {{Europe}}: Policy Implications},
  author = {{Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal}, J. and Alberto Molina, Jose},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {IZA JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN LABOR STUDIES},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {2193-9012},
  doi = {10.1186/s40174-016-0055-4},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the relationship between health inequality and the time allocation decisions of workers in six European countries, deriving some important policy implications in the context of income tax systems, regulation of working conditions, and taxes on leisure activities. Using the Multinational Time Use Study, we find that a better perception of own health is associated with more time devoted to market work activities in all six countries and with less time devoted to housework activities for both men and women. However, the evidence for the associations between health and leisure is mixed. This study represents a first step in understanding cross-country differences in the relationship between health status and time devoted to a range of activities for workers, in contrast with other analyses that have mainly focused only on market work. A better understanding of these cross-country differences may help to identify the effects of public policy on inequalities in the uses of time.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health,Inequality,Multinational time use study,Time allocation}
}

@techreport{ILO2002,
  title = {Resolution on Decent Work and the Informal Economy},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2002},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2013,
  title = {Resolution Concerning Statistics of Work, Employment and Labour Underutilization},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2013},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2015,
  title = {Recommendation {{No}}. 204 Concerning the {{Transition}} from the {{Informal}} to the {{Formal Economy}}},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2015},
  address = {{International Labour Office, Geneva}},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2016,
  title = {Women at {{Work Trends}} 2016},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2016},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2019,
  title = {Working Conditions in a Global Perspective},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2019},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2021,
  title = {Resolution Concerning Inequalities and the World of Work},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2021a,
  title = {Inequalities and the World of Work},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2022,
  title = {Country Grouping},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2022}
}

@techreport{ILO2022a,
  title = {World {{Employment}} and {{Social Outlook}}: {{Trends}} 2022},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2022b,
  title = {Follow-up to the Resolution Concerning Inequalities and the World of Work: {{Comprehensive}} and Integrated {{ILO}} Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Inequalities in the World of Work},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2023,
  title = {World {{Employment}} and {{Social Outlook}}: {{Trends}} 2023},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2023a,
  title = {The Road to Decent Work for Domestic Workers},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@techreport{ILO2023b,
  title = {Guidelines Concerning a Statistical Definition of Informal Employment},
  author = {{ILO}},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {{International Labour Organization}}
}

@article{Im2022,
  title = {Who Gets Labour Market Training? {{Access}} Biases of Social Investment in {{Finland}}},
  author = {Im, Zhen Jie and Shin, Young-Kyu},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--18},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/09589287211066408},
  abstract = {Policy access biases worry social policy scholars because they generate Matthew effects that exacerbate socioeconomic divides. Yet, access biases in many social investment policies, like training during unemployment, remain under-researched. Such access biases may be detrimental to a critical objective of social investment: to improve and uplift workers with precarious economic prospects. We focus here on access bias in training provided by public employment services against lower-educated workers. They are vulnerable to unemployment and fractured employment and should thus be targeted for training. While there is burgeoning attention on access biases in training against disadvantaged youths and non-citizens, fewer studies have focused on similar access bias against lower-educated workers. We highlight that access bias against such workers may stem from their lower willingness and demand for training, as well as policy design, informal eligibility criteria and caseworkers' creaming practices. We suggest, however, that greater availability of training opportunities may ease this access bias against lower-educated workers. Using the Finnish Income Distribution survey data (2007-2012), we find evidence of training access bias: primary-educated workers are significantly less likely to participate in training than upper secondary and vocationally educated workers. Concurrently, our results show that availability of training is not significantly associated with the extent of training access bias against primary-educated workers. With a Nordic welfare model that prioritizes training to remedy labour market vulnerability and stresses that access to benefits and services is based on need, Finland represents a least likely case to find such access bias in training. We therefore consider these results worrying: if it is found here, it may be prevalent in countries with other welfare models.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access biases,job training,Matthew effects,Nordic welfare state,Social investment}
}

@article{Imms2021,
  title = {Social {{Outcomes}} of {{School Leavers With Cerebral Palsy Living}} in {{Victoria}}},
  author = {Imms, Christine and Reddihough, Dinah and Shepherd, Daisy A. and Kavanagh, Anne},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1664-2295},
  doi = {10.3389/fneur.2021.753921},
  abstract = {Objective: In Australia, the National Disability Strategy provides a framework to guide actions and investment to achieve equity in social inclusion and economic participation for people with disability. We investigated the social outcomes of school leavers with cerebral palsy (CP) in Victoria, Australia and explored the determinants of desirable outcomes.Methods: We used the Victorian CP Register to invite all adults with CP aged 18-25 years (n = 649). On-line and/or paper-based surveys explored participation in education, employment, community activities, living situation, relationships and life satisfaction. Functional and health status data were collected. Social outcomes were summarized descriptively and compared between individuals with CP and non-disabled peers aged 18-25 years from the Household Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia dataset. Within the CP cohort we explored whether physical and mental health and level of functioning were associated with social outcomes. In addition, a descriptive comparison was undertaken between the social outcomes of the current CP cohort with that of a previously reported 2007 cohort.Results: Ninety participants (57\textbackslash textbackslash\% male; mean age 22.4 years (SD: 2.2) in 2020; 61.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% self-reported) provided data for analyses; response rate 16.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%. CP characteristics were similar between respondents and non-respondents. In comparison to similar aged peers, 79.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had completed secondary school (compared to 83.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%); 32.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (compared to 75.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were in paid work; 87.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (compared to 48.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were living in their parental home; and 3.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (compared to 31.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were married or partnered. Individuals with CP and higher levels of functional capacity and better physical health were more likely to undertake post-secondary education. Higher levels of functional capacity and physical health, as well as lower mental health status were associated with being employed.Conclusions: While foundational education completion rates were similar to non-disabled peers, significant gaps in social outcomes remain, including residence in the parental home and single status. While addressing these issues is challenging, substantial efforts are needed to reduce these disparities-work that needs to be done in collaboration with people with CP and their families.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cerebral palsy,economic participation,life satisfaction,social outcomes,survey method research,young adult}
}

@article{Inam2020,
  title = {Cultural {{Barriers}} for {{Women}} in {{Surgery}}: {{How Thick}} Is the {{Glass Ceiling}}? {{An Analysis}} from a {{Low Middle-Income Country}}},
  author = {Inam, Hina and Janjua, Mahin and Martins, Russell S. and Zahid, Nida and Khan, Sadaf and Sattar, Abida K. and Darbar, Aneela and Akram, Sharmeen and Faruqui, Nuzhat and Khan, Shaista M. and Lakhani, Gulzar and Gillani, Mishal and Hashmi, Syeda Amrah and Enam, Ather and Haider, Adil H. and Malik, Mahim A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGERY},
  volume = {44},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2870--2878},
  issn = {0364-2313},
  doi = {10.1007/s00268-020-05544-9},
  abstract = {Background This study aimed to highlight cultural barriers faced by surgeons pursuing a surgical career faced by surgeons at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. As more females opt for a surgical career, barriers faced by female surgeons are becoming increasingly evident, many of which are rooted in cultural norms. In Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim-majority, low middle-income country, certain societal expectations add additionally complexity and challenges to existing cultural barriers. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered via e-mail to the full-time faculty and trainees in the Department of Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from July 2019 to November 2019. Results In total, 100 participants were included in this study, with the majority being residents (55.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and consultants (33.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). 71.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female surgeons felt that cultural barriers towards a surgical career existed for their gender, as compared to 25.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of male surgeons (p {$<$} 0.001). 40.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of females reported having been discouraged by family/close friends from pursuing surgery, as compared to only 9.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of males (p {$<$} 0.001). Moreover, a greater percentage of females surgeons were responsible for household cooking, cleaning and laundry, as compared to male surgeons (all p {$<$} 0.001). Lastly, 71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female surgeons felt that having children had hindered their surgical career, as compared to 4.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of males (p {$<$} 0001). Conclusion Our study shows that significant cultural barriers exist for females pursuing a surgical career in our setting. Findings such as these emphasize the need for policy makers to work towards overcoming cultural barriers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ineson2015,
  title = {Exploring Paid Employment Options with a Person with Severe Learning Disabilities and High Support Needs: {{An}} Exploratory Case Study},
  author = {Ineson, Rachel},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BRITISH JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY},
  volume = {78},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--65},
  issn = {0308-0226},
  doi = {10.1177/0308022614561234},
  abstract = {Introduction This case-study research followed the journey of one person who has severe learning and high support needs as, supported by occupational therapy, she attempted to gain a real paid job. Method Qualitative triangulated methodology was used, combining a reflexive account of clinical occupational therapy intervention with interview data and secondary documentary analysis. The link between policy and practice was also explored. Findings Ultimately, the participant was unsuccessful in gaining a paid job, but remained motivated towards this goal. She became empowered to aspire for paid work, voiced opinions, and developed pre-vocational skills enabling continued pursuit of her goals. Negotiating access to potential employers on behalf of the participant was a significant barrier for the occupational therapist. Conclusion The journey of the participant in seeking paid employment was a new experience for everyone involved. There was a clear dichotomy between the aspirational language of policy and the reality of putting those aspirations into practice. As occupational therapists increasingly move into emerging fields, exploring employment for this client group presents opportunities to apply and expand core occupational therapy skills, to achieve mutually rewarding co-occupation and to influence an outstanding issue of occupational injustice.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {paid employment,Severe learning disability}
}

@article{Ingold2019,
  title = {The {{Self-Testing AfRica}} ({{STAR}}) {{Initiative}}: Accelerating Global Access and Scale-up of {{HIV}} Self-Testing},
  author = {Ingold, Heather and Mwerinde, Ombeni and Ross, Anna Laura and Leach, Ross and Corbett, Elizabeth L. and Hatzold, Karin and Johnson, Cheryl C. and Ncube, Getrude and Nyirenda, Rose and Baggaley, Rachel C.},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1, SI},
  doi = {10.1002/jia2.25249},
  abstract = {IntroductionHIV self-testing (HIVST) was first proposed as an additional option to standard HIV testing services in the 1980s. By 2015, two years after the first HIVST kit was approved for the American market and the year in which Unitaid invested in the HIV Self-Testing AfRica (STAR) Initiative, HIVST remained unexplored with negligible access in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). However, rapid progress had been made. This commentary outlines the interlinked market, regulatory and policy barriers that had inhibited product development and kept HIVST out of LMIC policy. We detail the components of STAR that enabled rapid HIVST scale-up, including critical investments in implementation, research, market forecasting, and engagement with manufacturers and regulators. DiscussionThe STAR Initiative has generated crucial information about how to distribute HIVST products effectively, ethically and efficiently. Service delivery models range from clinic-based distribution to workplace and partner-delivered approaches to reach first-time male testers, to community outreach to sex workers and general population hotspots. These data directly informed supportive policy, notably the 2016 WHO guidelines strongly recommending HIVST as an additional testing approach, and regulatory change through support for WHO prequalification of the first HIVST kit in 2017. In July 2015, only two countries had national HIVST policies and were implementing HIVST. Three years later, 59 countries have policies, actively implemented in 28, with an additional 53 countries reporting policies under development. By end-November 2018 several quality-assured HIVST products had been registered, including two WHO prequalified tests. STAR Initiative countries have drafted regulations governing invitro diagnostics, including HIVST products. With enabling policies, pre-qualification and regulations in place, donor procurement of kits has increased rapidly, to a forecasted estimate of 16million HIVST kits procured by 2020. ConclusionsThe STAR Initiative provided a strong foundation to introduce HIVST in LMICs and allow for rapid scale-up based on the wealth of multi-country evidence gathered. Together with sustained coordination and acceleration of market development work, HIVST can help address the testing gap and provide a focused and cost-effective means to expand access to treatment and prevention services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cost effectiveness,HIV self-testing,HIV testing,linkage to care,market shaping,prevention,scale-up}
}

@article{Ingram2008,
  title = {Community {{Health Workers}} and {{Community Advocacy}}: {{Addressing Health Disparities}}},
  author = {Ingram, Maia and Sabo, Samantha and Rothers, Janet and Wennerstrom, Ashley and {de Zapien}, Jill Guernsey},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {33},
  number = {6},
  pages = {417--424},
  issn = {0094-5145},
  doi = {10.1007/s10900-008-9111-y},
  abstract = {The Community Health Worker model is recognized nationally as a means to address glaring inequities in the burden of adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States. This study explored Arizona CHW involvement in advocacy beyond the individual patient level into the realm of advocating for community level change as a mechanism to reduce the structural underpinnings of health disparities. A survey of CHWs in Arizona found that CHWs advocate at local, state and federal political levels as well as within health and social service agencies and business. Characteristics significantly associated with advocacy include employment in a not for profit organization, previous leadership training, and a work environment that allows flexible work hours and the autonomy to start new projects at work. Intrinsic characteristics of CHWs associated with advocacy include their belief that they can influence community decisions, self perception that they are leaders in the community, and knowledge of who to talk to in their community to make change. Community-level advocacy has been identified as a core CHW function and has the potential to address structural issues such as poverty, employment, housing, and discrimination. Agencies utilizing the CHW model could encourage community advocacy by providing a flexible working environment, ongoing leadership training, and opportunities to collaborate with both veteran CHWs and local community leaders. Further research is needed to understand the nature and impact of CHW community advocacy activities on both systems change and health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Advocacy,Community Health Worker,Health disparities,Leadership,Policy}
}

@article{Irving2008,
  title = {State {{Welfare Rules}}, {{TANF Exits}}, and {{Geographic Context}}: {{Does Place Matter}}?},
  author = {Irving, Shelley K.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RURAL SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {73},
  number = {4},
  pages = {605--630},
  issn = {0036-0112},
  doi = {10.1526/003601108786471549},
  abstract = {This research compares the likelihood of exiting TANF with and without employment and the effects of important state TANF rules on welfare exits in more disadvantaged (large Rustbelt cities and poor southern nonmetro) and less disadvantaged (other metro and other nonmetro) areas during the 1996-2003 post-welfare reform period. Hierarchical competing risk models using individual-level data from the 1996-99 and 2001-03 Panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation merged with state-level data from various sources show that female TANF participants in poor southern nonmetro areas are the least likely to exit TANF with work, and participants in large Rustbelt cities are less likely to exit TANF with work than those in other metro areas. Non-work TANF exits, are more likely to Occur in other nonmetro areas than in other metro areas. Importantly, the effects of state welfare rules oil TANF exits differ across places of residence. For example, stringent time limit policies promote work exits in large Rustbelt cities but promote non-work exits in poor Southern nonmetro areas. More lenient earned income disregards are significantly related to remaining on TANF in poor southern nonmetro areas but promote work exits in all other places. Findings from this paper imply that. states should not take a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveone-size-fits-all approach\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to reduce welfare caseloads.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Iscan2022,
  title = {Structural Transformation and Inequality: {{The}} Case of {{South Korea}}},
  author = {Iscan, Talan B. and Lim, Kyoung Mook},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ECONOMIC MODELLING},
  volume = {107},
  issn = {0264-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105735},
  abstract = {This paper examines the relationship between structural transformation and inequality in South Korea from 1963 to 1990. We quantify the impact of structural change, age structure, employment and wage structure, and the distribution of farmland on income inequality. We find that the relatively equal initial distribution of farmland due to an extensive redistributive land reform undertaken in the 1950s significantly constrained subsequent income inequality. Structural change through the reallocation of labor out of agriculture contributed to rising income inequality. By contrast, a greater female labor force participation rate in non-agriculture, and a lower share of the working-age population reduced household income inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Farmland inequality,Income inequality,South Korea,Structural transformation}
}

@article{Ishizuka2021,
  title = {Occupational {{Inflexibility}} and {{Women}}'s {{Employment During}} the {{Transition}} to {{Parenthood}}},
  author = {Ishizuka, Patrick and Musick, Kelly},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHY},
  volume = {58},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1249--1274},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  doi = {10.1215/00703370-9373598},
  abstract = {The typical U.S. workplace has adapted little to changes in the family and remains bound to norms of a workweek of 40 or more hours. How jobs are structured and remunerated within occupations shapes gender inequality in the labor market, and this may be particularly true at the critical juncture of parenthood. This study provides novel evidence showing how the inflexibility of occupational work hours shapes new mothers' employment. We use a fixed-effects approach and individual -level data from nationally representative panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (N=2,239 women) merged with occupational characteristics from the American Community Survey. We find that women in pre-birth occupations with higher shares working 40 or more hours per week and higher wage premiums to longer work hours are significantly less likely to be employed post-birth. These associations are small in magnitude and not statistically significant for men, and placebo regressions with childless women show no associations between occupational inflexibility and subsequent employment. Results illustrate how individual employment decisions are jointly constrained by the structure of the labor market and persistent gendered cultural norms about breadwinning and caregiving.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Gender,Occupations,Parenthood}
}

@article{Issahaku2022,
  title = {Young {{People}} in {{Newfoundland}} and {{Labrador}}: {{Community Connectedness}} and {{Opportunities}} for {{Social Inclusion}}},
  author = {Issahaku, Paul Alhassan and Adam, Anda},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SAGE OPEN},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  issn = {2158-2440},
  doi = {10.1177/21582440221113845},
  abstract = {Globally, young people are a major demographic group and a key constituency in socioeconomic policy considerations. However, in a neoliberal era, the social inclusion of youth is in jeopardy. This qualitative study explored young people's connectedness to community and opportunities for social inclusion in Newfoundland and Labrador. The perspectives of social capital, social exclusion, and sense of community provided a theoretical framework for the study. A purposive sample of 23 youth aged 15 to 24 years provided data through interviews, which we analyzed inductively, using thematic analysis. We found that young people connected to their communities through informal associations and non-profit organizations. These structures provided networks of supportive relationships and inclusive spaces, where young people felt a sense of belonging, and had opportunities for participation. Opportunities took the form of resources and activities that promoted personal growth and community building. For example, through associations and non-profit organizations, participants engaged in general educational development, entrepreneurial training, part-time and volunteer work, and advocacy. However, participants also reported some barriers to inclusion in their communities. Personal level factors, such as illness and environmental level factors, such as low-income and social stigma were barriers to inclusion. These findings provide a basis for policymakers and practitioners to promote youth social inclusion in Newfoundland and Labrador.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community connectedness,Newfoundland and Labrador,social exclusion forces,social inclusion,young people}
}

@article{Ito2009,
  title = {Caste Discrimination and Transaction Costs in the Labor Market: {{Evidence}} from Rural {{North India}}},
  author = {Ito, Takahiro},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS},
  volume = {88},
  number = {2},
  pages = {292--300},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.06.002},
  abstract = {This paper is in empirical attempt to quantify caste-based discrimination in the labor market using household data taken from rural North India. In the regression analysis, transaction costs associated with entry into the labor market and reservation wages are estimated simultaneously along with market wages. The estimation results provide evidence of the existence of transaction costs in the labor market and discrimination against backward classes with regard to access to regular employment. In line with previous studies, the results suggest that the achievements of India's reservation policy so far have at best been limited. In addition, a comparison between the estimates from the model employed in this paper and conventional (reduced-form) approaches shows that discrimination in labor market entry is likely to be underestimated in the conventional reduced-form approaches. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Casual employment,India,Labor market,Regular employment}
}

@article{Ivandic2023,
  title = {Gender Gaps from Labor Market Shocks},
  author = {Ivandic, Ria and Lassen, Anne Sophie},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {83},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102394},
  abstract = {Job loss leads to persistent adverse labor market outcomes, but assessments of gender differences in labor market recovery are lacking. We utilize plant closures in Denmark to estimate gender gaps in labor market outcomes and document that women face an increased risk of unemployment and lose a larger share of their earnings in the two years following job displacement. The majority of the gender gap in unemployment remains after accounting for observable differences in human capital across men and women. In a standard decomposition framework, we document that child care imposes an important barrier to women's labor market recovery regardless of individual characteristics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare,Gender gaps,Job loss}
}

@article{Ivanova2020,
  title = {The Unequal Distribution of Household Carbon Footprints in {{Europe}} and Its Link to Sustainability},
  author = {Ivanova, Diana and Wood, Richard},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {3},
  doi = {10.1017/sus.2020.12},
  abstract = {Non-technical summary The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions. Technical summary We need a good understanding of household carbon distributions in order to design equitable carbon policy. In this work, we analyse household-level consumer expenditure from 26 European Union (EU) countries and link it with greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities from the multiregional input-output database EXIOBASE. We show carbon footprint distributions and elasticities by country, region and socio-economic group in the context of per capita climate targets. The top 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population with the highest carbon footprints per capita account for 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the EU carbon footprint, a higher contribution to that of the bottom 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population. The top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households have a carbon footprint of 55 tCO(2)eq/cap. The most significant contribution is from air and land transport, with 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% among the top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households. Air transport has a rising elasticity coefficient across EU expenditure quintiles, making it the most elastic, unequal and carbon-intensive consumption category in this study. Only 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households live within climate targets, with carbon footprints below 2.5 tCO(2)eq/cap. Our analysis points to the possibility of mitigating climate change while achieving various well-being outcomes. Further attention is needed to limit trade-offs between climate change mitigation and socially desirable outcomes. Social media summary EU top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households emit 22 times the per capita climate targets. Only 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households live within the targets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adaptation and mitigation,ecology and biodiversity,energy,human behaviour,policies,politics and governance}
}

@article{Jackson2006,
  title = {Developing Regional Tourism in {{China}}: {{The}} Potential for Activating Business Clusters in a Socialist Market Economy},
  author = {Jackson, J},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {TOURISM MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {695--706},
  issn = {0261-5177},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.007},
  abstract = {In China, there are significant inequalities in income distribution between inland and coastal regions. Tourism is regarded as one means of fostering regional economic development and ameliorating these inequalities. Many inland destinations possess natural advantages that could form the basis for regional competitive advantage in the presence of necessary other conditions, but have experienced difficulty in drawing both domestic and international visitors away from the popular coastal gateways. This paper considers the nature of competitive advantage and the applicability of Porter's (1990. The competitive advantage of nations. London: Macmillan Press) theory in an emerging market economy. The development of regional tourism clusters based on Porter's (1998. On competition. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press) model may be a way of fostering competitive advantage in regional China. This is especially relevant with recent policy events, including the emergence of the \textbackslash textasciigraveWest Development' initiative. The potential for the development of regional tourism clusters is explored in this paper, which finds that while Porter's model is theoretically applicable, there is much work to be done at a micro-business level in fostering cluster development. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,clusters,competitive advantage,West Development}
}

@article{Jackson2023,
  title = {Impact of Work-Integrated Learning and Co-Curricular Activities on Graduate Labour Force Outcomes},
  author = {Jackson, Denise and Rowe, Anna},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {490--506},
  issn = {0307-5079},
  doi = {10.1080/03075079.2022.2145465},
  abstract = {The explicit linking of institutional funding to in-curricular industry engagement and graduate employment affirms the strategic importance of enhancing graduate employability in Australia. Key strategies to enhance graduate employability and employment outcomes are work-integrated learning (WIL) (where students engage with industry as part of their formal learning and assessment) and co-curricular activities (e.g. volunteering, leadership/award, and mentoring programmes), which are facilitated by the university but not embedded into curricula. While WIL is widely recognised for enhancing different aspects of student employability, the impact of co-curricular activities is less well-known. Further, there is a lack of empirical analysis on the nuanced impact of different forms of WIL and co-curricular activities on graduate outcomes. This research sought to explore the impact of a range of WIL and co-curricular activities on labour force outcomes among new higher education graduates. Findings are informed by national survey data for 51,883 domestic graduates of both coursework and research degrees in Australia. They point to a strong labour market advantage from work-based WIL for Bachelor graduates, while undergraduate participation in co-curricular activities appeared to have less effect on labour force outcomes. However, there were consistent, positive results for industry mentoring and leadership/award programmes for increasing the chances of securing full-time work and reducing the likelihood of perceived overqualification among Bachelor and postgraduate coursework graduates. Implications for stakeholders and practice are discussed, as well as directions for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {co-curricular activities,graduate employment,overqualification,underemployment,Work-integrated learning}
}

@article{Jacob2014,
  title = {Marriage, {{Gender}}, and {{Class}}: {{The Effects}} of {{Partner Resources}} on {{Unemployment Exit}} in {{Germany}}},
  author = {Jacob, Marita and Kleinert, Corinna},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {92},
  number = {3},
  pages = {839--871},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/sot130},
  abstract = {Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), we find that cohabitation accelerates re-employment, whereas marriage increases the prospect of re-employment only for men. More specifically, the partner's labor market resources facilitate re-employment. Although partner income has no effect in absolute terms, unemployed men and women who were formerly minor earners refrain from re-entering paid work. This pattern is more pronounced among low- and medium-income couples than among high-income families. Unemployment thus strengthens patterns of inequality both between and within couples.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jacob2021,
  title = {Mothers' Employment and Child Behaviour: New Evidence for {{Scotland}}},
  author = {Jacob, Marita and Kuehhirt, Michael},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {551--571},
  issn = {1757-9597},
  doi = {10.1332/175795920X16057278409033},
  abstract = {Given increasing maternal labour-market participation in many European countries, there is an ongoing scientific and public debate on the potential consequences for children's development. Previous research has used both cross-sectional measures of maternal employment at a particular age of the child and measures capturing maternal employment history. Whereas the former approach cannot capture the cumulative impact of maternal employment on developmental outcomes, studies following the second approach have so far not accounted for the possibility that mothers may repeatedly change their labour-force participation in response to their children's development or other dynamic context factors that are themselves affecting developmental outcomes. The present study combines statistical techniques that can account for time-varying confounders with cumulative measurement of maternal employment to investigate its link with children's behavioural problems around age eight. In addition, our study explores whether the effect of maternal employment history differs by mothers' education. Using data from the Growing Up in Scotland study, we find that children's behavioural problems around age eight are the less pronounced the more years their mothers have worked full-time or part-time. However, these associations reduced in size once we adjusted for potential confounders and they do not significantly differ between mothers with and without a tertiary degree. These results suggest that the association between maternal employment history and behavioural problems around age eight is mostly driven by confounding factors such as maternal education, child health and socio-economic status.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child behaviour,maternal employment,Scotland,socio-emotional development}
}

@article{Jacobs2010,
  title = {Flat Income Taxation, Redistribution and Labour Market Performance},
  author = {Jacobs, Bas and {de Mooij}, Ruud A. and Folmer, Kees},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  volume = {42},
  number = {25},
  pages = {3209--3220},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036840802112356},
  abstract = {A flat tax rate on labour income has gained popularity in European countries. This article assesses the attractiveness of such a flat tax in achieving redistributive objectives with the smallest distortions to employment. We do so by using a detailed applied general equilibrium model for the Netherlands. The model is empirically grounded in the data and encompasses decisions on hours worked, labour force participation, skill formation, wage bargaining between unions and firms and a wide variety of institutional details. The simulations suggest that the replacement of the current tax system in the Netherlands by a flat rate will harm labour market performance if aggregate income inequality is contained. Only flat tax reforms that reduce redistribution will raise employment. This finding bolsters the notions from optimal tax literature regarding the equity-efficiency trade off and the superiority of nonlinear taxes to obtain redistributive goals in an efficient way.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jadwin-Cakmak2019,
  title = {{{HIV}} Prevention and {{HIV}} Care among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: Design and Implementation of a Multisite Mixed-Methods Study Protocol in the {{US}}},
  author = {{Jadwin-Cakmak}, Laura and Reisner, Sari L. and Hughto, Jaclyn M. W. and Salomon, Liz and Martinez, Miguel and Popoff, Elliot and Rivera, Bre Anne and Harper, Gary W.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-7605-4},
  abstract = {BackgroundIn the U.S., transgender and gender diverse (TGD) populations face structural, interpersonal, and individual barriers to healthcare. Less is known, however, about the HIV prevention and treatment experiences of TGD youth in the U.S. The current study was developed to fill this research gap.MethodsThis article describes the research protocol for a multi-site, U.S.-based mixed-methods study that sought to identify the multi-level facilitators and barriers that influence participation of TGD youth in various stages of the HIV prevention (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake) and care continua. A sample of diverse TGD youth ages 16-24 was recruited from 14U.S. sites. TGD youth participants completed a one-time, in-person visit that included an informed consent process, computer-based quantitative survey, and in-depth qualitative interview assessing experiences accessing HIV prevention and/or care services. Providers serving TGD youth were recruited from the same 14 sites and completed a one-time visit via phone that included informed consent, demographic questionnaire, and in-depth qualitative interview assessing their experiences providing HIV prevention or treatment services to TGD youth.ResultsOverall, 186 TGD youth ages 16-24 and 59 providers serving TGD youth were recruited and enrolled from across the 14U.S. sites. TGD youth participants had a mean age of 20.69; 77.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% youth of color; 59.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% trans-feminine; 15.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% trans-masculine; 24.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% non-binary; 53.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% family income under poverty level. Providers included medical and mental health providers as well as case manager/care coordinators, HIV test counselors, and health educators/outreach workers. Providers were 81.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% cisgender and 30.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% people of color. Successes with community-engagement strategies and gender-affirming research methods are reported.ConclusionsThis study addresses critical gaps in current knowledge about the HIV prevention and care experiences of TGD youth. Findings have implications for the development of HIV interventions across levels to support the health and well-being of TGD youth. Future research is warranted to replicate and expand on lessons learned regarding recruitment and engagement of communities of TGD youth, including longitudinal designs to assess engagement across their developmental stages. Lessons learned working with TGD youth through developing and implementing the study protocol are shared.Trial registrationRegistered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 05/20/2015 (NCT02449629).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescent,HIV care continuum,HIV prevention,Mixed methods,Transgender,Young adult}
}

@article{Jaehrling2014,
  title = {{Working More, Earning Less? The Dissociation Between Paid Work and Material Security Among Single Parents}},
  author = {Jaehrling, Karen and Kalina, Thorsten and Mesaros, Leila},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE},
  volume = {66},
  number = {3},
  pages = {343--370},
  issn = {0023-2653},
  doi = {10.1007/s11577-014-0277-2},
  abstract = {Labour market reforms implemented in recent years in a number of countries have aimed to increase participation rates among single parents in order to reduce the disproportionately high poverty rate and share of benefit recipients among them. However, our quantitative analyses based on EU-LFS and EU-SILC indicate that paid work has to some extent become dissociated from material security. Although participation rates among single parents rose in the five years before the financial and economic crisis, their risk of being in poverty remained the same or actually increased. This finding holds true for different types of welfare state, as the comparison between Germany, France, Sweden and the UK shows. The potential poverty-reducing effects of increasing labour market participation are clearly being weakened by certain counter-trends. Possible explanations, which apply to varying extents in the four countries, are declining market wages and reductions in social transfers. Moreover, previously latent material risks of lone parenting unfold with the modernisation of gender roles and the erosion of lone mothers \textbackslash textasciigraveavant-garde' role as working parents. This is a common challenge across countries which has so far not been addressed sufficiently by social and labour market policies.},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{Jafari2020,
  title = {Predictive {{Analytics Approach}} to {{Evaluate Wage Inequality}} in {{Engineering Organizations}}},
  author = {Jafari, Amirhosein and Rouhanizadeh, Behzad and Kermanshachi, Sharareh and Murrieum, Munahil},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING},
  volume = {36},
  number = {6},
  issn = {0742-597X},
  doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000841},
  abstract = {Wage inequality is a source of many social and economic problems, and is the target of mitigating programs both nationally and internationally. The primary step toward developing effective programs to reduce or eliminate wage inequality is identifying employees at risk of such inequalities. This study used 17,889 data points from USDOT workforce demographic information and salary data to analyze wage inequality and develop a novel framework to identify employees at risk of wage inequality. The evaluation framework includes (1) a salary prediction model, developed using artificial neural networks (ANNs), to estimate employees' salaries based on demographic information and identify underpaid employees; (2) a minority index, which is defined to score the underrepresentation of each employee regarding gender, ethnicity, and disability, based on the current status of employee diversity in the organization; and (3) a decision model, which uses the salary prediction model and minority index based on historical data to determine if new employees are at risk of wage inequality. The analysis showed that although women are underrepresented among USDOT employees, there was no significant wage inequality between men and women. Furthermore, the lowest minority index was for White men without disability, and the highest for American Indian/Alaska Native women with disability. In addition, the results of evaluating the proposed framework had an accuracy of 98\textbackslash textbackslash\%, with a harmonic mean (F1) score of 81.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The framework developed in this study can enable any engineering organization to establish an unbiased wage rate for its employees, resulting in reduction or elimination of wage inequality and its consequent challenges among its employees. (C) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jafree2018,
  title = {Mothers Employed in Paid Work and Their Predictors for Home Delivery in {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Jafree, Sara Rizvi and Zakar, Rubeena and Mustafa, Mudasir and Fischer, Florian},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {1471-2393},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-018-1945-4},
  abstract = {Background: Pakistan has one of the highest rates of maternal and neonatal mortality in the world. It is assumed that employed mothers in paid work will be more empowered to opt for safer institutional deliveries. There is a need to understand the predictors of home deliveries in order to plan policies to encourage institutional deliveries in the region. Methods: The study aimed to ascertain the predictors for home deliveries among mothers employed in paid work in Pakistan. Data analysis is based on secondary data taken from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2012-13. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Results: The findings show that the majority (53.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of employed mothers in Pakistan give birth at home. Employed mothers in paid work with the following characteristics had higher chances for delivering at home: (i) women from rural areas (AOR 1.26; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.94-1.71), or specific regions within Pakistan, (ii) those occupied in unskilled work (AOR 2.61; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.76-3.88), (iii) women married to uneducated (AOR 1.70; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.08-2.66), unemployed (AOR 1.69; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.21-2.35), or unskilled men (AOR 2.02; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.49-2.72), (iv) women with more than 7 children (AOR 1.57; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.05-2.35), (v) women who are unable in the prenatal period to have an institutional check-up (AOR 4.84; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 3.53-6.65), take assistance from a physician (AOR 3.98; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 3.03-5.20), have a blood analysis (AOR 2.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.95-3.57), urine analysis (AOR 2.48; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.84-3.33) or taken iron tablets (AOR 2.64; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 2.06-3.38), and (vi) are unable to make autonomous decisions with regard to spending their earnings (AOR 1.82; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.27-2.59) and healthcare (AOR 1.12; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.75-1.65). Conclusions: Greater efforts by the central and provincial state bodies are needed to encourage institutional deliveries and institutional access, quality and cost. Maternal and paternal benefits are needed for workers in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Finally, cultural change, through education, media and religious authorities, is necessary to support institutional deliveries and formal sector paid employment and out of home work opportunities for mothers of Pakistan.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delivery,Employment,Mothers,Paid work,Pakistan}
}

@article{Jahangir2021,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWhen I Need}} to {{Travel}}, {{I Feel Feverish}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Everyday Experiences}} of {{Transport Inequalities Among Older Adults}} in {{Dhaka}}, {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Jahangir, Selim and Bailey, Ajay and Hasan, Musleh Uddin and Hossain, Shanawez and Helbich, Marco and Hyde, Martin},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GERONTOLOGIST},
  volume = {62},
  number = {4},
  pages = {493--503},
  issn = {0016-9013},
  doi = {10.1093/geront/gnab103},
  abstract = {Background and Objectives Buses are the most common form of public transport for older adults in developing countries. With over 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of total trips, buses are the principal mode of transport in Dhaka. The majority of older adults are dependent on buses because of their affordability relative to other modes such as auto-rickshaws, rideshares, and taxis. This study aims to investigate key barriers in accessing buses in Dhaka and the consequences of these barriers to the everyday mobility of older adults. Research Design and Methods Thirty participants aged 60 and older were recruited from 2 socioeconomically different neighborhoods in Dhaka. We employed a thematic analysis of visual surveys and in-depth interviews to understand older adults' spatial and cultural context and their experiences using buses in their everyday lives. Results Boarding and deboarding buses were common barriers for older adults due to overcrowding and traffic congestion. In addition, older adults faced challenges such as ageism, gender discrimination, and undesirable behavior by transport personnel and co-passengers. These barriers affected their independent mobility and influenced their access to work and social life, contributing to their social exclusion. Discussion and Implications This study illustrates the challenges faced by older adults when accessing public transport and the need to improve access to work, health care, and social life. Inclusive transport policies are essential in low- and middle-income countries to improve the well-being of older adults.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessibility,Barriers,Bus,Exclusion,Mobility,Well-being}
}

@article{James2021,
  title = {Palliative Care for Homeless and Vulnerably Housed People: Scoping Review and Thematic Synthesis},
  author = {James, Richard and Flemming, Kate and Hodson, Melanie and Oxley, Tammy},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMJ SUPPORTIVE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& PALLIATIVE CARE},
  issn = {2045-435X},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003020},
  abstract = {Introduction People who are homeless or vulnerably housed are subject to disproportionately high risks of physical and mental illness and are further disadvantaged by difficulties in access to services. Research has been conducted examining a wide range of issues in relation to end-of-life care for homeless and vulnerably housed people, however, a contemporary scoping review of this literature is lacking. Objectives To understand the provision of palliative care for people who are homeless or vulnerably housed from the perspective of, and for the benefit of, all those who should be involved in its provision. Design Scoping review with thematic synthesis of qualitative and quantitative literature. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice and CINAHL databases were searched, from inception to May 2020. Citation chasing and manual searching of grey literature were also employed. Results Sixty-four studies, involving 2117 homeless and vulnerably housed people were included, with wide variation in methodology, population and perspective. The thematic synthesis identified three themes around: experiences, beliefs and wishes; relationships; and end-of-life care. Conclusion Discussion highlighted gaps in the evidence base, especially around people experiencing different types of homelessness. Existing evidence advocates for service providers to offer needs-based and non-judgemental care, for organisations to use existing assets in co-producing services, and for researchers to address gaps in the evidence base, and to work with providers in transforming existing knowledge into evaluable action.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {communication,cultural issues}
}

@article{JAMROZIK1994,
  title = {{{FROM HARVESTER TO DEREGULATION}} - {{WAGE-EARNERS IN THE AUSTRALIAN WELFARE-STATE}}},
  author = {JAMROZIK, A},
  year = {1994},
  month = may,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {162--170},
  issn = {0157-6321},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.1994.tb00941.x},
  abstract = {The significance of the Harvester Judgment in 1907 was not only in the establishment of a \textbackslash textasciigravefair and reasonable' wage, which became known as the basic wage, but also in the principle that wages had to meet at least the basic social needs of the worker's family. Income earned through employment was thus regarded as primary welfare. These principles in wage determination were discarded in the 1960s and the de-regulation policies of the 1980s further increased the division between employment and social needs. Exacerbated by the endemic high levels of unemployment, the progressive de-regulation of the labour marked since the 1980s has been one of the most significant causative factors in the growing inequality in Australia.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Janssens2020,
  title = {Evaluation of an Intervention to Support Decisions on Disclosure in the Employment Setting ({{DECIDES}}): Study Protocol of a Longitudinal Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {Janssens, K. M. E. and {van Weeghel}, J. and Henderson, C. and Joosen, M. C. W. and Brouwers, E. P. M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {TRIALS},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s13063-020-04376-1},
  abstract = {BackgroundUnemployment rates are higher among people with mental health issues/illness (MHI) than in the general working population, and many of them face the dilemma of whether or not to disclose their MHI when searching for employment. Disclosure can lead to rejection and discrimination, but alternatively can also have important advantages that may be necessary to retain employment. Whether disclosure decisions lead to sustainable employment depends on many factors, of which unemployed people themselves can only influence their decision to disclose or not and the way in which they communicate. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of an intervention to support unemployed people with MHI in their disclosure decision and communication.MethodsThis is a two-armed, clustered, randomized controlled trial with longitudinal design and randomization at organization level. An intervention will be examined, which consists of a disclosure decision aid tool (CORAL.NL) for unemployed people and workplace stigma-awareness training especially designed for employment specialists, which focusses on how to support unemployed people in their disclosure decisions. Participants in the intervention group are unemployed people who receive support from trained employment specialists from organizations allocated to the intervention group, and receive the CORAL.NL decision aid after baseline. The control group consists of unemployed people who receive support as usual from employment specialists from different organizations allocated to the control group. Primary outcomes are: cost-effectiveness of the intervention, e.g. healthcare costs, having employment, days until start of employment, independency of social security, having other forms of employment and decision making about disclosing MHI. Secondary outcomes are mental health and wellbeing, stigma and discrimination and work-related factors. Financial income data are collected via the registration systems of Dutch municipalities and Statistics Netherlands, and by questionnaires at baseline, and at 3, 6 and 12months.DiscussionIf using a decision aid to decide about disclosure of MHI leads to people finding and retaining employment more often, this study will contribute to lowering healthcare and societal costs.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register: NL7798. Registered on 4 June 2019.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disclosure,Employment,Employment specialists,illness,Mental health issues,Unemployed people}
}

@article{Jarero2017,
  title = {{{EMDR Therapy Program}} for {{Advanced Psychosocial Interventions Provided}} by {{Paraprofessionals}}},
  author = {Jarero, Ignacio and Rake, Gregory and Givaudan, Martha},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {122--128},
  issn = {1933-3196},
  doi = {10.1891/1933-3196.11.3.122},
  abstract = {The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effectiveness of specially trained and supervised paraprofessionals in administering the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) to reduce work-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The 2 paraprofessionals in this study were specially selected and trained in the application of the EMDR-IGTP and then provided treatment in an uncontrolled clinical trial to 37 clients from 3 non-governmental organizations in Bolivia. The participants were adult staff members (protective services workers, caregivers, psychologist, lawyers, and social workers) who provided care to children and adolescents with severe interpersonal trauma. Four EMDR-IGTP sessions within a parallel 2-week period were administered for each randomly assigned group. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was administered at pretreatment and 30 and 90 days' posttreatment. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) determined that PCL-5 score means differed statistically significantly between time points F (2, 72) = 574.53, p{$<$}.001, eta(2)(P) = .94. The study presents preliminary evidence scaling up EMDR therapy in a low-and middle-income country, making it possible to reach larger numbers of people in a shorter time, thereby offering an operational advantage. The study has limitations specially related to the size of the sample, the use of only one measure, and the lack of comparison with a control group or treatment. Further studies are required to present large samples with more measures and comparison of results with another therapy or control group.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {advanced psychosocial interventions,eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy,Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (IGTP),paraprofessionals,posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms}
}

@article{Jarl2018,
  title = {Effects of {{Kidney Transplantation}} on {{Labor Market Outcomes}} in {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Jarl, Johan and Gerdtham, Ulf-G. and Desatnik, Peter and Prutz, Karl-Goran},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {TRANSPLANTATION},
  volume = {102},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1375--1381},
  issn = {0041-1337},
  doi = {10.1097/TP.0000000000002228},
  abstract = {Background Kidney transplantation is considered a superior treatment for end-stage renal disease compared with dialysis although little is known about the wider effects, especially on labor market outcomes. The objective is to estimate the treatment effect of kidney transplantation compared with dialysis on labor market outcomes, controlling for the nonrandom selection into treatment. Methods The average treatment effect is estimated using an inverse-probability weighting regression adjustment approach on all patients in renal replacement therapy 1995 to 2012. Results Kidney transplantation is associated with a treatment advantage over dialysis on employment, labor force participation, early retirement, and labor income. The probability of being employed 1 year after treatment is 21 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval, 16-25) percentage points higher for transplantation. The positive effect increases to 38 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval, 30-46) percentage points after 5 years, mainly due to worsening outcomes on dialysis. The effect on labor income is mainly mediated through employment probability. The productivity gains of transplantation compared to dialysis amounts to Euro33 000 over 5 years. Conclusions Transplantation is superior to dialysis in terms of potential to return to work as well as in terms of labor income and risk of early retirement, after controlling for treatment selection. This positive effect increases over time after transplantation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jarman2021,
  title = {Social Stratification: Past, Present, and Future},
  author = {Jarman, Jennifer and Lambert, Paul and Penn, Roger},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {271--279},
  issn = {2158-2041},
  doi = {10.1080/21582041.2021.1916575},
  abstract = {\textbackslash textasciigraveSocial Stratification, Past, Present, and Future' celebrates the 50th anniversary of the annual Cambridge Social Stratification Seminar. This editorial presents a brief characterisation of the \textbackslash textasciigraveCambridge school' approach that has featured prominently through the seminar's lifetime. Then it discusses the domains and topics explored in this issue - education; intergenerational transmission of inequality; family, work and employment; occupations; migration for work; housing, and political preferences. While most of the papers focus on Great Britain, several papers involve international comparisons, one focuses on stratification in India, and another on China. Collectively, researchers reveal how social hierarchy influences people's lives, and reproduces fairly stably over time. The papers also contribute to understanding the sometimes counter-intuitive outcomes that challenge those charged with policy development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {divided societies,equality,poverty,social analysis,Social mobility}
}

@article{Javornik2017,
  title = {Work and {{Care Opportunities}} under {{Different Parental Leave Systems}}: {{Gender}} and {{Class Inequalities}} in {{Northern Europe}}},
  author = {Javornik, Jana and Kurowska, Anna},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {51},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {617--637},
  issn = {0144-5596},
  doi = {10.1111/spol.12316},
  abstract = {This article analyses public parental leave in eight northern European countries, and assesses its opportunity potential to facilitate equal parental involvement and employment, focusing on gender and income opportunity gaps. It draws on Sen's capability and Weber's ideal-types approach to analyze policies across countries. It offers the ideal parental leave architecture, one which minimizes the policy-generated gender and class inequality in parents' opportunities to share parenting and keep their jobs, thus providing real opportunities for different groups of individuals to achieve valued functionings as parents. Five policy indicators are created using benchmarking and graphical analysis. Two sources of opportunity inequality are considered: the leave system as the opportunity and constraint structure, and the socio-economic contexts as the conversion factors. The article produces a comprehensive overview of national leave policies, visually presenting leave policy across countries. Considering policy capability ramifications beyond gender challenges a family policy-cluster idea and the Nordic-Baltic divide. It demonstrates that leave systems in northern Europe are far from homogenous; they diverge in the degree to which they create real opportunities for parents and children as well as in key policy dimensions through which these opportunities are created.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Capability,Comparative analysis,Family policy,Gender and class,Nordic and Baltic,Policy indicators}
}

@article{Jefferson2013,
  title = {Labour Markets and Wages in {{Australia}} in 2012},
  author = {Jefferson, Therese and Preston, Alison},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {338--355},
  issn = {0022-1856},
  doi = {10.1177/0022185613480739},
  abstract = {During 2012, the labour market continued to show considerable diversity in outcomes for different labour market groups. Employment growth was slower and the number of employees searching for full-time work rose alongside falling participation rates compared with the previous year. Overall, the employment situation for men was not looking as strong as for women, although women continued to exhibit higher levels of labour underutilisation. Earnings indicators suggest increased wages in low-paid sectors, although this was coming off a low base and may be indicative of catch-up for slow growth in recent years. The relative value of the minimum wage is now at its lowest level in six years, suggesting some evidence of growing earnings inequality. Recent debates in the mass media about labour productivity and industrial relations regulation appear to have limited grounding in national accounting and labour market data.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender pay gap,hours of work,labour productivity,minimum wages,multifactor productivity,underutilisation}
}

@article{Jegaden2016,
  title = {{The advantages of treating workers suffering from chronic back pain by combining the services offered by occupational health doctors and those of physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine}},
  author = {Jegaden, D. and Peron, J. and Bianco, S. and Davion, M. and Cardonne, S. and Ha, O. and Hekinian, A. and Nousbaum, M. and Nicolas, F.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ARCHIVES DES MALADIES PROFESSIONNELLES ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {623--635},
  issn = {1775-8785},
  doi = {10.1016/j.admp.2015.08.011},
  abstract = {Introduction. Back pain is a major problem in the workplace. Back pain is also responsible for considerable economic costs and can have serious social repercussions in our society. In this study we present the results of four years of study combining the findings of two different medical teams involved in the treatment of chronic back pain: the occupational health department in Brest (service de sante au travail en Iroise \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSTI], Brest and a service of physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine in Roscoff, France. Methodology. Our model is based on the diagnosis of a problem of chronic back pain in various workers. The diagnosis is proposed by doctors associated with the occupational health department of Brest, based on a specific protocol that covers workers who have been suffering from chronic back pain for more than 3 months with an obvious impact on the quality of their work. Each individual medical case was then studied by a joint medical committee composed of doctors specialized in occupational health concerns and doctors specialized in physical rehabilitation. On the basis of the committee's findings, it has (or not) been possible to offer to the back pain sufferers a series of physical therapy and functional re-education sessions, as well as an ergonomic study of their workstation. One year later, a new evaluation of the situation was systematically undertaken by comparing the ODI, HADS and Karasek tests for each individual. Results. One hundred and eighty-three workers were presented to the joint committee of occupational health practitioners and physical rehabilitation specialists between 2010 and 2013. Each case was then re-evaluated one year later. Only 90 cases were taken in charge by the rehabilitation and functional re-education center. Seventy-one cases were re-evaluated by the committee of doctors one year later. Among these cases, 18 workers were declared unfit with no work resumption. Seven of the original 90 cases were lost from sight. After one year, 78.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the subjects included in the program were working, whereas only 55.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them were on their jobs at the beginning of the program. A total of 67.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients (or workers) declared that they felt a physical improvement in their back pain. Seventy-five percent of the patients were recognized as disabled workers. On average, their ODI score was improved (by 10 points) as well as their psychological profile, in terms of less depression and less anxiety. Discussion. We compare our model to other types of health care offered to patients suffering from chronic back pain, especially the Sherbrooke model. We confirm the importance of multidisciplinary care based on the bio-psychosocial well-being profile. The first results we are publishing are more positive than those presented in other studies, although it is difficult to compare this particular \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprotocol\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with others. On the other hand, we found no clear benefit in the ergonomic adaptation of the workstation, unlike other studies. However, the benefits of physical rehabilitation/re-adaptatiOn, (and sports) are confirmed. A global approach using a well-defined protocol that takes in charge patients (workers) suffering from chronic back pain by an occupational health service and then through a close relationship with a physical rehabilitation center has provided encouraging results. However, it is still possible to improve these results, especially by integrating suggestions by specialists in ergonomics with those of the occupational therapists in order to optimize the adaptation of certain workstations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Back pain,Fitness,Occupational,Rehabilitation}
}

@article{Jehn2021,
  title = {Employment and {{Wage Gaps Among Recent Canadian Male}} and {{Female Postsecondary Graduates}}},
  author = {Jehn, Anthony and Walters, David and Howells, Stephanie},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {724--746},
  issn = {0952-8733},
  doi = {10.1057/s41307-019-00162-0},
  abstract = {Level of postsecondary schooling and field of study remain significant markers of social stratification. However, the extent to which these various types of postsecondary schooling influence the labor market outcomes of recent male and female graduates is unknown. Drawing on data from Statistics Canada's 2013 National Graduates Survey, we examine the employment status and gender gap in earnings among recent Canadian male and female graduates at different levels of postsecondary education and various fields of study, three years after graduation. The findings indicate substantial gender disparities in employment status across all types of postsecondary education. The gender gap in earnings is highest among trades and community college graduates, but effectively disappears for graduates with earned doctorate degrees. With respect to field of study, the gender wage gap is smallest among liberal arts graduates and largest among graduates with math-, computer science-, or engineering-related credentials. The policy implications associated with these findings should be of interest to international researchers as pay equity among men and women in the workforce remains a priority for all OECD countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment outcomes,gender wage gap,postsecondary education,school-to-work transitions}
}

@article{Jenkins1988,
  title = {Empirical Measurement of Horizontal Inequity},
  author = {Jenkins, Stephen P.},
  year = {1988},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {305--329},
  publisher = {{Elsevier BV}},
  doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(88)90044-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NQUNDDHK/Jenkins_1988_Empirical measurement of horizontal inequity.pdf}
}

@article{JenningsMayo-Wilson2023,
  title = {Economic {{Abuse}} and {{Care-seeking Practices}} for {{HIV}} and {{Financial Support Services}} in {{Women Employed}} by {{Sex Work}}: {{A Cross-Sectional Baseline Assessment}} of a {{Clinical Trial Cohort}} in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {{Jennings Mayo-Wilson}, Larissa and Yen, Bing-Jie and Nabunya, Proscovia and Bahar, Ozge Sensoy and Wright, Brittanni N. and Kiyingi, Joshua and Filippone, Prema L. and Mwebembezi, Abel and Kagaayi, Joseph and Tozan, Yesim and Nabayinda, Josephine and Witte, Susan S. and Ssewamala, Fred M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {NP1920-NP1949},
  issn = {0886-2605},
  doi = {10.1177/08862605221093680},
  abstract = {Economic hardship is a driver of entry into sex work, which is associated with high HIV risk. Yet, little is known about economic abuse in women employed by sex work (WESW) and its relationship to uptake of HIV prevention and financial support services. This study used cross-sectional baseline data from a multisite, longitudinal clinical trial that tests the efficacy of adding economic empowerment to traditional HIV risk reduction education on HIV incidence in 542 WESW. Mixed effects logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations in reported economic abuse by demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, HIV care-seeking, and financial care-seeking. Mean age was 31.4 years. Most WESW were unmarried (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and had less than primary school education (64\textbackslash textbackslash\%). 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% had savings, and 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% had debt. 93\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported at least one economic abuse incident. Common incidents included being forced to ask for money (80\textbackslash textbackslash\%), having financial information kept from them (61\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and being forced to disclose how money was spent (56\textbackslash textbackslash\%). WESW also reported partners/relatives spending money needed for bills (45\textbackslash textbackslash\%), not paying bills (38\textbackslash textbackslash\%), threatening them to quit their job(s) (38\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and using physical violence when earning income (24\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Married/partnered WESW (OR = 2.68, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.60-4.48), those with debt (OR = 1.70, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.04-2.77), and those with sex-work bosses (OR = 1.90, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.07-3.38) had higher economic abuse. Condomless sex (beta = +4.43, p {$<$} .05) was higher among WESW experiencing economic abuse, who also had lower odds of initiating PrEP (OR = .39, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:.17-.89). WESW experiencing economic abuse were also more likely to ask for cash among relatives (OR = 2.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.13-4.94) or banks (OR = 2.12, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.11-4.03). The high prevalence of HIV and economic abuse in WESW underscores the importance of integrating financial empowerment in HIV risk reduction interventions for WESW, including education about economic abuse and strategies to address it. Programs focusing on violence against women should also consider economic barriers to accessing HIV prevention services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic abuse,female sex workers,HIV,sexual risk behaviors,Uganda,violence}
}

@article{Jensen2018,
  title = {Comparing the {{Effectiveness}} of {{Clinicians}} and {{Paraprofessionals}} to {{Reduce Disparities}} in {{Perinatal Depression}} via the {{Mothers}} and {{Babies Course}}: {{Protocol}} for a {{Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  author = {Jensen, Jessica K. and Ciolino, Jody D. and Diebold, Alicia and Segovia, Melissa and Degillio, Aria and {Solano-Martinez}, Jesus and Tandon, S. Darius},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS},
  volume = {7},
  number = {11},
  issn = {1929-0748},
  doi = {10.2196/11624},
  abstract = {Background: Postpartum depression is highly prevalent in low-income women and has significant health and mental health effects on mother and child. Home visiting (HV) programs provide services to large numbers of perinatal women in the United States and are a logical setting for delivering mental health services. Although there are interventions that reduce the risk of developing postpartum depression among low-income women, none have used nonhealth or nonmental health professionals as interventionists. Objective: This study aimed to outline the protocol of a cluster randomized trial funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute that evaluates whether the Mothers and Babies (MB) group intervention, when led by paraprofessional home visitors, is more efficacious than usual care. It will also examine if MB, when led by home visitors, is not inferior to MB delivered by mental health professionals (MHPs). MB has previously demonstrated efficacy when delivered by MHPs, and pilot work indicated promising results using home visitors to deliver the intervention. Methods: A cluster randomized trial is being conducted with 38 HV programs. Sixteen HV programs will deliver MB using MHPs, 16 will deliver MB using paraprofessional home visitors, and 6 will deliver usual HV services. The study employs a modified covariate-constrained randomization design at the site level. We anticipate recruiting 933 women aged {$>$}= 16 years enrolled in HV programs, who are 33 or more weeks' gestation and speak either English or Spanish. Women in the 2 intervention arms will receive the 6-session MB group intervention. Baseline, postintervention, 12-week postpartum, and 24-week postpartum assessments will be conducted to assess client outcomes. The primary outcome will be the change in Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report 16 scores from baseline to 24-week follow-up. Secondary outcomes associated with core MB content will also be examined. Semistructured interviews will be conducted with home visitors and MHPs who are group facilitators and 90 study participants to gain data on intervention successes and challenges. Analyses will proceed at the participant level. Primary analyses for depressive symptoms score at 24 weeks postpartum will involve a linear mixed model, controlling for baseline symptoms and other covariates, and random effects to account for clustering. Results: We have recruited 838 women through the end of August 2018. Recruitment will be completed at the end of September 2018. Conclusions: There is considerable potential to disseminate MB to HV programs throughout the United States. Should our results demonstrate home visitor efficacy when compared with usual care and/noninferiority between home visitors and MHPs in improving mental health outcomes, no additional financial resources would be required for the existing HV staff to implement MB. Should this study determine that home visitors are less effective than MHPs, we will generate more wide-scale evidence on MB effectiveness when led by MHPs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community health,depression,postpartum,pregnancy,randomized controlled trial}
}

@article{Jessen2022,
  title = {Culture, Children and Couple Gender Inequality},
  author = {Jessen, Jonas},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {150},
  issn = {0014-2921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104310},
  abstract = {This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of East Germans who were socialised in a more gender egalitarian culture to West Germans socialised in a gender -traditional culture. Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 23.9 percentage points for West German couples, compared to 12.9 for East German couples. The arrival of children also leads to a greater increase in the female share of housework and child care for West Germans. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, which provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows me to compare the effect of having children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and that family policies may have an impact on gender inequality through social learning in the long run.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child penalty,Cultural norms,Gender inequality}
}

@article{Jetha2015,
  title = {The Impact of Arthritis on the Early Employment Experiences of Young Adults: {{A}} Literature Review},
  author = {Jetha, Arif},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {317--324},
  issn = {1936-6574},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.12.001},
  abstract = {Background: Young adulthood is an important transitional life phase that can determine a person's career trajectory. To date, little research has examined the influence of arthritis on early work experiences. Objectives: This literature review aims at examining the impact of arthritis on the early career phase of young adults and identifying the barriers to employment. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched bibliographic databases for arthritis conditions and a series of employment-related keywords and subject headings. Information on authors, publication year; study design, sample characteristics (e.g., number of participants, age, gender, arthritis type); work outcomes measured; and specific barriers to employment was recorded. Results: Nine studies were uncovered in the review. All studies examined young people with juvenile arthritis (9 of 9 studies) and consisted of sample sizes with less then 150 participants (6 of 9 studies) who were primarily recruited from clinics (7 of 9 studies). All were cross-sectional designs. Employment status was primarily examined and ranged from 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 71\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Although not always statistically significant, young adults with arthritis were less likely to be employed when compared to their healthy peers. Greater disease severity, less educational attainment and being female were related to not participating in paid work. Conclusion: This review brings to light the paucity of studies examining the early employment experiences of young adults with arthritis. There is a need to expand research to contribute to recommendations for sustained and productive employment across the working life course. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NGAG6LJ9/Jetha_2015_The impact of arthritis on the early employment experiences of young adults.pdf}
}

@article{Jetha2020,
  title = {The Working Disadvantaged: The Role of Age, Job Tenure and Disability in Precarious Work},
  author = {Jetha, Arif and Ginis, Kathleen A. Martin and Ibrahim, Selahadin and Gignac, Monique A. M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-09938-1},
  abstract = {BackgroundPrecarious work is an increasingly common characteristic of industrialized labor markets that can widen health inequities, especially among disadvantaged workforce segments. Study objectives are to compare precarious employment in workers with and without disabilities, and to examine the modifying effect of disability in the relationships between age, job tenure and precarious work.MethodsEmployed Canadians with (n=901) and without disabilities (n =901) were surveyed on exposure to precarious working conditions. Information on age and job tenure were collected from respondents along with sociodemographic, health and work context details. Multivariable logistic models examined the association between disability and precarious work. Also, multigroup probit models examined precarious work for young (18-35yrs), middle-aged (36-50yrs) and older adults ({$>$}50yrs) and job tenure and was stratified by participants with and without disabilities.ResultsAlmost equal proportions of young, middle-aged and older participants were recruited. Mean job tenure of participants was 9.5years (SD=9.0). Close to one-third of participants reported working precariously. At the multivariable level, a disability was not associated with working precariously. However, multigroup modelling indicated that disability was a significant effect-modifier. Older adults with a disability had a 1.88 times greater odds of reporting precarious work when compared to young adults (OR=1.88, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 1.19, 2.98). When reporting a disability, longer job tenure was related to a 0.95 times lower odds of precarious work (OR=0.95 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.93, 0.98). The relationship between age and job tenure was not significant for those not reporting a disability.DiscussionPrecarious work has the potential to affect workers with and without disabilities. For those with a disability, being an older adult and/or a new worker can contribute to a greater likelihood of being employed precariously. Policies and programs can be recommended to address precarious working conditions and related health inequities for people with disabilities based on life and career phase.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {age,Disability,Job tenure,multigroup modeling,Precarious working conditions}
}

@article{Jha2022,
  title = {Labor Market Policies, Informality and Misallocation},
  author = {Jha, Priyaranjan and Hasan, Rana},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INDIAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18--59},
  issn = {1753-8254},
  doi = {10.1108/IGDR-05-2021-0067},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand labor market regulations and their consequences for the allocation of resources. Design/methodology/approach This paper constructs a theoretical model to study labor market regulations in developing countries and how it affects the allocation of resources between the less productive informal activities and more productive formal activities. It also provides empirical support for some theoretical results using cross-country data. Findings When workers are risk-averse and the market for insurance against labor income risk is missing, regulations that provide insurance to workers (such as severance payments) reduce misallocation. However, regulations that simply create barriers to the dismissal of workers increase misallocation and end up reducing the welfare of workers. This study also provides some empirical evidence broadly consistent with the theoretical results using cross-country data. While dismissal regulations increase the share of informal employment, severance payments to workers do not. Research limitations/implications The empirical exercise is constrained by the lack of availability of good data on the informal sector. Originality/value The analysis of the alternative labor market regulations analyzed in this paper in the presence of risk-averse workers is an original contribution to the literature.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dismissal regulations,Informal employment,J38,J46,Minimum wage,Misallocation,O12,O17,O57,Severance payments}
}

@article{Joag2020,
  title = {Feasibility and Acceptability of a Novel Community-Based Mental Health Intervention Delivered by Community Volunteers in {{Maharashtra}}, {{India}}: The {{Atmiyata}} Programme},
  author = {Joag, Kaustubh and {Shields-Zeeman}, Laura and {Kapadia-Kundu}, Nandita and Kawade, Rama and Balaji, Madhumitha and Pathare, Soumitra},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12888-020-2466-z},
  abstract = {Background Many community-based intervention models for mental health and wellbeing have undergone robust experimental evaluation; however, there are limited accounts of the implementation of these evidence-based interventions in practice. Atmiyata piloted the implementation of a community-led intervention to identify and understand the challenges of delivering such an intervention. The goal of the pilot evaluation is to identify factors important for larger-scale implementation across an entire district in India. This paper presents the results of a feasibility and acceptability study of the Atmiyata intervention piloted in Nashik district, Maharashtra, India between 2013 and 2015. Methods A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the Atmiyata intervention. First, a pre-post survey conducted with 215 cases identified with a GHQ cut-off 6 using a 3-month interval. Cases enrolled into the study in one randomly selected month (May-June 2015). Secondly, a quasi-experimental, pre-post design was used to conduct a population-based survey in the intervention and control areas. A randomly selected sample (panel) of 827 women and 843 men age between 18 to 65 years were interviewed to assess the impact of the Atmiyata intervention on common mental disorders. Finally, using qualitative methods, 16 Champions interviewed to understand an implementation processes, barriers and facilitators. Results Of the 215 participants identified by the Champions as being distressed or having a common mental disorder (CMD), n = 202 (94.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had a GHQ score at either sub-threshold level for CMD or above at baseline. Champions accurately identified people with emotional distress and in need of psychological support. After a 6-session counselling provided by the Champions, the percentage of participants with a case-level GHQ score dropped from 63.8 to 36.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The second sub-intervention consisted of showing films on Champions' mobile phones to raise community awareness regarding mental health. Films consisted of short scenario-based depictions of problems commonly experienced in villages (alcohol use and domestic violence). Champions facilitated access to social benefits for people with disability. Retention of Atmiyata Champions was high; 90.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the initial selected champions continued to work till the end of the project. Champions stated that they enjoyed their work and found it fulfilling to help others. This made them willing to work voluntarily, without pay. The semi-structured interviews with champions indicated that persons in the community experienced reduced symptoms and improved social, occupational and family functioning for problems such as depression, domestic violence, alcohol use, and severe mental illness. Conclusions This study shows that community-led interventions using volunteers from rural neighbourhoods can serve as a locally feasible and acceptable approach to facilitating access social welfare benefits, as well as reducing distress and symptoms of depression and anxiety in a low and middle-income country context. The intervention draws upon social capital in a community to engage and empower community members to address mental health problems. A robust evaluation methodology is needed to test the efficacy of such a model when it is implemented at scale.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Common mental disorders,Community mental health,Community-based intervention,Distress,Low and middle-income countries}
}

@article{Johnson2003,
  title = {The Road to Economic Self-Sufficiency: {{Job}} Quality and Job Transition Patterns after Welfare Reform},
  author = {Johnson, {\relax RC} and Corcoran, {\relax ME}},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {615--639},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.10158},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes the relationships of schooling, the skill content of work experience, and different types of employment patterns with less-skilled women job quality outcomes. Survey data from employers and longitudinal data from former and current welfare recipients are used for the period 1997 to early 2002. The analysis of job quality is broadened beyond employment rates and wages measured at a point in time by including non-wage attributes of compensation and aspects of jobs that affect future earnings potential. This study shows the extent to which lack of employment stability, job skills, and occupation-specific experience impedes welfare recipients' abilities to obtain a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood job\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace or to transition into one from a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebad job. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave The business cycle downturn has significantly negatively affected the job quality and job transition patterns of former and current recipients. (C) 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Johnson2015,
  title = {Overcoming {{Workplace Barriers}}: {{A Focus Group Study Exploring African American Mothers}}' {{Needs}} for {{Workplace Breastfeeding Support}}},
  author = {Johnson, Angela Marie and Kirk, Rosalind and Muzik, Maria},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {425--433},
  issn = {0890-3344},
  doi = {10.1177/0890334415573001},
  abstract = {Background: Persistent racial disparities in breastfeeding show that African American women breastfeed at the lowest rates. Return to work is a critical breastfeeding barrier for African American women who return to work sooner than other ethnic groups and more often encounter unsupportive work environments. They also face psychosocial burdens that make breastfeeding at work uniquely challenging. Participants share personal struggles with combining paid employment and breastfeeding and suggest workplace and personal support strategies that they believe will help continue breastfeeding after a return to work. Objective: To explore current perspectives on ways to support African American mothers' workplace breastfeeding behavior. Methods: Pregnant African American women (n = 8), African American mothers of infants (n = 21), and lactation support providers (n = 9) participated in 1 of 6 focus groups in the Greater Detroit area. Each focus group audiotape was transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to inductively analyze focus group transcripts and field notes. Focus groups explored thoughts, perceptions, and behavior on interventions to support African American women's breastfeeding. Results: Participants indicate that they generally believed breastfeeding was a healthy option for the baby; however, paid employment is a critical barrier to successful breastfeeding for which mothers receive little help. Participants felt breastfeeding interventions that support working African American mothers should include education and training for health care professionals, regulation and enforcement of workplace breastfeeding support policies, and support from peers who act as breastfeeding role models. Conclusion: Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to support breastfeeding among working African American women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {African American,breastfeeding,disparities,employment}
}

@article{Johnson2015a,
  title = {A {{Community Health Clinic Breastfeeding-Friendly Pilot}}: {{What Can We Learn}} about the {{Policy Process}}?},
  author = {Johnson, Donna B. and Lamson, Erica and Schwartz, Rachel and Goldhammer, Camie and Ellings, Amy},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {660--670},
  issn = {0890-3344},
  doi = {10.1177/0890334415579656},
  abstract = {Background: Implementing evidence-based practices and policies for breastfeeding support in community clinics is a promising, but challenging, approach to reducing disparities in breastfeeding rates. Objective: This study aimed to apply a policy process research framework to increase knowledge of factors that facilitate adoption and implementation of breastfeeding policy changes. Methods: In 2013, Washington State piloted a process to encourage 8 clinics to adopt and implement steps to become breastfeeding friendly. Evaluation data were collected through interviews, project reports, training evaluations, and pre- and post-self-assessments of achievement of the steps. Results: In 6 months, clinics increased the breastfeeding-friendly steps that they were implementing from a median (interquartile range) of 1.5 (0-3) to 6 (5-7). Improvements were most likely in the steps that required the fewest resources and administrative changes. Barriers to implementation included misperceptions about breastfeeding and breastfeeding support; lack of administrative buy-in; need for organizational changes to accommodate actions like monitoring breastfeeding rates and allowing providers training time; and the social-political climate of the clinic. Several factors, including actions taken by public health practitioners, enhanced the change process. These included fostering supportive relationships, targeting technical assistance, and providing resources for planning and training. Conclusion: This pilot project demonstrates that it is possible to make changes in breastfeeding support practices and policies in community clinics. Recommendations to enhance future work include framing and marketing breastfeeding support in ways that resonate with clinic decision makers and enhancing training, resources, and advocacy to build capacity for internal and external systems changes to support breastfeeding best practices.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breastfeeding,breastfeeding practices,government policy,low-income women,nutrition policy,process evaluation,program evaluation,Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding}
}

@article{Johnston2020,
  title = {Training a {{Fit-For-Purpose Rural Health Workforce}} for {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}} ({{LMICs}}): {{How Do Drivers}} and {{Enablers}} of {{Rural Practice Intention Differ Between Learners From LMICs}} and {{High Income Countries}}?},
  author = {Johnston, Karen and Guingona, Monsie and Elsanousi, Salwa and Mbokazi, Jabu and Labarda, Charlie and Cristobal, Fortunato L. and Upadhyay, Shambhu and Othman, Abu-Bakr and Woolley, Torres and Acharya, Balkrishna and Hogenbirk, John C. and Ketheesan, Sarangan and Craig, Jonathan C. and Neusy, Andre-Jacques and Larkins, Sarah},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {8},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.582464},
  abstract = {Equity in health outcomes for rural and remote populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited by a range of socio-economic, cultural and environmental determinants of health. Health professional education that is sensitive to local population needs and that attends to all elements of the rural pathway is vital to increase the proportion of the health workforce that practices in underserved rural and remote areas. The Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet) is a community-of-practice of 13 health professional education institutions with a focus on delivering socially accountable education to produce a fit-for-purpose health workforce. The THEnet Graduate Outcome Study is an international prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 learners from nine health professional schools in seven countries (including four LMICs; the Philippines, Sudan, South Africa and Nepal). Surveys of learners are administered at entry to and exit from medical school, and at years 1, 4, 7, and 10 thereafter. The association of learners' intention to practice in rural and other underserved areas, and a range of individual and institutional level variables at two time points-entry to and exit from the medical program, are examined and compared between country income settings. These findings are then triangulated with a sociocultural exploration of the structural relationships between educational and health service delivery ministries in each setting, status of postgraduate training for primary care, and current policy settings. This analysis confirmed the association of rural background with intention to practice in rural areas at both entry and exit. Intention to work abroad was greater for learners at entry, with a significant shift to an intention to work in-country for learners with entry and exit data. Learners at exit were more likely to intend a career in generalist disciplines than those at entry however lack of health policy and unclear career pathways limits the effectiveness of educational strategies in LMICs. This multi-national study of learners from medical schools with a social accountability mandate confirms that it is possible to produce a health workforce with a strong intent to practice in rural areas through attention to all aspects of the rural pathway.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and middle-income countries,barriers and enablers,human resources for health (HRH),LMIC = low,practice intentions,rural medical practice,rural practice,rural practice intention,social accountability}
}

@article{Joly2017,
  title = {{Employment of People with Mental Disorders in Terms of the Policies Developed by the European and International Institutions}},
  author = {Joly, Laurene},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SANTE MENTALE AU QUEBEC},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {17--30},
  issn = {0383-6320},
  doi = {10.7202/1041911ar},
  abstract = {Objectives The aim of this article is to present an overview of the reflections led by various European and international organizations on the employment of people with mental disorders. Methods This study is based on data from websites of international organizations and interviews taken place with a disability specialist at the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and members of the European Commission. Results Unlike the French law of 11 February 2005 which refers expressly to psychic disability, this notion is not explicitly dedicated by various European and international legal rules. However, these standards like the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities have adopted the contemporary model which presents disability as the result of an interaction between person and environment. Thus they acknowledge that disabled people include people suffering from mental disorders because in the person's environment, a psychiatric impairment could lead to limitations of activities or restrictions of social participation that constitute a situation of disability of psychiatric origin. Therefore, the legal mechanisms often do not provide appropriate answers to the characteristics of psychiatric disability. Besides, negative attitudes, stereotypes and discrimination towards people with a psychiatric disability are still observed in the workplace, in spite of intensified anti-discrimination legislation. This study inventories the different proposals to remedy to substantial barriers to the employment of people with a psychiatric condition. In the European Union's strategy for increasing the employment of these persons, particular consideration is given to put forward a series of key recommendations to improve practices of reasonable accommodation in the workplace. Nonetheless, it must be emphasized that it is necessary to conceive adequate measures in order to take into account the changeability and the unpredictability of mental disorders. Indeed, situations of psychiatric disability require flexibility and reactivity more than any other situation of disability. The discrimination experienced by people with a psychiatric disability is likely to continue as long as specific responses are not implemented. In this perspective, ILO highlights a number of best practices addressing the challenges of psychiatric disabled people's employment. That is why a disability network was created to share knowledge. The great added value of this network is the opportunity to share best practices between companies, best practices between countries in order to increase the ability to include people with mental disorders. Focus is put on strategies to combat discrimination in employment, by raising awareness, exploring measures and good practices to improve mental health in the workplace. Conclusion Finally, this study shows similar challenges in the prevention of the mental health and the issue of the psychiatric handicap, including to remedy to the insufficient attention paid to provide reasonable accommodation to persons with mental disorders.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {definition,disabled workers,European Union,international organizations,mental health in the workplace,psychiatric disability}
}

@article{Jones2001,
  title = {Predicting Work Outcomes and Service Use in Supported Employment Services for Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities},
  author = {Jones, {\relax CJ} and Perkins, {\relax DV} and Born, {\relax DL}},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION JOURNAL},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {53--59},
  issn = {1095-158X},
  doi = {10.1037/h0095050},
  abstract = {New funding policies make it timely to identify correlates of effectiveness and efficiency in supported employment (SE) programs for persons with psychiatric disabilities. In a statewide sample of SE participants with serious mental illness, individual clinical characteristics were unrelated to competitive work or hours of services consumed. However, amounts of SE provider time devoted to travel, training, and nonemployment advocacy were independently related to the likelihood of obtaining competitive work. These results suggest that SE providers should pursue an individualized, participant-driven model of services that includes active efforts to remove logistical barriers to community employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jones2013,
  title = {Health Disparities among Workers and Nonworkers with Functional Limitations: Implications for Improving Employment in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Jones, Gwyn C. and Crews, John E.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {35},
  number = {17},
  pages = {1479--1490},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2012.740137},
  abstract = {Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare workers and nonworkers who reported mild, moderate, and severe/complete functional limitations to identify disparities in 19 health and social indicators. Method: Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as our conceptual framework, we analyzed data from the combined 2000-2008 National Health Interview Survey, comparing workers and nonworkers by severity of functional limitations, as measured by the FL12 Scale of Functional Limitation Severity. Results: Only 9.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people reporting moderate/severe functional limitations worked. Although not without exception, not working and severity of functional limitation were associated with poorer health outcomes, with nonworkers reporting severe/complete limitations having least optimal health. Prevalence of chronic conditions was associated with level of functional limitation severity, with the strongest associations among nonworkers. Conclusions: By focusing exclusively on people with functional limitations, we were better able to examine factors contributing to health and participation of workers and nonworkers. People who worked and had moderate or severe/complete limitations often did so while reporting poor health. With improved access to health care, health promotion activities, and other support systems, the quality of life and likelihood of work participation of people with greater functional limitations might also be improved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability and Health,Health outcomes,International Classification of Functioning}
}

@article{Jones2015,
  title = {Unmanageable Inequalities: Sexism in the Film Industry},
  author = {Jones, Deborah and Pringle, Judith K.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {37--49},
  issn = {0038-0261},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-954X.12239},
  abstract = {This article addresses the question of how gender inequalities are produced in the film industry. In the absence of industry or organizational interventions, these inequalities seem unmanageable. We present an exploration of the gendered working lives of below-the-line film workers in New Zealand, in the context of the western film industry. Repeatedly, women activists have pointed out that a perception of gender equity contradicts the statistics, which demonstrate traditional as well as new' forms of sexism. In this post-feminist context inequality is typically invisible and unspoken, and there is a thriving narrative of meritocracy based on talent and determination, where you're only as good as your last job'. Below-the-line crew' are distinguished from creatives in a hierarchy of creativity. In the New Zealand film industry, they are not unionized, and there are no policies addressing gender. From their perspective, their powerlessness in terms of employment rights is taken as a given, a price they pay for doing their dream job. In spite of beliefs about merit, talent and the good idea', women's good ideas' and their work capabilities across a range of roles are less likely to be recognized and rewarded than those of men.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {below the line,film industry,gender,New Zealand,sexism}
}

@article{Jones2018,
  title = {Race, {{Socioeconomic Status}}, and {{Health}} during {{Childhood}}: {{A Longitudinal Examination}} of {{Racial}}/{{Ethnic Differences}} in {{Parental Socioeconomic Timing}} and {{Child Obesity Risk}}},
  author = {Jones, Antwan},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1660-4601},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph15040728},
  abstract = {Prior research suggests that socioeconomic standing during the early years of life, particularly in utero, is associated with child health. However, it is unclear whether socioeconomic benefits are only maximized at very young ages. Moreover, given the link between socioeconomic status (SES) and race, research is inconclusive whether any SES benefits during those younger ages would uniformly benefit all racial and ethnic groups. Using 1986-2014 data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79), this study examines the impact of socioeconomic timing on child weight outcomes by race. Specifically, this research investigates whether specific points exist where socioeconomic investment would have higher returns on child health. Findings suggest that both the timing and the type of socioeconomic exposure is important to understanding child weight status. SES, particularly mother's employment and father's education, is important in determining child health, and each measure is linked to weight gain differently for White, Black, and Hispanic children at specific ages. Policies such as granting more educational access for men and work-family balance for women are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child health,ethnicity,health disparities,obesity,overweight,parental influence,race,socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Jones2018a,
  title = {Parental {{Socioeconomic Instability}} and {{Child Obesity}}},
  author = {Jones, Antwan},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY},
  volume = {64},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--29},
  issn = {1948-5565},
  doi = {10.1080/19485565.2018.1449630},
  abstract = {Using data from the 1986 to 2010 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the NLSY Child and Young Adult Supplement, this research explores how changes in parental socioeconomic status relate to child obesity over time. Results from linear mixed-effects models indicate that maternal educational gains and maternal employment transitions significantly increased their child's body mass index (BMI). This finding suggests that mothers who work may have less time to devote to monitoring their child's food intake and physical activity, which places their children at higher risks of becoming overweight or obese over time. Conversely, father's work transitions and educational gains contribute to decreases in child's BMI. Thus, work instability and increasing educational attainment for the traditional breadwinner of the household corresponds to better child weight outcomes. Results also suggest that there are racial differences in child BMI that remain after adjusting for changes in socioeconomic status, which indicate that the same structural disadvantages that operate to keep minorities in lower social class standings in society also work to hinder minorities from advancing among and out of their social class. Policy implications related to curbing child obesity are discussed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jones2021,
  title = {The Differing Effects of Individual and Group Incentive Pay on Worker Separation: Evidence Using {{Finnish}} Panel Data},
  author = {Jones, Derek C. and Kalmi, Panu and Kato, Takao and Makinen, Mikko},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {32},
  number = {22},
  pages = {4792--4819},
  issn = {0958-5192},
  doi = {10.1080/09585192.2019.1691624},
  abstract = {We investigate the role of individual incentive (II) and group incentive (GI) pay as determinants of worker separation using a large panel data set from Finland during 1997-2006. For white-collar workers, GI pay is associated significantly with an increased probability of separation (diminished employment stability), but in large firms only. For blue-collar workers, II pay is associated with a decreased probability of separation (enhanced employment stability), in both small and large firms. By providing results for different forms of performance pay in a single study, some of our findings are novel. In accounting for differences in our empirical findings compared to those in earlier studies, our results suggest that outcomes depend on the differing institutional contexts found in coordinated market economies (such as Finland) and liberal market economies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Job mobility,performance related pay,profit sharing,wage inequality,worker separation}
}

@article{Jones2022,
  title = {Real-Time Remote Outpatient Consultations in Secondary and Tertiary Care: {{A}} Systematic Review of Inequalities in Invitation and Uptake},
  author = {Jones, Janet E. and Damery, Sarah L. and Phillips, Katherine and Retzer, Ameeta and Nayyar, Pamela and Jolly, Kate},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {6},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0269435},
  abstract = {Background Health policies in most high income countries increasingly recommend provision of routine outpatient care via remote (video and/or telephone) appointments, especially due to the pandemic. This is thought to improve access to care and promote efficiency within resource-constrained health services. There is limited evidence about the impact on existing inequalities in the invitation and uptake of health services when remote outpatient care is offered. Aim To systematically review the evidence on the offer and/or uptake of real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care, assessed according to key sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Seven electronic bibliographic databases were searched for studies reporting the proportion of patients with key characteristics (following PROGRESS Plus criteria) who were offered and/or accepted real-time remote outpatient consultation for any chronic condition. Comparison groups included usual care (face-to-face), another intervention, or offer/uptake within a comparable time period. Study processes were undertaken in duplicate. Data are reported narratively. Results Twenty-nine studies were included. Uptake of video consultations ranged from 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% and telephone consultations from 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 78\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Patients aged over 65, with lower educational attainment, on lower household incomes and without English as a first language were least likely to have a remote consultation. Females were generally more likely to have remote consultations than males. Non-white ethnicities were less likely to use remote consultations but where they did, were significantly more likely to choose telephone over video appointments (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Offering remote consultations may perpetuate or exacerbate existing health inequalities in access to healthcare. More research is needed on current health disparities by sociodemographic characteristics and to explore what works well for different patient groups and why so that processes can be designed to ameliorate these health disparities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/564VAI4E/Jones et al_2022_Real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care.pdf}
}

@article{Jones2023,
  title = {Recovering the {{Vocational Self}}?: {{Service User Accounts}} of {{Barriers}} to {{Work}} and {{School}} and the {{Role}} of {{Early Psychosis Services}} in {{Supporting Career Development}}},
  author = {Jones, Nev and Pagdon, Shannon and Ebuenyi, Ikenna and Goldman, Howard and Dixon, Lisa},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL},
  issn = {0010-3853},
  doi = {10.1007/s10597-023-01149-3},
  abstract = {Vocational recovery is frequently identified as a primary goal of specialized early intervention in psychosis services (EIS). However, few studies have investigated the multi-level impacts of psychosis and its social sequelae on emerging vocational identities and mechanisms by which EIS may contribute to longer-term career development. The goal of this study was to deepen our understanding of the experiences of young adults with early psychosis during and following discharge from EIS as they relate to vocational derailment, identity and career development. We conducted in-depth interviews with 25 former EIS recipients and five family members (N = 30). Interviews were analyzed using modified grounded theory, with an orientation to generating a rich, theory informed understanding young people's experiences. Approximately half of the participants in our sample were not in employment, education, or training (NEET) and had applied for or were receiving disability benefits (SSI/SSDI). Among those participants who were working, the majority reported short-term, low-wage work. Thematic findings elucidate factors underlying the erosion of vocational identity, as well as ways in which both participant-reported vocational service characteristics and socioeconomic background shape different pathways to college, work and/or disability benefits both during and following discharge from EIS. Findings underscore the need for additional research on vocational identity among youth and young adults with early psychosis and the development and evaluation of interventions designed to support career development, address social and structural barriers to education and training, and foster long-term socioeconomic mobility.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Career development,Coordinated specialty care,Disability,Early psychosis,Social and structural determinants of health,Social stratification,Vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Jorda2019,
  title = {Global Inequality: {{How}} Large Is the Effect of Top Incomes?},
  author = {Jord{\'a}, Vanesa and {Ni{\~n}o-Zaraz{\'u}a}, Miguel},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {123},
  pages = {104593},
  publisher = {{Elsevier BV}},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.017},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/84NI6IJ9/Jordá_Niño-Zarazúa_2019_Global inequality.pdf}
}

@article{Joseph1998,
  title = {Over the Hill and Far Away: {{Distance}} as a Barrier to the Provision of Assistance to Elderly Relatives},
  author = {Joseph, {\relax AE} and Hallman, {\relax BC}},
  year = {1998},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {46},
  number = {6},
  pages = {631--639},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00181-0},
  abstract = {This paper considers the impact of the distance between employed caregivers and their elderly relatives on the provision of various forms of family-based assistance (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceeldercare\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace), and in so doing it contributes to two overlapping literatures, one on the geography of care for elderly persons and the other on eldercare as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework and family\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace issue. The paper also seeks to interpret and understand the spatiality of eldercare in light of evolving public policy on the care of dependent populations, and does so with an eye to the highly gendered nature of family caregiving. The empirical portion of the paper draws on a national survey of work and family conducted by GARNET (The Canadian Aging Research Network). Analysis of data for 1149 respondents with eldercare responsibilities reveals significant distance-decay effects in the average (weekly) number of hours devoted to eldercare. However, disaggregation by gender reveals that only male caregivers display this normative behaviour. Analysis of the average time-distances at which particular types of assistance are provided reveals a similar \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegender gap\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace-women are willing to travel farther, more often, than male caregivers. The results suggest that the reconceptualization of aging as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprivate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace problem, to be attended to (by women) in the family and community, will particularly affect the careers and family lives of female caregivers, for they are more likely than their male counterparts to take on more travel and try to squeeze more into already tight time budgets. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,eldercare,gender effects,geography of the family,public policy,time-distance},
  note = {7th International Symposium on Medical Geography, PORTSMOUTH, ENGLAND, JUL, 1996}
}

@article{Joshi2022,
  title = {Families' {{Job Characteristics}} and {{Economic Self-Sufficiency}}: {{Differences}} by {{Income}}, {{Race-Ethnicity}}, and {{Nativity}}},
  author = {Joshi, Pamela and Walters, Abigail N. and Noelke, Clemens and {Acevedo-Garcia}, Dolores},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {RSF-THE RUSSELL SAGE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {67--95},
  issn = {2377-8253},
  doi = {10.7758/RSF.2022.8.5.04},
  abstract = {Policy debates about whether wages and benefits from work provide enough resources to achieve economic self-sufficiency rely on data for workers, not working families. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that almost two-thirds of families working full time earn enough to cover a basic family budget, but that less than a quarter of low-income families do. A typical low-income full-time working family with wages below a family budget would need to earn about \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar11.00 more per hour to cover expenses. This wage gap is larger for black, Hispanic, and immigrant families. Receipt of employer-provided benefits varieshealth insurance is more prevalent than pension plans-and both are less available to low-income families, and black, Hispanic, and immigrant working families. Findings suggest that without policies to decrease wage inequality and increase parents' access to jobs with higher wages and benefits, child opportunity gaps by income, race\textendash ethnicity, and nativity will likely persist.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {low-income,nativity,race-ethnicity,self-sufficiency,wages}
}

@article{Jou2018,
  title = {Paid {{Maternity Leave}} in the {{United States}}: {{Associations}} with {{Maternal}} and {{Infant Health}}},
  author = {Jou, Judy and Kozhimannil, Katy B. and Abraham, Jean M. and Blewett, Lynn A. and McGovern, Patricia M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {216--225},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-017-2393-x},
  abstract = {Objectives The United States is one of only three countries worldwide with no national policy guaranteeing paid leave to employed women who give birth. While maternity leave has been linked to improved maternal and child outcomes in international contexts, up-to-date research evidence in the U.S. context is needed to inform current policy debates on paid family leave. Methods Using data from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18-45 who gave birth in 2011-2012, we conducted multivariate logistic regression to predict the likelihood of outcomes related to infant health, maternal physical and mental health, and maternal health behaviors by the use and duration of paid maternity leave. Results Use of paid and unpaid leave varied significantly by race/ethnicity and household income. Women who took paid maternity leave experienced a 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of re-hospitalizing their infants (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.3, 1.0) and a 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of being re-hospitalized themselves (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.3, 0.9) at 21 months postpartum, compared to women taking unpaid or no leave. They also had 1.8 times the odds of doing well with exercise (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1, 3.0) and stress management (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1, 2.8), compared to women taking only unpaid leave. Conclusions for Practice Paid maternity leave significantly predicts lower odds of maternal and infant re-hospitalization and higher odds of doing well with exercise and stress management. Policies aimed at expanding access to paid maternity and family leave may contribute toward reducing socio-demographic disparities in paid leave use and its associated health benefits.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Family and Medical Leave Act,Health behavior,Infant health,Maternal health,Maternity leave}
}

@article{Joy2021,
  title = {Beyond {{Neoliberalism}}: {{A Policy Agenda}} for a {{Progressive City}}},
  author = {Joy, Meghan and Vogel, Ronald K.},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {URBAN AFFAIRS REVIEW},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1372--1409},
  issn = {1078-0874},
  doi = {10.1177/1078087420984241},
  abstract = {The urban crisis-poverty and inequality, un-and under-employment, inadequate and unaffordable housing and public transportation, pollution and climate disasters-is the result of the failure of the neoliberal agenda to produce adequate funds and capacities to ensure the provision of services necessary for the city to function and its residents to thrive, especially the most vulnerable, and increasingly, the middle class. In the last few years, there appears to be a potential for a new more radical direction in urban policy. Yet, urban scholars and practitioners have been slow to notice the new possibilities that reopens the question of whether cities may engage in redistributive policies. In reviewing the history and current practice of progressive politics and policy in cities, this paper explores what a policy agenda for a progressive city might entail and identifies themes and questions for a renewed urban politics research agenda.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {affordable housing,climate change,progressive city,public transit and equity,work and income}
}

@article{Joyce2010,
  title = {Flexible Working Conditions and Their Effects on Employee Health and Wellbeing},
  author = {Joyce, Kerry and Pabayo, Roman and Critchley, Julia A. and Bambra, Clare},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  number = {2},
  issn = {1469-493X},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2},
  abstract = {Background Flexible working conditions are increasingly popular in developed countries but the effects on employee health and wellbeing are largely unknown. Objectives To evaluate the effects ( benefits and harms) of flexible working interventions on the physical, mental and general health and wellbeing of employees and their families. Search strategy Our searches ( July 2009) covered 12 databases including the Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL; MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; PsycINFO; Social Science Citation Index; ASSIA; IBSS; Sociological Abstracts; and ABI/Inform. We also searched relevant websites, handsearched key journals, searched bibliographies and contacted study authors and key experts. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCT), interrupted time series and controlled before and after studies (CBA), which examined the effects of flexible working interventions on employee health and wellbeing. We excluded studies assessing outcomes for less than six months and extracted outcomes relating to physical, mental and general health/ill health measured using a validated instrument. We also extracted secondary outcomes ( including sickness absence, health service usage, behavioural changes, accidents, work-life balance, quality of life, health and wellbeing of children, family members and co-workers) if reported alongside at least one primary outcome. Data collection and analysis Two experienced review authors conducted data extraction and quality appraisal. We undertook a narrative synthesis as there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Main results Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Six CBA studies reported on interventions relating to temporal flexibility: self-scheduling of shift work (n = 4), flexitime ( n = 1) and overtime ( n = 1). The remaining four CBA studies evaluated a form of contractual flexibility: partial/gradual retirement ( n = 2), involuntary part-time work ( n = 1) and fixed-term contract ( n = 1). The studies retrieved had a number of methodological limitations including short follow-up periods, risk of selection bias and reliance on largely self-reported outcome data. Four CBA studies on self-scheduling of shifts and one CBA study on gradual/partial retirement reported statistically significant improvements in either primary outcomes ( including systolic blood pressure and heart rate; tiredness; mental health, sleep duration, sleep quality and alertness; self-rated health status) or secondary health outcomes (co-workers social support and sense of community) and no ill health effects were reported. Flexitime was shown not to have significant effects on self-reported physiological and psychological health outcomes. Similarly, when comparing individuals working overtime with those who did not the odds of ill health effects were not significantly higher in the intervention group at follow up. The effects of contractual flexibility on self-reported health ( with the exception of gradual/partial retirement, which when controlled by employees improved health outcomes) were either equivocal or negative. No studies differentiated results by socio-economic status, although one study did compare findings by gender but found no differential effect on self-reported health outcomes. Authors' conclusions The findings of this review tentatively suggest that flexible working interventions that increase worker control and choice ( such as self-scheduling or gradual/partial retirement) are likely to have a positive effect on health outcomes. In contrast, interventions that were motivated or dictated by organisational interests, such as fixed-term contract and involuntary part-time employment, found equivocal or negative health effects. Given the partial and methodologically limited evidence base these findings should be interpreted with caution. Moreover, there is a clear need for well-designed intervention studies to delineate the impact of flexible working conditions on health, wellbeing and health inequalities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jozwiak2023,
  title = {Constrained \textbackslash textasciigravechoices': {{Optional}} Familism and Educational Divides in Work-Family Arrangements},
  author = {Jozwiak, Andreas},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {700--726},
  issn = {0144-5596},
  doi = {10.1111/spol.12901},
  abstract = {German family policy was dramatically reformed in the 2000s because of dual reforms to parental leave and childcare provision. While considerable evidence has suggested the reforms affected employment and other outcomes, this article asks what the consequences of these reforms are for the family, specifically for patterns of work-family arrangements. Moreover, it asks how education matters for work-family arrangements post-reform. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data, I show that college-educated mothers giving birth to their first child after the reforms earned roughly half of household income if they benefited from expanded local childcare access. By contrast, in areas with lower childcare availability, even among the college-educated, mothers' earnings resemble pre-reform patterns, where mothers earn between a quarter to a third of household income. Therefore, the reforms contributed to greater differences in family structures based on the education. One interpretation of these findings is that the status reproducing nature of the Continental welfare states has recalibrated for the modern age, de-gendered for those with the greatest labour market returns.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender inequality,inequality,social class}
}

@book{JuarezSanchezR2010,
  title = {Guarantee of Water Availability and Change in Land Use in the Southern Coastal Area of the Community of {{Valencia}} ({{Spain}})},
  author = {Juarez Sanchez R, C. and Hernandez Hernandez, M. and Rico Amoros, A. M.},
  editor = {Brebbia, {\relax CA} and Hernandez, S and Tiezzi, E},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {SUSTAINABLE CITY VI: URBAN REGENERATION AND SUSTAINABILITY},
  series = {{{WIT Transactions}} on {{Ecology}} and the {{Environment}}},
  volume = {129},
  issn = {1743-3541},
  doi = {10.2495/SC100341},
  abstract = {The coast and the pre-littoral zone of Bajo Segura region (Alicante) is a geographical area suffering from a natural scarcity of water resources. However, since 1960 until today, water consumption has increased due to a profound economic, demographic and landscape transformation. Statistical confirmation of this change is verified by the value reached by the use-indicators: participation in the gross domestic product, employment generated, disposable household income, population growth and concentration. The new economic trend has increased the allocation of water resources to ensure the enhancement of the territory. The water infrastructure of Tajo-Segura is that which ensures urban supply and production of the irrigated area. Overcoming water shortages involves converting the risk or bottlenecks into a great productive opportunity embodied in a growing urban/tourist impact, which reduces the irrigated area by competing for water. This dynamic urban-residential process of expansion penetrates from the coast to the inland municipalities because of the increased availability of cheap land and urban planning flexibility. As the prosperity of this area of Alicante will always be linked to solving the problem of water, water conflicts need to be resolved in order to avoid increased competition with other uses of the land. For this reason, the aim of this work is to understand and study the current status of the territorial model as well as to offer a diagnosis of the deficits, advantages and potential for better management of land and water without affecting the environment.},
  isbn = {978-1-84564-432-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adaptive and integral management,comparative advantages,sustainability,tourist and residential development,water indicators,water resources},
  note = {Sustainable City 2010: 6th International Conference on Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, A Coruna, SPAIN, APR 14-16, 2010}
}

@article{Julia2017,
  title = {Employment and {{Labor Market Results}} of the {{SOPHIE Project}}: {{Concepts}}, {{Analyses}}, and {{Policies}}},
  author = {Julia, Mireia and {Olle-Espluga}, Laia and Vanroelen, Christophe and De Moortel, Deborah and Mousaid, Sarah and Vinberg, Stig and {Puig-Barrachina}, Vanessa and Sanchez, Esther and Muntaner, Carles and Artazcoz, Lucia and Benach, Joan},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18--39},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.1177/0020731416676233},
  abstract = {This article reports evidence gained by the SOPHIE Project regarding employment and labor market-related policies. In the first step, quality of employment and of precarious and informal employment in Europe were conceptualized and defined. Based on these definitions, we analyzed changes in the prevalence and population distribution of key health-affecting characteristics of employment and work between times of economic prosperity and economic crisis in Europe and investigated their impact on health outcomes. Additionally, we examined the effects of several employment and labor market-related policies on factors affecting health equity, including a specific analysis concerning work-related gender equity policies and case studies in different European countries. Our findings show that there is a need to standardize definitions and indicators of (the quality of) employment conditions and improve information systems. This is challenging given the important differences between and within European countries. In our results, low quality of employment and precarious employment is associated with poor mental health. In order to protect the well-being of workers and reduce work-related health inequalities, policies leading to precarious working and employment conditions need to be suspended. Instead, efforts should be made to improve the security and quality of employment for all workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment conditions,employment policies,health inequalities,labor market,SOPHIE project}
}

@article{Julia2017a,
  title = {Changing the Way We Understand Precarious Employment and Health: {{Precarisation}} Affects the Entire Salaried Population},
  author = {Julia, Mireia and Vives, Alejandra and Tarafa, Gemma and Benach, Joan},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SAFETY SCIENCE},
  volume = {100},
  number = {A, SI},
  pages = {66--73},
  issn = {0925-7535},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.015},
  abstract = {Employment precariousness (EP) has expanded over recent years. The aim of this study is to test the existence of a general precarisation of the Spanish labour market and its association with mental health for different types of contract. On the subsample of salaried workers from the second Psychosocial Work Environment Survey and using the revised Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES-2010), we calculated the prevalence of EP and poor mental health for salaried workers. We created six groups of workers according to their levels of EP and types of contract. We used Poisson regressions, stratified by gender, to examine associations between belonging to the different groups of workers and poor mental health. Although temporary workers had a higher prevalence of EP and poorer mental health than permanent workers, we found that the association with poor mental health was unexpectedly stronger in permanent workers with high precariousness (2.97, IC95\textbackslash textbackslash\% 2.25-3.92 in men and 2.50, 1.70-3.67 in women) than in temporary workers (2.17, IC95\textbackslash textbackslash\% 1.59-2.96 in men and 1.81, 1.17-2.78 in women). A gradient of poor mental health existed by EP score for both men and women and permanent and temporary workers. The Spanish labour market is highly affected by employment precarisation. Using the multidimensional EPRES is more informative and a better tool for mental health research than type of contract alone. Creating a surveillance system to monitor the magnitude and evolution of EP has to be a priority in order to reduce health inequalities and to evaluate the impact of policies and programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment conditions,Health inequalities,Precarious employment,Precarisation,Social determinants of health}
}

@article{Jung2013,
  title = {{{HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG WAGE WORKERS DRIVEN BY EMPLOYMENT INSTABILITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA}}},
  author = {Jung, Minsoo},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {483--498},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.2190/HS.43.3.g},
  abstract = {Even though labor market flexibility continues to be a source of grave concern in terms of employment instability, as evidenced by temporary employment, only a few longitudinal studies have examined the effects of employment instability on the health status of wage workers. Against this backdrop, this study assesses the manner in which changes in employment type affect the health status of wage workers. The data originate from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study's health-related surveys for the first through fourth years (n = 1,789; 1998 to 2001). This study estimates potential damage to self-rated health through the application of a generalized estimating equation, according to specific levels of employment instability. While controlling for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, health behavior, and access to health care, the study analysis confirms that changes in employment type exert significant and adverse effects on health status for a given year (OR = 1.47; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.10-1.96), to an extent comparable to the marked effects of smoking on human health (OR = 1.47; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05-2.04). Given the global prevalence of labor flexibility, policy interventions must be implemented if employment instability triggers broad discrepancies not only in social standing, wage, and welfare benefits, but also in health status.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Jung2017,
  title = {Growth versus Equity: {{A CGE}} Analysis for Effects of Factor-Biased Technical Progress on Economic Growth and Employment},
  author = {Jung, Sungmoon and Lee, Jeong-Dong and Hwang, Won-Sik and Yeo, Yeongjun},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ECONOMIC MODELLING},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {424--438},
  issn = {0264-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econmod.2016.10.014},
  abstract = {With factor-biased technical progress described as labor-saving and skill-biased technical changes, there are concerns that technological innovation can lead to unemployment and widen inequality in the economy. This study explores impacts of factor-biased technical changes on the economic system in terms of economic growth, employment, and distribution, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that technological innovation contributes to higher level of economic growth with productivity improvements. However, our analysis suggests that economic growth accompanied by skill- and capital-biased technical progress disproportionately increases demand for capital and high-skilled labor over skilled and unskilled labor. This shift in the value-added composition is found to deepen income inequality, as more people in higher income groups benefit from skill premium and capital earnings. Our results suggest that policymakers should prepare a wide range of policy measures, such as reforms in educational programs and taxation systems, in order to ensure sustainable growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computable general equilibrium,Economic growth,Employment,Innovation,South Korea}
}

@article{Kachwaha2022,
  title = {Specificity {{Matters}}: {{Unpacking Impact Pathways}} of {{Individual Interventions}} within {{Bundled Packages Helps Interpret}} the {{Limited Impacts}} of a {{Maternal Nutrition Intervention}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Kachwaha, Shivani and Nguyen, Phuong H and Tran, Lan Mai and Avula, Rasmi and Young, Melissa F. and Ghosh, Sebanti and Forissier, Thomas and {Escobar-Alegria}, Jessica and Sharma, Praveen Kumar and Frongillo, Edward A. and Menon, Purnima},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF NUTRITION},
  volume = {152},
  number = {2},
  pages = {612--629},
  issn = {0022-3166},
  doi = {10.1093/jn/nxab390},
  abstract = {Background To address gaps in coverage and quality of nutrition services, Alive \textbackslash textbackslash\& Thrive (A\textbackslash textbackslash\&T) strengthened the delivery of maternal nutrition interventions through government antenatal care (ANC) services in Uttar Pradesh, India. The impact evaluation of the A\textbackslash textbackslash\&T interventions compared intensive ANC (I-ANC) with standard ANC (S-ANC) areas and found modest impacts on micronutrient supplementation, dietary diversity, and weight-gain monitoring. Objectives This study examined intervention-specific program impact pathways (PIPs) and identified reasons for limited impacts of the A\textbackslash textbackslash\&T maternal nutrition intervention package. Methods We used mixed methods: frontline worker (FLW) surveys (n = similar to 500), counseling observations (n = 407), and qualitative in-depth interviews with FLWs, supervisors, and block-level staff (n = 59). We assessed 7 PIP domains: training and materials, knowledge, supportive supervision, supply chains, data use, service delivery, and counseling. Results Exposure to training improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas with more job aids used in I-ANC compared with S-ANC (90\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with 70\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but gaps remained for training content and refresher trainings. FLWs' knowledge improvement was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (22-36 percentage points), but knowledge of micronutrient supplement benefits and recommended foods was insufficient ({$<$}50\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most FLWs received supervision ({$>$}90\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but supportive supervision was limited by staff vacancies and competing work priorities. Supplies of iron-folic acid and calcium supplements were low in both areas (30-50\textbackslash textbackslash\% stock-outs). Use of monitoring data during review meetings was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (52\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with 36\textbackslash textbackslash\%) but was constrained by time, understanding, and data quality. Service provision improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas, but counseling on supplement benefits and weight-gain monitoring was low (30-40\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions Systems-strengthening efforts improved maternal nutrition interventions in ANC, but gaps remained. Taking an intervention-specific perspective to the PIP analysis in this package of services was critical to understand how common and specific barriers influenced overall program impact.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {counseling,diet diversity,India,maternal nutrition,micronutrient supplementation,service delivery,systems strengthening,weight-gain monitoring}
}

@article{Kaggwa2020,
  title = {Interventions to Promote Gender Equality in the Mining Sector of {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Kaggwa, Martin},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {398--404},
  issn = {2214-790X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.exis.2019.03.015},
  abstract = {This research study explored workplace challenges that women in the South African mining sector still face despite progressive gender sensitive regulations. The purpose of the research was to come up with evidence-based recommendations on how to promote sustainable gender equality in South Africa's mining sector. A survey approach was used for the research, with a total of 2 365 women working in the mining sector being interviewed. The main challenge faced by the women was lack of career progress followed by discrimination in decision making and in remuneration. Women attributed these challenges to their immediate supervisors and company policies. A key lesson from the research was that legislation can be a useful tool in mitigating workplace challenges for women and reducing gender inequality in the mining sector but it is not a sufficient intervention. The study recommends that deliberate steps should be taken to facilitate and impart skills to women that they need to progress up the employment level hierarchy. This should be done while at the same time opening up opportunities of higher responsibilities for women to hold.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender equality,Mining,South Africa,Women}
}

@article{Kahn2012,
  title = {Labor Market Policy: {{A}} Comparative View on the Costs and Benefits of Labor Market Flexibility},
  author = {Kahn, Lawrence M.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94--110},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.20602},
  abstract = {I review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English-speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth, and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. (C) 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kajdi2020,
  title = {Remittance {{Behaviour}} of {{Intra-EU Migrants}} - {{Evidence}} from {{Hungary}}},
  author = {Kajdi, Laszlo and Ligeti, Anna Sara},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {COMPARATIVE POPULATION STUDIES},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {87--113},
  issn = {1869-8980},
  doi = {10.12765/CPoS-2020-04en},
  abstract = {After the eastern expansion of the European Union (EU), a large number of emigrants left their home countries to work in economically better developed western member states. Hungary followed this EU emigration trend with a certain time lag. However, the rising number of emigrants caused structural problems in the domestic labour market. A comprehensive examination of intra-EU remittances as one of the major determinants of migration has been outside the scope of recent research activity. The data from the Hungarian Microcensus survey and the first Hungarian household survey focusing on the topic of remittances can provide a valuable case study of intra-EU private transfer flows. The aims of this study are twofold. On the one hand we intend to provide empirical evidence for the major factors that determine remittance propensity by calculating probit regressions. On the other hand, OLS regressions are calculated in order to introduce variables which are associated with money transfers. These results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) to identify the underlying motivations for remittances. The most important findings are that older men with vocational school education have the highest remittance propensity, and the likelihood of sending private support is higher among short-term migrants. As the key factors, the income of the sender person is positively associated with the sum of money flows, while the income of the receiving household is negatively associated. Within the theoretical framework of NELM, these results favour the dominance of altruistic motives, since supporting the household members who remain behind seems to be the major driving force. However, when intentions of returning home are considered in the models, it seems that self-interest might also play a role as a driver of remittances. Within this study, the main focus was on the characteristics of the senders, meaning that a possible field of future research could be an examination of these questions from the perspective of remittance receiver households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {European Union,Labour-market,Migration policy,Remittances}
}

@article{Kalamkarian2023,
  title = {Smoking Cessation Care during Pregnancy: {{A}} Qualitative Exploration of Midwives' Challenging Role},
  author = {Kalamkarian, Anna and Hoon, Elizabeth and Chittleborough, Catherine R. and Dekker, Gustaaf and Lynch, John W. and Smithers, Lisa G.},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WOMEN AND BIRTH},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {89--98},
  issn = {1871-5192},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wombi.2022.03.005},
  abstract = {Problem: The majority of South Australian pregnant women who smoke do not quit during pregnancy. Addi-tionally, the prevalence of smoking is higher among pregnant women living in socially disadvantaged areas.Background: Understanding challenges in midwives' provision of smoking cessation care can elucidate oppor-tunities to facilitate women's smoking cessation.Aim: We aimed to understand midwives' perspectives on current practices, perceived barriers and facilitators to delivery of smoking cessation care, and potential improvements to models of smoking cessation care.Methods: An exploratory qualitative research methodology and thematic analysis was used to understand the perspectives of midwives in five focus groups. Findings: Four themes were generated from the data on how midwives perceived their ability to provide smoking cessation care: Tensions between providing smoking cessation care and maternal care; Organisational barriers in the delivery of smoking cessation care; Scepticism and doubt in the provision of smoking cessation care; and Opportunities to enable midwives' ability to provide smoking cessation care.Discussion: A combination of interpersonal, organisational and individual barriers impeded on midwives' ca-pacities to approach, follow-up and prioritise smoking cessation care. Working with women living with disad-vantage and high rates of smoking, the midwife's role was challenging as it balanced delivering smoking cessation care without jeopardising antenatal care.Conclusion: Providing midwives with resources and skills may alleviate the sense of futility that surrounds smoking cessation care. Provision of routine training and education could also improve understandings of the current practice guidelines.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Focus groups,Midwifery,Pregnancy,Qualitative research,Smoking cessation}
}

@article{Kalwij2013,
  title = {Pathways to {{Retirement}} and {{Mortality Risk}} in {{The Netherlands}}},
  author = {Kalwij, Adriaan and Alessie, Rob and Knoef, Marike},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {221--238},
  issn = {0168-6577},
  doi = {10.1007/s10680-013-9283-8},
  abstract = {The success of policies aimed at keeping older workers in employment until the statutory retirement age in part depends on the health of these workers. For this reason we examine to what extent pathways to statutory retirement other than employment are associated with adverse health conditions as measured by increased mortality risk during retirement. To do so, we estimate a mortality risk model using Dutch administrative data. We find, conditional on labor market status at the age of 58 and compared to individuals who are employed until the statutory retirement age of 65, no increased mortality risk among individuals who, between the ages of 58 and 65, have been in early retirement or unemployment and an increased mortality risk among individuals who have drawn disability insurance benefits. Our results suggest that older workers other than those who qualify for disability insurance benefits, may, on average, have no significant health conditions that could adversely impact the effectiveness of reforms that create stronger financial incentives for continued employment until age 65.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Labor market status,Mortality risk,The Netherlands}
}

@article{Kammogne2021,
  title = {{Ethnicity and immigration status: How are they associated with work and depressive symptoms?}},
  author = {Kammogne, C. L. and Marchand, A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REVUE D EPIDEMIOLOGIE ET DE SANTE PUBLIQUE},
  volume = {69},
  number = {3},
  pages = {145--153},
  issn = {0398-7620},
  doi = {10.1016/j.respe.2021.01.009},
  abstract = {Background. - The purpose of this research is to determine whether, in the Canadian workforce, cultural identity traits, particularly ethnicity and immigrant status, might modify the association of work with depressive symptoms. Method. - Data were derived from the nine cycles of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) conducted by Statistics Canada. Based on a sample of 6477 workers, multilevel regression models were brought into being. Analyses were adjusted for family-related factors, non-work social support, and personal characteristics. Results. - After accounting for potential confounders, ethnicity and work-related factors were distinctly and directly associated with depressive symptoms. Workers belonging to visible minorities had significantly fewer depressive symptoms than their Caucasian counterparts. Unlike Caucasians, they were more often overqualified, less in a position to use their skills, and largely without decision-making authority. On the other hand, all analyses having to do with immigrant status led to inconclusive results. Conclusion. - Ethnicity seems to have some bearing on the association of work with depressive symptoms among members of the Canadian workforce. It might be beneficial to carry out targeted interventions aimed at improving working conditions according to ethnicity and situations involving professional overqualification. (C) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Canadian-born,Caucasian,Cultural identity,Mental health,Overqualification,Visible minority}
}

@article{Kamvura2022,
  title = {Barriers to the Provision of Non-Communicable Disease Care in {{Zimbabwe}}: A Qualitative Study of Primary Health Care Nurses},
  author = {Kamvura, Tiny Tinashe and Dambi, Jermaine M. and Chiriseri, Ephraim and Turner, Jean and Verhey, Ruth and Chibanda, Dixon},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BMC NURSING},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1472-6955},
  doi = {10.1186/s12912-022-00841-1},
  abstract = {Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute significantly to the global disease burden, with low-and middle-income (LMICs) countries disproportionately affected. A significant knowledge gap in NCDs exacerbates the high burden, worsened by perennial health system challenges, including human and financial resources constraints. Primary health care workers play a crucial role in offering health care to most people in LMICs, and their views on the barriers to the provision of quality care for NCDs are critical. This study explored perceived barriers to providing NCDs care in primary health care facilities in Zimbabwe. Methods In-depth, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with general nurses in primary care facilities until data saturation was reached. We focused on diabetes, hypertension, and depression, the three most common conditions in primary care in Zimbabwe. We used thematic content analysis based on an interview guide developed following a situational analysis of NCDs care in Zimbabwe and views from patients with lived experiences. Results Saturation was reached after interviewing 10 participants from five busy urban clinics. For all three NCDs, we identified four cross-cutting barriers, a) poor access to medication and functional equipment such as blood pressure machines, urinalysis strips; b) high cost of private care; c)poor working conditions; and d) poor awareness from both patients and the community which often resulted in the use of alternative potentially harmful remedies. Participants indicated that empowering communities could be an effective and low-cost approach to positive lifestyle changes and health-seeking behaviours. Participants indicated that the Friendship bench, a task-shifting programme working with trained community grandmothers, could provide a platform to introduce NCDs care at the community level. Also, creating community awareness and initiating screening at a community level through community health workers (CHWs) could reduce the workload on the clinic nursing staff. Conclusion Our findings reflect those from other LMICs, with poor work conditions and resources shortages being salient barriers to optimal NCDs care at the facility level. Zimbabwe's primary health care system faces several challenges that call for exploring ways to alleviate worker fatigue through strengthened community-led care for NCDs. Empowering communities could improve awareness and positive lifestyle changes, thus optimising NCD care. Further, there is a need to optimise NCD care in urban Zimbabwe through a holistic and multisectoral approach to improve working conditions, basic clinical supplies and essential drugs, which are the significant challenges facing the country's health care sector. The Friendship Bench could be an ideal entry point for providing an integrated NCD care package for diabetes, hypertension and depression.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,Non-communicable diseases,Nurses,Primary care,Zimbabwe}
}

@article{Kanatli2021,
  title = {Social {{Determinants Screening}} with {{Social History}}: {{Pediatrician}} and {{Resident Perspectives}} from a {{Middle-Income Country}}},
  author = {cicek Kanatli, Merve and Yalcin, Siddika Songul},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {25},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1426--1436},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-021-03191-7},
  abstract = {Background Social history (SH) makes it possible to learn the social environment of children in pediatric practice and enables interventions into social risks such as poverty. While SH has been evolving in use as an advocacy practice in high-income countries, that seems not to be the case in low- and middle-income countries. We explored pediatricians' and pediatric residents' opinions and experiences of SH with an aim to promote advocacy-based SH practices in Turkey. Methods A qualitative study conducted involving interviews with pediatrics residents, pediatricians and educators, and a focus group with residents. Interviews and the focus group were transcribed and reviewed for themes using qualitative content analysis. Results The principal objective of SH was found to be diagnosis rather than advocacy. Although all participants expressed opinions about socioeconomic conditions' vital influence on child health, most reported limited use of SH. When asked about social needs screening with SH, most participants opposed with various reasons, primarily time concerns and doubts about the necessity for each child. Lack of time was reported as the leading barrier to SH by participants. Other barriers were identified as lack of structured SH education, problems regarding referrals and interdisciplinary work, and the biomedical health approach which defines the physician's role within the physical health domain. Conclusions for Practice To achieve an advocacy-based SH practice, the biomedical health approach should be questioned. Action is needed to implement a social determinants of health approach and equity focus to health policies and to medical and residency education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biomedical health approach,Child health advocacy,Low- and middle-income countries,Social determinants of health,Social history}
}

@article{Kang2019,
  title = {Weekly {{Wage Exploration}} of {{Vocational Rehabilitation Service Recipients}}: {{A Quantile Regression Approach}}},
  author = {Kang, Youngsoon and Nord, Derek K. and {Nye-Lengerman}, Kelly M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION},
  volume = {85},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4--14},
  issn = {0022-4154},
  abstract = {Earnings of people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) in a labor market can be a useful indicator of the quality of employment, economic mobility, and the quality of life of people with disabilities. To develop a more complete picture of employment outcomes for people with disabilities, weekly wage was examined applying quantile regression technique. Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data from FY 2014 was used for both Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and quantile regression analyses. Quantile regression technique allows us to analyze a set of exploratory variables at different quantiles of the weekly wage distribution in comparison with OLS estimation. Results suggest that the income disparity is significant, particularly at more extreme ends of quantiles, which is the lower or higher weekly wage distribution. Findings indicated that males earned more than females, individuals with no significant disability earned more than individuals with the most significant disability, individuals whose primary source of financial support is public support or family/friends/ other support earned less of their own income, and people with cerebral palsy or epilepsy earned more, and people with multiple-disabilities earned less than people with IDD. Moreover, the results indicate that the quantile regression estimates of demographics, disability types, significant disability status, and primary sources of financial support show different patterns of changes and consistent upward or downward trends across quantiles of weekly wage distribution in comparison with the OLS estimates. This study provides additional insight into the importance of understanding earnings and the variability that may be able to be addressed by targeted approaches by rehabilitation professionals and policymakers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment outcome,intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD),quantile regression,RSA-911,weekly earnings}
}

@article{Kang2021,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Skill Regimes}} and {{Family Policies}} on the {{Gender Employment Gap}}},
  author = {Kang, Ji Young},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {359--384},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxz054},
  abstract = {Drawing on the literature of gendering varieties of capitalism, this study empirically tests whether skill regimes moderate the association between family policy and the gender employment gap. Using the Luxembourg Income Study for fifteen countries with multilevel analysis and various gender employment indicators, this study finds that general skill regimes are associated with a smaller gender employment gap in full-time jobs, high-skilled jobs, and in the private sector. The effects of parental leave vary significantly by skill regimes, suggesting that patterns of gender employment gap associated with parental leave differ by types of skill regimes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kang2022,
  title = {Trajectories of {{Labor Market Inequalities}} and {{Health Among Employees}} in {{Korea}}: {{Multichannel Sequence Analysis}}},
  author = {Kang, Ji Young},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {160},
  number = {1},
  pages = {381--400},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-021-02787-4},
  abstract = {Despite accumulated evidence on the issue of labor market inequalities on health, the literature to date has failed to consider the changing dynamics of work experiences over a full life course in understanding its association with health. This study takes a holistic approach to understanding labor market trajectories in terms of employment security among wage-earners using a multichannel sequence. Five clusters were found: Secured insider, moderate insiders, vulnerable outsider, precarious workers, and secured labor status but limited income. The findings suggest that labor market inequalities are negatively associated with health outcomes, particularly in the health of the disadvantaged group relative to labor market insiders. Vulnerable outsiders report lower odds of optimal health as well as precarious workers relative to secured insiders. However, the different patterns of association between long-term labor market inequalities and depression were emerged. Future study research could expand to explore the different mechanism of labor market inequalities to self-rated health and depression.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Depression,Labor market dualization,Precarious work,Self-rated health,Work trajectories}
}

@article{Kannan2023,
  title = {{{US}} Trends in Social Isolation, Social Engagement, and Companionship ? Nationally and by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Family Income, and Work Hours, 2003-2020},
  author = {Kannan, Viji Diane and Veazie, Peter J.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SSM-POPULATION HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  issn = {2352-8273},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101331},
  abstract = {Social connectedness is essential for health and longevity, while isolation exacts a heavy toll on individuals and society. We present U.S. social connectedness magnitudes and trends as target phenomena to inform calls for policy-based approaches to promote social health. Using the 2003-2020 American Time Use Survey, this study finds that, nationally, social isolation increased, social engagement with family, friends, and \textbackslash textasciigraveothers' (roommates, neighbors, acquaintances, coworkers, clients, etc.) decreased, and companionship (shared leisure and recreation) decreased. Joinpoint analysis showed that the pandemic exacerbated upward trends in social isolation and downward trends in non-household family, friends, and \textbackslash textasciigraveothers' social engagement. However, household family social engagement and companionship showed signs of progressive decline years prior to the pandemic, at a pace not eclipsed by the pandemic. Work hours emerged as a structural constraint to social engagement. Sub-groups allocated social engagement differently across different relationship roles. Social engagement with friends, others, and in companionship plummeted for young Americans. Black Americans experienced more social isolation and less social engagement, overall, relative to other races. Hispanics experienced much less social isolation than non-Hispanics. Older adults spent more time in social isolation, but also relatively more time in companionship. Women spent more time with family while men spent more time with friends and in compan-ionship. And, men's social connectedness decline was steeper than for women. Finally, low-income Americans are more socially engaged with \textbackslash textasciigraveothers' than those with higher income. We discuss potential avenues of future research and policy initiatives that emerge from our findings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {American Time Use Survey,Family,Friends,Health disparities}
}

@article{Kantor2009,
  title = {Women's {{Exclusion}} and {{Unfavorable Inclusion}} in {{Informal Employment}} in {{Lucknow}}, {{India}}: {{Barriers}} to {{Voice}} and {{Livelihood Security}}},
  author = {Kantor, Paula},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {194--207},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.002},
  abstract = {This paper provides comparative analyses across women's employment-status groups to examine how processes of exclusion and constrained and adverse inclusion shape different women's labor market opportunities and outcomes in Lucknow. India. It examines under what conditions, if at all, women's labor contributes to household-poverty reduction and for which work types paid employment leads to increased voice for women in the household, one dimension of a process of empowerment. It finds that women's labor force participation has a meager influence on household and Individual level development outcomes largely due to the inter-related processes of exclusion and inclusion, where social norms and responsibilities for reproductive work can lead to constrained inclusion in the labor market, adversely affecting women's terms of incorporation. The findings have relevance for programming focusing on improving the range and quality of choices for women in the paid economy (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {exclusion,India,informal employment,South Asia,women}
}

@article{Kar2017,
  title = {Multi {{Fibre Arrangement}} and {{Wage Inequality}}: {{Firm}} and {{State-level Evidence}} from {{India}} and a {{Theoretical Model}}},
  author = {Kar, Mausumi and Kar, Saibal},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {WORLD ECONOMY},
  volume = {40},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1473--1493},
  issn = {0378-5920},
  doi = {10.1111/twec.12437},
  abstract = {The phased elimination of Multi Fibre Arrangements (MFA) for textile and apparel has been one of the most compelling trade policy reforms that removed a system of bilateral quotas. The reform brought in significant changes in the industrial structures for exporters from the south, including India. Has the labour-intensive high-employment textile and clothing industry in India benefited from this global move towards freer trade? For India, the industry has witnessed unprecedented market concentration of export-oriented firms. Firm-level empirical estimate illustrates that workers in the export-oriented firms in India are adversely affected due to withdrawal of quota. Accumulation of net fixed assets and growth of sales impart positive impact on firm-level wages that cannot outweigh negative impact due to fall in exports. We also find negative impact of profit on aggregate wage bill for the industry with firms spread over 11 major states in India. We show that the mean deviation of industry-level wage is positively and significantly associated with mean deviation of the number of factories at the state level and negatively with profit. Finally, a brief analytical exercise obtains conditions under which joint withdrawal of quota and import tariff could raise the aggregate labour income in developing countries, in general.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Karanassou2012,
  title = {Inequality and {{Employment Sensitivities}} to the {{Falling Labour Share}}},
  author = {Karanassou, Marika and Sala, Hector},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {343--376},
  issn = {0012-9984},
  abstract = {This paper examines whether the labour share (wage-productivity gap) is a major factor in the evolution of inequality and employment. To this end, we use annual data for the US, UK and Sweden over the past forty years and estimate country-specific systems of labour demand and Gini coefficient equations. Further to the statistical significance of our models, we validate their economic significance through counterfactual simulations. In particular, we evaluate the contributions of the labour share to the trajectories of inequality and employment during specific time intervals in the post-1990 years. We find that during the 1990s the cost of a one per cent increase in employment was in the range of 0.7 per cent-0.9 per cent higher inequality in all three countries. However, in the 2000s, whereas the inequality-employment sensitivity ratio slightly fell in the US, it exceeded unity in the countries on the other side of the Atlantic. It obtained its highest value in the UK, where a 1 per cent growth in employment was achieved at the expense of 1.3 per cent worsening in income inequality. We argue that the inequality-employment sensitivity ratio can be viewed as a barometer of socio-economic pressure, and thus the evolution of the wage-productivity gap and its impacts on the personal income distribution and labour demand deserve the attention of policy makers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Karimi-Shahanjarini2019,
  title = {Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Doctornurse Substitution Strategies in Primary Care: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis},
  author = {{Karimi-Shahanjarini}, Akram and Shakibazadeh, Elham and Rashidian, Arash and Hajimiri, Khadijeh and Glenton, Claire and Noyes, Jane and Lewin, Simon and Laurant, Miranda and Colvin, Christopher J.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1469-493X},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD010412.pub2},
  abstract = {Background Having nurses take on tasks that are typically conducted by doctors (doctor-nurse substitution, a form of \textbackslash textasciigravetask-shifting') may help to address doctor shortages and reduce doctors' workload and human resource costs. A Cochrane Review of effectiveness studies suggested that nurse-led care probably leads to similar healthcare outcomes as care delivered by doctors. This finding highlights the need to explore the factors that affect the implementation of strategies to substitute doctors with nurses in primary care. In our qualitative evidence synthesis (QES), we focused on studies of nurses taking on tasks that are typically conducted by doctors working in primary care, including substituting doctors with nurses or expanding nurses' roles. Objectives (1) To identify factors influencing implementation of interventions to substitute doctors with nurses in primary care. (2) To explore how our synthesis findings related to, and helped to explain, the findings of the Cochrane intervention review of the effectiveness of substituting doctors with nurses. (3) To identify hypotheses for subgroup analyses for future updates of the Cochrane intervention review. Search methods We searchedCINAHL and PubMed, contacted experts in the field, scanned the reference lists of relevant studies and conducted forward citation searches for key articles in the Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index databases, and \textbackslash textasciigraverelated article' searches in PubMed. Selection criteria We constructed a maximum variation sample (exploring variables such as country level of development, aspects of care covered and the types of participants) from studies that had collected and analysed qualitative data related to the factors influencing implementation of doctor-nurse substitution and the expansion of nurses' tasks in community or primary care worldwide. We included perspectives of doctors, nurses, patients and their families/carers, policymakers, programme managers, other health workers and any others directly involved in or affected by the substitution. We excluded studies that collected data using qualitative methods but did not analyse the data qualitatively. Data collection and analysis We identified factors influencing implementation of doctor-nurse substitution strategies using a framework thematic synthesis approach. Two review authors independently assessed the methodological strengths and limitations of included studies using a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. We assessed confidence in the evidence for the QES findings using the GRADE-CERQual approach. We integrated our findings with the evidence fromthe effectiveness review of doctor-nurse substitution using amatrixmodel. Finally, we identified hypotheses for subgroup analyses for updates of the review of effectiveness. Main results We included 66 studies (69 papers), 11 from low-or middle-income countries and 55 from high-income countries. These studies found several factors that appeared to influence the implementation of doctor-nurse substitution strategies. The following factors were based on findings that we assessed as moderate or high confidence. Patients in many studies knew little about nurses' roles and the difference between nurse-led and doctor-led care. They also had mixed views about the type of tasks that nurses should deliver. They preferred doctors when the tasks were more \textbackslash textasciigrave medical' but accepted nurses for preventive care and follow-ups. Doctors in most studies also preferred that nurses performed only \textbackslash textasciigrave non-medical' tasks. Nurses were comfortable with, and believed they were competent to deliver a wide range of tasks, but particularly emphasised tasks that were more health promotive/ preventive in nature. Patients in most studies thought that nurses were more easily accessible than doctors. Doctors and nurses also saw nurse-doctor substitution and collaboration as a way of increasing people's access to care, and improving the quality and continuity of care. Nurses thought that close doctor-nurse relationships and doctor's trust in and acceptance of nurses was important for shaping their roles. But nurses working alone sometimes found it difficult to communicate with doctors. Nurses felt they had gained new skills when taking on new tasks. But nurses wanted more and better training. They thought this would increase their skills, job satisfaction and motivation, and would make them more independent. Nurses taking on doctors' tasks saw this as an opportunity to develop personally, to gain more respect and to improve the quality of care they could offer to patients. Better working conditions and financial incentives also motivated nurses to take on new tasks. Doctors valued collaborating with nurses when this reduced their own workload. Doctors and nurses pointed to the importance of having access to resources, such as enough staff, equipment and supplies; good referral systems; experienced leaders; clear roles; and adequate training and supervision. But they often had problems with these issues. They also pointed to the huge number of documents they needed to complete when tasks were moved from doctors to nurses. Authors' conclusions Patients, doctors and nurses may accept the use of nurses to deliver services that are usually delivered by doctors. But this is likely to depend on the type of services. Nurses taking on extra tasks want respect and collaboration from doctors; as well as proper resources; good referral systems; experienced leaders; clear roles; and adequate incentives, training and supervision. However, these needs are not always met.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Karimova2020,
  title = {The {{Participation}} of the {{Tajiks}} in the {{Development}} of {{Small}} and {{Medium-Sized Businesses}} in the {{Russian Far East}}},
  author = {Karimova, R. M.},
  editor = {Solovev, {\relax DB}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE - FAR EAST CON (ISCFEC 2020)},
  series = {{{AEBMR-Advances}} in {{Economics Business}} and {{Management Research}}},
  volume = {128},
  issn = {2352-5428},
  abstract = {The paper deals with the problem of the small and medium-sized businesses development in the Far East. It is noted the importance of small business development in the region, which has a number of advantages in comparison with large-scale production, namely: it provides wide freedom of market choice and the additional job places, etc. The development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Far East is primarily the interests of the state to attract foreign as well as domestic investment and contribution to the economy of the Russian Federation. So, as the population of the Far East tends to leave, the influx of migrants including the Tajiks - is increasing more and more. Mostly Tajiks are engaged in small and medium business in the Far East. The development of small and medium-sized businesses for Tajik entrepreneurs is primarily a permanent place of work, profit from business income, as well as meeting the needs of the population.},
  isbn = {978-94-6252-929-8},
  langid = {english},
  note = {International Scientific Conference on Far East Con (ISCFEC), Vladivostok, RUSSIA, OCT 01-04, 2019}
}

@article{Karmaeva2020,
  title = {{HIGHER EDUCATON AND SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STATUS: MITIGATION OF GENDER INEQUALITIES IN RUSSIA}},
  author = {Karmaeva, N. N. and Khavenson, T. E. and {Ilieva-Trichkova}, P.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA},
  number = {3},
  pages = {108--120},
  issn = {0132-1625},
  doi = {10.31857/S013216250008811-5},
  abstract = {As the situation in education and labour market is changing in Russia, characterized by the expansion of services sectors and high participation in higher education, the mechanisms of social inequality reproduction are evolving. According to the intersectionality theory, social advantages and disadvantages are reproduced at the intersection of various social categories - social class, gender and others. In the paper, the outcomes of individuals in education and in the labour market representing three cohorts, born in 1954-1964,1965-1975 and 1976-1986, were analyzed. Using the data provided by the European Social Survey, rounds 3-6 and 8, the hypotheses about the presence of cumulative effect from the intersection of gender and social class were tested. The results partially confirm the formulated hypotheses in case of achieved socio-professional status, but not in case of achieved higher education. 1) Women have more chances than men to obtain higher education; 2) women from families where fathers were workers have more chances than men from such families to move to the group \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelower services class\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The latter positive effect is observed in case social class is specified based on mother's profession; however, it is not significant. Therefore, women are likely to benefit most from the recent changes in education and labour market, compared to men. However, women are likely to find themselves in less prestigious and less paid segments of the services sector, despite the fact that their jobs require more skills.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {educational achievements,European Social Survey,intersectionality theory,post-soviet transformation,social inequality,socio-professional status}
}

@article{Karwa2023,
  title = {Implementation of a {{Global Health Equity}} Fellowship Established in Partnership between an Academic Institution and Governmental Agency},
  author = {Karwa, Rakhi and Schellhase, Ellen and Malati, Christine Y. and Pastakia, Sonak D. and Manji, Imran and Samuel, Jeffrey M. and Miller, Monica L.},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {135--144},
  doi = {10.1002/jac5.1711},
  abstract = {Health disparities exist globally in high-income and low- and middle-income countries. They are driven by social determinants of health (SDOH). While a role for pharmacists in addressing SDOH exists, a lack of structured postgraduate training limits pharmacists from being equipped to build innovative programs and contribute to health policy on SDOH in an impactful way. Postgraduate training, specifically, fellowships provides opportunities for pharmacists to develop the needed skills for working with SDOH. The Purdue University College of Pharmacy (PUCOP)-United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Global Health Equity Fellowship was developed to meet this training need. This 2-y fellowship represents a partnership between USAID and PUCOP. During the fellowship, time is split between USAID in Washington DC, PUCOP in Indianapolis, Indiana, and the Purdue Kenya Partnership (PKP) in Eldoret, Kenya. The fellowship was developed with a foundation of core values, the creation of a logic model, strategic partnerships, maintaining an adaptable structure, and intentional partner communication. Fellow outcomes were evaluated in three categories: engagement, education, and scholarship. Fellows completed 10 experiential opportunities between three sites and participated in the development of new and supported ongoing care programs and policy implementation in both local and international settings. Fellows completed the following educational outcomes: completed an online Master of Public Health (MPH) through Purdue Global, provided 13 educational presentations and lectures at various sites, and precepted a total of 12 PUCOP advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students and 16 Kenyan pharmacy interns and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students. Fellows completed three publications and two abstracts at international conferences. This established training model provides pharmacists with a structured path to gain the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to be leaders in addressing Global Health Equity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fellowship,global health,government,health equity,pharmacy education,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Kavle2017,
  title = {Addressing Barriers to Exclusive Breast-Feeding in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Programmatic Implications},
  author = {Kavle, Justine A. and LaCroix, Elizabeth and Dau, Hallie and Engmann, Cyril},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION},
  volume = {20},
  number = {17},
  pages = {3120--3134},
  issn = {1368-9800},
  doi = {10.1017/S1368980017002531},
  abstract = {Objective Despite numerous global initiatives on breast-feeding, trend data show exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) rates have stagnated over the last two decades. The purpose of the present systematic review was to determine barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in twenty-five low- and middle-income countries and discuss implications for programmes. Design A search of Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsychINFO was conducted to retrieve studies from January 2000 to October 2015. Using inclusion criteria, we selected both qualitative and quantitative studies that described barriers to EBF. Setting Low- and middle-income countries. Subjects Following application of systematic review criteria, forty-eight articles from fourteen countries were included in the review. Results Sixteen barriers to EBF were identified in the review. There is moderate evidence of a negative association between maternal employment and EBF practices. Studies that examined EBF barriers at childbirth and the initial 24 h post-delivery found strong evidence that caesarean section can impede EBF. There is moderate evidence for early initiation of breast-feeding and likelihood of practising EBF. Breast-feeding problems were commonly reported from cross-sectional or observational studies. Counselling on EBF and the presence of family and/or community support have demonstrated improvements in EBF. Conclusions Improving the counselling skills of health workers to address breast-feeding problems and increasing community support for breast-feeding are critical components of infant and young child feeding programming, which will aid in attaining the 2025 World Health Assembly EBF targets. Legislation and regulations on marketing of breast-milk substitutes, paid maternity leave and breast-feeding breaks for working mothers require attention in low- and middle-income countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,Breast-feeding,Exclusive breast-feeding,Infant and young child feeding programmes,Infant and young child nutrition}
}

@article{Kawaguchi2008,
  title = {Self-Employment Rents: {{Evidence}} from Job Satisfaction Scores},
  author = {Kawaguchi, Daiii},
  year = {2008},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {35--45},
  issn = {0018-280X},
  doi = {10.15057/15881},
  abstract = {Previous studies have pointed to the existence of barriers at the entry of self-employed sectors, such as liquidity constraints. In many countries, policies are directed toward removing these barriers in order to promote entrepreneurial activity. This paper examines whether such barriers exist by examining the amount of rent enjoyed by self-employed workers; if there are no barriers between the self-employed sector and the salary/wage sector, self-employed workers should not enjoy rents. Examination of the rent associated with self-employment, however, cannot simply be accomplished by comparing the incomes of self-employed and salary/wage workers. This is because self-employed workers may enjoy higher utility due to their work environment, with such benefits as autonomy and flexibility of work schedules. To overcome the difficulty of measuring self-employment rents, I use self-reported job satisfaction from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) to capture workers' overall satisfaction with their jobs. The results robustly indicate that self-employed workers are more satisfied with their jobs than salary/wage workers, even after allowing for the time-invariant individual heterogeneity in their reported job satisfaction. This result suggests that there are barriers at the entry into self-employment and that self-employed workers enjoy rents.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {job satisfaction,self-employment}
}

@article{Kawarazaki2022,
  title = {Early Childhood Education and Care: Effects after Half a Century and Their Mechanisms},
  author = {Kawarazaki, Hikaru},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0933-1433},
  doi = {10.1007/s00148-022-00899-w},
  abstract = {The effects of early childhood education and care (ECEC) have been widely researched, but most studies focus on targeted or relatively short-term programmes. This paper investigates the long-term effects of a universal ECEC programme and underlying mechanisms. By exploiting differences in expansion rates of childcare institutions across Japan from the 1960s to the 1980s, I find a positive effect of ECEC on income at up to age 50. The overall effect is driven by a significant impact among women, who were disadvantaged at that time, while there are no adverse effects on others. Mediation analysis shows that an increase in wages leads to an increase in income, which is triggered by improved educational attainment and not an increase in labour supply. The results imply that a universal childcare system has the potential to reduce income inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Early childhood education and care,Inequality,Mediation analysis,Preschool,Return to education}
}

@article{Kazembe2022,
  title = {Experiences of Women with Physical Disabilities Accessing Prenatal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Kazembe, Abigail and Simwaka, Andrew and Dougherty, Kylie and Petross, Chisomo and Kafulafula, Ursula and Chakhame, Bertha and Chodzaza, Elizabeth and Chisuse, Isabella and Kamanga, Martha and Sun, Carolyn and George, Maureen},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {39},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1156--1166},
  issn = {0737-1209},
  doi = {10.1111/phn.13087},
  abstract = {Introduction Women with physical disabilities experience barriers to accessing patient-centered and accommodative care during the prenatal and childbirth periods. While there is a growing body of work in high-income countries to address these needs, there is little research detailing specific challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where a woman's' burden- and need-is greatest. Methods We conducted an integrative review to synthesize the experiences of women with physical disabilities accessing prenatal care and childbirth services in LMICs. Five databases were searched for systematic reviews, retrospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, narrative literature reviews, as well as other evidence types. We used Ediom's EvidenceEngine (TM), a machine-assisted search engine that uses artificial intelligence to conduct this search using pertinent keywords to identify original research published between January 2009 - September 2018. These results were augmented by hand searching of reference lists. Forty articles were identified using this method and 11 retained after duplicates were removed and inclusion and exclusion criteria applied. Results Four types of experiences are described in these 11 studies: (1) limited physical and material resources; (2) health care worker knowledge, attitudes, and skills; (3) pregnant people's knowledge; and (4) public stigma and ignorance. Discussion People with physical disabilities face specific challenges during pregnancy and childbirth. Importantly, these findings offer targets for enhanced clinical training for nurses, midwives, traditional birth attendants and public health workers, as well as opportunities for the improved delivery of prenatal care and childbirth services to these vulnerable women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disparities,people with disabilities,pregnant women}
}

@article{Kazis2017,
  title = {Development of the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation ({{LIBRE}}) Profile: Assessing Burn Survivors' Social Participation},
  author = {Kazis, Lewis E. and Marino, Molly and Ni, Pengsheng and Bori, Marina Soley and Amaya, Flor and Dore, Emily and Ryan, Colleen M. and Schneider, Jeff C. and Shie, Vivian and Acton, Amy and Jette, Alan M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH},
  volume = {26},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2851--2866},
  issn = {0962-9343},
  doi = {10.1007/s11136-017-1588-3},
  abstract = {Measuring the impact burn injuries have on social participation is integral to understanding and improving survivors' quality of life, yet there are no existing instruments that comprehensively measure the social participation of burn survivors. This project aimed to develop the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile (LIBRE), a patient-reported multidimensional assessment for understanding the social participation after burn injuries. 192 questions representing multiple social participation areas were administered to a convenience sample of 601 burn survivors. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to identify the underlying structure of the data. Using item response theory methods, a Graded Response Model was applied for each identified sub-domain. The resultant multidimensional LIBRE Profile can be administered via Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) or fixed short forms. The study sample included 54.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% women with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 15.9) years. The average time since burn injury was 15.4 years (0-74 years) and the average total body surface area burned was 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% (1-97\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The CFA indicated acceptable fit statistics (CFI range 0.913-0.977, TLI range 0.904-0.974, RMSEA range 0.06-0.096). The six unidimensional scales were named: relationships with family and friends, social interactions, social activities, work and employment, romantic relationships, and sexual relationships. The marginal reliability of the full item bank and CATs ranged from 0.84 to 0.93, with ceiling effects less than 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% for all scales. The LIBRE Profile is a promising new measure of social participation following a burn injury that enables burn survivors and their care providers to measure social participation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Burns,Computerized adaptive test,Item response theory,Social reintegration}
}

@article{Kea2020,
  title = {Relative Export Competitiveness of the {{Cambodian}} Rice Sector},
  author = {Kea, Sokvibol and Li, Hua and Shahriar, Saleh and Abdullahi, Nazir Muhammad},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BRITISH FOOD JOURNAL},
  volume = {122},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3757--3778},
  issn = {0007-070X},
  doi = {10.1108/BFJ-12-2019-0950},
  abstract = {Purpose In this paper, the authors derive time-varying relative export competitiveness (REC) of the Cambodian rice sector from 1995 to 2018 and examine the key determinants of the REC. Design/methodology/approach Three different REC indexes are calculated in this paper. The authors also developed the relative symmetric export competitiveness (RSEC) index for calculation of comparative advantage. The short-run regression (SRR) model was applied for capturing the determinants of the REC. Findings The study results reveal that Cambodia's rice exports became relatively competitive over time. The key findings suggest the Cambodian REC was strengthened as a result of a successful implementation of rice policy and rectangular strategy. The benefits gained from EBA and BRI were found to be the factors contributed to the REC. The higher per capita income had a positive effect on the REC, while higher domestic prices reduced the REC in some phases of the sectoral development. Research limitations/implications Further research is needed in two directions. First, the future studies might focus on other agro-products of Cambodia. Second, the development of the crop-specific factor endowment (CFE) model to consider the effect of endowment factors on the REC could be preferred in light of the data availability. Originality/value The research enriches the literature on the agricultural trade and provides a basis for further studies. This work makes a few contributions. First, it is the first study on the REC analysis for the Cambodian rice sector. Second, the latest 24-year data sets were covered. Third, a wide range of comparisons of REC among the world's top rice exporters was provided following implications of the various economic policies and foreign policy strategies, such as RS, EBA and BRI.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Belt and Road initiative (BRI),C23,Cambodian rice industry,Everything but Arms (EBA),F14,F17,Rectangular strategy (RS),Relative export competitiveness (REC),Revealed comparative advantage (RCA)}
}

@article{Kelly2023,
  title = {How {{Do Employer Practices Affect Economic Mobility}}?},
  author = {Kelly, Erin L. and Rahmandad, Hazhir and Wilmers, Nathan and Yadama, Aishwarya},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ILR REVIEW},
  volume = {76},
  number = {5},
  pages = {792--832},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/00197939231186607},
  abstract = {How can employers facilitate economic mobility for workers, particularly workers of color or those without a college degree? The authors integrate a fragmented literature to assess how employers' practices affect enhanced economic security and mobility. This article first identifies three pathways linking employers' practices to mobility: improving material job quality, increasing access to better jobs for historically marginalized workers, and promoting sustainability of employment. The authors provide a critical assessment of the research literature on recruitment and hiring practices; pay and wages; promotion practices; scheduling; leaves; diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives; and work systems as these practices relate to economic mobility. They then identify strategic questions and feasible designs for enhancing future research on these questions in order to guide policy and management practice.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic inequality,employer behavior,high-performance work practices,internal promotion,pay practices,policy analysis,race and ethnicity,work-family policies}
}

@article{Kelly2023a,
  title = {The Pervasive and Unyielding Impacts of Cognitive-Communication Changes Following Traumatic Brain Injury},
  author = {Kelly, Crystal and Cornwell, Petrea and Hewetson, Ronelle and Copley, Anna},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& COMMUNICATION DISORDERS},
  issn = {1368-2822},
  doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.12923},
  abstract = {BackgroundCognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) are common in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) population. Despite this, there has been limited research that explores the long-term impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on daily life for this population. AimsTo identify the long-term impacts of cognitive-communication impairment as reported by adults with TBI and their significant others. Methods \textbackslash textbackslash\& ProceduresA qualitative descriptive approach grounded in phenomenology was used. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted with adults with CCDs following TBI (n = 16) and their significant others (n = 12) to explore their lived experiences. Outcomes \textbackslash textbackslash\& ResultsReflexive thematic analysis revealed an overarching theme of \textbackslash textasciigraveThe pervasive and unyielding impacts of cognitive-communication changes on daily life following TBI'. Within this overarching theme, three subthemes were identified: (1) self-awareness of communication changes; (2) fatigue; and (3) self-identity and life roles. Conclusion \textbackslash textbackslash\& ImplicationsThe findings from this study highlight the long-term negative impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on daily life. Health professionals supporting this population should consider ways to reduce the significant impact CCDs have on the lives of adults following TBI and their significant others. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of long-term rehabilitation services following TBI, with further research needed that explores how these services can be optimised. What this paper addsWhat is already known on this subjectCognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) affect the majority of adults who experience moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and encompass any component of communication that is affected by cognition. The hallmark characteristic of CCDs are breakdowns that affect social communication skills as well as cognitive-linguistic deficits. Combined, these can have dramatic implications for a person's quality of life, their level of independence, employment opportunities and social participation. There has been limited research to date that explores the long-term impacts of CCDs on the lives of adults following TBI. Further research that explores these impacts is needed to improve the support services and rehabilitation models of care available for this population. What this study addsThe overarching theme was \textbackslash textasciigraveThe pervasive and unyielding impacts of communication changes on daily life following TBI' with subthemes including changed communication, self-awareness of communication changes, fatigue and self-identity and life roles. The findings from this study highlight the long-term negative impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on everyday functioning and quality of life as well as the importance of long-term rehabilitation services following TBI. What are the clinical implications of this work?Speech-language therapists and other health professionals working with this clinical population should consider how to address the significant and long-lasting impacts of CCDs. Due to the complex nature of the barriers experienced by this clinical population, an interdisciplinary targeted approach is advised wherever possible when providing rehabilitation services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cognitive-communication,qualitative methodology,speech and language therapists,traumatic brain injury}
}

@article{Kennedy2017,
  title = {Reducing Gender Wage Inequality Increases Economic Prosperity for All: {{Insights}} from {{Australia}}},
  author = {Kennedy, Tom and Rae, Maria and Sheridan, Alison and Valadkhani, Abbas},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND POLICY},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {14--24},
  issn = {0313-5926},
  doi = {10.1016/j.eap.2017.04.003},
  abstract = {This paper extends the debate about redressing persistent gender inequality in Australia by examining the relationship between labour productivity and the wage gap in all states and territories (1986-2013). It is a critical case study as Australia's widening gender wage gap is contrary to other developed nations. Using four different estimation methods, we find that reducing the gap by 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% can boost per capita output up to 3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. To check the robustness of our findings, we also control for the effects of both physical and human capital. Our results suggest there exists a strong business case for eliminating the gender wage gap. Given the tangible benefits to both equity and efficiency, such a goal should be of paramount importance for policy makers. (C) 2017 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Gender,Per capita output,Wage gap}
}

@article{Keramat2021,
  title = {Age and Gender Differences in the Relationship between Obesity and Disability with Self-Perceived Employment Discrimination: {{Results}} from a Retrospective Study of an {{Australian}} National Sample},
  author = {Keramat, Syed Afroz and Alam, Khorshed and Rana, Rezwanul Hasan and Das Shuvo, Suvasish and Gow, Jeff and Biddle, Stuart J. H. and Keating, Byron},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SSM-POPULATION HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {2352-8273},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100923},
  abstract = {Background: Health status is a crucial determinant of an individuals' labour market outcomes. The present study investigates the association between obesity and disability with perceived employment discrimination within Australia. Methods: A total of 17,174 person-year observations from the 11,079 respondents were analysed using four waves of data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The primary outcome examined was employment discrimination, using obesity and disability as the main exposure variables. The longitudinal random-effects regression technique was applied to investigate the between-person differences in employment discrimination associated with obesity and disability. Results: The findings suggest that more than one in ten (12.68 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) Australians experienced employment discrimination. The odds of being discriminated against while applying for a job were 1.56 times (aOR: 1.56, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.15-2.11) higher for obese than their healthy weight counterparts in youngest women. Adults with a disability had 1.89 times (aOR: 1.89, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.65-2.17) higher odds of being discriminated against than peers without disability. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that obesity and disability contribute to employment discrimination in Australia. The findings can assist government and related agencies to consider the adequacy of existing discrimination legislation and help organisations to develop appropriate policies to address discrimination against obese and disabled people in their workplaces.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Disability,Employment discrimination,HILDA,Obesity}
}

@article{Kerman2022,
  title = {Towards the {{Quadruple Aim}} in Permanent Supportive Housing: {{A}} Mixed Methods Study of Workplace Mental Health among Service Providers},
  author = {Kerman, Nick and Goodwin, Jordan M. and Tiderington, Emmy and Ecker, John and Stergiopoulos, Vicky and Kidd, Sean A.},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6},
  pages = {E6674-E6688},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.14033},
  abstract = {The Quadruple Aim is a health policy framework with the objective of concurrently improving population health, enhancing the service experience, reducing costs and improving the work-life of service providers. Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is a best practice approach for stably housing people experiencing homelessness who have diverse support needs. Despite the intervention's strong evidence base, little is known about the work-life of PSH providers. This study explored the mental health and work challenges experienced by PSH providers in Canada. Using an explanatory sequential, equally weighted, mixed methods design, 130 PSH providers were surveyed, followed by semi-structured interviews with 18 providers. Quantitative findings showed that 23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PSH providers had high psychological distress. Participants who were younger, spent all or almost all of their time in direct contact with service users and had less social support from coworkers were significantly more likely to have high psychological distress. Three themes were identified from the qualitative analysis that showed how PSH providers experience psychological distress from work-related challenges: (a) Sisyphean Endeavours: \textbackslash textasciigraveYou Do What You Can', (b) Occupationally Unsupported: \textbackslash textasciigraveEveryone Is Stuck in Their Zone' and (c) Wear and Tear of \textbackslash textasciigraveContinuous Exposure to Crisis and Chaos'. The themes interacted with systemic (Sisyphean Endeavours) and organisational issues (Occupationally Unsupported), intensifying the emotional burden of day-to-day work, which involved frequent crises and uncertainty (Wear and Tear of \textbackslash textasciigraveContinuous Exposure to Crisis and Chaos'). The findings underscore how these challenges threaten providers' wellness at work and have implications for the care provided to service users. Accordingly, the Quadruple Aim is a potentially useful and applicable framework for measuring the performance of PSH programs, which warrants further consideration in research and policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Housing First,permanent supportive housing,Quadruple Aim,secondary traumatization,service provision,social support,workplace mental health}
}

@article{Kerr2016,
  title = {Parental {{Leave Legislation}} and {{Women}}'s {{Work}}: {{A Story}} of {{Unequal Opportunities}}},
  author = {Kerr, Sari Pekkala},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {117+},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.21875},
  abstract = {U.S. federal and state family leave legislation requires employers to provide job-protected parental leave for new mothers covered under the legislation. In most cases the leave is unpaid, and rarely longer than 12 weeks in duration. This study evaluates disparities in parental leave eligibility, access, and usage across the family income distribution in the United States. It also describes the links between leave-taking and women's labor market careers. The focus is especially on low-income families, as their leave coverage and ability to afford taking unpaid leave is particularly poor. This study shows that the introduction of both state and federal legislation increased overall leave coverage, leave provision, and leave-taking. For example, the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) leads to an increased probability of leave-taking by nearly 20 percentage points and increased average leave length by almost five weeks across all states. The new policies did not, however, reduce gaps between low-and high-income families' eligibility, leave-taking, or leave length. In addition, the FMLA effects on leave-taking were very similar across states with and without prior leave legislation, and the FMLA did not disproportionately increase leave-taking for women who worked in firms and jobs covered by the new legislation, as these women were already relatively well covered by other parental leave arrangements. (C) 2015 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kerrissey2022,
  title = {Public-{{Sector Unions}} as {{Equalizing Institutions}}: {{Race}}, {{Gender}}, and {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Kerrissey, Jasmine and Meyers, Nathan},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ILR REVIEW},
  volume = {75},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1215--1239},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/00197939211056914},
  abstract = {This research demonstrates that the union wage premium is higher for Black and women workers in the US public sector, what we refer to as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravean intersectional union premium.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Union mechanisms reinforce and expand the more equitable practices of the public sector, resulting in this additional boost. Using Current Population Survey data, 1983-2018, this research models intersectional effects on earnings by examining interactions between union membership and race-gender. Relative to White men, union membership boosts average earnings an additional 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Black men and Black women, and 2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for White women on top of the direct union premium. Corollary analyses reaffirm these effects in multiple state contexts, including by union density and union coverage. Intersectional union premiums are weaker in states that prohibit collective bargaining. These premiums are present across most types of public work, with the exception of police and fire employees. To conclude, the authors discuss how changing labor policies may impact race and gender equity in the public sector.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,public sector,race,unions,wages}
}

@article{Kessler2001,
  title = {The Effects of Chronic Medical Conditions on Work Loss and Work Cutback},
  author = {Kessler, {\relax RC} and Greenberg, {\relax PE} and Mickelson, {\relax KD} and Meneades, {\relax LM} and Wang, {\relax PS}},
  year = {2001},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {218--225},
  issn = {1076-2752},
  doi = {10.1097/00043764-200103000-00009},
  abstract = {Although work performance has become an important outcome in cost-of-illness studies, little is known about the comparative effects of different commonly occurring chronic conditions on work impairment in general population samples. Such data are presented here from a large-scale nationally representative general population survey. The data are from the MacArthur Foundation Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) survey, a nationally representative telephone-mail survey of 3032 respondents in the age range of 25 to 74 years. The 2074 survey respondents in the age range of 25 to 54 years are the focus of the current report. The data collection included a chronic-conditions checklist and questions about how many days out of the past 30 each respondent was either totally unable to work or perform normal activities because of health problems (work-loss days) ol had to cut back on these activities because of health problems (work-cutback days). Regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of conditions on work impairments, controlling for sociodemographics. At least one illness-related work-loss or work-cutback day in the past 30 days was reported by 22.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents, with a monthly average of 6.7 such days among those with any work impairment. This is equivalent to an annualized national estimate of over 2.5 billion work-impairment days in the age range of the sample. Cancer is associated with by far the highest reported prevalence of any impairment (66.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and the highest conditional number of impairment days in the past 30 (16.4 days). Other conditions associated with high odds of any impairment include ulcers, major depression, and panic disorder, whereas other conditions associated with a large conditional number of impairment days include heart disease and high blood pressure. Comorbidities involving combinations of arthritis, ulcers, mental disorders, and substance dependence are associated with higher impairments than expected on the basis of an additive model. The effects of conditions do not differ systematically across subsamples defined on the basis of age, sex, education, or employment status. The enormous magnitude of the work impairment associated with chronic conditions and the economic advantages of interventions for ill workers that reduce work impairments should be factored into employer cost-benefit calculations of expanding health insurance coverage. Given the enormous work impairment associated with cancer and the fact that the vast majority of employed people who are diagnosed with cancer stay in the workforce through at least part of their course of treatment, interventions aimed at reducing the workplace costs of this illness should be a priority.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Keuschnigg2009,
  title = {Outsourcing, Unemployment and Welfare Policy},
  author = {Keuschnigg, Christian and Ribi, Evelyn},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {78},
  number = {1},
  pages = {168--176},
  issn = {0022-1996},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2009.02.001},
  abstract = {The paper investigates the consequences of outsourcing of labor intensive activities to low-wage economies. This trend challenges the two basic functions of the welfare state, redistribution and social insurance when private unemployment insurance markets are missing. The main results are: (i) outsourcing raises unemployment and labor income risk of unskilled workers; (ii) it increases inequality between high- and low-income groups; and (iii) the gains from outsourcing can be made Pareto improving by using a redistributive linear income tax if redistribution is initially not too large. We finally derive the welfare optimal redistribution and unemployment insurance policies. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Outsourcing,Redistribution,Social insurance,Unemployment}
}

@article{Khamzina2021,
  title = {Gender {{Equality}} in {{Employment}}: {{A View}} from {{Kazakhstan}}},
  author = {Khamzina, Zhanna and Buribayev, Yermek and Taitorina, Binur and Baisalova, Gulzira},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {ANAIS DA ACADEMIA BRASILEIRA DE CIENCIAS},
  volume = {93},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0001-3765},
  doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202120190042},
  abstract = {Issue under consideration: existing legal resources to support gender equality in the workplace. We systematised the provisions of Kazakhstan labour law, which should guarantee the prohibition of discrimination based on sex. The analysis resulted in five themes: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCharacteristics of women's labour\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveAnalysis of labour laws differentiation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEvaluation of labour rights discrimination\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCharacteristics of the new labour legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCharacteristics of workers with a special social status\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. We analysed the essence of the method of differentiation of labour legislation, which affects the establishment of special working conditions for women and workers with family responsibilities. We suggested a correlation between the content of legal norms and the level of guarantees of gender equality in the labour market The results show that family circumstances, gender equality are factors influencing the formation of labour legislation, state policy in the field of wage labour. The creation of a favourable environment for labour relations of the considered categories of workers should be carried out through labour contracts, acts of the employer, social partnership agreements, collective agreements. However, priority should be given to normative acts of national action. Ensuring gender equality in fact always requires the implementation of special measures by the employer, which must be guaranteed by a coercive state mechanism. At least this thesis is true for the conditions of Kazakhstan, a country with a transition economy, when business does not have high social activity, and state power is in a period of transformation. Importance should be given to the monitoring and implementation of international obligations in the field of ensuring the prohibition of discrimination, the implementation of best practices and standards. The post-Soviet law of Kazakhstan recognises the priority of international law over national law, and this channel should be maximally used to promote the value of gender equality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,employment,gender,gender equality,Kazakhstan,women \textbackslash textasciigraveslabour}
}

@article{Khan2018,
  title = {Improving {{Anesthesia Safety}} in {{Low-Resource Settings}}},
  author = {Khan, Fauzia A. and Merry, Alan F.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA},
  volume = {126},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1312--1320},
  issn = {0003-2999},
  doi = {10.1213/ANE.0000000000002728},
  abstract = {The safety of anesthesia characteristic of high-income countries today is not matched in low-resource settings with poor infrastructure, shortages of anesthesia providers, essential drugs, equipment, and supplies. Health care is delivered through complex systems. Achieving sustainable widespread improvement globally will require an understanding of how to influence such systems. Health outcomes depend not only on a country's income, but also on how resources are allocated, and both vary substantially, between and within countries. Safety is particularly important in anesthesia because anesthesia is intrinsically hazardous and not intrinsically therapeutic. Nevertheless, other elements of the quality of health care, notably access, must also be considered. More generally, there are certain prerequisites within society for health, captured in the Jakarta declaration. It is necessary to have adequate infrastructure (notably for transport and primary health care) and hospitals capable of safely carrying out the Bellwether Procedures (cesarean delivery, laparotomy, and the treatment of compound fractures). Surgery, supported by safe anesthesia, is critical to the health of populations, but avoidable harm from health care (including very high mortality rates from anesthesia in many parts of the world) is a major global problem. Thus, surgical and anesthesia services must not only be provided, they must be safe. The global anesthesia workforce crisis is a major barrier to achieving this. Many anesthetics today are administered by nonphysicians with limited training and little access to supervision or support, often working in very challenging circumstances. Many organizations, notably the World Health Organization and the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, are working to improve access to and safety of anesthesia and surgery around the world. Challenges include collaboration with local stakeholders, coordination of effort between agencies, and the need to influence national health policy makers to achieve sustainable improvement. It is conceivable that safe anesthesia and perioperative care could be provided for essential surgical services today by clinicians with moderate levels of training using relatively simple (but appropriately designed and maintained) equipment and a limited number of inexpensive generic medications. However, there is a minimum standard for these resources, below which reasonable safety cannot be assured. This minimum (at least) should be available to all. Not only more resources, but also more equitable distribution of existing resources is required. Thus, the starting point for global access to safe anesthesia is acceptance that access to health care in general should be a basic human right everywhere.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Khan2022,
  title = {Sustainable Economic Activities, Climate Change, and Carbon Risk: An International Evidence},
  author = {Khan, Muhammad Kamran and Trinh, Hai Hong and Khan, Ikram Ullah and Ullah, Subhan},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {7},
  pages = {9642--9664},
  issn = {1387-585X},
  doi = {10.1007/s10668-021-01842-x},
  abstract = {The employment of renewable resources and their association with the real economy's growth in mitigating the problem of carbon emission risk has been debated in the literature in a specific group of countries and regions. However, their relations and effects for a better sustainable energy transmission would need further research works in an international context. Motivated by that reason, this study contributes to the ongoing literature by revisiting the effects of renewable energy consumption, electricity output, and economic activities on carbon risk using a global sample of 219 countries over the period of 1990-2020. Using GMM estimation, simultaneous quantile, and panel quantile estimations; the study finds supportive findings showing that the higher the countries with renewable energy consumption and electricity output the better the capacity those countries can mitigate the environmental degradation by reducing the amount of total carbon emission over time. However, those relations are changed when using system GMM approaches, implying the role of FDI inflows and the difference in income groups in the selected sample countries. This can be intuitively explained that emerging countries might give more priority to the economic growth receiving FDI inflows from more advanced economies and balancing the trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection, while the developed economies with their advantages in green technologies and financial flexibility might have higher advantages in acquiring a sustainable transition and maintaining the real economy's growth without significant trade-off concerns. Finally, the study provides important policy implications and avenues for further research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon dioxide emissions,Climate change,Economic activities,Renewable energy}
}

@article{Khan2022a,
  title = {Implementation and Evaluation of {{Employee Health}} and {{Wellness Program}} Using {{RE-AIM}} Framework},
  author = {Khan, Unab I. and Qureshi, Asra and Lal, Karishma and Ali, Shehreen and Barkatali, Arshnoor and Nayani, Shamim},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {87--98},
  issn = {1753-8351},
  doi = {10.1108/IJWHM-04-2021-0081},
  abstract = {Purpose The study describes the design, implementation and evaluation of an employer-sponsored health screening program - Employee Health and Wellness Program (EHWP) - in an academic healthcare system in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach One year after implementation, RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance) framework was used to evaluate and report participant- and organizational-level indicators of success. Findings Of the 5,286 invited employees, 4,523 (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed blood work and 1809 (34\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed health risk assessment (reach). Of the 915 (51\textbackslash textbackslash\%) who required referrals, 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% were referred for new diagnoses of diabetes, hepatitis C or severe anemia; 63\textbackslash textbackslash\% for elevated 10-year risk of cardiometabolic diseases (cardiovascular disease and diabetes); and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% for counseling for depression, obesity or smoking cessation (effectiveness). Employees' barriers to enrollment were explored (adoption). While institutional costs were considered nominal (USD 20/employee), organizational barriers were identified (implementation). Finally, 97\textbackslash textbackslash\% of users reported interest in enrollment if EHWP was offered again (maintenance). Originality/value In a country with minimal focus on adult preventive care, the study reports the impact of an employer-offered wellness program that identified new risk factors and offered a referral for ongoing care. Employees reported a positive experience and were willing to re-enroll. Using the RE-AIM framework, the study has defined indicators in the real-world setting that can be used effectively by other institutions to start such a program.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employee Health and Wellness Program,Framingham risk score (FRS),Low-middle income countries,Metabolic syndrome (MetS),Preventive care model,RE-AIM framework}
}

@article{Khan2023,
  title = {Self-Employment, Illness, and the Social Security System: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Solo Self-Employed Workers in {{Ontario}}, {{Canada}}},
  author = {Khan, Tauhid Hossain and MacEachen, Ellen and Premji, Stephanie and Neiterman, Elena},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-023-15471-8},
  abstract = {BackgroundToday's labor market has changed over time, shifting from mostly full-time, secured, and standard employment relationships to mostly entrepreneurial and precarious working arrangements. Thus, self-employment (SE) has been growing rapidly in recent decades due to globalization, automation, technological advances, and the recent rise of the \textbackslash textasciigravegig' economy, among other factors. Accordingly, more than 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of workers worldwide are non-standard and precarious. This precarity profoundly impacts workers' health and well-being, undermining the comprehensiveness of social security systems. This study aims to examine the experiences of self-employed (SE'd) workers on how they are protected with available social security systems following illness, injury, and income reduction or loss.MethodsDrawing on in-depth interviews with 24 solo SE'd people in Ontario (January - July 2021), thematic analysis was conducted based on participants' narratives of experiences with available security systems following illness or injury. The dataset was analyzed using NVIVO qualitative software to elicit narratives and themes.FindingsThree major themes emerged through the narrative analysis: (i) policy-practice (mis)matching, (ii) compromise for a decent life, and (iii) equity in work and benefits.ConclusionsMeagre government-provided formal supports may adversely impact the health and wellbeing of self-employed workers. This study points to ways that statutory social protection programs should be decoupled from benefits provided by employers. Instead, government can introduce a comprehensive program that may compensate or protect low-income individuals irrespective of employment status.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {CERB,Covid-19,Health,Illness,Injury,Self-employment,Social protection,Social security,Social support}
}

@article{Khanlou2022,
  title = {2020 {{Syndemic}}: {{Convergence}} of {{COVID-19}}, {{Gender-Based Violence}}, and {{Racism Pandemics}}},
  author = {Khanlou, Nazilla and Vazquez, Luz Maria and Pashang, Soheila and Connolly, Jennifer A. and Ahmad, Farah and Ssawe, Andrew},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES},
  volume = {9},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2077--2089},
  issn = {2197-3792},
  doi = {10.1007/s40615-021-01146-w},
  abstract = {Objective To conduct a rapid knowledge synthesis of literature on the social determinants of mental health of racialized women exposed to gender-based violence (GBV) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We adapted the Cochrane Rapid Reviews method and were guided by an equity lens in conducting rapid reviews on public health issues. Four electronic databases (Cochrane CENTRAL, Medline, ProQuest, and EBSCO), electronic news media, Google Scholar, and policy documents were searched for literature between January 2019 and October 2020 with no limitations for location. Fifty-five articles qualified for the review. Results Health emergencies heighten gender inequalities in relation to income, employment, job security, and working conditions. Household stress and pandemic-related restrictions (social distancing, closure of services) increase women's vulnerability to violence. Systemic racism and discrimination intensify health disparities. Conclusion Racialized women are experiencing a 2020 Syndemic: a convergence of COVID-19, GBV, and racism pandemics, placing their wellbeing at a disproportionate risk. GBV is a public health issue and gender-responsive COVID-19 programming is essential. Anti-racist and equity-promoting policies to GBV service provision and disaggregated data collection are required.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Gender-based violence,Mental health,Pandemics,Racism}
}

@article{Khatri2022,
  title = {Input, Process, and Output Factors Contributing to Quality of Antenatal Care Services: A Scoping Review of Evidence},
  author = {Khatri, Resham B. and Mengistu, Tesfaye S. and Assefa, Yibeltal},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-022-05331-5},
  abstract = {Background: High-quality antenatal care (ANC) provides a lifesaving opportunity for women and their newborns through providing health promotion, disease prevention, and early diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-related health issues. However, systematically synthesised evidence on factors influencing the quality of ANC services is lacking. This scoping review aims to systematically synthesize the factors influencing in provision and utilisation of quality ANC services. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of published evidence on the quality of ANC services. We searched records on four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google scholar) and grey literature from 1 to 2011 to 30 August 2021. We analysed data using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach. We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline for the review. We explained themes using the Donabedian healthcare quality assessment model (input-process-output). Results: Several inputs- and process-related factors contributed to suboptimal quality of ANC in many low and lower- or middle-income countries. Input factors included facility readiness (e.g., lack of infrastructure, provision of commodities and supplies, health workforce, structural and intermediary characteristics of pregnant women, and service delivery approaches). Processes-related factors included technical quality of care (e.g., lack of skilled adequate and timely care, and poor adherence to the guidelines) and social quality (lack of effective communication and poor client satisfaction). These input and process factors have also contributed to equity gaps in utilisation of quality ANC services. Conclusion: Several input and process factors influenced the provision and utilization of optimum quality ANC services. Better health system inputs (e.g., availability of trained workforces, commodities, guidelines, context-specific programs) are essential to creating enabling facility environment for quality ANC services. Care processes can be improved by ensuring capacity-building activities for workforces (training, technical support visits), and mentoring staff working at peripheral facilities. Identifying coverage of quality ANC services among disadvantaged groups could be the initial step in designing and implementing targeted program approaches.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antenatal care,Health systems,Inputs,Outputs,Processes,Quality}
}

@article{Khayatzadeh-Mahani2020,
  title = {Prioritizing Barriers and Solutions to Improve Employment for Persons with Developmental Disabilities},
  author = {{Khayatzadeh-Mahani}, Akram and Wittevrongel, Krystle and Nicholas, David B. and Zwicker, Jennifer D.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {42},
  number = {19},
  pages = {2696--2706},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2019.1570356},
  abstract = {Purpose:Persons with a developmental disability have the lowest rate of labour force participation relative to other disabilities. The widening gap between the labour force participation of persons with versus without disability has been an enduring concern for many governments across the globe, which has led to policy initiatives such as labour market activation programs, welfare reforms, and equality laws. Despite these policies, persistently poor labour force participation rates for persons with developmental disabilities suggest that this population experiences pervasive barriers to participating in the labour force. Materials and methods:In this study, a two-phase qualitative research design was used to systematically identify, explore and prioritize barriers to employment for persons with developmental disabilities, potential policy solutions and criteria for evaluating future policy initiatives. Incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives, a Nominal Group Technique and a modified Delphi technique were used to collect and analyze data. Results:Findings indicate that barriers to employment for persons with developmental disabilities are multi-factorial and policy solutions to address these barriers require stakeholder engagement and collaboration from multiple sectors. Conclusions:Individual, environmental and societal factors all impact employment outcomes for persons with developmental disabilities. Policy and decision makers need to address barriers to employment for persons with developmental disabilities more holistically by designing policies considering employers and the workplace, persons with developmental disabilities and the broader society. Findings call for cross-sectoral collaboration using a Whole of Government approach.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers to employment,Canada,Delphi,Developmental disability,Nominal Group Technique,policy solutions,prioritization}
}

@article{Khoury2005,
  title = {Breast-Feeding Initiation in Low-Income Women: {{Role}} of Attitudes, Support, and Perceived Control},
  author = {Khoury, {\relax AJ} and Moazzem, {\relax SW} and Jarjoura, {\relax CM} and Carothers, C and Hinton, A},
  year = {2005},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {64--72},
  issn = {1049-3867},
  doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2004.09.003},
  abstract = {Despite the documented health and emotional benefits of breast-feeding to women and children, breast-feeding rates are low among subgroups of women. In this study, we examine factors associated with breast-feeding initiation in low-income women, including Theory of Planned Behavior measures of attitude, support, and perceived control, as well as sociodemographic characteristics. A mail survey, with telephone follow-up, Of 733 postpartum Medicaid beneficiaries in Mississippi was conducted in 2000. The breast-feeding initiation rate in this population was 38\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Women who were older, white, non-Hispanic, college-educated, married, not certified for the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, and not working full-time were more likely to breast-feed than formula-feed at hospital discharge. Attitudes regarding benefits and barriers to breast-feeding, as well as health care system and social support, were associated with breast-feeding initiation at the multivariate level. Adding the health care system support variables to the regression model, and specifically support from lactation specialists and hospital nurses, explained the association between breast-feeding initiation and women's perceived control over the time and social constraints barriers to breast-feeding. The findings support the need for health care system interventions, family interventions, and public health education campaigns to promote breast-feeding in low-income women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kiely2014,
  title = {Mental Health Selection and Income Support Dynamics: Multiple Spell Discrete-Time Survival Analyses of Welfare Receipt},
  author = {Kiely, Kim M. and Butterworth, Peter},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {68},
  number = {4},
  pages = {349--355},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech-2013-203179},
  abstract = {Background The higher occurrence of common psychiatric disorders among welfare recipients has been attributed to health selection, social causation and underlying vulnerability. The aims of this study were to test for the selection effects of mental health problems on entry and re-entry to working-age welfare payments in respect to single parenthood, unemployment and disability. Methods Nationally representative longitudinal data were drawn from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. Multiple spell discrete-time survival analyses were conducted using multinomial logistic regression models to test if pre-existing mental health problems predicted transitions to welfare. Analyses were stratified by sex and multivariate adjusted for mental health problems, father's occupation, socioeconomic position, marital status, employment history, smoking status and alcohol consumption, physical function and financial hardship. All covariates were modelled as either lagged effects or when a respondent was first observed to be at risk of income support. Results Mental health problems were associated with increased risk of entry and re-entry to disability, unemployment and single parenting payments for women, and disability and unemployment payments for men. These associations were attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for contemporaneous risk factors. Conclusions Although we do not control for reciprocal causation, our findings are consistent with a health selection hypothesis and indicate that mental illness may be a contributing factor to later receipt of different types of welfare payments. We argue that mental health warrants consideration in the design and targeting of social and economic policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kiely2020,
  title = {Disrupted {{Development}} and the {{Future}} of {{Inequality}} in the {{Age}} of {{Automation Introduction}}},
  author = {Kiely, Ray and Sumner, Andy},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {DISRUPTED DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE OF INEQUALITY IN THE AGE OF AUTOMATION},
  series = {Rethinking {{International Development}}},
  pages = {1+},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-30131-6\textbackslash_1},
  abstract = {Automation is likely to impact on developing countries in different ways to the way automation affects high-income countries. The poorer a country is, the more jobs it has that are in principle-automatable because the kinds of jobs common in developing countries-such as routine work-are substantially more susceptible to automation than the jobs that dominate high-income economies. This matters because employment generation is crucial to spreading the benefits of economic growth broadly and to reducing global poverty. We argue that the rise of a global \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverobot reserve army\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has profound effects on labor markets and structural transformation in developing countries, but rather than causing mass unemployment, AI and robots are more likely to lead to stagnant wages and premature deindustrialization. As agricultural and manufacturing jobs are automated, workers will continue to flood the service sector. This will itself hinder poverty reduction and likely put upward pressure on national inequality, weakening the poverty-reducing power of growth, and potentially placing the existing social contract under strain. How developing countries should respond in terms of public policy is a crucial question, affecting not only middle-income developing countries, but even the very poorest countries.},
  isbn = {978-3-030-30131-6; 978-3-030-30130-9},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Automation,Developing countries,Digitization,Economic development,Jobs,Labor-saving technology}
}

@article{Kiersztyn2016,
  title = {Fixed-{{Term Employment}} and {{Occupational Position}} in {{Poland}}: {{The Heterogeneity}} of {{Temporary Jobs}}},
  author = {Kiersztyn, Anna},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {32},
  number = {6},
  pages = {881--894},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcw044},
  abstract = {Occupational heterogeneity in non-standard employment is an important and policy-relevant topic of investigation, and one which has not received sufficient attention. The main thesis of this article is that the function of fixed-term contracts, which in turn affects the situation and career prospects of employees, is dependent on occupation. Using data from European Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2005-2008, I investigate the heterogeneities among fixed-term employees in various occupational categories in Poland, by analysing differences in (i) the demographic and socio-economic composition of temporary workers, (ii) the size of the wage penalty for fixed-term employment, and (iii) the chances of transition from fixed-term into open-ended employment. The results suggest that in managerial and professional occupations temporary contracts are more likely to be used during trial periods for newly hired workers and may serve as stepping stones to stable jobs, as reflected by the higher rates of mobility into open-ended employment. Temporary jobs in low-status service and manual occupations appear to result mainly from employers' attempts to facilitate worker dismissal rather than their need to verify the skills of new employees, and are more likely to become a dead end for workers. However, although fixed-term workers in higher-status occupations seem to be better off than their counterparts in services, trade, and manual labour, the evidence does not support the claim that the former resemble the so-called \textbackslash textasciigraveboundaryless' employees, who suffer no negative consequences of their fixed-term status.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kikuchi2019,
  title = {{Strategies for Sustaining and Developing Paddy Farming in the Saga Plain, Southwestern Japan}},
  author = {Kikuchi, Toshio and Tabayashi, Akira},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY-CHIGAKU ZASSHI},
  volume = {128},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {209--233},
  issn = {0022-135X},
  doi = {10.5026/jgeography.128.209},
  abstract = {Traditional agricultural practice in the Saga plain was formerly a combination of paddy rice, which was the main crop, and wheat/barley, which was the secondary crop. However, when production adjustments to paddy rice started in the 1970s, the original agricultural practice was changed to a combination of paddy rice and a rotating crop of soybeans along with a secondary crop of wheat/barley. Further, since the 1970s, issues such as competition between agricultural land use and urban land use, income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural employment, and a shortage of farming successors became serious, which in turn caused great difficulty in sustaining agriculture and farmland. Under such circumstances, farmers in the Saga plain started to develop rural community-based farming as a strategy to sustain agriculture and farmland, as well as to manage the harvesting and drying process of rice, wheat/barley, and soybean collaboratively. Consequently, the block rotation system of cultivating paddy rice and soybeans together with shared use of rice planting and harvesting machines progressed and agriculture and farmland that combined rice, wheat/barley, and soybeans in the region tended to survive. On the other hand, due to a lack of leadership, community cohesion, and full-time farmers, some rural community-based farms began to be converted into agricultural corporations as another strategy. This strategy was encouraged by a new national agricultural policy. There were also farmers who did not participate in rural community-based farming, and many of them were full-time farmers who functioned as certified farmers. Such full-time farmers have expanded the scale of managing arable land by purchasing and leasing farmland (paddy field) from part-time farmers, both inside and outside the region, with the intention of securing successors to carry on agriculture. Thus, large-scale rice farmers gradually amalgamated the paddy fields of part-time farmers and expanded the scale of agricultural management. There were two types of large-scale farmer-farmers maintaining relationships with rural community-based farming and agricultural cooperatives such as JA, and independent farmers who had a tendency to become agricultural corporations. The decision to become an agricultural corporation was largely influenced by several key factors including the existence of a successor to continue farming, managerial skills of business operators, and the level of the family workforce of farmers. In other words, as a result of securing successors, large-scale rice farmers could start businesses such as drying preparation facilities, and build their own sales networks. Further, in order to control substantial production costs, the family workforce was used for production, processing, clerical work, and sales promotions. As a result, agriculture in the Saga plain was supported by rural community-based farming, independent large-scale paddy farmers, and large-scale paddy farmers incorporated into agricultural organizations, and these divisions of the management strategy were based on the degree of agricultural labor and community bonding forces. A series of distinctive strategies largely contributed to the survival and development of agriculture and farmland in the Saga plain.},
  langid = {japanese},
  keywords = {agricultural corporation,community-based farming,large-scale rice farm,paddy farming,Saga Plain}
}

@article{Kim2008,
  title = {Is Precarious Employment Damaging to Self-Rated Health? {{Results}} of Propensity Score Matching Methods, Using Longitudinal Data in {{South Korea}}},
  author = {Kim, Myoung-Hee and Kim, Chang-yup and Park, Jin-Kyung and Kawachi, Ichiro},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {67},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1982--1994},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.051},
  abstract = {We aimed to evaluate the health effects of precarious employment based on a counterfactual framework, using the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey data. At the 4th wave (2001), information was obtained on 1991 male and 1378 female waged workers. Precarious work was defined on the basis of workers employed on a temporary or daily basis, part-time, or in a contingent (fixed short-term) job. The outcome was self-rated health with five response categories. Confounding factors included age, marital status, education, industry and occupation of current employment, household income, residential area, and prior health status. Propensity scores for each individual to be a precarious worker were calculated from logistic models including those covariates, and based on them, precarious workers were matched to non-precarious workers. Then, we examined the effects of precarious employment on health and explored the potential intermediary variables, using ordered logistic Generalized Estimating Equations models. All analyses were performed separately by gender. Precarious workers were found to be in a lower socioeconomic position and to have worse health status. Univariate matched analyses showed that precarious employment was associated with worse health in both men and women. By further controlling for socio-demographic covariates, the odds ratios were attenuated but remained significant. job satisfaction, especially as related to job insecurity, and monthly wage further attenuated the effects. This suggests that to improve health status of precarious workers in Korea. policy strategies need to tackle the channeling of the socially disadvantaged into precarious jobs. Also. regulations to eliminate discrimination against precarious workers in working conditions or material reward should be introduced and enforced. There is no doubt that job insecurity, which is pervasive among workers in Korea, should be minimized by suspending market-oriented labor policies which rely on quantitative flexibility. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Causality,Counterfactual,Gender,Job insecurity,Precarious employment,Propensity score,Self-rated health,South Korea}
}

@article{Kim2012,
  title = {Health Services for Reproductive Tract Infections among Female Migrant Workers in Industrial Zones in {{Ha Noi}}, {{Viet Nam}}: An in-Depth Assessment},
  author = {Kim, Le Anh Thi and Pham, Lien Thi Lan and Vu, Lan Hoang and Schelling, Esther},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1186/1742-4755-9-4},
  abstract = {Background: Rural-to-urban migration involves a high proportion of females because job opportunities for female migrants have increased in urban industrial areas. Those who migrate may be healthier than those staying in the village and they may benefit from better health care services at destination, but the \textbackslash textasciigravehealthy' effect can be reversed at destination due to migration-related health risk factors. The study aimed to explore the need for health care services for reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among female migrants working in the Sai Dong industrial zone as well as their services utilization. Methods: The cross sectional study employed a mixed method approach. A cohort of 300 female migrants was interviewed to collect quantitative data. Two focus groups and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data. We have used frequency and cross-tabulation techniques to analyze the quantitative data and the qualitative data was used to triangulate and to provide more in-depth information. Results: The needs for health care services for RTI were high as 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had RTI syndromes. Only 21.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female migrants having RTI syndromes ever seek helps for health care services. Barriers preventing migrants to access services were traditional values, long working hours, lack of information, and high cost of services. Employers had limited interests in reproductive health of female migrants, and there was ineffective collaboration between the local health system and enterprises. These barriers were partly caused by lack of health promotion programs suitable for migrants. Most respondents needed more information on RTIs and preferred to receive these from their employers since they commonly work shifts - and spend most of their day time at work. Conclusion: While RTIs are a common health problem among female migrant workers in industrial zones, female migrants had many obstacles in accessing RTI care services. The findings from this study will help to design intervention models for RTI among this vulnerable group such as communication for behavioural impact of RTI health care, fostered collaboration between local health care services and employer enterprises, and on-site service (e.g. local or enterprise health clinics) strengthening.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Female migrants,Health care services,Industrial zones,RTIs,STIs,Viet Nam}
}

@article{Kim2012a,
  title = {Experience {{With Corrective Surgery}} for {{Postburn Contractures}} in {{Mumbai}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Kim, Francis S. and Tran, Huong H. and Sinha, Indranil and Patel, Anup and Nelson, Rebecca A. and Pandya, Ankur N. and Keswani, Sunil and Watkins, James F.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF BURN CARE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& RESEARCH},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  pages = {E120-E126},
  issn = {1559-047X},
  doi = {10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182335a00},
  abstract = {Postburn contracture is a source of significant morbidity in India, even though its occurrence can be reduced significantly by comprehensive postburn injury care, including surgical intervention. This study investigates whether limited access to initial medical care after burn injury has been associated with increased contracture formation among lower socioeconomic class patients in Mumbai, India. During a surgical mission in Mumbai, India, patients presenting with functionally debilitating burn contractures and minimal income were surveyed for initial care received immediately after burn injury. The survey consisted of questions regarding the history of burn injury and details of any initial treatment. Demographic data were collected by chart review. Thirty-eight patients from the state of Maharashtra participated in the study (mean age 28.1 years). The most common etiology of burn injury was from kerosene stove blasts (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and the most common morbidities were contractures of the neck and upper extremity. On average, time elapsed since the original injury was 2.8 years. Nearly all patients sought initial medical care at hospitals (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) with the majority receiving only dressing changes for their full-thickness or deep-dermal burns (61\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The most common reason for not seeking out delayed burn reconstruction was perceived cost (65\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Ultimately, 60 operations were performed, of which 9 (15\textbackslash textbackslash\%) developed postsurgical complications. These data suggest that a subset of lower socioeconomic class burn patients in Maharashtra received suboptimal initial intervention. Comprehensive initial therapy after burn injury may provide better outcomes and limit the number of patients requiring delayed reconstruction. (J Burn Care Res 2012;33:e120-e126)},
  langid = {english},
  note = {15th Meeting of the International-Society-for-Burn-Injuries (ISBI), Istanbul, TURKEY, JUN 25, 2010}
}

@article{Kim2018,
  title = {Disparities in the Utilisation of Preventive Health Services by the Employment Status: {{An}} Analysis of 2007-2012 {{South Korean}} National Survey},
  author = {Kim, SangJune and Song, Jee Hey and Oh, Yoo Min and Park, Sang Min},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0207737},
  abstract = {Objectives This study aims to investigate the differences in the utilisation of preventive health services among standard, nonstandard workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers. Methods We used the 4th and 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationwide survey conducted from the year 2007 to 2012. Economically active workers between the ages of 25 and 64 were grouped into standard, nonstandard, the self-employed, and the unpaid family workers (N = 16,964). Outcome variables are the uptake of preventive health services including influenza vaccination, regular medical check-up, and four types of cancer screenings. We used multivariate logistic models. Results Overall, non-standard workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers were less likely to use the preventive health care compared to the standard workers. In particular, the self-employed were less likely to use all the six services compared to the standard workers and showed the lowest level of uptakes among the four working groups. Moreover, the service uptake of the non-standard workers was lower than that of standard workers in all services; except the colon cancer screening. On the other hand, unpaid family workers showed mixed results. While the uptake of influenza vaccination and regular health screening were lower, participation to the cancer screening was not lower compared to that of standard workers. Conclusion There were gaps in the utilisation of preventive services among workers depending on their employment types. Access to preventive health care services of nonstandard workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers should be prioritised.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kim2018a,
  title = {Association between Socioeconomic Attainments and Suicidal Ideation by Age Groups in {{Korea}}},
  author = {Kim, Joongbaeck and Yoon, Soo-Yeon},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {64},
  number = {7},
  pages = {628--636},
  issn = {0020-7640},
  doi = {10.1177/0020764018792592},
  abstract = {Background: Suicidal ideation is a strong antecedent of suicidal behavior, associated with increased likelihood of suicide. Thus, suicidal ideation serves to identify which groups are at more risk of suicide and has policy implications for targeting groups to prevent suicide. Aims: A substantial body of research has addressed potential determinants of suicide ideation in Korea. Little attention has been paid, however, to analyzing the extent to which socioeconomic attainments (education, household income, and employment status) are associated with risk of suicidal ideation, drawing on nationally representative data. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2012 Korea Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS). Among the 12,606 respondents, the findings are based on 1,500 young adults (age 18-35) and 3,469 middle-aged adults (age 36-55) who answered a question about suicidal ideation. Results: For young adults, respondents from 2-year and 4-year colleges and higher had lower probabilities of suicidal ideation compared with respondents from high school. People out of the labor force also exhibited an elevated risk of suicidal ideation compared with those in waged employment. Middle-aged adults displayed different patterns. Middle-aged respondents from 4-year colleges or higher had an increased likelihood of suicidal ideation. The likelihood of reporting suicidal ideation was predicted to decrease as household income increased only for middle-aged adults. Conclusions: The information about suicidal ideation was obtained from only one question of self-response, which limits the validity of the suicidal ideation measurement. The cross-sectional setting of the data prevents us from estimating causal relationships. Nevertheless, the findings imply that age-specific policy should be implemented to ameliorate differential risk for suicidal ideation and benefit public mental health in the long run.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {age groups,socioeconomic attainments,South Korea,Suicidal ideation}
}

@article{Kim2018b,
  title = {Deaf People and Economic Well-Being: Findings from the {{Life Opportunities Survey}}},
  author = {Kim, Eun Jung and Byrne, Bronagh and Parish, Susan L.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  pages = {374--391},
  issn = {0968-7599},
  doi = {10.1080/09687599.2017.1420631},
  abstract = {The present study used propensity score analysis to compare the economic well-being of people with and without hearing impairment in the UK. Using nationally representative 2009/10 Life Opportunities Survey, our study found that economic well-being was significantly worse for people with hearing impairment than people without hearing impairment. Hearing impaired people (1) had lower household income, (2) experienced greater difficulties making ends meets, (3) were unable to pay for unexpected but necessary expenses of 500, and (4) were less likely to work in paid jobs even after accounting for other demographic characteristics. The findings underscore the barriers and discrimination against people with hearing impairment in the UK. Policy measures to increase access and engagement of hearing impaired people should be considered, including increasing investment in better employment opportunities, sign interpretation, and disability benefits.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic well-being,Hearing impairment,propensity score analysis,UK}
}

@article{Kim2019,
  title = {Effectiveness of {{Workplace Lactation Interventions}} on {{Breastfeeding Outcomes}} in the {{United States}}: {{An Updated Systematic Review}}},
  author = {Kim, Julia H. and Shin, Jong C. and Donovan, Sharon M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {100--113},
  issn = {0890-3344},
  doi = {10.1177/0890334418765464},
  abstract = {Background Returning to work is one of the main barriers to breastfeeding duration among working mothers in the United States. However, the impact of workplace lactation programs is unclear. Research Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of workplace lactation programs in the United States on breastfeeding practices. Methods A systematic search was conducted of seven databases through September 2017. Articles (N = 10) meeting the inclusion criteria of describing a workplace lactation intervention and evaluation in the United States and measuring initiation, exclusivity, or duration using an experimental or observational study design were critically evaluated. Two reviewers conducted quality assessments and reviewed the full-text articles during the analysis. Results Common services provided were breast pumps, social support, lactation rooms, and breastfeeding classes. Breastfeeding initiation was very high, ranging from 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 98\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Several factors were significantly associated with duration of exclusive breastfeeding: (a) receiving a breast pump for one year (8.3 versus 4.7 months), (b) return-to-work consultations (40\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 months), and (c) telephone support (42\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 months). Each additional service (except prenatal education) dose-dependently increased exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months. Sociodemographic information including older maternal age, working part-time, longer maternity leave, and white ethnicity were associated with longer breastfeeding duration. Conclusion Workplace lactation interventions increased breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusive breastfeeding, with greater changes observed with more available services. More evidence is needed on the impact of workplace support in low-income populations, and the cost-effectiveness of these programs in reducing health care costs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breastfeeding duration,breastfeeding initiation,breastfeeding support,lactation workplace programs,program evaluation}
}

@article{Kim2020,
  title = {Certified {{Nursing Assistants}}' {{Barriers}} and {{Facilitators}} to {{Accessing}} and {{Using Worksite Health Promotion Programs}}},
  author = {Kim, Mhinjine and Lin, Yu Chen and Luna, Geraldine and Ma, Jun and Stiehl, Emily},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {62},
  number = {11},
  pages = {943--952},
  issn = {1076-2752},
  doi = {10.1097/JOM.0000000000002007},
  abstract = {Objective: Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) are low-wage healthcare workers who provide direct care to nursing home residents, yet also experience significant health disparities. However, limited research has been conducted on CNAs' perceived barriers and facilitators to workplace health promotion (WHP) participation. Method: Informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), 24 CNA semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted in two Chicagoland nursing homes. Results: Key barriers were time-constraints and lack of staffing, lack of access to WHP programs, and limited organizational and employer support. Facilitators included the availability of WHP programs, breaks, and other workplace benefits, and enhanced leadership and familial support. Conclusion: An effective WHP program must attempt to minimize the work-related, organizational, and environmental barriers while supporting high motivation of CNAs in health promotion. We offer some suggestions for enhancing CNAs' WHP access and utilization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employee,health promotion,nursing,nursing home,occupational health,qualitative research,work environment,workplace}
}

@article{Kim2022,
  title = {Inadequacy Inequality: The Distribution and Consequences of Part-Time Underemployment in the {{US}}},
  author = {Kim, Jaeseung and Golden, Lonnie},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {84--111},
  issn = {1366-8803},
  doi = {10.1080/13668803.2021.1985433},
  abstract = {Despite some attention devoted to part-time employment with insufficient or inadequate work hours, research is still too limited on how the burden of underemployment is distributed disproportionately on vulnerable workers and its implications for financial well-being and work-family balance. Furthermore, scarce research considers the role of control over work hours in the context of worker underemployment. Using unique data and measures constructed from a nationally representative survey of the 2006 and 2016 US General Social Survey, we find that being part-time underemployed is concentrated toward workers who are minority, lower income, and employed in certain service occupations. Multivariate analysis reveals that, relative to both part-time workers satisfied with their hours and to full-time workers, the part-time underemployed endure significantly greater risks of facing lower financial status and financial dis-satisfaction. Part-time underemployed workers also experience more frequent work-to-family conflict, compared to other part-time workers, and no less than otherwise comparable full-time workers. Their elevated work-family conflict is intensified when having limited control over their work hours. We derive implications of these findings for preventative public policies that would help curb both the extent and the harms of underemployment, recently rendered even more necessary by its rise during the 2020 recession.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {control over work hours,financial well-being,involuntary part-time,part-time employment,Underemployment,work-family conflict}
}

@article{Kim2023,
  title = {The Microfoundation of Macroeconomic Populism: {{The}} Effects of Economic Inequality on Public Inflation Aversion},
  author = {Kim, Hyunwoo},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLITICS},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--96},
  issn = {0954-1985},
  doi = {10.1111/ecpo.12210},
  abstract = {Previous work on the politics of monetary policy has focused on the role of distributive motives stemming from individual characteristics such as income or factoral/sectoral interests in citizens' formation of monetary policy preferences. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to how a country's overall distributive context, namely, its level of economic inequality, affects citizens' preferences vis-a-vis price stability and employment. This article argues that as inequality pushes more citizens below a society's average income, there is more demand for redistribution through higher employment and increased fiscal spending, each of which can be better supported by expansionary monetary policy. This means that inequality makes citizens more tolerant of inflation. This study uses the International Social Survey Program, the Integrated Values Surveys, and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, which together include 293,100 respondents from 53 countries between the years 1976 and 2016 to demonstrate that overall, inequality significantly moderates citizens' inflation aversion.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Central Bank,inequality,macroeconomic policy,populism,redistribution}
}

@article{Kim2023a,
  title = {Developing a {{Culturally}} and {{Linguistically Congruent Digital Storytelling Intervention}} in {{Vietnamese}} and {{Korean American Mothers}} of {{Human Papillomavirus-Vaccinated Children}}: {{Feasibility}} and {{Acceptability Study}}},
  author = {Kim, Sunny Wonsun and Chen, Angela Chia -Chen and Ou, Lihong and Larkey, Linda and Todd, Michael and Han, Yooro},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.2196/45696},
  abstract = {Background: The high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden attributed to cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) call for researchers to address this public health concern through HPV vaccination. Disparities of HPV-associated cancers in Vietnamese and Korean Americans exist, yet their vaccination rates remain low. Evidence points to the importance of developing culturally and linguistically congruent interventions to improve their HPV vaccination rates. We adopted digital storytelling (DST) that combines oral storytelling with computer-based technology (digital images, audio recording, and music) as a promising approach for facilitating the communication of culturally relevant health messages.Objective: This study aimed to (1) assess the feasibility and acceptability of intervention development through DST workshops, (2) conduct an in-depth analysis of the cultural experience that shapes HPV attitudes, and (3) explore aspects of the DST workshop experience that could inform future formative and intervention work. Methods: Through community partners, social media, and snowball sampling, we recruited 2 Vietnamese American and 6 Korean American mothers (mean age 41.4, SD 5.8 years) who had children vaccinated against HPV. Three virtual DST workshops were conducted between July 2021 and January 2022. Our team supported mothers to develop their own stories. Mothers completed web-based surveys before and after the workshop and provided feedback on each other's story ideas and the workshop experience. We used descriptive statistics to summarize quantitative data and constant comparative analysis to analyze qualitative data collected in the workshop and field notes.Results: Eight digital stories were developed in the DST workshops. They were well accepted, and the mothers showed overall satisfaction and relevant indicators (eg, would recommend it to others, would attend a similar workshop, it was worth their time; mean 4.2-5, range 1-5). Mothers found the process rewarding and appreciated the opportunity to share their stories in group settings and learn from each other. The 6 major themes that emerged from the data reflect the mothers' rich personal experiences, attitudes, and perceptions about their child's HPV vaccination, which included (1) showing parents' love and responsibility; (2) HPV and related knowledge, awareness, and attitudes; (3) factors influencing vaccine decision-making; (4) source of information and information sharing; (5) response to children's being vaccinated; and (6) cultural perspectives on health care and HPV vaccination.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a virtual DST workshop is a highly feasible and acceptable approach to engaging Vietnamese American and Korean American immigrant mothers in developing culturally and linguistically congruent DST interventions. Further research is needed to test the efficacy and effectiveness of digital stories as an intervention for Vietnamese American and Korean American mothers of unvaccinated children. This process of developing an easy-to-deliver, culturally and linguistically aligned, and holistic web-based DST intervention can be implemented with other populations in other languages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asia,child,communication,constructivism,constructivist,conversation,cultural,culture,deep analysis,dialogue,digital,digital intervention,digital storytelling,feasibility,health insurance,health status,HPV,human papillomavirus,immigrant,immunization,inoculate,inoculation,Korean,language,microphone,mortality rate,mother,odd,photo,qualitative,questionnaire,rate,ratio,Research Electronic Data Capture,script,social media,soundtrack,stories,story,storytelling,survey,vaccination,vaccine,video,Vietnamese,voiceover,write,writing}
}

@article{Kimport2017,
  title = {{{TAKING INSURANCE IN ABORTION CARE}}: {{POLICY}}, {{PRACTICES}}, {{AND THE ROLE OF POVERTY}}},
  author = {Kimport, Katrina and Rowland, Brenly},
  editor = {Kronenfeld, {\relax JJ}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE CONCERNS AMONG WOMEN AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES},
  series = {Research in the {{Sociology}} of {{Health Care}}},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {39--57},
  issn = {0275-4959},
  doi = {10.1108/S0275-495920170000035003},
  abstract = {Most women seeking abortion pay out-of-pocket for care, partly due to legal restrictions on insurance coverage. These costs can constitute a hardship for many women. Advocates have sought to ensure insurance coverage for abortion, but we do not know whether the intermediaries between policy and patient - abortion-providing facilities - are able and willing to accept insurance. We interviewed 22 abortion facility administrators, representing 64 clinical sites in 21 states that varied in their legal allowance of public and private insurance coverage for abortion, about their facility's insurance practices, and experiences. Respondents described challenges in accepting public and/or private insurance that included, but were not limited to, legal regulations. When public insurance broadly covered abortion, its low reimbursement failed to cover the costs of care. Because of the predominance of low income patients in abortion care, this caused financial challenges for facilities, leading one in a state that allows broad coverage to nonetheless decline public insurance. Accepting private insurance carried its own risks, including nonpayment because costs fell within patients' deductibles. Respondents described work-arounds to protect their facility from nonpayment and enable patients to use their private insurance. The structure of insurance and the population of abortion patients mean that changes at the political level may not translate into changes in individual women's experience of paying for abortion. This research illustrates how legal regulations, insurer practices, and the socioeconomics of the patient population matter for abortion-providing facilities' decision-making about accepting insurance.},
  isbn = {978-1-78743-149-2; 978-1-78743-150-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Abortion,insurance,Medicaid,poverty}
}

@article{King2020,
  title = {Breadwinners and {{Losers}}: {{Does}} the {{Mental Health}} of {{Mothers}}, {{Fathers}}, and {{Children Vary}} by {{Household Employment Arrangements}}? {{Evidence From}} 7 {{Waves}} of {{Data From}} the {{Longitudinal Study}} of {{Australian Children}}},
  author = {King, Tania L. and Shields, Marissa and Byars, Sean and Kavanagh, Anne M. and Craig, Lyn and Milner, Allison},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {189},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1512--1520},
  issn = {0002-9262},
  doi = {10.1093/aje/kwaa138},
  abstract = {In Australia, as in many industrialized countries, the past 50 years have been marked by increasing female labor-force participation. It is popularly speculated that this might impose a mental-health burden on women and their children. This analysis aimed to examine the associations between household labor-force participation (household employment configuration) and the mental health of parents and children. Seven waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used, comprising 2004-2016, with children aged 4-17 years). Mental health outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children/adolescents) and 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (parents). A 5-category measure of household employment configuration was derived from parental reports: both parents full-time, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared-part-time employment (both part-time) and father full-time/mother part-time (1.5-earner). Fixed-effects regression models were used to compare within-person effects, controlling for time-varying confounders. For men, the male-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared with the 1.5-earner configuration (beta = 0.21, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.36). No evidence of association was observed for either women or children. This counters prevailing social attitudes, suggesting that neither children nor women are adversely affected by household employment configuration, nor are they disadvantaged by the extent of this labor-force participation. Men's mental health appears to be poorer when they are the sole household breadwinner.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {children,fixed effects,gender equality,labor-force participation,mental health,parents}
}

@article{Kingdon2018,
  title = {Interventions Targeted at Health Professionals to Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Sections: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis},
  author = {Kingdon, Carol and Downe, Soo and Betran, Ana Pilar},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {8},
  number = {12},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025073},
  abstract = {Objective To establish the views and experiences of healthcare professionals in relation to interventions targeted at them to reduce unnecessary caesareans. Design Qualitative evidence synthesis. Setting Studies undertaken in high-income, middle-income and low-income settings. Data sources Seven databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Embase, Global Index Medicus, POPLINE and African Journals Online). Studies published between 1985 and June 2017, with no language or geographical restrictions. We hand-searched reference lists and key citations using Google Scholar. Study selection Qualitative or mixed-method studies reporting health professionals' views. Data extraction and synthesis Two authors independently assessed study quality prior to extraction of primary data and authors' interpretations. The data were compared and contrasted, then grouped into summary of findings (SoFs) statements, themes and a line of argument synthesis. All SoFs were Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) assessed. Results 17 papers were included, involving 483 health professionals from 17 countries (nine high-income, six middle-income and two low-income). Fourteen SoFs were identified, resulting in three core themes: philosophy of birth (four SoFs); (2) social and cultural context (five SoFs); and (3) negotiation within system (five SoFs). The resulting line of argument suggests three key mechanisms of effect for change or resistance to change: prior beliefs about birth; willingness or not to engage with change, especially where this entailed potential loss of income or status (including medicolegal barriers); and capacity or not to influence local community and healthcare service norms and values relating to caesarean provision. Conclusion For maternity care health professionals, there is a synergistic relationship between their underpinning philosophy of birth, the social and cultural context they are working within and the extent to which they were prepared to negotiate within health system resources to reduce caesarean rates. These findings identify potential mechanisms of effect that could improve the design and efficacy of change programmes to reduce unnecessary caesareans.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kirsh2016,
  title = {Client, {{Contextual}} and {{Program Elements Influencing Supported Employment}}: {{A Literature Review}}},
  author = {Kirsh, Bonnie},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {52},
  number = {7},
  pages = {809--820},
  issn = {0010-3853},
  doi = {10.1007/s10597-015-9936-7},
  abstract = {Supported employment is an evidence-based practice with a well-established research base. Most studies track such outcomes as employment rates, time to employment and wages earned. Few studies address client and contextual factors that impact outcomes or consider program elements beyond those that comprise the individual placement and support model. This paper reviews existing literature to shed light on the following questions: (1) What impact do labour market trends have on the effectiveness of SE? (2) How lasting are the effects of SE and what factors influence longevity of SE effects? (3) What levels and types of employment are targeted by SE? (4) What are the characteristics of people who benefit from SE? (5) What is the role of peer support in SE? and (6) What are the barriers to effective SE implementation? Research findings are synthesized and suggestions for service enhancements are offered so that the model can continue to evolve.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6PID2PJX/Kirsh_2016_Client, Contextual and Program Elements Influencing Supported Employment.pdf}
}

@article{Kiruthika2022,
  title = {{{IMPACT OF WOMEN FREE BUS OPERATION INTAMIL NADU STATE TRANSPORT CORPORATION}} ({{TNSTC}}) {{ON TAMILNADU}}},
  author = {Kiruthika, S. and Ravi, G.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1815--1820},
  issn = {1308-5581},
  doi = {10.9756/INTJECSE/V14I5.189},
  abstract = {In this research paper described the impact of women free bus operation in Tamil Nadu State transport corporation (TNSTC) in Tamil Nadu. After the government's announcement of free bus travel for all women, most of the women passengers are likely to shift from private to government buses. Women who are travelling through other modes of transport may also prefer to travel by government buses. As per the ITDP survey, 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women transit by walk, cycle and public transport. Either they lost a job as they couldn't afford to travel long-distance anymore due to bus fare hike. Many chose to work nearby their home for lower wages, hence, it results in lower household income, income disparity, labour shortage, gender discrimination, domestic violence, a lower standard of living, lower accessibility and availability. In one word-socio and economic loss of the household and to the state in general. Result in free bus operation give multiple benefits across the state both in terms of standard of livelihood and affordability, as well as raise in per capita income per women.The main intention behind this scheme is to increase the work participation rate of women and promote public transportation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kismul2015,
  title = {The Social Context of Severe Child Malnutrition: A Qualitative Household Case Study from a Rural Area of the {{Democratic Republic}} of {{Congo}}},
  author = {Kismul, Hallgeir and Hatloy, Anne and Andersen, Peter and Mapatano, Mala and {Van den Broeck}, Jan and Moland, Karen Marie},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {14},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-015-0175-x},
  abstract = {Introduction: The magnitude of child malnutrition including severe child malnutrition is especially high in the rural areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo (the DRC). The aim of this qualitative study is to describe the social context of malnutrition in a rural part of the DRC and explore how some households succeed in ensuring that their children are well-nourished while others do not. Methodology: This study is based on participant observation, key informant interviews, group discussions and in-depth interviews with four households with malnourished children and four with well-nourished children. We apply social field theory to link individual child nutritional outcomes to processes at local level and to the wider socio-economic environment. Findings: We identified four social fields that have implications for food security and child nutritional outcomes: 1) household size and composition which determined vulnerability to child malnutrition, 2) inter-household cooperation in the form of \textbackslash textasciigravegbisa work party' which buffered scarcity of labour in peak seasons and facilitated capital accumulation, 3) the village associated with usufruct rights to land, and 4) the local NGO providing access to agricultural support, clean drinking water and health care. Conclusions: Households that participated in inter-household cooperation were able to improve food and nutrition security. Children living in households with high pressure on productive members were at danger of food insecurity and malnutrition. Nutrition interventions need to involve local institutions for inter-household cooperation and address the problem of social inequalities in service provision. They should have special focus on households with few resources in the form of land, labour and capital.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Food security,Kwashiorkor,Malnutrition,Marasmus,Social capital,Social inequality,Subsistence agriculture,The Democratic Republic of Congo}
}

@book{Kitto2012,
  title = {{{WOMEN OF WESTERN}}: {{THE VOICES OF WOMEN-ADVANCE CATALYST AT A COMPREHENSIVE INSTITUTION}}},
  author = {Kitto, Kathleen L. and {Guenter-Schlesinger}, Sue},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {2012 ASEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE},
  series = {{{ASEE Annual Conference}} \textbackslash textbackslash\& {{Exposition}}},
  issn = {2153-5965},
  abstract = {Overall, the ADVANCE Catalyst program at Western Washington University provides the resources and time necessary for us to probe deeply into our internal practices, measure outcomes for faculty, and, most importantly, find and focus on the barriers that impede the advancement of women faculty within the College of Sciences and Technology (CST). One component of the project was the development of a climate survey, which was based upon previous surveys at ADVANCE (research-intensive) universities, but was specifically adapted to address faculty issues unique to comprehensive universities. The development of our survey involved our Faculty Leadership Team (FLT), our department chairs/directors, and several other faculty members. This paper focuses on the findings from the comprehensive institution climate survey that we developed, which consisted of approximately 100 questions in seven areas of climate indicators: employment demographics, job satisfaction, mentoring, leadership, department climate, professional development, and equal opportunity. Specifically, we were probing whether department dynamics stay \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestatus quo\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace longer, if perceptions of peers play a heavier role in evaluation, if there are more feelings of isolation, and if opportunities for collaborative work are greatly decreased in our relatively small sized departments (as compared to research-intensive institutions). All faculty members within CST were surveyed. The overall response rate was 58\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Tenured women had the highest response rate, at 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% of nontenure track (NTT) women responded. After analyzing the data from the survey and meeting with our ADVANCE FLT, we identified several key areas of climate indicators that were explored further in focus groups: balance of work-life and work-load, leadership and career development, and equal opportunity. Through our survey, town hall meeting, and focus groups, we found that the evolution of our comprehensive institution from a primarily teaching university to an institution where a research program is expected has placed considerable pressure on our faculty, especially those at midcareer. Our heavy teaching responsibilities (inflexible lab schedules, research with undergraduates, course innovation, mentoring/advising), and service commitments constrain time to such an extent that many faculty feel that their research programs suffer or become second jobs. CST women serve on more committees, perform much of the more time consuming service, and have had fewer leadership roles and opportunities. Lack of formal mentoring exacerbates these issues for our women. While Western has many policies and programs to address such obstacles, faculty are often not aware of them or misunderstand them, making them, in fact, inaccessible. Until recently, department chairs did not have enough leadership training, development, and support. Continuing budget cuts and soaring STEM student demand at our institution further intensify these key issues. Based upon the survey, focus groups, and conversations with our FLT, we believe that a Faculty Advancement Center (FACT) focused on career span initiatives and based upon ADVANCE best practices would be the next logical step necessary to support women at our institution.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {ASEE Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, JUN 10-13, 2012}
}

@article{Klamar2016,
  title = {Development Tendencies of Regional Disparities in the {{Slovak Republic}}},
  author = {Klamar, Radoslav},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GEOGRAPHICA PANNONICA},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {136--151},
  issn = {0354-8724},
  doi = {10.5937/GeoPan1603136K},
  abstract = {Presented paper deals with the issues of regional development and regional disparities in Slovakia in the years 2001-2014. Levelling respectively increase of regional disparities was evaluated through a set of 13 socio-economic indicators (gross birth rate, average monthly wage, monthly labour costs per employee, employment rate, unemployment rate, net monthly income and expenses per capita, completed dwellings, creation of GDP, labour productivity per employee in industry and construction, number of organizations focused on generating profit and number of freelancers) which were used in the territorial units at the level of self-governing regions of the Slovak Republic (NUTS III level). In terms of the evaluation and comparison of regional disparities were used the Gini coefficient and the coefficient of variation for mutual comparison and validation of divergent or convergent tendencies of regional disparities in Slovakia.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {regional development,regional disparities,regional policy,socio-economic indicators,the coefficient of variation,the Gini coefficient}
}

@article{Klasen2015,
  title = {What {{Explains}} the {{Stagnation}} of {{Female Labor Force Participation}} in {{Urban India}}?},
  author = {Klasen, Stephan and Pieters, Janneke},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {449--478},
  issn = {0258-6770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhv003},
  abstract = {Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wage and education levels, married women's labor force participation hovered around 18 percent. Analysis of five large cross-sectional micro surveys shows that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors are rising household incomes and husband's education as well as the falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, the sectors that draw in female workers have expanded least, so that changes in the sectoral structure of employment alone would have actually led to declining participation rates.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Klasen2021,
  title = {What {{Drives Female Labour Force Participation}}? {{Comparable Micro-level Evidence}} from {{Eight Developing}} and {{Emerging Economies}}},
  author = {Klasen, Stephan and Le, Tu Thi Ngoc and Pieters, Janneke and Silva, Manuel Santos},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3},
  pages = {417--442},
  issn = {0022-0388},
  doi = {10.1080/00220388.2020.1790533},
  abstract = {We investigate the micro-level determinants of labour force participation of urban married women in eight low- and middle-income economies: Bolivia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Jordan, South Africa, Tanzania, and Vietnam. In order to understand what drives changes and differences in participation rates since the early 2000s, we build a unified empirical framework that allows for comparative analyses across time and space. We find that the returns to the characteristics of women and their families differ substantially across countries, and this explains most of the between-country differences in participation rates. Overall, the economic, social, and institutional constraints that shape women's labour force participation remain largely country-specific. Nonetheless, rising education levels and declining fertility consistently increased participation rates, while rising household incomes contributed negatively in relatively poorer countries, suggesting that a substantial share of women work out of economic necessity.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kleinman2021,
  title = {Implementing a Peer Recovery Coach Model to Reach Low-Income, Minority Individuals Not Engaged in Substance Use Treatment},
  author = {Kleinman, Mary B. and Doran, Kelly and Felton, Julia W. and Satinsky, Emily N. and Dean, Dwayne and Bradley, Valerie and Magidson, Jessica F.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SUBSTANCE ABUSE},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  pages = {726--734},
  issn = {0889-7077},
  doi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1846663},
  abstract = {Background: Low-income, racial/ethnic minority individuals face significant barriers in access to substance use (SU) treatment. Peer recovery coaches (PRCs), individuals with lived experience with substance use disorder (SUD), may be uniquely well suited to assist those encountering barriers to treatment. PRCs can also help reach those not engaged in treatment to promote harm reduction and support linkage-to-care when embedded in community rather than clinical settings. This study evaluated a community-based program in which a PRC facilitated linkage to and supported retention in SU treatment. Methods: Guided by the RE-AIM framework, we evaluated implementation of the intervention in a community resource center (CRC) serving homeless and low-income residents of Baltimore City. We examined the reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation of this PRC model. Results: Of 199 clients approached by or referred to the PRC, 39 were interested in addressing their SU. Of those interested in addressing SU, the PRC linked 64.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 25) to treatment and was able to follow up with 59.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 23) at prespecified time points after linkage (24-48 hours, 2 weeks, and 1 month). Fifty-two percent (n = 13) of clients linked to SU treatment remained in treatment at 30 days post-linkage. Of clients who did not remain in treatment, 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 10) continued contact with the PRC. Conclusions: Results indicate the utility of the CRC's approach in linking people to treatment for SU and addressing barriers to care through work with a PRC. Findings also highlight important barriers and facilitators to implementation of this model, including the need for adaptation based on individual goals and fluctuations in readiness for treatment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {implementation science,linkage-to-care,Peer recovery coach,substance-related disorders,vulnerable populations}
}

@article{Kleinman2023,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveSometimes}} You Have to Take the Person and Show Them How\textbackslash ensuremath'': Adapting Behavioral Activation for Peer Recovery Specialist-Delivery to Improve Methadone Treatment Retention},
  author = {Kleinman, Mary B. and Anvari, Morgan S. and Bradley, Valerie D. and Felton, Julia W. and Belcher, Annabelle M. and {Seitz-Brown}, C. J. and Greenblatt, Aaron D. and Dean, Dwayne and Bennett, Melanie and Magidson, Jessica F.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s13011-023-00524-3},
  abstract = {BackgroundDespite efficacy of medication for opioid use disorder, low-income, ethno-racial minoritized populations often experience poor opioid use disorder treatment outcomes. Peer recovery specialists, individuals with lived experience of substance use and recovery, are well-positioned to engage hard-to-reach patients in treatment for opioid use disorder. Traditionally, peer recovery specialists have focused on bridging to care rather than delivering interventions. This study builds on research in other low-resource contexts that has explored peer delivery of evidence-based interventions, such as behavioral activation, to expand access to care.MethodsWe sought feedback on the feasibility and acceptability of a peer recovery specialist-delivered behavioral activation intervention supporting retention in methadone treatment by increasing positive reinforcement. We recruited patients and staff at a community-based methadone treatment center and peer recovery specialist working across Baltimore City, Maryland, USA. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups inquired about the feasibility and acceptability of behavioral activation, recommendations for adaptation, and acceptability of working with a peer alongside methadone treatment.ResultsParticipants (N = 32) shared that peer recovery specialist-delivered behavioral activation could be feasible and acceptable with adaptations. They described common challenges associated with unstructured time, for which behavioral activation could be particularly relevant. Participants provided examples of how a peer-delivered intervention could fit well in the context of methadone treatment, emphasizing the importance of flexibility and specific peer qualities.ConclusionsImproving medication for opioid use disorder outcomes is a national priority that must be met with cost-effective, sustainable strategies to support individuals in treatment. Findings will guide adaptation of a peer recovery specialist-delivered behavioral activation intervention to improve methadone treatment retention for underserved, ethno-racial minoritized individuals living with opioid use disorder.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral activation,Health disparities,Methadone,Opioid use disorder,Peer recovery specialist}
}

@article{Kley2019,
  title = {Does Moving for Family Nest-Building Inhibit Mothers' Labour Force (Re-)Entry?},
  author = {Kley, Stefanie and Drobnic, Sonja},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {155--183},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.7},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND Couples tend to move house around first childbirth and often into suburban or rural neighbourhoods, conforming to the normative belief that children should grow up in a \textbackslash textasciigraveproper family home.' Such moves are likely to increase housing costs and both partners might need to contribute to the household income. But the move might also necessitate long commutes, inhibiting mothers' labour force participation. If the family sphere is more salient for (prospective) mothers, they might accept a remote location for its family-friendly environment but also because they are not planning a rapid return to work. OBJECTIVE This article analyses the influence of moving around first childbirth on the timing of mothers' transitions into employment after childbirth. METHODS Event history methods are used on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1999-2014 (N = 1334 first-time mothers). RESULTS Limited evidence was found for the hypothesis that moving around first childbirth accelerates mothers' labour market (re-)entry: moving for homeownership increased the entry rate into full-time employment for mothers with low earnings potential. Strong evidence was found for the hypothesis that moving around first childbirth impedes mothers' employment, particularly hampering entering part-time jobs, the domain of working mothers in Germany and other countries. CONCLUSION Moving for family nest-building seems to place mothers in unfavourable structural positions for employment. CONTRIBUTION This article shows that social inequalities among women and within households as well as the persistence of gendered life courses can be reinforced through processes of family migration.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kluender2018,
  title = {{Caring, cooking, cleaning - Representative time use patterns in two-parent households}},
  author = {Kluender, Nina and {Meier-Graewe}, Uta},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {ZEITSCHRIFTE FUR FAMILIENFORSCHUNG-JOURNAL OF FAMILY RESEARCH},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9--28},
  issn = {1437-2940},
  doi = {10.3224/zff.v30i1.02},
  abstract = {As a result of the increasing labor force participation of mothers, this article questions how two-parent households divide the housework activities of caring, cooking and cleaning. Therefore three types of couples with different labor force participations were formed: Dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and male-breadwinner couples. The time use for the mentioned activities was examined with a secondary analysis based on the German representative time use surveys of 2012/2013 and 2001/2002. The analysis showed that fulltime mothers spent the lowest amount of time for caring, cooking and cleaning. However, unemployed mothers spent the most time for these activities. Within a decade - from 2001/2002 to 2012/2013 - all mothers have reduced their time spent on household activities. Meanwhile, all parents in 2012/2013 take noticeably more time for child care. Regardless of the mother's labor force participation, mothers still spent more time for caring, cooking and cleaning, especially on weekdays. Additionally, the everyday housework is divided by gender. Only on weekends, couples with employed mothers shared the care-work almost egalitarian.},
  langid = {german},
  keywords = {child care,cleaning,cooking and meal preparation,doing the laundry,parental labor-force participation,time use}
}

@article{Knabe2011,
  title = {Minimum {{Wages}} and Their {{Alternatives}}: {{A Critical Assessment}}},
  author = {Knabe, Andreas and Schoeb, Ronnie},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {GERMAN POLITICS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  pages = {506--526},
  issn = {0964-4008},
  doi = {10.1080/09644008.2011.606316},
  abstract = {Do minimum wages reduce in-work poverty and wage inequality? Or can alternative policies do better? Germany suffers from high unemployment among low-skilled workers and rising wage dispersion at the lower end of the wage distribution. We analyse the impact on employment, wage inequality, public expenditure, and incomes of poor households of three different policy options currently being discussed in Germany: a statutory minimum wage, a combination of minimum wages and wage subsidies, and pure wage subsidies to low-paid workers. In doing so, we distinguish between perfectly competitive and monopsonistic labour markets. We find that a minimum wage of EUR 7.50 would cost between 410,000 and 840,000 low-paid jobs, increasing the fiscal burden, while only moderately raising the income of poor households. With pure wage subsidies, the government can always ensure more favourable employment effects. Combining a minimum wage with a wage subsidy turns out to be extremely costly and inferior to wage subsidies in all respects.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kneipp2013,
  title = {A Randomized Controlled Trial to Improve Health among Women Receiving Welfare in the {{US}}: {{The}} Relationship between Employment Outcomes and the Economic Recession},
  author = {Kneipp, Shawn M. and Kairalla, John A. and Sheely, Amanda L.},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {80},
  pages = {130--140},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.011},
  abstract = {The high prevalence of health conditions among U.S. women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, or \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare') impedes the ability of many in this group to move from \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare-to-work', and the economic recession has likely exacerbated this problem. Despite this, few interventions have been developed to improve employment outcomes by addressing the health needs of women receiving TANF, and little is known about the impact of economic downturns on the employment trajectory of this group. Using data from a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) that tested the efficacy of a public health nursing (PHN) intervention to address the chronic health condition needs of 432 American women receiving TANF, we examine the effect of the intervention and of recession exposure on employment. We further explore whether intervention effects were modified by select sociodemographic and health characteristics. Both marginal and more robust intervention effects were noted for employment-entry outcomes (any employment, p = 0.05 and time-to-employment, p = 0.01). There were significant effects for recession exposure on employment-entry (any employment, p = 0.002 and time-to-employment, p {$<$} 0.001). Neither the intervention nor recession exposure influenced longer-term employment outcomes (employment rate or maximum continuous employment). Intervention effects were not modified by age, education, prior TANF receipt, functional status, or recession exposure, suggesting the intervention was equally effective in improving employment-entry across a fairly heterogeneous group both before and after the recession onset. These findings advance our understanding of the health and employment dynamics among this group of disadvantaged women under variable macroeconomic conditions, and have implications for guiding health and TANF-related policy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic recession,Health disparities,Public health nursing,Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),USA,Welfare policy,Women's health}
}

@article{Knies2021,
  title = {Neighbourhood Deprivation, Life Satisfaction and Earnings: {{Comparative}} Analyses of Neighbourhood Effects at Bespoke Scales},
  author = {Knies, Gundi and Melo, Patricia C. and Zhang, Min},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {URBAN STUDIES},
  volume = {58},
  number = {13},
  pages = {2640--2659},
  issn = {0042-0980},
  doi = {10.1177/0042098020956930},
  abstract = {Neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage has a profound impact on individuals' earnings and life satisfaction. Since definitions of the neighbourhood and research designs vary greatly across studies, it is difficult to ascertain which neighbourhoods and outcomes matter the most. By conducting parallel analyses of the impact of neighbourhood deprivation on life satisfaction and earnings at multiple scales, we provide a direct empirical test of which scale matters the most and whether the effects vary between outcomes. Our identification strategy combines rich longitudinal information on individual characteristics, family background and initial job conditions for England and Wales with econometric estimators that address residential sorting bias, and we compare results for individuals living in choice-restricted social housing with results for those living in self-selected privately rented housing. We find that the effect of neighbourhood deprivation on life satisfaction and wages is negative for both outcomes and largely explained by strong residential sorting on both individual and neighbourhood characteristics rather than a genuine causal effect. We also find that the results overall do not vary by neighbourhood scale.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {demographics,employment,exclusion,labour,life satisfaction,longitudinal analysis,neighbourhood,poverty}
}

@article{Knight2016,
  title = {Women and the {{Chinese Labor Market}}: {{Recent Patterns}} and {{Future Possibilities}}},
  author = {Knight, Tabitha},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {CHINESE ECONOMY},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {213--227},
  issn = {1097-1475},
  doi = {10.1080/10971475.2016.1159907},
  abstract = {While many economists have advanced potential future growth strategies for the Chinese economy, none to our knowledge have done so with a specific consideration of the impacts these policies may have on women's welfare measured in terms of labor market outcomes. In this article, we first discuss the relative status of women's position in the Chinese labor force from the perspective of their employment levels, occupational segregation, and wages. We then calculate segregation indices and present and interpret recent employment data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China to consider how the labor market has evolved for women in the last decade. Interestingly, we find that occupational segregation by gender has in fact intensified since the onset of the radical reforms in China in the mid-1990s. Next, we contribute to the literature by evaluating potential growth policies for their impacts on women's relative welfare in terms of labor market outcomes using our unique criteria for evaluation. We find that switching to a service-centered growth strategy could work to increase women's relative welfare if implemented concurrently with additional policies aimed at reducing the otherwise potential negative implications for women's relative welfare. Finally, we provide our own gender sensitive growth strategy suggestions which include our argument that an education-led growth strategy, for example, may have the largest positive impact on both the Chinese economy and women's relative welfare.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender inequality,growth,labor markets}
}

@article{Knight2023,
  title = {Financialization and {{Systemic Income Inequality}}: {{A Call}} to {{Action}} for {{Social Work Educators}} and {{Practitioners}}},
  author = {Knight, Carolyn and Belcher, John},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TEACHING IN SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20--42},
  issn = {0884-1233},
  doi = {10.1080/08841233.2022.2120168},
  abstract = {The transition to a financialized economy has had a devastating impact on workers and consumers and exacerbated wealth and income inequality in the United States and around the world. In this article, the authors explain financialization, a two-fold economic strategy whereby individual corporations invest in the financial market- rather than make capital improvements- to earn a profit and global and domestic economies heavily invest in and depend upon financial, insurance, and real estate (FIRE) ventures. If the social work profession is to meet its obligation to promote social and economic justice, practitioners and students must understand this economic strategy and its consequences. The social work education, practice, and policy literature elaborates upon the role that practitioners can play in helping clients achieve financial literacy. This reflects a largely micro approach to the problems created and maintained by financialization. Macro interventions are required, however, since financialization is indicative of and exacerbates systemic economic inequality. Therefore, the authors identify suggested content for the generalist and foundation practice, policy, field, and continuing education curricula that identifies the knowledge and skills needed to help clients with their financial difficulties and challenges the underlying economic forces that contributed to them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {field education,Financialization,income and wealth inequality,macro practice,policy practice}
}

@article{Kobylanska2018,
  title = {The Role of Biopsychosocial Factors in the Rehabilitation Process of Individuals with a Stroke},
  author = {Kobylanska, Marzena and Kowalska, Joanna and Neustein, Jolanta and Mazurek, Justyna and Wojcik, Bartosz and Belza, Malgorzata and Cichosz, Michal and {Szczepanska-Gieracha}, Joanna},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {61},
  number = {4},
  pages = {523--535},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-162823},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: A large proportion of individuals with a stroke are unable to return to work, although figures vary greatly. Due to the very high cost of post-stroke care, both tangible and intangible, in the form of long-term social consequences, it seems extremely important to search for factors responsible for the low efficiency of the rehabilitation and recovery process, because this fact has direct influence on future employment. Such knowledge would enable physiotherapists to quickly identify those patients who are at risk of rehabilitation breakdown, in order to provide them with special care and include them in intensive therapeutic treatments. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of post-stroke rehabilitation, evaluated within the biopsychosocial aspect. METHODS: The study consisted of 120 patients after first stroke, including 48 women and 72 men aged 58.0 (+/- 8.6). The measure of the effects of physiotherapy in the present study was not only the improvement of the functional state (simple and complex activities of daily life, locomotive activities), but also the improvement of the mental state (mood and the sense of well-being, level of acceptance of illness, perceived self-efficacy) and the reduction of pain. The Mini-Mental State Examination, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, the Acceptance of Illness Scale, the Visual Analogue Scale, the Barthel Index, the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living and the Rivermead Mobility Index were used. All parameters were measured twice: on admission to the ward and after three weeks of physiotherapy. The characteristics of the study group were presented using descriptive statistics. The analysis of interdependence of the efficacy of physiotherapy used two non-parametric tests: the Mann-Whitney U test to compare two groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test to compare a greater number of groups. Correlations between characteristics with continuous distributions were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rho), and in case of categorical variables, Pearson's chi-squared (chi(2)) correlation coefficient. Linear regression was used to determine the hierarchy of the influence of particular characteristics on the efficacy of physiotherapy. RESULTS: Statistical analyzes show that patient's age, time since stroke, number of comorbidities, family care capacity, marital status of the patient and also a low level of acceptance of illness, depression symptoms and lack of a sense of self-efficacy were related with low efficacy of post-stroke rehabilitation CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive neurological rehabilitation, taking into account mental challenges and socio-economic circumstances of individuals with a stroke is essential in order to achieve high efficacy of physiotherapy. Important external factors may play a pivotal role in returning to work as well and should be taken into account during rehabilitation. Of interest should be to assess more biopsychological factors, such as acceptance of illness and a sense of self-efficacy referred to as barriers to return to work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {clinical practice,depression symptoms,intervention,neurological rehabilitation,occupational therapy,physiotherapy,Post-stroke rehabilitation,return to work,younger adults}
}

@article{Kochan2016,
  title = {Employment Relations and Growing Income Inequality: {{Causes}} and Potential Options for Its Reversal},
  author = {Kochan, Thomas A. and Riordan, Christine A.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {419--440},
  issn = {0022-1856},
  doi = {10.1177/0022185616634337},
  abstract = {The growth of income inequality is now recognized to be one of the most important developments in employment relations of our time. While inequality has increased in many parts of the world, it has been most pronounced in the United States. We review the factors that have been suggested to cause the growth in inequality and, given these multiple causes, suggest a set of actions that might begin to reverse this trend. We give special attention to the changes in the employment relationship related to labor market institutions - including unions and other forms of worker representation, wage regulations and enforcement, and safety net policy - while also accounting for explanations and proposals that focus on technology, skills and education, and globalization. Additionally, we argue that emerging forms of organizational restructuring are becoming increasingly important to the study of inequality and its remedies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Globalization,income inequality,labor market institutions,organizations,skills and education,wage policies}
}

@article{Kochan2019,
  title = {The {{Changing Nature}} of {{Employee}} and {{Labor-Management Relationships}}},
  author = {Kochan, Thomas A. and Riordan, Christine A. and Kowalski, Alexander M. and Khan, Mahreen and Yang, Duanyi},
  editor = {Morgeson, F and Ashford, {\relax SJ} and Aguinis, H},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, VOL 6},
  series = {Annual {{Review}} of {{Organizational Psychology}} and {{Organizational Behavior}}},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {195--219},
  issn = {2327-0608},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015335},
  abstract = {This article reviews work and employment research, paying particular attention to theory and applications by scholars in organizational psychology and organizational behavior (OP/OB) and employment or industrial relations (ER), with the objective of better understanding employee and labor-management relationships. Our animating premise is that juxtaposing these two research traditions provides a stronger basis for analyzing these relationships today. OP/OB offer micro-and meso-level focuses, whereas ER focuses on organizations, collective actors, and labor markets, with an emphasis on historical context. We hope this review motivates efforts to think about and build new social and psychological contracts that are attuned to the evolving dynamics present in the economy, workforce, and society. To this end, we look to the future and propose ways of deepening, broadening, and accelerating the pace of research that might lead to useful changes in practices, institutions, and public policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {changing nature of work,employee relationships,labor-management relationships,psychological contract,social contract}
}

@article{Kodama2018,
  title = {The {{Labour Market Effects}} of {{Increases}} in {{Social Insurance Premium}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Japan}}},
  author = {Kodama, Naomi and Yokoyama, Izumi},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {OXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS},
  volume = {80},
  number = {5},
  pages = {992--1019},
  issn = {0305-9049},
  doi = {10.1111/obes.12226},
  abstract = {Exploiting heterogeneous variations in labour cost increases due to Japan's 2003 social insurance premium reform as a natural experiment, we estimate the impacts of the increased social insurance premiums on employment, working hours and payroll costs. Using the difference-in-differences method with establishment fixed effects, we find that firms reduce the number of employees and increase average annual earnings from longer working hours in response to an exogenous increase in labour costs without productivity gains. Firms manage to pay for this increase in the average wage paid to the remaining workers by reducing the number of employees to keep total payroll costs unchanged. In contrast, since social insurance premiums are shared equally between employees and employers, firms pay the remaining half premiums that they are imposed with. Sub-sample analyses show that firms adhering to a labour hoarding policy did fire many workers taking advantage of the 2003 reform. This may indicate that the reform provided a good excuse to cut employment in firms that had been forced to comply with a labour hoarding policy even in an over-employment situation, which is more likely in sectors and countries where dismissals are rigorously regulated.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kolesnik2021,
  title = {{What should we do about the employment of women with children in Russia? The role of preschool educational institutions}},
  author = {Kolesnik, Daria P. and Pestova, Anna A. and Donina, Anna G.},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {VOPROSY EKONOMIKI},
  number = {12},
  pages = {94--117},
  issn = {0042-8736},
  doi = {10.32609/0042-8736-2021-12-94-117},
  abstract = {The paper examines the opportunities and obstacles to increasing the employment of women with children in Russia. There is a tight correlation between Russia's lagging behind in the share of working women with children under the age of three and a lack of supply of preschool and childcare institutions. Using quantitative analysis of the Russian regions, we show that the expansion of the supply of preschool education services is associated with an increase in the employment of women, and the cost of introducing additional places in preschool organizations is recouped by additional tax revenues from working women with children in two years. Our cross-country analysis shows that the transition from traditional gender and social roles to more equal ones, the reduction of gender inequality, the encouragement of fathers to take parental leave, and the increased availability of part-time or flexible-schedule employment for women with children could further facilitate the employment of women with children. Our estimates show that an increase of preschool enrollment in Russia to the level of European countries would materialize a sizable economic growth potential: an increase in income per capita would be 3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {cross-country comparison,employment of mothers,female labor supply,Russian economy}
}

@article{Kolie2023,
  title = {Increasing the Availability of Health Workers in Rural Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: A Scoping Review of Rural Pipeline Programmes},
  author = {Kolie, Delphin and Van De Pas, Remco and Codjia, Laurence and Zurn, Pascal},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12960-023-00801-z},
  abstract = {IntroductionRural pipeline approach has recently gain prominent recognition in improving the availability of health workers in hard-to-reach areas such as rural and poor regions. Understanding implications for its successful implementation is important to guide health policy and decision-makers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to synthesize the evidence on rural pipeline implementation and impacts in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review using Joanna Briggs Institute guidebook. We searched in PubMed and Google scholar databases and the grey literature. We conducted a thematic analysis to assess the studies. Data were reported following the PRISMA extension for Scoping reviews guidelines.ResultsOf the 443 references identified through database searching, 22 met the inclusion criteria. Rural pipeline pillars that generated impacts included ensuring that more rural students are selected into programmes; developing a curriculum oriented towards rural health and rural exposure during training; curriculum oriented to rural health delivery; and ensuring retention of health workers in rural areas through educational and professional support. These impacts varied from one pillar to another and included: increased in number of rural health practitioners; reduction in communication barriers between healthcare providers and community members; changes in household economic and social circumstances especially for students from poor family; improvement of health services quality; improved health education and promotion within rural communities; and motivation of community members to enrol their children in school. However, implementation of rural pipeline resulted in some unintended impacts such as perceived workload increased by trainee's supervisors; increased job absenteeism among senior health providers; patients' discomfort of being attended by students; perceived poor quality care provided by students which influenced health facilities attendance. Facilitating factors of rural pipeline implementation included: availability of learning infrastructures in rural areas; ensuring students' accommodation and safety; setting no age restriction for students applying for rural medical schools; and appropriate academic capacity-building programmes for medical students. Implementation challenges included poor preparation of rural health training schools' candidates; tuition fees payment; limited access to rural health facilities for students training; inadequate living and working conditions; and perceived discrimination of rural health workers.ConclusionThis review advocates for combined implementation of rural pipeline pillars, taking into account the specificity of country context. Policy and decision-makers in sub-Saharan Africa should extend rural training programmes to involve nurses, midwives and other allied health professionals. Decision-makers in sub-Saharan Africa should also commit more for improving rural living and working environments to facilitate the implementation of rural health workforce development programmes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health workers,Medical education reforms,Rural pipeline programmes,Scoping review,Sub-Saharan Africa}
}

@article{Kondrat2022,
  title = {{EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY OF UKRAINE'S PENSION SYSTEM AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT}},
  author = {Kondrat, I and Yaroshevych, N. and Kalaitan, T. and Yakymiv, A.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {FINANCIAL AND CREDIT ACTIVITY-PROBLEMS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {1},
  number = {42},
  pages = {226--239},
  issn = {2306-4994},
  abstract = {The article is devoted to assessing the long-term sustainability of Ukraine's pension system in order to determine the efficiency of its main function - protection against poverty in old age and income replacement in retirement. The method of calculating the Global Pension Index was applied, which was modified by the authors taking into account the peculiarities of the national labor market (labor migration, shadow employment, etc.). The long-term sustainability indicator is determined on the basis of 9 sub-indicators,which reflect the impact of demographic (life expectancy at state pension age, total fertility rate and old-age dependency ratio, labor force participation rate aged 55-64 or over etc.), structural (contribution of each level of pension system to ensuring the welfare of beneficiaries), economic (the level of private pension assets, expressed as a percentage of GDP, the level of the adjusted government debt and public cost of pensions, real economic growth) factors.The results showed that the sustainability indexof the pension system gradually increased during 2016-2020, reaching its maximum value at 45.29 out of 100 possible. This means that functioning of the pension system is not effective enough in terms of providing adequate income in old age. The disproportionate structure of the pension system, in which almost all the financial strain of paying benefits is concentrated in PAYG system, does not contribute to its sustainability, especially in the long term. Prospects for the development of Ukraine's pension system are mainly related to the strengthening of private pensions: expanding the participation of the working age population in private pension plans, increasing the share of private pension assets in GDP, increasing protection of investors' rights, stimulating labor force participation rate retirees. It was shown that GDP per-capita is weakly correlated with pension's Therefore, economic factors do not have a decisive influence.},
  langid = {ukrainian},
  keywords = {demographic and economic factors,long-term sustainability,pension system of Ukraine,private pension assets,solidarity system,structural disparities,sustainability indicator}
}

@article{Kong2021,
  title = {Working after Cancer: In-Depth Perspectives from a Setting with Limited Employment Protection Policies},
  author = {Kong, Yek-Ching and Rauf, Negina and Subramaniam, Shridevi and Bustamam, Ros Suzanna and Wong, Li-Ping and Ho, Gwo-Fuang and Zaharah, Hafizah and Mellor, Matin and Yip, Cheng-Har and {Bhoo-Pathy}, Nirmala},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CANCER SURVIVORSHIP},
  volume = {15},
  number = {5},
  pages = {706--712},
  issn = {1932-2259},
  doi = {10.1007/s11764-020-00962-z},
  abstract = {Purpose A considerable proportion of individuals who are diagnosed with cancer are at a working age. We aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges, and arising needs related to working after cancer in a setting with limited employment protection policies. Methods Focus group discussions were conducted with cancer patients who were diagnosed at least 1 year prior to recruitment, and either had paid work, were self-employed, currently unemployed, or currently retired (N = 66). Results Three main themes were identified: (1) loss of income: While some participants were entitled for a 1-year cancer-specific sick leave, many other participants recounted having insufficient paid sick leave, forcing them to take prolonged unpaid leave to complete treatment; (2) dealing with side effects of cancer and its treatment: The need for workplace accommodations was highlighted including flexible working hours, lighter workloads, and dedicated rest areas to enable patients to cope better; (3) Discrimination and stigma at workplace: Some participants mentioned being passed over on a promotion, getting demoted, or being forced to resign once their cancer diagnosis was disclosed, highlighting an urgent need to destigmatize cancer in the workplace. Conclusion In settings with limited employment protection policies, a cancer diagnosis severely impacts the working experiences of patients, leading to financial loss. Urgent interventions and legislative reforms are needed in these settings to address the unmet employment needs of cancer survivors. Implications for Cancer Survivors This study may facilitate planning of local solutions to fulfill the unmet employment needs following cancer, such as return-to-work navigation services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer,Employment,Return to work,Supportive care,Survivorship}
}

@article{Kong2023,
  title = {Can {{Digital Economy Drive Income Level Growth}} in the {{Context}} of {{Sustainable Development}}? {{Fresh Evidence}} from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBroadband China}}\textbackslash ensuremath''},
  author = {Kong, Dandan and Li, Jing and Jin, Zehu},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {15},
  number = {17},
  doi = {10.3390/su151713170},
  abstract = {In the context of the rapid development of digital economy and the promotion of sustainable development, this paper focuses on the impact of digital economy on income levels. Based on the panel data of 195 prefecture-level cities, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace pilot has been regarded as a natural experiment for the measurement of the digital economy. In this paper, a time-varying DID model was established to evaluate the influential effect of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on income growth. It was found that the coming into service of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has increased the overall income level of the Chinese labor force. Further research found that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has done more to raise the income levels of the high-skilled labor force, thus widening the income gap between the high-, medium-, and low-skilled labor force. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace can affect the income growth via two mechanisms, namely, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveincreasing the entrepreneurship rate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveleading to an increase in the overall number of professional and skilled labor force in China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In this case, the entrepreneurship rate of the high-skilled labor force may be higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force due to human capital accumulation. The rapid increase in the high-skilled labor force in technical industries will lead to the situation where their income growth effect is higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force. Based on the above research results, this paper puts forward policy suggestions from three aspects: further accelerating the process of digital economy; improving the institutional environment of the broadband network and standardizing the order of the construction of the broadband network; and further stimulating the entrepreneurial motivation of labor force, paying attention to the problem of skill bias and optimizing the employment structure, balancing efficiency and equity, and contributing to the ultimate sustainable development of developing countries.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Konstantinidis2020,
  title = {Military Conscription, External Security, and Income Inequality: {{The}} Missing Link},
  author = {Konstantinidis, Nikitas},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL POLITICS},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {312--347},
  issn = {0951-6298},
  doi = {10.1177/0951629819895595},
  abstract = {This article seeks to analyze the political economy of military conscription policy and its relationship with a country's external security environment. National security is modeled as a non-rivalrous and non-excludable public good, whose production technology consists of either centrally conscripted or competitively recruited military labor. Conscription is construed as an implicit discretionary tax on citizens' labor endowment. Based on this, I propose a simple political economy model of pure public goods provision financed by two policy instruments: a lump-sum income tax and a conscription tax. Constraint optimization of a quasi-linear utility function gives rise to three general classes of preferences: high- and low-skilled citizens will prefer an all-volunteer army, albeit of different size, whereas medium-skilled citizens will favor positive levels of conscription. These derived preferences allow me to tease out an explicit relationship between military manpower procurement policy, a country's level of external threat, and its pre-tax income inequality levels. One of my key findings is that more egalitarian countries are more likely to use conscription as a military manpower procurement mechanism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {conscription tax,income inequality,Military conscription,national security,public goods}
}

@article{Korpi2013,
  title = {Women's {{Opportunities}} under {{Different Family Policy Constellations}}: {{Gender}}, {{Class}}, and {{Inequality Tradeoffs}} in {{Western Countries Re-examined}}},
  author = {Korpi, Walter and Ferrarini, Tommy and Englund, Stefan},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--40},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxs028},
  abstract = {This article explores tradeoffs reflecting interaction effects between socioeconomic class and different types of family policies on gender inequalities in terms of agency and economic inequality in eighteen Organization for Economic and Cultural Development countries. We identify multiple dimensions in family policies, reflecting the extent to which legislation involves claim rights supporting mothers' paid work or supporting traditional homemaking. We use constellations of multidimensional policies in combination with multilevel analysis to examine effects on class selectivity of women into employment and glass ceilings with respect to women's access to top wages and managerial positions. Our results indicate that while major negative family policy effects for women with tertiary education are difficult to find in countries with well-developed policies supporting women's employment and work-family reconciliation, family policies clearly differ in the extent to which they improve opportunities for women without university education.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kosari2021,
  title = {Funding Pharmacists in General Practice: {{A}} Feasibility Study to Inform the Design of Future Economic Evaluations},
  author = {Kosari, Sam and Deeks, Louise S. and Naunton, Mark and Dawda, Paresh and Postma, Marteen J. and Tay, Guan Han and Peterson, Gregory M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1012--1016},
  issn = {1551-7411},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.030},
  abstract = {Background: Funding is a significant barrier to employing general practice pharmacists. Objective(s): To explore the feasibility of determining the cost-benefit of pharmacists in Australian general practice. Methods: Two part-time pharmacists were employed by general practices in Canberra, Australia. Diaries of the pharmacists were analysed to determine time worked and participation in income-generating activities, including Government-funded programs: Asthma Cycle of Care, Home Medicine Reviews, and Health Care Assessments. Scenarios using different practice and business models were entered into value-cost models to determine the income generated by the pharmacists relative to their salary. Results: Over 19 weeks, pharmacists A and B supported 47 and 23 Asthma Cycle of Care activities, generating income to the general practice of AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4,700 and AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2,300, respectively. The pharmacists spent 36.4 and 24.1 hours on activities usually conducted by general practitioners (GPs), allowing additional time for GP-patient consultations. Value-cost models determined AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar0.61 - AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1.20 income generation by pharmacists per AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1 salary. Conclusions: It was feasible to determine the value-cost ratios of employing pharmacists in general practice using these methods. Future work should focus on developing a robust business model that includes health care system savings resulting from practice pharmacist interventions, determined from randomised controlled trials.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics,General practice,General practitioners,Pharmacists,Primary care}
}

@article{Kosec2021,
  title = {Perceptions of Relative Deprivation and Women's Empowerment},
  author = {Kosec, Katrina and Mo, Cecilia Hyunjung and Schmidt, Emily and Song, Jie},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {138},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105218},
  abstract = {How do perceptions of one's relative economic status affect gender attitudes, including support for women's economic participation and involvement in decision-making in their community and household? We conducted a 2018 survey experiment with female and male adults in approximately 1000 households in Papua New Guinea. Employing an established survey treatment to subtly alter respondents' perception of their relative economic wellbeing, we find that increased feelings of relative deprivation make both men and women significantly more likely to support girls' schooling and women's paid employment, suggesting that relative economic insecurity can actually prompt support for women's economic participation. However, increased feelings of relative deprivation may trigger greater intrahousehold tension. While increased perceptions of relative deprivation cause women to want more household decision-making authority, men's attitudes toward women's proper roles in decision-making are unchanged. In other words, increased support for women's economic participation among men appears to stem mainly from a desire to raise household income, and not to alter the general role of women in society. The results underscore the multifaceted nature of gender attitudes, and how support for women's economic participation may rise without simultaneous increases in women's agency in decision-making. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Experiment,Gender attitudes,Inequality,Labor force participation,Relative deprivation,Women's empowerment}
}

@article{Kosyakova2015,
  title = {Horizontal and {{Vertical Gender Segregation}} in {{Russia-Changes}} upon {{Labour Market Entry}} before and after the {{Collapse}} of the {{Soviet Regime}}},
  author = {Kosyakova, Yuliya and Kurakin, Dmitry and Blossfeld, Hans-Peter},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5},
  pages = {573--590},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcv060},
  abstract = {Using retrospective data from the Russian Education and Employment Survey, we examine labour market entry in Russia in terms of changes in horizontal gender segregation and vertical gender inequalities before and after the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1991. Our results provide evidence for horizontal gender segregation across branches of the economy among labour market entrants in Russia, which have been growing since 1991. Moreover, horizontal differences seem to be driving vertical gender inequalities in terms of entry into authoritative positions. Accounting for heterogeneity in education and the entered branch, we find that despite gender equality principles and full-time employment for women, vertical gender inequalities had already existed under the Soviet regime. However, these increased during the liberalization reforms. These growing vertical gender inequalities can be traced back mainly to a worsening of female chances in an economic transition, whereas there was no significant change for male entrants. Furthermore, women seem to be particularly disadvantaged among highly qualified entrants. We conclude that Russian female entrants have not fully converted their educational advantage into occupational opportunities since the transition from socialism to a liberalized market economy.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kottke2010,
  title = {Measuring {{Health Care Access}} and {{Quality}} to {{Improve Health}} in {{Populations}}},
  author = {Kottke, Thomas E. and Isham, George J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1545-1151},
  abstract = {Poor health status, rapidly escalating health care costs, and seemingly little association between investments in health care and health outcomes have prompted a call for a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepay-for-performance\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace system to improve population health. We suggest that both health plans and clinical service providers measure and report the rates of 5 behaviors: 1) smoking, 2) physical activity, 3) excessive drinking, 4) nutrition, and 5) condom use by sexually active youth. Because preventive services can improve population health, we suggest that health plans and clinical service providers report delivery rates of preventive services. We also suggest that an independent organization report 8 county-level indicators of health care performance: 1) health care expenditures, 2) insurance coverage, 3) rates of unmet medical, dental, and prescription drug needs, 4) preventive services delivery rates, 5) childhood vaccination rates, 6) rates of preventable hospitalizations, 7) an index of affordability, and 8) disparities in access to health care associated with race and income. To support healthy behaviors, access to work site wellness and health promotion programs should be measured. To promote coordinated care, an indicator should be developed for whether a clinical service provider is a member of an accountable care organization. To encourage clinical service providers and health plans to address the social determinants of health, organizational participation in community-benefit initiatives that address the leading social determinants of health should be assessed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kouam2023,
  title = {Gender Analysis of Labour Force Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Cameroon}}},
  author = {Kouam, Jean C. C. and Asongu, Simplice A. A. and Nantchouang, Robert and Foretia, Denis},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT SOUTHERN AFRICA},
  issn = {0376-835X},
  doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2023.2231025},
  abstract = {The present study contributes to the extant literature by assessing how financial and human developments moderate the incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation in Cameroon for the period 1987 to 2020 using the generalised least squares (GLS) estimation approach. It is apparent from the findings that human development in the perspective of the human development index (HDI) and broad money supply are necessary and sufficient conditions to moderate vulnerable female employment for female labour force participation. Accordingly, HDI thresholds of between 0.591 and 0.634 are needed to reverse the negative incidence of female vulnerable employment on female labour force participation. Furthermore, a threshold of 30.294 (\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GDP) of broad money supply is also needed to reverse the negative incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation. Other implications for policy are discussed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kovach2019,
  title = {How {{Engaged Are Family Physicians}} in {{Addressing}} the {{Social Determinants}} of {{Health}}? {{A Survey Supporting}} the {{American Academy}} of {{Family Physician}}'s {{Health Equity Environmental Scan}}},
  author = {Kovach, Kevin A. and Reid, Kathy and Grandmont, Jene and Jones, Danielle and Wood, Julie and Schoof, Bellinda},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {HEALTH EQUITY},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {449--457},
  doi = {10.1089/heq.2019.0022},
  abstract = {Purpose: Public health leaders have advocated for clinical and population-based interventions to address the social determinants of health (SDoH). The American Academy of Family Physicians has worked to support family physicians with addressing the SDoH. However, the extent that family physicians are engaged and the factors that influence this are unknown. Methods: A survey was used to identify actions family physicians had taken to address the SDoH and perceived barriers. Physician and community characteristics were linked. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with engagement in clinical and population-based actions, separately. Results: There were 434 (8.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) responses. Among respondents, 81.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% were engaged in at least one clinical action, and 43.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% were engaged in at least one population-based action. Time (80.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and staffing (64.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were the most common barriers. Physician experience was associated with higher levels of clinical engagement, lower median household income was associated with higher levels of population-based engagement, and working for a federally qualified health center (FQHC) was associated with both. Conclusions: The study provides preliminary information suggesting that family physicians are engaged in addressing the SDoH through clinical and population-based actions. Newer family physicians and those working in FQHCs may be good targets for piloting clinical actions to address SDoH and family physician advocates may be more likely to come from an FQHC or in a lower socioeconomic neighborhood. The study also raises questions about the value family physicians serving disadvantaged communities place on clinical interventions to address the SDoH.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family physician,health equity,social determinants of health}
}

@article{Kovacs2022,
  title = {Who Is Paid in Pay-for-Performance? {{Inequalities}} in the Distribution of Financial Bonuses amongst Health Centres in {{Zimbabwe}}},
  author = {Kovacs, Roxanne and Brown, Garrett W. and Kadungure, Artwell and Kristensen, Soren R. and Gwati, Gwati and Anselmi, Laura and Midzi, Nicholas and Borghi, Josephine},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {37},
  number = {4},
  pages = {429--439},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czab154},
  abstract = {Although pay-for-performance (P4P) schemes have been implemented across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), little is known about their distributional consequences. A key concern is that financial bonuses are primarily captured by providers who are already better able to perform (for example, those in wealthier areas), P4P could exacerbate existing inequalities within the health system. We examine inequalities in the distribution of pay-outs in Zimbabwe's national P4P scheme (2014-2016) using quantitative data on bonus payments and facility characteristics and findings from a thematic policy review and 28 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders at all system levels. We found that in Zimbabwe, facilities with better baseline access to guidelines, more staff, higher consultation volumes and wealthier and less remote target populations earned significantly higher P4P bonuses throughout the programme. For instance, facilities that were 1 SD above the mean in terms of access to guidelines, earned 90 USD more per quarter than those that were 1 SD below the mean. Differences in bonus pay-outs for facilities that were 1 SD above and below the mean in terms of the number of staff and consultation volumes are even more pronounced at 348 USD and 445 USD per quarter. Similarly, facilities with villages in the poorest wealth quintile in their vicinity earned less than all others-and 752 USD less per quarter than those serving villages in the richest quintile. Qualitative data confirm these findings. Respondents identified facility baseline structural quality, leadership, catchment population size and remoteness as affecting performance in the scheme. Unequal distribution of P4P pay-outs was identified as having negative consequences on staff retention, absenteeism and motivation. Based on our findings and previous work, we provide some guidance to policymakers on how to design more equitable P4P schemes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health financing,inequality,pay-for-performance,Zimbabwe}
}

@article{Kovalenko2016,
  title = {Contextualizing Employability {{Do}} Boundaries of Self-Directedness Vary in Different Labor Market Groups?},
  author = {Kovalenko, Maxim and Mortelmans, Dimitri},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {CAREER DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {21},
  number = {5},
  pages = {498--517},
  issn = {1362-0436},
  doi = {10.1108/CDI-01-2016-0012},
  abstract = {Purpose - Individual employability has become a crucial element in ensuring labor security in flexibilizing labor markets. The importance of agency-side factors as antecedents of employability has been emphasized in the relevant literature, spurring the criticism that some worker groups may be more restricted than others by contextual factors in respect to their employment prospects. The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically how labor market groups differ in what shapes their employability. Design/methodology/approach - The authors used a representative sample of 1,055 employees to detect differences in the impact of career self-directedness (agency-side) and several contextual factors (structure-side) on employability, comparing workers with and without higher education and workers in and outside managerial positions. Confirmatory factor analysis with subsequent tests of invariance was used. Findings - Results confirm that employability is affected both by contextual factors and by self-directedness. No significant differences were observed between the compared groups in the extent to which self-directedness and the contextual factors influence employability. An important finding is that self-directedness itself is affected by preceding career history (career mobility and previous unemployment), which may suggest a vicious-circle relationship between past and future career precariousness. Practical/implications - The findings support the view prevailing in policy circles that fostering agency-side factors such as self-directedness is instrumental toward achieving higher employment security. At the same time, individual agency cannot replace traditional policy measures in tackling structural labor market inequalities. Originality/value - This study uses robust methodology and a representative respondent sample to statistically disentangle the effects of agency and context on employability. Its key contribution pertains to the explicit comparison of different worker groups, with separate contrasts on each model parameter.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agency and structure,Career self-directedness,Employability,Labor market strata,New career,New employment relationship}
}

@article{Kowalewska2021,
  title = {Breadwinning or on the Breadline? {{Female}} Breadwinners' Economic Characteristics across 20 Welfare States},
  author = {Kowalewska, Helen and Vitali, Agnese},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--142},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/0958928720971094},
  abstract = {In analysing heterosexual couples' work-family arrangements over time and space, the comparative social policy literature has settled on the framework of the \textbackslash textasciigravemale-breadwinner' versus the \textbackslash textasciigravedual-earner' family. Yet, in assuming men in couple-families are (full-time) employed, this framework overlooks another work-family arrangement, which is the \textbackslash textasciigravefemale-breadwinner' couple. Including female-breadwinner couples matters because of their growing prevalence and, as our analysis shows, greater economic vulnerability. We perform descriptive and regression analyses of Luxembourg Income Study microdata to compare household incomes for female-breadwinner couples and other couple-types across 20 industrialized countries. We then consider how labour earnings and benefit incomes vary for \textbackslash textasciigravepure' breadwinner couples - comprising one wage-earner and one inactive/unemployed partner - according to the gender of the breadwinner. We find that pure female breadwinners have lower average individual earnings than male breadwinners, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and occupational and working-time differences. Furthermore, welfare systems across most countries are not working hard enough to compensate for the female breadwinner earnings penalty, including in social-democratic countries. Once controls are included in our regression models, it never happens that pure female breadwinners have higher disposable household incomes than pure male breadwinners. Thus, our study adds to a growing body of evidence showing that female-breadwinner families sit at the intersection of multiple disadvantages. In turn, these couples offer comparative scholars of the welfare state an \textbackslash textasciigraveacid test' case study for how effectively families are protected from social risk. Our results additionally highlight how cross-national differences in the female breadwinner income disadvantage do not fit neatly with established welfare typologies, suggesting that other factors - in particular, labour market characteristics and the economic cycle - are also at play.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breadwinning,earnings,family arrangements,female breadwinners,gender,household employment,Luxembourg Income Study,male-breadwinner model,s employment,women\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8217,work\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8211}
}

@article{Kowalewska2023,
  title = {Gendered Employment Patterns: {{Women}}'s Labour Market Outcomes across 24 Countries},
  author = {Kowalewska, Helen},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--168},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/09589287221148336},
  abstract = {An accepted framework for \textbackslash textasciigravegendering' the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of \textbackslash textasciigravedefamilialization' or how far their family policies support or undermine women's employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women's labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core \textbackslash textasciigraveworlds' of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide - likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining - place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are \textbackslash textasciigravebetter' overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on \textbackslash textasciigraveheadline' indicators or gender equality indices, matters.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kozak2021,
  title = {Paid Maternal Leave Is Associated with Better Language and Socioemotional Outcomes during Toddlerhood},
  author = {Kozak, Karina and Greaves, Ashley and Waldfogel, Jane and Angal, Jyoti and Elliott, Amy J. and Fifier, William P. and Brito, Natalie Hiromi},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INFANCY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {536--550},
  issn = {1525-0008},
  doi = {10.1111/infa.12399},
  abstract = {The United States is the only high-income country that does not have a national policy mandating paid leave to working women who give birth. Increased rates of maternal employment post-birth call for greater understanding of the effects of family leave on infant development. This study examined the links between paid leave and toddler language, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes (24-36 months; N = 328). Results indicate that paid leave was associated with better language outcomes, regardless of socioeconomic status. Additionally, paid leave was correlated with fewer infant behavior problems for mothers with lower levels of educational attainment. Expanding access to policies that support families in need, like paid family leave, may aid in reducing socioeconomic disparities in infant development.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kozhimannil2014,
  title = {Employment {{During Pregnancy}} and {{Obstetric Intervention Without Medical Reason}}: {{Labor Induction}} and {{Cesarean Delivery}}},
  author = {Kozhimannil, Katy Backes and Attanasio, Laura B. and Johnson, Pamela Jo and Gjerdingen, Dwenda K. and McGovern, Patricia M.},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  pages = {469--476},
  issn = {1049-3867},
  doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2014.06.010},
  abstract = {Background: Rising rates of labor induction and cesarean delivery, especially when used without a medical reason, have generated concern among clinicians, women, and policymakers. Whether employment status affects pregnant women's childbirth-related care is not known. We estimated the relationship between prenatal employment and obstetric procedures, distinguishing whether women reported that the induction or cesarean was performed for medical reasons. Methods: Using data from a nationally representative sample of women who gave birth in U. S. hospitals (n = 1,573), we used propensity score matching to reduce potential bias from nonrandom selection into employment. Outcomes were cesarean delivery and labor induction, with and without a self-reported medical reason. Exposure was prenatal employment status (full-time employment, not employed). We conducted separate analyses for unmatched and matched cohorts using multivariable regression models. Findings: There were no differences in labor induction based on employment status. In unmatched analyses, employed women had higher odds of cesarean delivery overall (adjusted odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR], 1.45; p = .046) and cesarean delivery without medical reason (AOR, 1.94; p = .024). Adding an interaction term between employment and college education revealed no effects on cesarean delivery without medical reason. There were no differences in cesarean delivery by employment status in the propensity score-matched analysis. Conclusions: Full-time prenatal employment is associated with higher odds of cesarean delivery, but this association was not explained by socioeconomic status and no longer existed after accounting for sociodemographic differences by matching women employed full time with similar women not employed during pregnancy. Copyright (C) 2014 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kozhimannil2016,
  title = {Access to {{Workplace Accommodations}} to {{Support Breastfeeding}} after {{Passage}} of the {{Affordable Care Act}}},
  author = {Kozhimannil, Katy B. and Jou, Judy and Gjerdingen, Dwenda K. and McGovern, Patricia M.},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--13},
  issn = {1049-3867},
  doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2015.08.002},
  abstract = {Objectives: This study examines access to workplace accommodations for breastfeeding, as mandated by the Affordable Care Act, and its associations with breastfeeding initiation and duration. We hypothesize that women with access to reasonable break time and private space to express breast milk would be more likely to breastfeed exclusively at 6 months and to continue breastfeeding for a longer duration. Methods: Data are from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18 to 45 who gave birth in 2011 and 2012. The study population included women who were employed full or part time at the time of survey. Using two-way tabulation, logistic regression, and survival analysis, we characterized women with access to breastfeeding accommodations and assessed the associations between these accommodations and breastfeeding outcomes. Results: Only 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women had access to both break time and private space. Women with both adequate break time and private space were 2.3 times (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.03-4.95) as likely to be breastfeeding exclusively at 6 months and 1.5 times (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.08-2.06) as likely to continue breastfeeding exclusively with each passing month compared with women without access to these accommodations. Conclusions: Employed women face unique barriers to breastfeeding and have lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and shorter durations, despite compelling evidence of associated health benefits. Expanded access to workplace accommodations for breastfeeding will likely entail collaborative efforts between public health agencies, employers, insurers, and clinicians to ensure effective workplace policies and improved breastfeeding outcomes. Copyright (C) 2016 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Krause2021,
  title = {Barriers and {{Facilitators}} to {{Employment}}: {{A Comparison}} of {{Participants With Multiple Sclerosis}} and {{Spinal Cord Injury}}},
  author = {Krause, S. James and Li, Chao and Backus, Deborah and Jarnecke, Melinda and Reed, Karla and Rembert, Jameka and Rumrill, Phillip and {Dismuke-Greer}, E. Clara},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {102},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1556--1561},
  issn = {0003-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2021.02.015},
  abstract = {Objective: To compare self-reported barriers and facilitators to employment among employed and unemployed participants with multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Cross-sectional study using self-report assessment obtained by mail or online. Setting: Medical university in the southeastern United States. Participants: Participants (N=2624) identified from either a specialty hospital or a state-based surveillance system in the southeastern United States, including 1234 with MS and 1390 with SCI. All participants were aged {$<$}65 years at the time of assessment. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported barriers and facilitators to employment. Results: Overall, the MS participants reported more barriers, particularly stress, cognition, and fatigue, whereas those with SCI were more likely to report not having the proper education and training, resources, transportation, and attendant care. Follow-up analyses broken down by employment status indicated that several barriers and facilitators were significantly related to diagnosis for either employed or unemployed participants, but not both. Among those employed, participants with SCI were more likely to report they could not do the same types of jobs as they could pre SCI and those with MS were more likely to state that they did not know much about jobs for people with disabilities (no differences were noted for these variables among unemployed participants). Unemployed individuals with SCI were more likely to report that the jobs for which they were trained were not accessible. Conclusions: The primary barriers for individuals with MS revolve around the condition itself, whereas the barriers for SCI appear to be more related to modifiable factors. Vocational rehabilitation specialists need to identify diagnostic-specific barriers to promote employment outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021;102:1556-61 (c) 2021 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Multiple Sclerosis,Rehabilitation,Spinal cord injuries,Vocational}
}

@article{Krause2022,
  title = {Career Satisfaction among Working Age Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis or Spinal Cord Injury},
  author = {Krause, James S. and {Dismuke-Greer}, Clara E. and Jarnecke, Melinda and DiPiro, Nicole D.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {33--40},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-221196},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Joint studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI), both types of spinal cord dysfunction, have identified barriers and facilitators to employment and key outcomes including earnings and job benefits. However, there has been an absence of research on satisfaction with employment over one's career. Such knowledge would help to establish the foundation for targeted vocational rehabilitation interventions. as well as differences in quality of employment outcomes, establishing the foundation for targeted vocational rehabilitation interventions. OBJECTIVE: Identify and quantify demographic, educational, vocational, and functional characteristics associated with career satisfaction, a quality employment outcome, among people with MS and SCI. METHODS: There were a total of 3,371 participants, 1,229 with MS and 2,142 with SCI, all of whom were in the traditional working age range ({$<$} 65 years old). Participants were identified from the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of the USA and data were collected, processed, and analyzed at a medical university in the Southeastern USA. Econometric modeling identified factors associated with career satisfaction, as defined by a five-item composite scale that was converted to Z-scores, integrating analysis using both diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Participants who were gainfully employed and those who had left the labor force (unemployed with no hopes to return to work), reported higher career satisfaction than those who were unemployed and hoping to return to work. Higher career satisfaction scores were associated with more formal education and having worked in management/professional, natural resources, or service occupations. Higher scores were also observed among those older, not single, and who had fewer functional deficits. No differences were identified as a function of diagnosis, race-ethnicity, sex, or time since injury/diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Career satisfaction was more strongly related to educational attainment, vocational history, and labor force participation, than to demographic and disability factors. Vocational counselors should target those still in the labor force for skills development, job retention, and reacquisition to promote career satisfaction.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,job satisfaction,Multiple sclerosis,rehabilitation,spinal cord injuries,vocational}
}

@article{Kress2019,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Parental Role Distributions}}, {{Work Participation}}, and {{Stress Factors}} on {{Family Health-Related Outcomes}}: {{Study Protocol}} of the {{Prospective Multi-Method Cohort}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveDresden Study}} on {{Parenting}}, {{Work}}, and {{Mental Health}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' ({{DREAM}})},
  author = {Kress, Victoria and {Steudte-Schmiedgen}, Susann and Kopp, Marie and Foerster, Anke and Altus, Caroline and Schier, Caroline and Wimberger, Pauline and Kirschbaum, Clemens and {von Soest}, Tilmann and Weidner, Kerstin and {Junge-Hoffmeister}, Juliano and {Garthus-Niegel}, Susan},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01273},
  abstract = {The Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceDResdner Studie zu Elternschaft, Arbeit, und Mentaler Gesundheit\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, DREAM) aims to prospectively investigate the relationship between parental work participation, role distribution, stress factors, and their effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term family mental and somatic health in a community sample targeting N = 4,000 individuals, i.e., 2,000 couples, expecting a child and residing in Dresden, Germany (interim sample of N = 1,410 participants, recruitment ongoing). Various questionnaires are completed at four measurement points from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum (prolongation into middle childhood planned). Applying a multi-method approach, long-term endocrinological data (analyses of hair cortisol concentrations and other endogenous hormones, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDREAM(HAIR)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) and qualitative interview data (regarding gender role attitudes and distribution of domestic work, child care, and paid employment; \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDREAM(TALK)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) are obtained. In this study protocol, the theoretical background, methods, and preliminary results considering sociodemographic characteristics during pregnancy and birth-related factors at 8 weeks postpartum are presented. Additionally, there is a focus on our endocrinological sub-study DREAM(HAIR). In this sub-study currently comprising N = 152 participants, i.e., 88 families (recruitment ongoing), we want to gain knowledge on the transgenerational processes of stress regulation and psychopathology in the whole family by analyzing hair cortisol concentrations in both parents and children during the course from pregnancy (or after birth regarding children) to at least 2 years postpartum. By comparing data of the community sample to a clinical sample of mothers with postpartum mental disorders, their children, and their partners during the period between admission and discharge from a mother-baby unit and post-treatment (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceDREAM(MBU)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace), the course of mothers' psychopathology, parent-infant interaction, and infant regulation disorders with special regard to long-term endocrine correlates will be examined. With previous studies neglecting the fathers or partners involved, a major advantage of DREAM is the use of a multi-method and multi-level approach by examining the whole family in a longitudinal design. Therefore, the DREAM study will contribute to a better understanding of the role of social, work, and stress factors for mental and somatic health and its long-term endocrine correlates in the natural course of becoming a family.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {DREAM study,hair cortisol,multi-method approach,parental mental health,peripartum stress,role distribution,study protocol,work participation}
}

@article{Kristjansson2015,
  title = {Food Supplementation for Improving the Physical and Psychosocial Health of Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Children Aged Three Months to Five Years ({{Review}})},
  author = {Kristjansson, Elizabeth and Francis, Damian K. and Liberato, Selma and Jandu, Maria Benkhalti and Welch, Vivian and Batal, Malek and Greenhalgh, Trish and Rader, Tamara and Noonan, Eamonn and Shea, Beverley and Janzen, Laura and Wells, George A. and Petticrew, Mark},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1469-493X},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009924.pub2},
  abstract = {Background Undernutrition contributes to five million deaths of children under five each year. Furthermore, throughout the life cycle, undernutrition contributes to increased risk of infection, poor cognitive functioning, chronic disease, and mortality. It is thus important for decision-makers to have evidence about the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for young children. Objectives Primary objective 1. To assess the effectiveness of supplementary feeding interventions, alone or with co-intervention, for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged children aged three months to five years. Secondary objectives 1. To assess the potential of such programmes to reduce socio-economic inequalities in undernutrition. 2. To evaluate implementation and to understand how this may impact on outcomes. 3. To determine whether there are any adverse effects of supplementary feeding. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and seven other databases for all available years up to January 2014. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and several sources of grey literature. In addition, we searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews, and asked experts in the area about ongoing and unpublished trials. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before-and-after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that provided supplementary food (with or without co-intervention) to children aged three months to five years, from all countries. Adjunctive treatments, such as nutrition education, were allowed. Controls had to be untreated. Data collection and analysis Two or more review authors independently reviewed searches, selected studies for inclusion or exclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We conducted meta-analyses for continuous data using the mean difference (MD) or the standardised mean difference (SMD) with a 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI), correcting for clustering if necessary. We analysed studies from low-and middle-income countries and from high-income countries separately, and RCTs separately from CBAs. We conducted a process evaluation to understand which factors impact on effectiveness. Main results We included 32 studies (21 RCTs and 11 CBAs); 26 of these (16 RCTs and 10 CBAs) were in meta-analyses. More than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the RCTs were judged to have low risk of bias for random selection and incomplete outcome assessment. We judged most RCTS to be unclear for allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, and selective outcome reporting. Because children and parents knew that they were given food, we judged blinding of participants and personnel to be at high risk for all studies. Growth. Supplementary feeding had positive effects on growth in low-andmiddle-income countries. Meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that supplemented children gained an average of 0.12 kg more than controls over six months (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.18, 9 trials, 1057 participants, moderate quality evidence). In the CBAs, the effect was similar; 0.24 kg over a year (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.09 to 0.39, 1784 participants, very low quality evidence). In high-income countries, one RCT found no difference in weight, but in a CBA with 116 Aboriginal children in Australia, the effect on weight was 0.95 kg (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.58 to 1.33). For height, meta-analysis of nine RCTs revealed that supplemented children grew an average of 0.27 cm more over six months than those who were not supplemented (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.07 to 0.48, 1463 participants, moderate quality evidence). Meta-analysis of seven CBAs showed no evidence of an effect (mean difference (MD) 0.52 cm, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.07 to 1.10, 7 trials, 1782 participants, very low quality evidence). Meta-analyses of the RCTs demonstrated benefits for weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) (MD 0.15, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.05 to 0.24, 8 trials, 1565 participants, moderate quality evidence), and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (MD 0.15, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.06 to 0.24, 9 trials, 4638 participants, moderate quality evidence), but not for weight-for-height z-scores MD 0.10 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.02 to 0.22, 7 trials, 4176 participants, moderate quality evidence). Meta-analyses of the CBAs showed no effects on WAZ, HAZ, or WHZ (very low quality evidence). We found moderate positive effects for haemoglobin (SMD 0.49, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.07 to 0.91, 5 trials, 300 participants) in a meta-analysis of the RCTs. Psychosocial outcomes. Eight RCTs in low-and middle-income countries assessed psychosocial outcomes. Our meta-analysis of two studies showed moderate positive effects of feeding on psychomotor development (SMD 0.41, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.10 to 0.72, 178 participants). The evidence of effects on cognitive development was sparse and mixed. We found evidence of substantial leakage. When feeding was given at home, children benefited from only 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the energy in the supplement. However, when the supplementary food was given in day cares or feeding centres, there was less leakage; children took in 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the energy provided in the supplement. Supplementary food was generally more effective for younger children (less than two years of age) and for those who were poorer/less well-nourished. Results for sex were equivocal. Our results also suggested that feeding programmes which were given in day-care/feeding centres and those which provided a moderate-to-high proportion of the recommended daily intake (\textbackslash textbackslash\% RDI) for energy were more effective. Authors' conclusions Feeding programmes for young children in low- and middle-income countries can work, but good implementation is key.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Krivchenia2016,
  title = {Long-Term Work Participation among Cystic Fibrosis Patients Undergoing Lung Transplantation},
  author = {Krivchenia, Katelyn and Hayes Jr., Don and Tobias, Joseph D. and Tumin, Dmitry},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS},
  volume = {15},
  number = {6},
  pages = {846--849},
  issn = {1569-1993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jcf.2016.07.007},
  abstract = {Background: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience obstacles to employment, regardless of whether they have undergone lung transplantation (LTx). We investigated socioeconomic and clinical factors predicting long-term employment outcomes in CF patients receiving LTx. Methods: Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry were used to identify CF patients 18-59 years-old who received LTx between 2000 and 2010 and survived greater than 5 years. Long-term employment status was determined by center-reported follow-up data on patients working for income, collected at the 5th transplant anniversary. After multiple imputation to complete missing data on covariates, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between characteristics at or after LTx and long-term work participation. Results: There were 745 patients who met inclusion criteria and contributed employment data within 365 days of their 5th LTx anniversary. In this cohort, 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% (358/745) were working for income 5 years after LTx. Younger age, male gender, better pulmonary function attained post-transplant, pre-transplant work participation, and private health insurance (compared to government Medicaid or Medicare insurance) at the time of transplant predicted greater odds of post-transplant employment. Conclusions: Lack of work experience and reliance on government health insurance at the time of transplant predict lower long-term work participation among LTx recipients with CF. By contrast, long-term employment outcomes were not negatively affected by comorbidities at or after transplantation in this cohort. Despite resolving some physiological obstacles to employment in patients with CF, LTx may introduce new socioeconomic barriers to employment. (C) 2016 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cystic fibrosis,Employment,Lung transplantation}
}

@article{Krizkova2009,
  title = {{Parents in the Labor Market: Between Work and Care}},
  author = {Krizkova, Alena and Vohlidalova, Marta},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICKY CASOPIS-CZECH SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--60},
  issn = {0038-0288},
  abstract = {In this article the authors map the theoretical arguments on the gender dimension of the welfare state. They propose three integral dimensions of conceptualising the exercise of parenthood in Czech society in relation to gender equality in the labour market that co-determine the position of parents in the labour market. The authors analyse these dimensions using data from two representative sociological surveys. 1) The right to be a parent (to care for one's child) and the right to work: the measures provided in the Czech welfare state are based on the myth that there are two separate worlds of work and care in conformity with the gender principle, even though there are no significant differences between Czech men and women in terms of the value of work in their lives. 2) Equality or non-discrimination in parenthood: the right to work of mothers of young children is violated in the context of generally increasing gender inequalities in the labour market. 3) The opportunity to achieve a work/life balance: in Czech society flexible forms of employment are uncommon, working hours tend to have a fixed start and finish, or there is negative flexibility, which renders a work/life balance impossible. The way in which state policy defines and employers apply the conditions of parenthood in relation to the labour market and in the context of the gender structure of Czech society makes parenthood a significant handicap for the social inclusion of women who are mothers of young children in the Czech Republic.},
  langid = {czech},
  keywords = {Czech Republic,flexible forms of employment,gender and labor market,gender equality,parenthood,work/life balance}
}

@article{Kromydas2021,
  title = {Which Is Most Important for Mental Health: {{Money}}, Poverty, or Paid Work? {{A}} Fixed-Effects Analysis of the {{UK Household Longitudinal Study}}},
  author = {Kromydas, Theocharis and Thomson, Rachel M. and Pulford, Andrew and Green, Michael J. and Katikireddi, S. Vittal},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SSM-POPULATION HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {2352-8273},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100909},
  abstract = {Background: The relative importance of income, poverty and unemployment status for mental health is unclear, and understanding this has implications for income and welfare policy design. We aimed to assess the association between changes in these exposures and mental health. Methods: We measured effects of three transition exposures between waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study from 2010/11-2019/20 (n=38,697, obs=173,859): income decreases/increases, moving in/out of poverty, and job losses/gains. The outcome was General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), which measures likelihood of common mental disorder (CMD) as a continuous (GHQ-36) and binary measure (score =4 = case). We used fixed-effects linear and linear probability models to adjust for time invariant and time-varying confounders. To investigate effect modification, we stratified analyses by age, sex and highest education. Results: A 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% income decrease/increase was associated with a 0.02\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.00, 0.04) and 0.01\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.03, 0.02) in likelihood of CMD respectively. Effect sizes were larger for moving into poverty (+1.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.2, 3.5]), out of poverty (1.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-3.2, 0.3]), job loss (+15.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace13.6, 18.0]) and job gain (11.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-14.4, 8.4]). The effect of new poverty was greater for women (+2.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.8, 3.9] versus +1.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-1.1, 3.5] for men) but the opposite was true for job loss (+17.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace14.4, 21.2] for men versus +13.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace9.8, 17.2] for women). There were no clear differences by age, but those with least education experienced the largest effects from poverty transitions, especially moving out of poverty (2.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-5.7, 0.0]). Conclusions: Moving into unemployment was most strongly associated with CMD, with poverty also important but income effects generally much smaller. Men appear most sensitive to employment transitions, but poverty may have larger impacts on women and those with least education. As the COVID-19 pandemic recedes, minimising unemployment as well as poverty is crucial for population mental health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Health inequalities,Income,Mental health,Poverty,Welfare}
}

@article{Kruk2013,
  title = {A Home for Body and Soul: {{Substance}} Using Women in Recovery},
  author = {Kruk, Edward and Sandberg, Kathryn},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HARM REDUCTION JOURNAL},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.1186/1477-7517-10-39},
  abstract = {Background: We report on an in-depth qualitative study of 28 active and former substance addicted women of low or marginal income on the core components of a harm reduction-based addiction recovery program. These women volunteered to be interviewed about their perceptions of their therapeutic needs in their transition from substance addiction to recovery. Method: Data were gathered about women's experiences and essential needs in addiction recovery, what helped and what hindered their past efforts in recovery, and their views of what would constitute an effective woman-centred recovery program. The research was based upon the experience and knowledge of the women in interaction with their communities and with recovery programs. The study was informed by harm reduction practice principles that emphasize the importance of individual experience in knowledge construction, reduction of harm, low threshold access, and the development of a hierarchy of needs in regard to addiction recovery. Results: Three core needs were identified by study participants: normalization and structure, biopsychosocial-spiritual safety, and social connection. What hindered recovery efforts as identified by participants was an inner urban location, prescriptive recovery, invidious treatment, lack of safety, distress-derived distraction, problem-focused treatment, coercive elements of mutual support groups, and social marginalization. What helped included connection in counselling and therapy, multidisciplinary service provision, spirituality focus, opportunities for learning and work, and a safe and flexible structure. Core components of an effective recovery program identified by women themselves stand in contrast to the views of service providers and policymakers, particularly in regard to the need for a rural location for residential programs, low threshold access, multidisciplinary service provision of conventional and complementary modalities and therapies for integrated healing, long-term multi-phase recovery, and variety and choice of programming. Conclusion: A key barrier to the addiction recovery of women is the present framework of addiction treatment, as well as current drug laws, policies and service delivery systems. The expectation of women is that harm reduction-based recovery services will facilitate safe, supportive transitioning from the point of the decision to access services, through independent living with community integration.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kuhlthau2004,
  title = {Correlates of Use of Specialty Care},
  author = {Kuhlthau, K and Nyman, {\relax RM} and Ferris, {\relax TG} and Beal, {\relax AC} and Perrin, {\relax JM}},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {113},
  number = {3},
  pages = {E249-E255},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.113.3.e249},
  abstract = {Objective. This study examines patterns of specialist use among children and adolescents by presence of a chronic condition or disability, insurance, and sociodemographic characteristics. Design. Cross-sectional analysis of national survey data, describing rates of specialist use, with logistic regressions to examine associations with having a chronic condition or disability, insurance status, and sociodemographic variables. Setting. The 1999 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative household survey. Participants. Children and adolescents 2 to 17 years old. Outcome. Parental/respondent reports of specialist visits based on reports of the child having seen or talked to a medical doctor who specializes in a particular medical disease or problem about the child's health during the last 12 months. Results. Thirteen percent of US children were reported as seeing a specialist in the past year. Specialist-visit rates were twice as high for children with a chronic condition or disability (26\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 10.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The specialist utilization rates for children without insurance were much lower than those for insured children, but among the children who have coverage (private, Medicaid, or other), specialist-utilization rates were similar (no statistically significant difference). Results of multivariate analyses predicting the use of specialists confirm the above-mentioned findings. Additionally, they show that use of specialist care was lower among children in the middle age group, minorities, children in families between 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level, and lower parental educational levels. We found no difference in specialist-visit rates between rural- and urban-dwelling children, by family status, or by gender. Differences in specialist use by gatekeeping status are found only among subgroups. Conclusions. The results showed that, overall, 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children used a specialist in a year. Among the insured, a slightly greater percentage of children used such care (15\textbackslash textbackslash\%). These numbers were slightly lower than the 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pediatric patients referred per year in 5 US health plans, although the sources of data and definitions of specialist use differ. Our results showed that 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children with a chronic condition or disability who were insured by Medicaid use a specialist. Although the data are not directly comparable, this is within the range of previous findings showing annual rates by condition of use between 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 59\textbackslash textbackslash\%. These findings are consistent also with greater use of many different types of health care by children with special health care needs. Medicaid-utilization rates presented here were similar also to the rates found among privately insured children and children with \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveother\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace insurance. In our earlier work examining use of specialists by children insured by Medicaid, we speculated that Medicaid-insured children might face particular difficulty with access (eg, due to transportation or language barriers). The findings presented here suggest that children insured by Medicaid had no different use of specialists than other insured children. We do not know, however, whether similar rates are appropriate. As predicted, sociodemographic differences were pronounced and followed patterns typically found for use of health services. Lower rates of specialist use by non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics remains even, controlling for chronic condition/disability, status, insurance, and socioeconomic status. This is an important issue that not only needs to be addressed in using specialist care but also in many areas in health care. It is the near poor who seem to have difficulty accessing care (as is evidenced by lower use of specialists). In a study of access to care, similar results were found, with those between 125\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level being less likely to have a usual source of care. This is roughly the population targeted by the State Children's Health Insurance Programs. These findings cannot determine whether rates of use are too high or too low. Additional work on outcomes for children who do and do not use specialist care would further inform the work presented here. Extending that work to examine patterns of care including but not limited to specialists and generalists would be even better.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child,chronic condition,disability,insurance,Medicaid,pediatric,specialist}
}

@article{Kuivalainen2020,
  title = {Length of Working Life and Pension Income: Empirical Evidence on Gender and Socioeconomic Differences from {{Finland}}},
  author = {Kuivalainen, Susan and Nivalainen, Satu and Jarnefelt, Noora and Kuitto, Kati},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {126--146},
  issn = {1474-7472},
  doi = {10.1017/S1474747218000215},
  abstract = {In this paper, we analyze gender and socioeconomic differences in the length of working lives and pension income in Finland. Based on internationally unique data covering 50 years of recorded information on individual employment histories and first-year old-age pension income of a cohort retiring in 2011, we trace life-time work histories and their relation to pension income with greater precision than previous studies. While gender and socioeconomic income differences in the lengths of working lives are modest, differences in pension income are more pronounced. The residence-based national pension targeted at those with no or only low earning-related pension accrual plays an important role in cushioning old-age income differences. The results suggest that unequal life-time earnings and occupational segregation remain main challenges for equalizing pension income in old age.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings-related pensions,gender inequality,length of working life,Pension income,socioeconomic inequality}
}

@article{Kulisewa2022,
  title = {The Feasibility and Acceptability of a Task-Shifted Intervention for Perinatal Depression among Women Living with {{HIV}} in {{Malawi}}: A Qualitative Analysis},
  author = {Kulisewa, Kazione and Dussault, Josee M. and Gaynes, Bradley N. and Hosseinipour, Mina C. and Go, Vivian F. and Kutengule, Anna and LeMasters, Katherine and {Meltzer-Brody}, Samantha and Midiani, Dalitso and Mphonda, Steven M. and Udedi, Michael and Pence, Brian W. and Bengtson, Angela M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12888-022-04476-z},
  abstract = {BackgroundPerinatal depression (PND) is prevalent and negatively impacts HIV care among women living with HIV (WLHIV), yet PND remains under-identified in Malawian WLHIV. Accordingly, this formative study explored perceptions of the feasibility and acceptability of an integrated, task-shifted approach to PND screening and treatment in maternity clinics. MethodsWe completed consecutive PND screenings of HIV+ women attending pre- or post-natal appointments at 5 clinics in Lilongwe district, Malawi. We conducted in-depth interviews with the first 4-5 women presenting with PND per site (n = 24 total) from July to August 2018. PND classification was based on a score \textbackslash textbackslash\& GE; 10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We conducted 10 additional in-depth interviews with HIV and mental health providers at the 5 clinics. ResultsMost participants endorsed the feasibility of integrated PND screening, as they believed that PND had potential for significant morbidity. Among providers, identified barriers to screening were negative staff attitudes toward additional work, inadequate staffing numbers and time constraints. Suggested solutions to barriers were health worker training, supervision, and a brief screening tool. Patient-centered counselling strategies were favored over medication by WLHIV as the acceptable treatment of choice, with providers supporting the role of medication to be restricted to severe depression. Providers identified nurses as the most suitable health workers to deliver task-shifted interventions and emphasized further training as a requirement to ensure successful task shifting. ConclusionImproving PND in a simple, task-shifted intervention is essential for supporting mental health among women with PND and HIV. Our results suggest that an effective PND intervention for this population should include a brief, streamlined PND screening questionnaire and individualized counselling for those who have PND, with supplemental support groups and depression medication readily available. These study results support the development of a PND intervention to address the gap in treatment of PND and HIV among WLHIV in Malawi.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {HIV,Malawi,Mental health,Perinatal depression,Task-shifting}
}

@article{Kulkarni2015,
  title = {Her Earnings: {{Exploring}} Variation in Wives' Earning Contributions across Six Major {{Asian}} Groups and {{Whites}}},
  author = {Kulkarni, Veena S.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {539--557},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.03.002},
  abstract = {Previous research on understanding race-ethnic differentials in employment and economic contributions by married women has primarily focused on Blacks, Hispanics, or Whites. This study investigates variations in wives' earning contributions as measured by wives earnings as a proportion of total annual household earnings among six Asian groups, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese relative to native born non-Hispanic White. I disaggregate the six Asian groups by their ethnicity and nativity status. Using pooled data from 2009-2011 American Community Survey, the findings show significance of human capital, hours of paid labor market engagement and nativity status. There is strong and negative association between husbands' human capital and labor supply with wives' earning contributions suggesting near universality of male-breadwinner status. Notwithstanding the commonalities, there is significant intergroup diversity. While foreign born and native born Filipina wives despite their spouses' reasonably high human capital and work hours, contribute one of the highest shares, the same cannot be said for the Asian Indians and Japanese. For foreign born Asian Indian and to some extent Japanese women, their high human capital is not translated to high earning contribution after controlling for husband's human capital. Further, nativity status impacts groups differentially. Native born Vietnamese wives contribute the greatest. Overall, the findings underscore the relevance of employing multiple conceptual frameworks in understanding earning contributions of foreign and native born Asian wives belonging to the six Asian groups, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asian Americans,Comparative,Immigrant households,Wives' earnings}
}

@article{Kumar2021,
  title = {Sexual Health (Excluding Reproductive Health, Intimate Partner Violence and Gender-Based Violence) and {{COVID-19}}: A Scoping Review},
  author = {Kumar, Navin and Janmohamed, Kamila and Nyhan, Kate and Forastiere, Laura and Zhang, Wei-Hong and Kagesten, Anna and Uhlich, Maximiliane and Sarpong Frimpong, Afia and {Van de Velde}, Sarah and Francis, Joel M. and Erausquin, Jennifer Toller and Larrson, Elin and Callander, Deton and Scott, John and Minichiello, Victor and Tucker, Joseph},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS},
  volume = {97},
  number = {6},
  pages = {402--410},
  issn = {1368-4973},
  doi = {10.1136/sextrans-2020-054896},
  abstract = {Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated existing socioeconomic and health disparities, including disparities in sexual health and well-being. While there have been several reviews published on COVID-19 and population health disparities generally-including some with attention to HIV-none has focused on sexual health (ie, STI care, female sexual health, sexual behaviour). We have conducted a scoping review focused on sexual health (excluding reproductive health (RH), intimate partner violence (IPV) and gender-based violence (GBV)) in the COVID-19 era, examining sexual behaviours and sexual health outcomes. Methods A scoping review, compiling both peer-reviewed and grey literature, focused on sexual health (excluding RH, IPV and GBV) and COVID-19 was conducted on 15 September 2020. Multiple bibliographical databases were searched. Study selection conformed to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers' Manual 2015 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. We only included English-language original studies. Results We found that men who have sex with men may be moving back toward pre-pandemic levels of sexual activity, and that STI and HIV testing rates seem to have decreased. There was minimal focus on outcomes such as the economic impact on sexual health (excluding RH, IPV and GBV) and STI care, especially STI care of marginalised populations. In terms of population groups, there was limited focus on sex workers or on women, especially women's sexual behaviour and mental health. We noticed limited use of qualitative techniques. Very few studies were in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). Conclusions Sexual health research is critical during a global infectious disease pandemic and our review of studies suggested notable research gaps. Researchers can focus efforts on LMICs and under-researched topics within sexual health and explore the use of qualitative techniques and interventions where appropriate.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,HIV,sex work,sexual and gender minorities,sexual health}
}

@article{Kumar2022,
  title = {Universal Health Coverage and Public-Private Arrangements within {{Sri Lanka}}'s Mixed Health System: {{Perspectives}} from Women Seeking Healthcare},
  author = {Kumar, Ramya and Birn, Anne-Emanuelle and Bhuyan, Rupaleem and Wong, Josephine Pui-Hing},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {296},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114777},
  abstract = {Universal health coverage (UHC), a target of the United Nations' third Sustainable Development Goal on health, refers to people having access to essential healthcare services without suffering financial hardship. The World Bank and other leading global health actors champion mixed health systems-in which government and privately-financed market delivery coexist-as a sustainable model for UHC. Yet, little is known about what these public-private arrangements mean for women, a crucial partaker of UHC in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using a critical feminist approach, this study explores how women negotiate access to public and private healthcare services within Sri Lanka's state-dominant mixed health system. Data were generated through focus group discussions and interviews with women residents of an urban division in Kandy, a city seeing rapid private healthcare expansion in central Sri Lanka. Notwithstanding policies of universality guiding public sector delivery, out-of-pocket payments burden socially and economically disadvantaged women. They use private services to fill gaps in the public system, and consult dual practitioners privately, to pave way for better (public) care. By contrast, wealthier women opt for private outpatient care, but capitalize on the dual practitioners to obtain priority access to oversubscribed services at public hospitals. Most women, regardless of social location, combine public with private, albeit to varying degrees, to save on household expenses. Relying on women's invisible care work, these public-private \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehybrid \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave routes of access within Sri Lanka's poorly regulated mixed health system, reinforce social inequalities and individualize the responsibility for healthcare. The article throws light on the messiness of access within mixed systems and demands closer scrutiny of calls for private sector engagement in the quest for UHC in LMICs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to healthcare,Care work,Low- and middle-income countries,Mixed health systems,Sri Lanka}
}

@article{Kumari2018,
  title = {Economic Growth, Disparity, and Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation: {{A}} Research Agenda},
  author = {Kumari, Reena},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {WORLD JOURNAL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {138--152},
  issn = {2042-5961},
  doi = {10.1108/WJEMSD-03-2017-0009},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the themes of relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation; and to identify the factors which determine females to participate in labor market. The paper uses a framework incorporating a U-shaped relationship between FLFP and economic growth, gender wise wage disparity and economic, social, cultural and other factors which affects FLFP. Design/methodology/approach Thematically, the selected literature falls into three main categories: the relationship between FLFP and economic growth; disparity in work participation in terms of male and female wages; and drivers or determinants of FLFP which have been described using international documents and experiences of the different countries. The review closes by identifying gaps in the existing research base and by suggesting areas for inquiry that have been untouched and warrant further research. Findings The key findings emerging from this examination of literature show that the FLFP rate exhibits a U-shaped during the process of economic development. Also, there are evidences of gender pay disparity across the sectors which have been justified by documenting a large number of existing literatures. Demographic factors (including fertility, migration, marriages and child care), economic factors (including unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job and infrastructure) and other explanatory variables which include the regulatory context encompassing family and childcare policies, tax regimes, and presence of subsidized health-care for workers determine the FLFP. Practical implications This paper suggests that in order to bring equality in gender pay gap, there is a requirement of replacing the traditional value system. There is need to provide an environment in which women are encouraged and supported in their efforts, in which women have equitable access to resources and opportunities. Social implications This paper addresses the impact of education, culture and child care subsidies on female labor participation. They positively impact FLFP and such a link has not been sufficiently addressed in prior literature. Originality/value In contrast to previous studies which document a broad-based picture of female work participation, this type of research deals with the link between economic growth and female labor participation, gender wage disparity and determinants of it which has been largely unexplored so far.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5AR58NJ2/Kumari_2018_Economic growth, disparity, and determinants of female labor force participation.pdf}
}

@article{Kwan2021,
  title = {Protocol: {{A}} Mixed Methods Evaluation of an {{IPS}} Program to Increase Employment and Well-Being for People with Long-Term Experience of Complex Barriers in {{Vancouver}}'s Downtown and {{DTES}}},
  author = {Kwan, Amanda and Morris, Jonny and Barbic, Skye P.},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0261415},
  abstract = {Background Employment improves mental health and well-being by providing financial security, daily structure, a sense of identity and purpose, and social engagement. However, securing and sustaining employment is exceptionally challenging for vulnerable populations who experience persistent and multiple barriers, such as mental illness, homelessness, food and housing insecurity, and marginalization. Evidence-based supported employment programs, most notably individual placement and support (IPS) are becoming a more common approach for addressing the needs of these high-risk individuals. The aim of this paper is to outline the protocol for evaluating an IPS program in Vancouver's downtown and Downtown Eastside (DTES). Methods and design This prospective quasi-experimental study of persons with persistent and multiple barriers to employment will use a mixed-methods approach for evaluating a novel IPS program. The evaluation will consist of survey packages and interviews that will capture outcomes related to employment and well-being, as well as the experiential process of receiving individualized and integrated supports through the IPS program. A mixed-methods approach is appropriate for this study as quantitative data will provide an objective assessment of program impacts on employment and well-being outcomes over time, while qualitative data will provide an in-depth understanding of continued barriers and experiences. Discussion The results from this evaluation will contribute evidence within a local British Columbian (BC) context that may increase access to meaningful employment for those with long-term experience of complex barriers to employment. Further, the findings will support continued improvements, and guide decision-making around practices and policy for future implementation of IPS and employment supports across BC.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kwon2017,
  title = {Moving {{In}} and {{Out}} of {{Welfare}} and {{Work}}: {{The Influence}} of {{Regional Socioeconomic Circumstances}} on {{Economic Disconnection Among Low-Income Single Mothers}}},
  author = {Kwon, Jinwoo and Hetling, Andrea},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  pages = {326--341},
  issn = {0891-2424},
  doi = {10.1177/0891242417730607},
  abstract = {An increasing proportion of low-income single mothers are experiencing periods of economic disconnection, defined as receiving no cash income from welfare or work. Most research on disconnection has focused on personal attributes as risk factors for experiencing disconnection at a static point in time. This study adopts a dynamic perspective and broadens the existing set of determinants by adding regional socioeconomic characteristics to explain changes in status. Results from multivariate survival analyses demonstrate that residence in a disadvantaged county is associated with an increased risk of becoming disconnected. State-level policies, as opposed to county socioeconomic characteristics, have stronger influences on movements out of disconnection. The findings from the analyses provide a base for policy discussions about helping this vulnerable population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic disconnection,resilience of low-income women,socioeconomic influences,Temporary Assistance for Needy Families}
}

@article{Labonte2016,
  title = {The Rise of Neoliberalism: How Bad Economics Imperils Health and What to Do about It},
  author = {Labonte, Ronald and Stuckler, David},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {70},
  number = {3},
  pages = {312--318},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-206295},
  abstract = {The 2008 global financial crisis, precipitated by high-risk, under-regulated financial practices, is often seen as a singular event. The crisis, its recessionary consequences, bank bailouts and the adoption of \textbackslash textasciigraveausterity' measures can be seen as a continuation of a 40-year uncontrolled experiment in neoliberal economics. Although public spending and recapitalisation of failing banks helped prevent a 1930s-style Great Depression, the deep austerity measures that followed have stifled a meaningful recovery for the majority of populations. In the short term, these austerity measures, especially cuts to health and social protection systems, pose major health risks in those countries under its sway. Meanwhile structural changes to the global labour market, increasing under-employment in high-income countries and economic insecurity elsewhere, are likely to widen health inequities in the longer term. We call for four policy reforms to reverse rising inequalities and their harms to public health. First is re-regulating global finance. Second is rejecting austerity as an empirically and ethically unjustified policy, especially given now clear evidence of its deleterious health consequences. Third, there is a need to restore progressive taxation at national and global scales. Fourth is a fundamental shift away from the fossil fuel economy and policies that promote economic growth in ways that imperil environmental sustainability. This involves redistributing work and promoting fairer pay. We do not suggest these reforms will be politically feasible or even achievable in the short term. They nonetheless constitute an evidence-based agenda for strong, public health advocacy and practice.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lachapelle2018,
  title = {Employer Subsidized Public Transit Pass: {{Assessing}} Disparities in Access, Use, and Latent Demand},
  author = {Lachapelle, Ugo},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {353--363},
  issn = {2213-624X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cstp.2017.08.006},
  abstract = {In 1999, the U.S. Transportation Equity Act enabled employer subsidized public transit passes to be tax free benefits to employees and tax deductible to employers. Public transit agencies can use these to increase ridership, revenue or efficiency. Assessing disparities in access, use and willingness to use the incentive can help improve the policy's effectiveness and help promote equitable access to its benefits. The analysis uses employed respondents from a travel survey in Atlanta, Georgia (2001-2002, n = 3430) categorized based on whether they were offered a subsidized transit pass by their employer, whether they used it or not, and whether they would be likely to use the pass if it was available to them. Socio-demographic characteristics, the presence of other incentives and built environment around home and work were compared across groups, and three logistic regressions were used to estimate parameters for each of the following questions: What socio-demographic and employer location characteristics are associated with working for an employer offering subsidized transit passes? What are the factors associated with using a pass if the incentive is offered? Finally, for those who were not offered a transit pass, what factors are associated with being likely to use a transit pass? Results suggest an undersupply of employer subsidized public transit passes for lower income workers, who were however more likely to report being likely to use a subsidized pass when not receiving one. Interestingly, however, lower income individuals with access to a transit pass were less likely to use it than their wealthier counterparts. Employment in sales and services, a workplace with limited nearby destinations and low quality transit service between home and work may further exacerbate disparities in use of subsidized transit pass. Promoting transit pass programs to employers in sales and services, and other lower income jobs and coordinating transit service improvements in locations where these employers concentrate may increase subsidized transit pass program effectiveness and distributional benefits. The work also suggests that socioeconomic disparities exist not only in infrastructure development and congestion charging, but also in policies used to influence mode shifts to public transit.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access,Built environment,Choice,Distributional analysis,Employer sponsored transit pass,Equity,Willingness}
}

@article{Laens2006,
  title = {Uruguay - Export Growth, Poverty and Income Distribution},
  author = {Laens, Silvia and Perera, Marcelo},
  editor = {Vos, R and Ganuza, E and Morley, S and Robinson, S},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {WHO GAINS FROM FREE TRADE: EXPORT-LED GROWTH, INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA},
  series = {Routledge {{Studies}} in {{Development Economics}}},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {361--392},
  abstract = {Uruguay began liberalizing its economy in the 1970s. The process continued through the 1990s when the country joined Mercosur. The reforms were mainly oriented at liberalizing trade and financial flows, much less was done in terms of privatization and public sector reform. Uruguay established itself as a regional financial and offshore banking centre. In the early 1990s, inflation was stabilized on the basis of high capital inflows and a stabilization policy that used the exchange rate as a nominal anchor. The ensuing real exchange rate appreciation harmed export growth with the rest of the world and, along with the surge in capital inflows, pushed up import demand. Real appreciation of the exchange rate against Uruguay's trading partners in Mercosur was virtually nil and exports benefited from the new set of trade preferences within the group. This made macroeconomic performance in Uruguay strongly dependent on the business cycle in Argentina and Brazil. When these two countries shifted away from a fix on the nominal exchange rate, starting with the floating of the Brazilian real, Uruguay's exports were severely hit pushing the economy into recession. The recession was deepened with Argentina's crisis at the turn of the century. Uruguay's economic recovery from the sharp decline in the first half of the 1980s thus lasted until 1998. Employment increased, despite job losses in agriculture and manufacturing following productivity growth associated with the opening process. Employment growth was particularly strong in services. Job shedding in manufacturing was also associated with a fall-out of many firms in import-competing sectors. Real labour incomes also increased during this period of growth. Skilled workers were the main beneficiaries as structural adjustment made production more skill intensive. Labour income inequality increased, but overall employment and real wage increases allowed for a visible reduction in poverty. These trends reversed after 1998. Simulations with the computable general equilibrium for Uruguay confirm the positive effects of trade liberalization in the context of an appreciated exchange rate on growth and poverty reduction. The simulations also suggest that further negotiated trade liberalization in the context of the Free Trade Area of the Americas or the World Trade Organization (WTO) would reinforce these effects. With further unilateral trade liberalization export growth would require maintaining the exchange rate competitive, while employment growth would be served with allowing for some appreciation of the currency. In the case of negotiated, multilateral trade liberalization the nature of the exchange rate regime does not appear to matter for Uruguay in order to reap the gains from trade. World market prices would move in favour of Uruguay's exports, particularly under a WTO scenario that would benefit its agricultural exports. Unskilled workers would be the principal beneficiaries of such a scenario and poverty and inequality would be reduced. It seems to confirm Uruguay's paradoxical relationship with trade integration. Mercosur brought both trade benefits and greater vulnerability to the volatility of the economies of its large neighbours, Argentina and Brazil, while WTO equally would bring trade gains but enhance the country's vulnerability to the volatility in primary commodity markets.},
  isbn = {978-0-203-96583-2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Laflamme2017,
  title = {{Mental Disorders and Reasonable Accommodation at Work: The Potential of Quebec Law}},
  author = {Laflamme, Anne-Marie},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SANTE MENTALE AU QUEBEC},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {39--56},
  issn = {0383-6320},
  doi = {10.7202/1041913ar},
  abstract = {Objectives Being able to work constitutes a powerful social integration vector for those suffering from mental health disorders, while also providing therapeutic benefits for them. Yet, despite some advances in this regard, such persons are still denied employment. The obstacles to their full workforce integration reside in the prejudices surrounding the disorders affecting them and the need to adapt tasks to their needs and abilities. The International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the United Nations in 2006, points out that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder their full and effective participation in society on the basis of equality with others. It stresses the importance of the right to work of persons with disabilities and, in particular, the implementation of reasonable accommodation for these persons in all workplaces. From this perspective, this article aims to explore the impacts of the legal obligation of accommodation. Methods In Canada, the fundamental rights approach and, in particular, the obligation for reasonable accommodation with regard to handicapped workers, has been well established in case law since the mid 1980s. This obligation is of a constitutional nature and its extended range is limited only by the proof of undue hardship. It thus forcefully prompts labour markets to take into consideration the needs and capacities of disabled workers. Through a study of Quebec case law, this article looks at the potential of the duty to accommodate with regard to promoting access to and retention of employment among people with mental disorders. Results The study found that the duty to accommodate imposes an innovative approach that takes into account the particular situation of the disabled person and involves the participation of all stakeholders. Accommodation allows employees to maintain an employment relationship despite repeated absences caused by illness, thus enabling them to do their work. Employers must provide adjustments relating to working time and allow gradual return when necessary. Moreover, the accommodation may involve changing the work itself or its psychosocial aspects. Conclusion By implementing measures to change the psychosocial work environment, accommodation not only promotes access to and retention of employment among people with mental disorders, but also opens the way to first stage prevention for the benefit of all.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {accommodation,discrimination,employment,job retention,mental health,right to equality}
}

@article{LaFrinere-Sandoval2023,
  title = {Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cervical and Breast Cancer Screenings by Nativity and Length of {{US}} Residence},
  author = {{La Frinere-Sandoval}, Quynh Nhu (Natasha) B. and Cubbin, Catherine and DiNitto, Diana M. M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ETHNICITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {28},
  number = {6},
  pages = {895--911},
  issn = {1355-7858},
  doi = {10.1080/13557858.2023.2174254},
  abstract = {Objective: Previous studies of disparities in breast and cervical cancer screenings have focused on broad racial/ethnic groups or nativity status without accounting for immigration histories. Recent theoretical work argues for using intersectional approaches and examining within-group inequalities. Utilizing multiple years of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, we examined between- and within-group Papanicolaou (Pap) test and mammogram screening based on nativity and length of U.S. residence for Asian and Hispanic women, along with nonHispanic Black and White women. Design: The study samples consist of 54,900 women ages 21-64 without a hysterectomy who responded to questions about Pap test screening and 36,300 women ages 40-64 who responded to questions about mammogram screening. Asian and Hispanic women were further stratified by nativity and, for immigrants, length of time in the United States. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant associations with Pap test and mammogram screenings. Results: Recent Asian and Hispanic immigrants had the lowest Pap test and mammogram rates among all other groups, while Black (and White women for mammograms) women had the highest rates. After accounting for age, marital status, health insurance, education, employment status, and income, both Asian groups had lower odds, and Black and all Hispanic groups had higher odds of Pap test screening compared with White women. Similar results were observed for mammogram screening, except that long-term immigrant/U.S.-born Asian and U.S.-born Hispanic women did not have significantly different odds compared with White women. In general, the strength and direction of most sociodemographic variables were similar across groups for Pap test screening but differed for mammogram screening. Conclusions: The between-group differences identified emphasize the disparities in screening between racial/ethnic groups while the within-group differences suggest the need to examine whether more targeted outreach efforts and prevention messages can increase screening for specific groups.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lagunes-Cordoba2022,
  title = {Evaluation of an Anti-Stigma Intervention for {{Mexican}} Psychiatric Trainees},
  author = {{Lagunes-Cordoba}, Emmeline and {Alcala-Lozano}, Ruth and {Lagunes-Cordoba}, Roberto and {Fresan-Orellana}, Ana and Jarrett, Manuela and {Gonzalez-Olvera}, Jorge and Thornicroft, Graham and Henderson, Claire},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PILOT AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s40814-021-00958-1},
  abstract = {Background There is research evidence regarding the presence of stigmatising attitudes in psychiatrists towards people with mental illness, but a lack of studies and interventions focused on this issue in low and middle-income countries. Aims To assess the feasibility of implementing an anti-stigma intervention for Mexican psychiatric trainees, and its potential effects. Methods This study comprised a pre-post design with outcome measures compared between baseline and 3-month follow-up. Quantitative outcome measures were used to evaluate the potential effects of the intervention, whilst the process evaluation required the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. Results Twenty-nine trainees (25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those invited) participated in the intervention, of whom 18 also participated in the follow-up assessment. Outcome measures showed the intervention had moderately large effects on reducing stereotypes and the influence of other co-workers on trainees' own attitudes. The main mechanisms of impact identified were recognition of negative attitudes in oneself and colleagues, self-reflection about the impact of stigma, one's own negative attitudes and recognition of one's ability to make change. Participants accepted and were satisfied with the intervention, which many considered should be part of their routine training. However, trainees' work overload and lack of support from the host organisation were identified as barriers to implement the intervention. Conclusions A brief anti-stigma intervention for Mexican psychiatric trainees is feasible, potentially effective, well accepted and was considered necessary by participants. This study also suggests mechanisms of impact and mediators should be considered for developing further interventions, contributing to reducing the damaging effects that mental health-related stigma has on people's lives.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Evaluation,Implementation,Intervention,Psychiatrists,Stigma}
}

@article{Lahaie2013,
  title = {An {{Uneven Burden}}: {{Social Disparities}} in {{Adult Caregiving Responsibilities}}, {{Working Conditions}}, and {{Caregiver Outcomes}}},
  author = {Lahaie, Claudia and Earle, Alison and Heymann, Jody},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {RESEARCH ON AGING},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {243--274},
  issn = {0164-0275},
  doi = {10.1177/0164027512446028},
  abstract = {Using data from a large, nationally representative U.S. survey, the authors examine differences in adult caregiving responsibilities, working conditions, and caregiver outcomes by gender, ethnicity, immigration status, and educational attainment. Women, Hispanics, and first-generation immigrant caregivers are more likely to have worse working conditions including an unsupportive culture at work, less schedule flexibility, and less access to paid vacation leave. Women and first-generation immigrant caregivers are more likely to report caregiving contributing to poor job outcomes including quitting work, retiring early, or reducing hours involuntarily. Caregivers with less than a college degree experience both worse working conditions including lack of access to paid sick days and worse job outcomes including having lost wages or a job. Women, second-generation immigrants, and those with a high school diploma or less are more likely to report that their caregiving responsibilities interfere with their quality of life including negative impacts on their ability to spend time with friends. Research and policy implications are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {caregiving,disparity,elderly}
}

@article{Lahelma2002,
  title = {Multiple Roles and Health among {{British}} and {{Finnish}} Women: The Influence of Socioeconomic Circumstances},
  author = {Lahelma, E and Arber, S and Kivela, K and Roos, E},
  year = {2002},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {54},
  number = {5, SI},
  pages = {727--740},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00105-8},
  abstract = {Two contrasting hypotheses have been presented to predict women's health variations. The multiple burden hypothesis predicts that combining a paid job, being married, and having children is likely to be detrimental to women's health. The multiple attachment hypothesis predicts that multiple roles provide attachment to the community. which is likely to be beneficial to women's health. These hypotheses are examined in Britain and Finland, which hive different patterns of women's employment participation. Lone mothers form a critical case, since they have fewer attachments and greater burdens, and therefore are expected to have poorer health. The socioeconomic position of lone mothers differs in Britain and Finland, but in both societies they are likely to have fewer attachments. We assess the extent to which health variations between women with different family and parental role combinations are because of the differences in their socioeconomic status and material circumstances. Comparable surveys from Britain and Finland from 1994 were used. Perceived general health and limiting long-standing illness were analysed for working age women (20-49 years) by family type and employment status, as well as other socioeconomic variables. In both countries, women living in two parent families and having children had better health than women living in other family types or on their own. Lone mothers form a disadvantaged group and showed overall worse health in both countries. Adjusting for employment status, education and household income weakened the association between family type and poor health. The findings are broadly in accordance with the multiple attachment hypothesis. Despite the more generous welfare state and high full-time employment among Finnish women, single lone mothers report poorer health than other women in Finland as well as in Britain. However, in Britain the disadvantaged social position of lone mothers accounts for a greater proportion of their poor health than in Finland. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Britain,family,Finland,health,women,work}
}

@article{Lai2017,
  title = {Gender Equality Legislation and Foreign Direct Investment {{Evidence}} from the Labour Market of {{Taiwan ROC}}},
  author = {Lai, Yu-Cheng and Sarkar, Santanu},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {160--179},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-08-2015-0133},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in the effects of gender equality legislation on employment outcomes among female and male workers in industries with different intensity of foreign investment (namely, foreign direct investment (FDI)-intensive industries and non-FDI-intensive industries). The specific employment outcomes that were studied to compare the effects of the legislation are the working hours, employment opportunities, and wages of female and male workers in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach - Using data from the annual Manpower Utilization Survey, the authors applied a differences-in-differences-in-differences estimation method to test the effect of gender equality legislation on employment outcomes. By using multinomial logit, the authors measured the effect of the legislation on employment opportunities. To correct for simultaneity and selectivity problems/biases, the authors adopted Heckman two-stage selection procedures. Likewise, the authors used weighted least squares to solve heteroskedasticity in the wage and working hour equations. Further, the instrumental variable (IV) method was used to correct for simultaneity bias in the equation on working hour. The authors applied three stages estimation method following Killingsworth's (1983) approach to measure the effect of the legislation on wages and working hours. Findings - The authors found the restrictions enforced by the gender equality legislation (namely the Gender Equal Employment Act (GEEA), enacted in 2002) in Taiwan to have made certain impact on the workers' working conditions in FDI-intensive industries. The major finding indicated that in a country like Taiwan, where the legislature tried tilling the perpetual gender gap in its labour market, by passing a law to counter inequality, could finally narrow the gender gap in wages among workers in the FDI-intensive industries. Although initially after the enactment of the GEEA (between 2002 and 2004), the gender gap in part-timers' wages has widened, yet over a period of time the gap in their wages too has narrowed down, particularly during 2005-2006. The legislation, however, could not improve the job opportunities for full-time female workers' in FDI-intensive industries. Besides, post 2002, the female workers were found to have worked for shorter hours than male workers, which according to us, could be largely attributed to the enforcement of the GEEA. Practical implications - An in-depth analysis of the labour market effects of gender equality legislation should be useful to policymakers, especially those interested in understanding the impact of legislative measures and policy reforms on labour market and employment outcomes across industry types. If enforcement of a gender equality legislation has succeeded in reducing the gender gap more in one set of industries than the others (e.g. foreign owned instead of domestic industries), as the authors noticed in this study, then the same should have a bearing on revamping of future enactment and enforcement too. Originality/value - Current study findings would not only provide the broad lessons to the policymakers in Taiwan, but the results that have emerged from a country case study could be referred by other growing economies who are enthusiastic about improving female workers' working conditions through legislative reforms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {FDI,Gender equality,Gender gap,Labour market outcomes}
}

@article{Laitner1998,
  title = {Employment and Other Macroeconomic Benefits of an Innovation-Led Climate Strategy for the {{United States}}},
  author = {Laitner, S and Bernow, S and DeCicco, J},
  year = {1998},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ENERGY POLICY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {425--432},
  issn = {0301-4215},
  doi = {10.1016/S0301-4215(97)00160-2},
  abstract = {Climate protection policy and its analysis are pursued in the context of other societal goals, among them the maintenance of economic growth and high employment. Too often, however, analysis of energy and climate policy does not realistically reflect technological conditions and the dynamics of technological change. This tendency unnecessarily associates the decline in energy consumption or carbon emissions with the decline in national economic output or income. But there is ample prima facie evidence to the contrary. Just as in the 19th century when the perceived need to reduce labor inputs as part of the production process spurred labor-saving technological progress, now the need to reduce energy (and pollution) costs could spur innovation and diffusion of efficient and clean energy technologies. This, in turn, can increase overall growth in economic productivity. Energy technology analysts have identified many such existing and near-term commercial technologies, as well as innovations that can be foreseen beyond the immediate technological horizon, which would become widely used if policies were developed to overcome market and institutional barriers. This paper presents a macroeconomic analysis for a set of policies that would induce the adoption of more efficient and low-carbon technologies, and finds that overall employment and economic output could be increased by small amounts while significantly reducing carbon emissions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate policy,economic impacts,energy/economic modeling}
}

@article{Lall2017,
  title = {Acceptability of a Microfinance-Based Empowerment Intervention for Transgender and Cisgender Women Sex Workers in {{Greater Kuala Lumpur}}, {{Malaysia}}},
  author = {Lall, Priya and Shaw, Stacey A. and Saifi, Rumana and Sherman, Susan G. and Azmi, Nuruljannah Nor and Pillai, Veena and {El-Bassel}, Nabila and Kamarulzaman, Adeeba and Wickersham, Jeffrey A.},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
  volume = {20},
  doi = {10.7448/IAS.20.1.21723},
  abstract = {Introduction: Cisgender and transgender woman sex workers (CWSWs and TWSWs, respectively) are key populations in Malaysia with higher HIV-prevalence than that of the general population. Given the impact economic instability can have on HIV transmission in these populations, novel HIV prevention interventions that reduce poverty may reduce HIV incidence and improve linkage and retention to care for those already living with HIV. We examine the feasibility of a microfinance-based HIV prevention intervention among CWSW and TWSWs in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: We conducted 35 in-depth interviews to examine the acceptability of a microfinance-based HIV prevention intervention, focusing on: (1) participants' readiness to engage in other occupations and the types of jobs in which they were interested in; (2) their level of interest in the components of the potential intervention, including training on financial literacy and vocational education; and (3) possible barriers and facilitators to the successful completion of the intervention. Using grounded theory as a framework of analysis, transcripts were analysed through Nvivo 11. Results: Participants were on average 41 years old, slightly less than half (48\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were married, and more than half (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%) identified as Muslim. Participants express high motivation to seek employment in other professions as they perceived sex work as not a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveproper job\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with opportunities for career growth but rather as a short-term option offering an unstable form of income. Participants wanted to develop their own small enterprise. Most participants expressed a high level of interest in microfinance intervention and training to enable them to enter a new profession. Possible barriers to intervention participation included time, stigma, and a lack of resources. Conclusion: Findings indicate that a microfinance intervention is acceptable and desirable for CWSWs and TWSWs in urban Malaysian contexts as participants reported that they were ready to engage in alternative forms of income generation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cisgender women,HIV,microfinance,sex work,transgender women}
}

@article{Lallukka2020,
  title = {Factors Associated with Health Survey Response among Young Employees: A Register-Based Study Using Online, Mailed and Telephone Interview Data Collection Methods},
  author = {Lallukka, Tea and Pietilaeinen, Olli and Jaeppinen, Sauli and Laaksonen, Mikko and Lahti, Jouni and Rahkonen, Ossi},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-8241-8},
  abstract = {Background: Declining response rates are a common challenge to epidemiological research. Response rates further are particularly low among young people. We thus aimed to identify factors associated with health survey response among young employees using different data collection methods. Methods: We included fully register-based data to identify key socioeconomic, workplace and health-related factors associated with response to a health survey collected via online and mailed questionnaires. Additionally, telephone interviews were conducted for those who had not responded via online or to the mailed survey. The survey data collection was done in autumn 2017 among young employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (18-39 years, target population n=11,459). Results: The overall response to the survey was 51.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n=5898). The overall findings suggest that differences in the distributions of socioeconomic, workplace and health-related factors between respondents in the online or mailed surveys, or telephone interviews, are relatively minor. Telephone interview respondents were of lower socioeconomic position, which helped improve representativeness of the entire cohort. Despite the general broad representativeness of the data, some socioeconomic and health-related factors contributed to response. Thus, non-respondents were more often men, manual workers, from the lowest income quartile, had part-time jobs, and had more long sickness absence spells. In turn, job contract (permanent or temporary) and employment sector did not affect survey response. Conclusions: Despite a general representativeness of data of the target population, socioeconomically more disadvantaged and those with long sickness absence, are slightly overrepresented among non-respondents. This suggests that when studying the associations between social factors and health, the associations can be weaker than if complete data were available representing all socioeconomic groups.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health-related factors,Mail survey,Online survey,Participation,Register linkages,Response,Socioeconomic factors,Telephone interview,Workplace,Young employees}
}

@article{LaLumia2008,
  title = {The Effects of Joint Taxation of Married Couples on Labor Supply and Non-Wage Income},
  author = {LaLumia, Sara},
  year = {2008},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {92},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1698--1719},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.009},
  abstract = {The United States changed its tax treatment of married couples in 1948, from a system in which each spouse paid taxes on his or her own income to a system in which a married couple is taxed as a unit. The switch from separate to joint taxation changed incentives for labor supply and asset ownership. This paper investigates the effects of the conversion to joint taxation, taking advantage of a natural experiment created by cross-state variation in property laws. Married individuals in states with community property laws had always been taxed as if each spouse had earned half of the couple's income, and thus were unaffected by the 1948 legal change. Comparing the behavior of highly-educated taxpayers in affected and unaffected states indicates that the tax change is associated with a decline of approximately 2 percentage points in the employment rate of married women, consistent with the higher first-dollar tax rates they faced after 1948. Women married to self-employed men were also less likely to have non-wage income after 1948, reflecting pre- 1948 allocation of family assets to wives for tax purposes. The effects of joint taxation on married men's labor force participation and non-wage income holding are generally not statistically significant. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {joint taxation,labor supply}
}

@article{Lamb2021,
  title = {Nonstandard {{Employment}} and {{Indigenous Earnings Inequality}} in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Lamb, Danielle and Verma, Anil},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {63},
  number = {5},
  pages = {661--683},
  issn = {0022-1856},
  doi = {10.1177/00221856211021128},
  abstract = {The study investigates the extent to which the type of employment, specifically nonstandard work, may contribute to a better understanding of Indigenous earnings disparities. We find that Indigenous workers are overrepresented in nonstandard jobs and that such forms of work are associated with sizable earnings penalties. Although Indigenous earnings disparities are smaller in nonstandard work than in standard employment, the relatively low earnings of many nonstandard jobs are an important factor contributing to the overall economic inequalities experienced by many Indigenous Canadians. Policy responses aimed at improved human capital accumulation are likely to have limited efficacy unless additional barriers that prevent many Indigenous workers from accessing better quality employment and internal labor markets are identified and removed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Indigenous earnings disparities,nonstandard employment,segmented labor markets}
}

@article{Lamichhane2013,
  title = {Disability and Returns to Education in a Developing Country},
  author = {Lamichhane, Kamal and Sawada, Yasuyuki},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {85--94},
  issn = {0272-7757},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.08.007},
  abstract = {In this paper, we estimate wage returns to investment in education for persons with disabilities in Nepal, using information on the timing of being impaired during school-age years as identifying instrumental variables for years of schooling. We employ unique data collected from persons with hearing, physical, and visual impairments as well as nationally representative survey data from the Nepal Living Standard Survey 2003/2004 (NLSS II). After controlling for endogeneity bias arising from schooling decisions as well as sample selection bias due to endogenous labor participation, the estimated rate of returns to education is very high among persons with disabilities, ranging from 19.3 to 25.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The coexistence of these high returns to education and limited years of schooling suggest that supply side constraints in education to accommodate persons with disabilities and/or there are credit market imperfections. Policies to eliminate these barriers will mitigate poverty among persons with disabilities, the largest minority group in the world. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Nepal,Returns to the investment in education}
}

@article{Lamolla2020,
  title = {Tick-Tock Sounds Different for Women Working in {{IT}} Areas},
  author = {Lamolla, Laura and Gonzalez Ramos, Ana M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--140},
  issn = {1366-8803},
  doi = {10.1080/13668803.2018.1483321},
  abstract = {Women represent over the half of university graduates in Spain. However, the percentage of women graduating with degrees in Computing and Engineering drops to 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% (European Commission. \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2016. She figures. Brussels: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation]). Women are a minority in the workplace in the IT sector, despite it being one of the most dynamic industries with a positive future outlook. Existent literature highlights that women face a variety of barriers that can impede their progress in the workplace, mainly related to work-life conflicts. However, the attempts carried out thus far to improve women's work-life balance have had little effect in this sector, where the numbers lag behind those of other sectors. The reasons behind those numbers must be understood. In this sense, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of work/personal lives of women in IT sectors throughout the course of their lives. The results obtained from a tailor-made survey in Spain show that women working in IT are very work-oriented and committed to their careers and have fewer conflicts regarding work-life balance than was expected. It was in fact age, income and perception of gender discrimination that stood out as significant variables that may explain the difficulties encountered. In light of this, flexible work policies are not enough to increase the number of women in IT, and we suggest actions that could serve to fight stereotypes regarding gender and age in the workplace.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,IT,life course,Work centrality,work-life integration}
}

@article{LaMontagne2013,
  title = {Psychosocial Working Conditions in a Representative Sample of Working {{Australians}} 2001-2008: An Analysis of Changes in Inequalities over Time},
  author = {LaMontagne, A. D. and Krnjacki, L. and Kavanagh, A. M. and Bentley, R.},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  journal = {OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {70},
  number = {9},
  pages = {639--647},
  issn = {1351-0711},
  doi = {10.1136/oemed-2012-101171},
  abstract = {Background A number of widely prevalent job stressors have been identified as modifiable risk factors for common mental and physical illnesses such as depression and cardiovascular disease, yet there has been relatively little study of population trends in exposure to job stressors over time. The aims of this paper were to assess: (1) overall time trends in job control and security and (2) whether disparities by sex, age, skill level and employment arrangement were changing over time in the Australian working population. Methods Job control and security were measured in eight annual waves (2000-2008) from the Australian nationally-representative Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia panel survey (n=13188 unique individuals for control and n=13182 for security). Observed and model-predicted time trends were generated. Models were generated using population-averaged longitudinal linear regression, with year fitted categorically. Changes in disparities over time by sex, age group, skill level and employment arrangement were tested as interactions between each of these stratifying variables and time. Results While significant disparities persisted for disadvantaged compared with advantaged groups, results suggested that inequalities in job control narrowed among young workers compared with older groups and for casual, fixed-term and self-employed compared with permanent workers. A slight narrowing of disparities over time in job security was noted for gender, age, employment arrangement and occupational skill level. Conclusions Despite the favourable findings of small reductions in disparities in job control and security, significant cross-sectional disparities persist. Policy and practice intervention to improve psychosocial working conditions for disadvantaged groups could reduce these persisting disparities and associated illness burdens.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {exposure surveillance,job control,job security,psychosocial stressors}
}

@article{Land2010,
  title = {A {{Longitudinal Study}} of {{Medicaid Coverage}} for {{Tobacco Dependence Treatments}} in {{Massachusetts}} and {{Associated Decreases}} in {{Hospitalizations}} for {{Cardiovascular Disease}}},
  author = {Land, Thomas and Rigotti, Nancy A. and Levy, Douglas E. and Paskowsky, Mark and Warner, Donna and Kwass, Jo-Ann and Wetherell, LeAnn and Keithly, Lois},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLOS MEDICINE},
  volume = {7},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1549-1277},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000375},
  abstract = {Background: Insurance coverage of tobacco cessation medications increases their use and reduces smoking prevalence in a population. However, uncertainty about the impact of this coverage on health care utilization and costs is a barrier to the broader adoption of this policy, especially by publicly funded state Medicaid insurance programs. Whether a publicly funded tobacco cessation benefit leads to decreased medical claims for tobacco-related diseases has not been studied. We examined the experience of Massachusetts, whose Medicaid program adopted comprehensive coverage of tobacco cessation medications in July 2006. Over 75,000 Medicaid subscribers used the benefit in the first 2.5 years. On the basis of earlier secondary survey work, it was estimated that smoking prevalence declined among subscribers by 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% during this period. Methods and Findings: Using claims data, we compared the probability of hospitalization prior to use of the tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy benefit with the probability of hospitalization after benefit use among Massachusetts Medicaid beneficiaries, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, seasonality, influenza cases, and the implementation of the statewide smoke-free air law using generalized estimating equations. Statistically significant annualized declines of 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-70\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were observed in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction and other acute coronary heart disease diagnoses, respectively. There were no significant decreases in hospitalizations rates for respiratory diagnoses or seven other diagnostic groups evaluated. Conclusions: Among Massachusetts Medicaid subscribers, use of a comprehensive tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy benefit was associated with a significant decrease in claims for hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary heart disease, but no significant change in hospital claims for other diagnoses. For low-income smokers, removing the barriers to the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy has the potential to decrease short-term utilization of hospital services.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lane2000,
  title = {The Management Implications of Women's Employment Disadvantage in a Female-Dominated Profession: {{A}} Study of {{NHS}} Nursing},
  author = {Lane, N},
  year = {2000},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {37},
  number = {5},
  pages = {705--731},
  issn = {0022-2380},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-6486.00200},
  abstract = {Current explanations of gender inequality in paid employment fall into two broad groups. Firstly, there are theorists who argue that the actions and strategies of managers maintain and perpetuate unequal outcomes for women in the labour market. Secondly, there are theorists who argue that women's lower commitment to work determines their job choices and outcomes. A survey of 643 qualified female NHS nurses examines both approaches. We argue that recognizing not only the existence of gender-based disadvantage but also its sources are important in devising effective managerial policies and initiatives. Also, conventionally less attention has been given to patterns of individual disadvantage for employees within workforces dominated by members of the same gender. Employment disadvantage is shown to exist in the single gender workforce, as in the more general case, but its operation is subtler and more difficult for managers to detect. This suggests a number of important management implications: a clear need for diagnosing potential patterns of disadvantage which may be relatively covert; the need to recognize the imperative for monitoring employment equity beyond regulatory compliance; the need for the implementation of effective strategy; and managers' need to evaluate the adequacy of not simply equal opportunities policies, but the broader issue of long-term career planning.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lapointe2016,
  title = {{Upgrading or Polarization? The Evolution of Employment Structure and Quality in Quebec and Canada, 1997-2013}},
  author = {Lapointe, Paul-Andre and Bach, Catherine},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {RELATIONS INDUSTRIELLES-INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--32},
  issn = {0034-379X},
  doi = {10.7202/1035900ar},
  abstract = {The Labour Force Survey Microdata of Statistics Canada have been used as part of an approach centered on professions, which itself rests upon an employment regime approach. The authors have constructed a typology of occupations into eight classes. Based on the relative share of occupational classes in wage employment, it appears that professionals and technicians, both in the natural sciences and the new technologies of information and communication and in the social and health sciences have recorded the largest growth; low-skilled workers in interpersonal services have also grown, while blue-collar and white-collar workers have declined and senior managers and the finance professionals are mired in stagnation. The latter, however, have proved to be the real winners of income distribution during the period. In terms of job quality, as measured by the relative growth of occupations grouped into income quintiles, an asymmetric polarization can be observed: the highest quintiles, bringing together the good jobs, have experienced higher growth than the lowest quintile, associated with bad jobs, while intermediate quintiles declined. We can also observe growth in wage inequality in the sense that wages in the highest quintile increased more quickly than in other income quintiles. Finally, Quebec and Canada belong to the neoliberal regime. Quebec is certainly a more egalitarian society but, unlike the country's social democratic model, this \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedistinct\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace character is not the result of more progressive social policy and a more inclusive trade unionism, which would have raised the lowest quintile wages; it rather reflects the employment stagnation, or even decline, in the highest quintile and wage stagnation, or even decline, in the fourth quintile.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {employment schemes,pay inequalities,polarization,professional classes}
}

@article{Lasater1997,
  title = {Synthesis of Findings and Issues from Religious-Based Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Trials},
  author = {Lasater, {\relax TM} and Becker, {\relax DM} and Hill, {\relax MN} and Gans, {\relax KM}},
  year = {1997},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {7},
  number = {7, S},
  pages = {S46-S53},
  issn = {1047-2797},
  doi = {10.1016/S1047-2797(97)80007-5},
  abstract = {PURPOSE: Widespread prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) requires significant aggregate lifestyle behavior changes. Extensive resources including money, time, access, facilities, materials, and programs are needed to bring about such behavior changes on a large scale. Over the past several decades, funds for large scale public health efforts and related CVD research have become more difficult to acquire, and prevention efforts have been shifting to state and community sites. Thus, large scale behavior modification for CVD prevention requires active efforts to access resources from partnerships with multiple private sector organizations. METHODS: Religious organizations (ROs) are a potentially valuable channel with many advantages for undertaking behavior change programming in partnership with public health researchers. ROs have a broad, direct \textbackslash textasciigrave'reach'' with people and provide social support structures, facilities, volunteers, communication channels and access to many sub-populations as well as a compatible mission and history of interest in health. In spite of the many advantages of partnerships between CVD health researchers and ROs, very few formal research studies have been conducted. Existing reports have emphasized the feasibility and powerful benefits of implementing RO-based health programs; however, little data or formal hypothesis testing have been reported. Very few formal CVD research projects have employed scientifically acceptable research designs with random assignment of intact groups to intervention and comparison conditions. RESULTS: In this review, conducted by the current authors, only six projects have been identified that meet these more rigorous scientific criteria. In a discussion of these projects, we classify RO-based studies into four levels of involvement of the RO: 1) use of ROs as sites for recruitment and tracking of experimental subjects; 2) use of RO facilities to conduct interventions; 3) involvement of RO members in delivering behavior change programs; and 4) the addition of significant religious components as an integral part of the intervention. This paper discusses the design, results and implications of these studies including information on what we already know about conducting research with ROs, gaps in existing research and recommendations for future studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is enormous untapped potential for RO-based CVD prevention research, but considerably more work is required to achieve the level of research that is currently conducted in other channels such as worksites and schools. Health practitioners/researchers and ROs are increasingly seizing the opportunity for partnerships to improve health. The knowledge gained from these projects and their documented successes will hopefully encourage other components of the public health system such as hospitals, managed care organizations and departments of health to continue developing ways of including ROs in health research and behavior change programming. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cardiovascular disease prevention,church,religious organization,research design},
  note = {Conference on Community Trials for Cardiopulmonary Health - Directions for Public Health Practice, Policy and Research, BETHESDA, MD, SEP 25-26, 1996}
}

@article{Lasker2005,
  title = {Helping a Professor with Aphasia Resume Teaching through Multimodal Approaches},
  author = {Lasker, {\relax JP} and LaPointe, {\relax LL} and Kodras, {\relax JE}},
  year = {2005},
  month = may,
  journal = {APHASIOLOGY},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3-5},
  pages = {399--410},
  issn = {0268-7038},
  doi = {10.1080/02687030444000840},
  abstract = {Background: Research and clinical evidence suggest that employment after stroke may be an important aspect of-preserving personal and social identity; however, few people with significant aphasia manage to return to work, particularly if their jobs are communicatively and cognitively demanding. Aims: This study presents the case of a professor with aphasia, JK, who resumed teaching through a combination of voice-output technology and the Key Word Teaching technique. Researchers investigated student attitudes towards two teaching approaches-one utilising voice-output technology alone and the other combining voice-output with the Key Word Teaching technique. Methods \textbackslash textbackslash\& Procedures: Ten student participants attended two simulated class sessions-one utilising voice-output technology alone and the other combining voice-output with the Key Word Teaching technique. Investigators analysed attitudinal survey results using nonparametric analyses. Qualitative approaches were employed to analyse transcripts of focus group discussions and written teaching evaluations. The investigators also compared university-based teaching evaluations from before JK's stroke to results obtained after the training protocol was completed. In addition, investigators videotaped and reviewed in-class teaching examples. Outcomes \textbackslash textbackslash\& Results: In the Combined condition, students rated the professor and the presentation more positively on dependent measures related to rate, comfort, understandability, and their willingness to participate. In a ranking task, all students preferred the Combined teaching approach. The scores on JK's university-based teaching evaluations provided by her students the semester after Key Word Teaching training were similar to evaluations from before her stroke. In addition, excerpts from JK's classroom discourse revealed that she was now combining natural speech and synthesised speech output to enhance her teaching. Conclusions: Results suggest that students preferred the Combined teaching approach utilising both the synthesised speech from the computer and the Key Word Teaching technique. Also, the training protocol enabled JK to combine natural speech and synthesised computer output within the classroom setting in ways that she had been unable to prior to training. The results demonstrate how a thorough analysis of JK's communication needs, accompanied by explicit training in techniques to overcome barriers to participation, resulted in a successful vocational outcome that enabled JK to retain an important aspect of her identity.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {34th Annual Clinical Aphasiology Conference, Park City, UT, 2004}
}

@article{Lata2021,
  title = {The Politics of Gendered Space: {{Social}} Norms and Purdah Affecting Female Informal Work in {{Dhaka}}, {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Lata, Lutfun Nahar and Walters, Peter and Roitman, Sonia},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {318--336},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12562},
  abstract = {Labor markets are still heavily gendered everywhere, even when women's participation in the labor market is greater now than at any other time in history. Existing research shows poor women's participation in the informal economy is higher than men's in many parts of the Global South. However, this is not the case in Bangladesh. Poor Muslim women's participation, particularly where they require access to public space, is lower than men due to persistent patriarchal norms, reflected in social and religious expectations of women. Drawing on interview data with female street vendors from a slum in Dhaka, this article explores the dynamics of social and religious norms that constrain poor Muslim women's access to public space to earn income. This article contributes to the literature on gender, religion, and work by highlighting that the parochial realm offers a safer space for operating businesses without breaking social norms and by arguing that poor Muslim women experience social and religious barriers rather than legal ones. Non-legal barriers are more amenable to change as a result, which is important for empowering women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gendered labor,gendered space,informal economy,public space,street vending}
}

@article{Law2021,
  title = {Factors Affecting Job Choice among Physician Anesthesia Providers in {{Uganda}}: A Survey of Income Composition, Discrete Choice Experiment, and Implications for the Decision to Work Rurally},
  author = {Law, Tyler J. and Subhedar, Shivani and Bulamba, Fred and O'Hara, Nathan N. and Nabukenya, Mary T. and Sendagire, Cornelius and {Hewitt-Smith}, Adam and Lipnick, Michael S. and Tumukunde, Janat},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12960-021-00634-8},
  abstract = {Background One of the biggest barriers to accessing safe surgical and anesthetic care is lack of trained providers. Uganda has one of the largest deficits in anesthesia providers in the world, and though they are increasing in number, they remain concentrated in the capital city. Salary is an oft-cited barrier to rural job choice, yet the size and sources of anesthesia provider incomes are unclear, and so the potential income loss from taking a rural job is unknown. Additionally, while salary augmentation is a common policy proposal to increase rural job uptake, the relative importance of non-monetary job factors in job choice is also unknown. Methods A survey on income sources and magnitude, and a Discrete Choice Experiment examining the relative importance of monetary and non-monetary factors in job choice, was administered to 37 and 47 physician anesthesiologists in Uganda, between May-June 2019. Results No providers worked only at government jobs. Providers earned most of their total income from a non-government job (50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of income, 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% of working hours), but worked more hours at their government job (36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of income, and 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% of working hours). Providers felt the most important job attributes were the quality of the facility and scope of practice they could provide, and the presence of a colleague (33\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% overall relative importance). These were more important than salary and living conditions (14\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% importance). Conclusions No providers accepted the salary from a government job alone, which was always augmented by other work. However, few providers worked only nongovernment jobs. Non-monetary incentives are powerful influencers of job preference, and may be leveraged as policy options to attract providers. Salary continues to be an important driver of job choice, and jobs with fewer income generating opportunities (e.g. private work in rural areas) are likely to need salary augmentation to attract providers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anesthesia,Discrete choice experiment,Incentive,Income,Rural,Salary,Surgery,Uganda}
}

@article{Lazo-Porras2021,
  title = {Process Evaluation of Complex Interventions in Chronic and Neglected Tropical Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries-a Scoping Review Protocol},
  author = {{Lazo-Porras}, Maria and Liu, Hueiming and Miranda, J. Jaime and Moore, Graham and Burri, Mafalda and Chappuis, Francois and Perel, Pablo and Beran, David},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s13643-021-01801-7},
  abstract = {Background: The use of process evaluations is a growing area of interest in research groups working on complex interventions. This methodology tries to understand how the intervention was implemented to inform policy and practice. A recent systematic review by Liu et al. on process evaluations of complex interventions addressing non-communicable diseases found few studies in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC) because it was restricted to randomized controlled trials, primary healthcare level and non-communicable diseases. Yet, LMICs face different barriers to implement interventions in comparison to high-income countries such as limited human resources, access to health care and skills of health workers to treat chronic conditions especially at primary health care level. Therefore, understanding the challenges of interventions for non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases (diseases that affect poor populations and have chronic sequelae) will be important to improve how process evaluation is designed, conducted and used in research projects in LMICs. For these reasons, in comparison to the study of Liu et al., the current study will expand the search strategy to include different study designs, languages and settings. Objective: Map research using process evaluation in the areas of non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases to inform the gaps in the design and conduct of this type of research in LMICs. Methods: Scoping review of process evaluation studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of complex interventions implemented in LMICs including participants with non-communicable diseases or neglected tropical diseases and their health care providers (physicians, nurses, technicians and others) related to achieve better health for all through reforms in universal coverage, public policy, service delivery and leadership. The aspects that will be evaluated are as follows: (i) available evidence of process evaluation in the areas of non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases such as frameworks and theories, (ii) methods applied to conduct process evaluations and (iii) gaps between the design of the intervention and its implementation that were identified through the process evaluation. Studies published from January 2008. Exclusion criteria are as follows: not peer reviewed articles, not a report based on empirical research, not reported in English or Spanish or Portuguese or French, reviews and non-human research. Discussion: This scoping review will map the evidence of process evaluations conducted in LMICs. It will also identify the methods they used to collect and interpret data, how different theories and frameworks were used and lessons from the implementation of complex interventions. This information will allow researchers to conduct better process evaluations considering special characteristics from countries with limited human resources, scarce data available and limited access to health care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Complex interventions,Neglected tropical diseases,Non-communicable diseases,Process evaluation}
}

@article{Le2019,
  title = {The Evolution of Domestic Violence Prevention and Control in {{Vietnam}} from 2003 to 2018: A Case Study of Policy Development and Implementation within the Health System},
  author = {Le, Thi Minh and Morley, Christine and Hill, Peter S. and Bui, Quyen Tu and Dunne, Michael P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1752-4458},
  doi = {10.1186/s13033-019-0295-6},
  abstract = {BackgroundInternationally, mental health and social care systems face significant challenges when implementing policy to prevent and respond to domestic violence (DV). This paper reviews the policy process pertaining to the national law on domestic violence prevention and control (DVPC) within the health system in Vietnam from 2003 to 2018, and critically examines the policy-making process and content, the involvement of key actors and the barriers to implementation within the health system.Methods63 policy documents, 36 key informant interviews and 4 focus group discussions were conducted in Hanoi city, Bac Giang and Hai Duong provinces. The policy triangle framework was used to analyse the development and implementation process of the Law on DVPC.ResultsThe Vietnamese government developed the law on DVPC in response to the Millennium Development Goals reporting requirements. The development was a top-down process directed by state bodies, but it was the first time that international agencies and civil society groups had been involved in the health policy development process. The major themes that emerged in the analysis include: policy content, policymaking and implementation processes, the nature of actors' involvement, contexts, and mechanisms for policy implementation. Policy implementation was slow and delayed due to implementation being optional, decentralization, socio-cultural factors related especially to sensitivity, insufficient budgets, and insufficient cooperation between various actors within the health system and other related DV support systems.ConclusionThe initial development process for DVPC Law in Vietnam was pressured by external and internal demands, but the subsequent implementation within the health system experienced protracted delays. It is recommended that the policy be revised to emphasise a rights-based approach. Implementation would be more effective if monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are improved, the quality of training for health workers is enhanced, and cooperation between the health sector and related actors in the community is required and becomes routine in daily work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Case study,Development,Domestic violence,Gender,Health system,Implementation,Policy,Vietnam}
}

@article{Le2021,
  title = {Different Firm Responses to the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic Shocks: Machine-Learning Evidence on the {{Vietnamese}} Labor Market},
  author = {Le, Lam Hoang Viet and Huynh, Toan Luu Duc and Weber, Bryan S. and Nguyen, Bao Khac Quoc},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EMERGING MARKETS},
  issn = {1746-8809},
  doi = {10.1108/IJOEM-02-2021-0292},
  abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to identify the disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct a large-scale survey on 16,000 firms from 82 industries in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and analyze the data set by using different machine-learning methods. Findings First, job loss and reduction in state-owned enterprises have been significantly larger than in other types of organizations. Second, employees of foreign direct investment enterprises suffer a significantly lower labor income than those of other groups. Third, the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market are heterogeneous across industries and geographies. Finally, firms with high revenue in 2019 are more likely to adopt preventive measures, including the reduction of labor forces. The authors also find a significant correlation between firms' revenue and labor reduction as traditional econometrics and machine-learning techniques suggest. Originality/value This study has two main policy implications. First, although government support through taxes has been provided, the authors highlight evidence that there may be some additional benefit from targeting firms that have characteristics associated with layoffs or other negative labor responses. Second, the authors provide information that shows which firm characteristics are associated with particular labor market responses such as layoffs, which may help target stimulus packages. Although the COVID-19 pandemic affects most industries and occupations, heterogeneous firm responses suggest that there could be several varieties of targeted policies-targeting firms that are likely to reduce labor forces or firms likely to face reduced revenue. In this paper, the authors outline several industries and firm characteristics which appear to more directly be reducing employee counts or having negative labor responses which may lead to more cost-effect stimulus.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Disparities,E24,Employment,J21,J22,J23,J62,J63,J64,Labor forces,Organizational behavior,Vietnam}
}

@article{Le2022,
  title = {Understanding Volunteering Intensity in Older Volunteers},
  author = {Le, Giang Huong and Aartsen, Marja},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X22001106},
  abstract = {Although volunteering is considered a good strategy for successful ageing, not many older adults are engaged in voluntary work and those who are do so mainly sporadically. This study focuses on time invested in volunteering rather than on doing voluntary work or not, as is often done in studies so far. By combining the theory of resources for volunteering with a functional and structural approach to volunteering, this cross-sectional study seeks to shed light on a wide range of factors associated with the intensity of volunteering. The study is based on a sample of 1,599 volunteers aged 50 and older participating in the Norwegian study on Life Course, Ageing and Generation Study (NorLAG). The survey includes, among others, detailed information about demographics and time invested in voluntary work and questions about attitudes, motivations, structural and other potential barriers to volunteering. Multivariate linear regression analyses indicate that a religious attitude is associated with elevated hours spent on voluntary work, while co-habitation is associated with a decreased engagement in voluntary work. In addition, people who are motivated to volunteer because they find it interesting and because volunteering allows them to use their competence spend more time volunteering. Human capital, i.e. education, income and subjective health, are not associated with the number of hours invested in voluntary work. The likelihood of contributing more volunteering hours of older men is 17.5 per cent higher than that of older women. We found no indication of a relation between work status, functional limitations, urbanisation or ethnicity and voluntary work engagement. Policies aiming to increase time investment of volunteers should strive for an optimal fit between the nature of the voluntary work and the interests and skills of the volunteers. In designing interventions to stimulate higher engagement in voluntary work, one should further promote strategies for flexible time commitment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {functional approach,older adults,oppressive factors,resource perspective,voluntary work}
}

@article{Leach1996,
  title = {Training, Migration, and Regional Income Disparities},
  author = {Leach, J},
  year = {1996},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS},
  volume = {61},
  number = {3},
  pages = {429--443},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(95)01563-9},
  abstract = {It is assumed that there are two regions, that production requires both skilled and unskilled labour, and that one region is innately more productive than the other. Workers, who differ in their migration or training costs? make individually rational decisions. In equilibrium the ratio of skilled workers to unskilled workers is always higher in the more productive region. Average incomes differ between regions because regional differences in wage rates are reinforced by regional differences in the structure of employment. The model is also used to analyse the effects of policies intended to equalize the distribution of income.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income distribution,migration}
}

@article{Leach2010,
  title = {The Limitations of Employment as a Tool for Social Inclusion},
  author = {Leach, Liana S. and Butterworth, Peter and Strazdins, Lyndall and Rodgers, Bryan and Broom, Dorothy H. and Olesen, Sarah C.},
  year = {2010},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-10-621},
  abstract = {Background: One important component of social inclusion is the improvement of well-being through encouraging participation in employment and work life. However, the ways that employment contributes to wellbeing are complex. This study investigates how poor health status might act as a barrier to gaining good quality work, and how good quality work is an important pre-requisite for positive health outcomes. Methods: This study uses data from the PATH Through Life Project, analysing baseline and follow-up data on employment status, psychosocial job quality, and mental and physical health status from 4261 people in the Canberra and Queanbeyan region of south-eastern Australia. Longitudinal analyses conducted across the two time points investigated patterns of change in employment circumstances and associated changes in physical and mental health status. Results: Those who were unemployed and those in poor quality jobs (characterised by insecurity, low marketability and job strain) were more likely to remain in these circumstances than to move to better working conditions. Poor quality jobs were associated with poorer physical and mental health status than better quality work, with the health of those in the poorest quality jobs comparable to that of the unemployed. For those who were unemployed at baseline, pre-existing health status predicted employment transition. Those respondents who moved from unemployment into poor quality work experienced an increase in depressive symptoms compared to those who moved into good quality work. Conclusions: This evidence underlines the difficulty of moving from unemployment into good quality work and highlights the need for social inclusion policies to consider people's pre-existing health conditions and promote job quality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Leavey2019,
  title = {Improving Mental Health Pathways and Care for Adolescents in Transition to Adult Services ({{IMPACT}}): A Retrospective Case Note Review of Social and Clinical Determinants of Transition},
  author = {Leavey, Gerard and McGrellis, Sheena and Forbes, Trisha and Thampi, Annette and Davidson, Gavin and Rosato, Michael and Bunting, Brendan and Divin, Natalie and Hughes, Lynette and Toal, Alicia and Paul, Moli and Singh, Swaran P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {54},
  number = {8},
  pages = {955--963},
  issn = {0933-7954},
  doi = {10.1007/s00127-019-01684-z},
  abstract = {BackgroundPoor transitions to adult care from child and adolescent mental health services may increase the risk of disengagement and long-term negative outcomes. However, studies of transitions in mental health care are commonly difficult to administer and little is known about the determinants of successful transition. The persistence of health inequalities related to access, care, and outcome is now well accepted including the inverse care law which suggests that those most in need of services may be the least likely to obtain them. We sought to examine the pathways and determinants of transition, including the role of social class.MethodA retrospective systematic examination of electronic records and case notes of young people eligible to transition to adult care over a 4-year period across five Health and Social Care NHS Trusts in Northern Ireland.ResultsWe identified 373 service users eligible for transition. While a high proportion of eligible patients made the transition to adult services, very few received an optimal transition process and many dropped out of services or subsequently disengaged. Clinical factors, rather than social class, appear to be more influential in the transition pathway. However, those not in employment, education or training (NEET) were more likely (OR 3.04: 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.34, 6.91) to have been referred to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS), as were those with a risk assessment or diagnosis (OR 4.89: 2.45, 9.80 and OR 3.36: 1.78, 6.34), respectively.ConclusionsDespite the importance of a smoother transition to adult services, surprisingly, few patients experience this. There is a need for stronger standardised policies and guidelines to ensure optimal transitional care to AMHS. The barriers between different arms of psychiatry appear to persist. Joint working and shared arrangements between child and adolescent and adult mental health services should be fostered.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child and adolescent,Inequalities,Mental health,Service provision,Transition}
}

@article{Lebares2021,
  title = {Exploration of {{Individual}} and {{System-Level Well-being Initiatives}} at an {{Academic Surgical Residency Program A Mixed-Methods Study}}},
  author = {Lebares, Carter C. and Greenberg, Anya L. and Ascher, Nancy L. and Delucchi, Kevin L. and Reilly, Linda M. and {Van der Schaaf}, Marieke and Baathe, Fredrik and O'Sullivan, Patricia and Isaksson Ro, Karin},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JAMA NETWORK OPEN},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32676},
  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Physician well-being is a critical component of sustainable health care. There are few data on the effects of multilevel well-being programs nor a clear understanding of where and how to target resources. OBJECTIVE To inform the design of future well-being interventions by exploring individual and workplace factors associated with surgical trainees' well-being, differences by gender identity, and end-user perceptions of these initiatives. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This mixed-methods study among surgical trainees within a single US academic surgical department included a questionnaire in January 2019 (98 participants, including general surgery residents and clinical fellows) and a focus group (9 participants, all clinical residents who recently completed their third postgraduate year \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracePGY 3]) in July 2019. Participants self-reported gender (man, woman, nonbinary). EXPOSURES Individual and organizational-level initiatives, including mindfulness-based affective regulation training (via Enhanced Stress Resilience Training), advanced scheduling of time off, wellness half-days, and the creation of a resident-driven well-being committee. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Well-being was explored using validated measures of psychosocial risk (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, alcohol use, languishing, anxiety, high psychological demand) and resilience (mindfulness, social support, flourishing) factors. End-user perceptions were assessed through open-ended responses and a formal focus group. RESULTS Of 98 participants surveyed, 64 responded (response rate, 65\textbackslash textbackslash\%), of whom 35 (55\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were women. Women vs men trainees were significantly more likely to report high depersonalization (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 5.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.38-21.85) and less likely to report high mindfulness tendencies (OR, 0.17; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.05-0.53). Open-ended responses highlighted time and priorities as the greatest barriers to using well-being resources. Focus group findings reflected Job Demand-Resource theory tenets, revealing the value of individual-level interventions to provide coping skills, the benefit of advance scheduling of time off for maintaining personal support resources, the importance of work quality rather than quantity, and the demoralizing effect of inefficient or nonresponsive systems. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, surgical trainees indicated that multilevel well-being programs would benefit them, but tailoring these initiatives to individual needs and specific workplace elements is critical to maximizing intervention effects.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lebedeva2018,
  title = {{CREATING JOBS UNDER TRUMP'S POLICY: PRIORITIES, REALITIES AND RISKS}},
  author = {Lebedeva, Liudmila F.},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {MIROVAYA EKONOMIKA I MEZHDUNARODNYE OTNOSHENIYA},
  volume = {62},
  number = {11},
  pages = {77--86},
  issn = {0131-2227},
  doi = {10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-11-77-86},
  abstract = {The promises of D. Trump to return jobs to the American workers put the problems of employment in the focus of his economic policy. After the Trump's first year in White house the job market feels nice with employment indicators growing and unemployment going down. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017) makes it more attractive to do business both for the American and foreign firms in the United States; and benefits those American companies that do their business at home. There is little doubt that lowering taxes, limiting regulation can reduce employer's costs, and stronger economic growth would increase employment opportunities. However, this process cannot stop long run trends of globalization; technological, demographic influence on the labor force participation, jobs polarization. The US economy has long been moving away from mining and manufacturing industries towards service sectors with less median wage and lower access to employer's benefits, to medical, pension and other programs. The paper focuses on job polarization with rising inequality between different groups of employees. The structure of employment in the US had sharply polarized over the past two decades by qualification, education; with expanding job opportunities, both for high-skill and low-skill occupations and decreasing opportunities for middle-skill workers. Meanwhile the tax cuts and regulation cuts are coming hand in hand with budget cuts for supporting education and training which could weaken the possibilities of low income persons to gain education and skills that the labor market values. So far, current administration's policy may deliver impulse for more jobs, coming with economic growth, but eventually the social bad political polarization of America may become deeper after Trump's presidency than before.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {employment,globalization,inequality,US,workplaces}
}

@article{Lebedinski2023,
  title = {Child Penalty in {{Russia}}: Evidence from an Event Study},
  author = {Lebedinski, Lara and Perugini, Cristiano and Vladisavljevic, Marko},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {173--215},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1007/s11150-022-09604-y},
  abstract = {In this paper, we investigate the child penalty in Russia using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) and the methodological framework of event studies. We find that five years after childbirth, women suffer an earnings penalty, while no effect is observed for men. The mothers' penalty stems exclusively from lower employment after childbirth. Contrary to similar studies on Western Europe and the US, we do not find penalties in terms of working hours or hourly wage rates for women who remain in the labour force. We further find that mothers' employment penalty is strongly driven by household characteristics and by their spouses' beliefs. Finally, we find that parenthood decreases the probability of working in supervisory positions for mothers and in the public sector for fathers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ledic2021,
  title = {Beyond {{Wage Gap}}, {{Towards Job Quality Gap}}: {{The Role}} of {{Inter-Group Differences}} in {{Wages}}, {{Non-Wage Job Dimensions}}, and {{Preferences}}},
  author = {Ledic, Marko and Rubil, Ivica},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {155},
  number = {2},
  pages = {523--561},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-021-02612-y},
  abstract = {Wage is not the only thing people care about when assessing the quality of their jobs. Non-wage job dimensions, such as autonomy at work and work-life balance, are important as well. Nevertheless, there is vast literature comparing groups of employed people that focuses on the inter-group wage gaps only. We go beyond the wage gap by proposing a framework for analysing inter-group gaps in multidimensional job quality. Job quality is measured by the so-called equivalent wage, a measure combining wage and multiple non-wage job dimensions in accordance with preferences over jobs as combinations of job dimensions. We derive a decomposition of the inter-group equivalent wage gap into three components: (1) the standard wage gap, (2) the gap in non-wage dimensions, and (3) inter-group preference heterogeneity. In an illustrative empirical application, we focus on the gender gap for recent university graduates using survey data from 19 countries. Men's equivalent wages are substantially higher than women's, and the equivalent wage gaps are significantly larger than the wage gaps. This is because the non-wage job dimensions are on average to men's advantage, and the preference heterogeneity is such that men care about the non-wage dimensions less than women do, and thus suffer less from having the non-wage dimensions at levels below the perfect level. This type of decompositions broadens information about labour market inequalities available to policy makers, but it is up to them to decide which of the three components of the equivalent wage gap are normatively relevant for them and whether they should aim to eliminate them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decomposition,Equivalent wage gap,Gender gap,Job quality,Multi-dimensional,Wage gap}
}

@article{Lee1996,
  title = {Globalization and Employment: {{Is}} Anxiety Justified?},
  author = {Lee, E},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {135},
  number = {5},
  pages = {485-\textbackslash textbackslash\&},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  abstract = {Rapid growth in world trade, foreign direct investment and cross-border financial flows is a sign of increased globalization of the world economy. The worldwide wave of economic liberalization driving these changes has raised significant apprehensions about the implications of globalization for employment and income inequality. This article seeks to allay some of these fears: that unemployment and wage inequality will inevitably increase in industrialized and developing countries; that an emerging global labour market implies a race to the bottom in wages and labour standards; and that these new problems mean the loss of national policy autonomy and government impotence.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lee1997,
  title = {Foreign Investment, Industrial Restructuring and Dependent Development in {{Singapore}}},
  author = {Lee, {\relax WKM}},
  year = {1997},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ASIA},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--70},
  issn = {0047-2336},
  doi = {10.1080/00472339780000051},
  abstract = {Singapore's industrial development and restructuring rue very much dependent on foreign investment. Despite the apparent benefits of foreign investment and Singapore's success in export-oriented manufacturing there am worrisome aspects arising from the large and growing dependency on such investment in the manufacturing sector as Singapore moves toward a developed country status. This article explores some of the consequences of such dependency. In terms of industrial pattern, foreign investment has crested and maintained a dualistic industrial structure in manufacturing. Foreign firms and government industrial policies have suppressed and marginalized local entrepreneurship Export-oriented industrialization has opened the employment doors for women in manufacturing. However, women are predominantly found in low pay, dead end job in the assembly line of Singapore's new industrial order. With the implementation of a new wave of industrial restructuring strategies, new capital and technological intensive foreign investments am welcomed and solicited However, the local labour supply is unable to meet the increased demands. Foreign labour has been called in to fill the gap. This inevitably distorts labour market outcomes and heightens the income inequality index.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lee2007,
  title = {Work Barriers in the Context of Pathways to the Employment of Welfare-to-Work Clients},
  author = {Lee, Shawna J. and Vinokur, Amiram D.},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {301--312},
  issn = {0091-0562},
  doi = {10.1007/s10464-007-9144-x},
  abstract = {The ability of welfare-to-work clients to leave the welfare rolls and stay in the labor force is often limited by the work barriers they face. Using a sample of 1,404 female welfare-to-work clients we first examined the structure of work barriers and then tested their contribution to current work status in the context of a structural equation model that incorporated other central pathways to employment. Whereas work barriers included diverse factors ranging from lack of transportation to low quality jobs, they were shown to constitute a uni-dimensional construct. Furthermore, work barriers had a net adverse effect on employment outcomes, controlling for job search self-efficacy and employment intention. We conclude with discussion of implications for the development of welfare-to-work programs and interventions that target low-income women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {low-income women,path model,welfare,work,work barriers}
}

@article{Lee2011,
  title = {The {{Limit}} of {{Equality Projects}}: {{Public-Sector Expansion}}, {{Sectoral Conflicts}}, and {{Income Inequality}} in {{Postindustrial Economies}}},
  author = {Lee, Cheol-Sung and Kim, Young-Bum and Shim, Jae-Mahn},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {76},
  number = {1},
  pages = {100--124},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.1177/0003122410396195},
  abstract = {In this study, we investigate how structural economic changes constrain an equality project, the public-sector expansion strategy. First, we describe a three-stage process in which a growing productivity gap between the private-manufacturing and public-service sectors disrupts traditional class solidarity. We contend that emerging conflicts between private and public sectors due to public-sector expansion and a growing inter-sectoral productivity gap eventually lead to employment and budget crises, as well as the weakening of coordinated wage-setting institutions. Furthermore, political, institutional, and economic transformations originating from sectoral cleavages and imbalance lead to increased income inequality. We test this argument using an unbalanced panel dataset on 16 advanced industrial democracies from 1971 to 2003. We find that public-sector employment has a strong negative effect on income inequality when the productivity gap between sectors is low. In such situations, public-sector employment fulfills its promise of equality and full employment. However, as the inter-sectoral productivity gap increases, the negative effect of public-sector expansion on income inequality evaporates. The findings suggest that severely uneven productivity gaps due to different degrees of technological innovations significantly weaken and limit the effectiveness of left-wing governments' policy interventions through public-service expansion.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lee2017,
  title = {Employers' {{Perspective}} on {{Childcare Services}} for {{Hired Farm Workers}}},
  author = {Lee, Barbara C. and Salzwedel, Marsha A. and Chyou, Po-Huang and Liebman, Amy K.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGROMEDICINE},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {376--383},
  issn = {1059-924X},
  doi = {10.1080/1059924X.2017.1358230},
  abstract = {The goal of this project was to protect children while parents work in agriculture by improving off-farm services for children of migrant and seasonal farm workers. Large agricultural enterprises have policies forbidding children in the worksite. At the same time, their employees, who are trying to generate income, seek as many work hours as possible but often lack viable options for childcare services. As employers strive to increase their labor pool, and workers seek off-farm childcare, there is mutual interest in improving access to childcare services in agricultural regions dependent on large numbers of full-time and seasonal workers. This report describes the employers' perspectives on childcare needs of hired farm workers' families and their barriers and motivators to facilitating off-farm childcare services. Using descriptive survey research methodology, data were collected from a convenience sample of 102 agribusiness owners and Human Resource directors attending an agricultural conference regarding labor laws or personnel management. Results revealed significant differences for those companies employing more than 25 workers compared to their counterparts. Primary motivators for offering childcare as an employment benefit were improved employee morale, enhanced company reputation, and a more stable workforce. A major barrier was that half of large-scale enterprises lack guidance on how to provide childcare options for their workers. Survey results are being used to facilitate collaboration among employers, farm workers, and childcare providers to offer a safe, nurturing environment for children while their parents work in agriculture.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agriculture,child care,employers,farm workers,socio-ecological model}
}

@article{Lee2018,
  title = {State Dependence, Individual Heterogeneity, and the Choice of Employment Status: Evidence from {{Korea}}},
  author = {Lee, Ki-Dong and Lee, Seo-Hyeong and Choe, Jong-Il},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  volume = {50},
  number = {8},
  pages = {824--837},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2017.1343447},
  abstract = {Focusing on the individual heterogeneity, this article examines the causes of an individual's employment status choice and the extent of state dependence in the Korean labour market. We estimate a dynamic multinomial logit model using the panel data drawn from the first to fifteenth wave of the Korean Labour and Income Panel Study. The results suggest the presence of state dependence. Individual characteristics and growth background have a significant effect on the choice of employment status. Gender is still an important employment factor; males are more likely to be employed and this gender effect is highest for regular employment (RE). One's educational attainment and age operate in opposite directions. That is, educational attainment (age) has a positive (negative) impact on the choice of a regular job and a negative (positive) impact on the choice of a non-regular job. Contrary to our expectations, a wealthy family background reduces the probability of individuals being wage workers, and raises the probability of them being unemployed. The barriers to RE are greater than for non-regular employment. These findings are of great importance for designing policies to effectively address unemployment and labour informality problems in Korea.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment status,individual heterogeneity,multinomial logit model,state dependence,transition probability}
}

@article{Lee2019,
  title = {Inequality in {{Malaysia Empirical Questions}}, {{Structural Changes}}, {{Gender Aspects}}},
  author = {Lee, Hwok-Aun and Choong, Christopher},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN ECONOMIES},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {329--354},
  issn = {2339-5095},
  doi = {10.1355/ae36-3d},
  abstract = {Malaysia has consistently placed high priority on reducing income inequality, particularly between ethnic groups, with increasing emphasis in recent years on national rather than intergroup inequality, exclusion of low-income households, and gender disparity. Official statistics show steeply declining household income inequality in recent years, and a marginal gender wage gap, but further investigation finds different trends and more nuanced pictures. This paper presents alternative findings that pose questions about the official account. Computing estimates of wage distribution, the study finds moderate changes in inequality, with relatively higher wage growth at the top and bottom ends managers, production and elementary workers while professionals, skilled workers and service workers have experienced slower gains. Shifts in Malaysia's economic structure and labour markets are consistent with the modest changes in inequality that are observed, and somewhat confound the drastic drop plotted in official sources. On gender inequality, women's rapidly increased educational attainment and steadily rising labour participation have bolstered their economic standing, and may account for the surprisingly low average male female wage disparity. However, when disaggregated by occupation, age group, and employment status, substantial gender gaps are observed. Malaysia's efforts to redress inequality warrant more rigorous analyses and systematic policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,income,inequality,labour,Malaysia,wage}
}

@article{Lee2021,
  title = {Related {{Factors}} for {{Impaired Fasting Glucose}} in {{Korean Adults}}: {{A Population Based Study}}},
  author = {Lee, Hyunjin and Kim, Bohyun and Song, Youngshin},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-12276-5},
  abstract = {Background Individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) who have poor health behaviors are at a greater risk for various health outcomes. This study compared the health behaviors and health literacy between individuals with non-IFG and IFG; factors that were associated with IFG were identified by sex. Methods This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that used a stratified, multi-stage, cluster-sampling design to obtain a nationally representative sample. This study analyzed the KNHANES Health Examination Survey and Health Behavior Survey from 2016 to 2018 (N=9919). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to compute the odds ratios of health behaviors and health literacy to identify the risk factors for IFG. Results The prevalence of IFG among the total was 29.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (weighted n=2826, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 27.8-30.2). In the IFG group, 63.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% were male and 36.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female (X-2=320.57, p{$<$}.001). In multiple logistic regression by sex, the factors associated with IFG in male were as follows: age (50s; OR=2.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.79-3.13), high BMI (OR=2.27, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.78-2.90), frequent drinking (OR=1.83, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.23-2.72), and using nutrition fact labels (OR=1.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05-1.75). Low economic status (OR=4.18, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.57-11.15) and high BMI (OR=2.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.29-4.28) were the affecting factors in female. On the other hand, employment status, perceived stress, and job type were not related to IFG in both male and female. Conclusions Strategies should be targeted to improve health behaviors and health literacy for those in their 40s and 60s, male in shift work, those who frequently dine out, overweight male, female with low economic statuses, and frequent drinkers. Moreover, healthcare providers should understand the barriers to health behaviors and literacy to effectively deliver healthcare service.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Diabetes mellitus,Health behavior,Health Literacy,Impaired fasting glucose}
}

@article{Lehrer1999,
  title = {Married Women's Labor Supply Behavior in the 1990s: {{Differences}} by Life-Cycle Stage},
  author = {Lehrer, {\relax EL}},
  year = {1999},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {80},
  number = {3},
  pages = {574--590},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  abstract = {Objective. The purpose of this research is to examine how various factors influence the labor supply of married women at different stages of the life cycle. Methods. Using data from the 1992-94 National Survey of Families and Households, multinomial legit models of full-time employment, part-time employment, and nonparticipation in the labor force are estimated separately for various stages, depending on the presence and ages of children. Results. The effects of the husband's earnings and the wife's own wage on her employment decisions vary considerably across the life cycle stages and are highly nonlinear. Significantly, among women who have preschoolers, an increase in the wage rate raises the odds of part-time employment as opposed to either of the two extremes, full-time work or nonparticipation. Two variables that have received little attention in previous research are found to be important and worthy of further investigation: religion and the presence of stepchildren in the household. Conclusions. The determinants of married women's labor supply behavior vary across the life cycle stages and include factors beyond those considered in conventional models of female employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Leibbrandt2001,
  title = {Household Inequality and the Labor Market in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Leibbrandt, M and Bhorat, H and Woolard, I},
  year = {2001},
  month = jan,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {73--86},
  issn = {1074-3529},
  doi = {10.1093/cep/19.1.73},
  abstract = {There has been very little detailed exploration of the relationship between wage income and household inequality in South Africa despite the relevance of this issue for many contemporary growth and development policy debates. This article is directed at such an analysis. It uses a decomposition of household income inequality by income components to highlight the dominance of wage income in driving overall income inequality. This is followed by a derailed discussion of the distribution of the unemployed across different wage-earning household categories. Many of the unemployed are seen to depend on wage earners within their households, but a significant percentage of the unemployed, especially in rural areas, have no direct link to labor market earners. In such cases, the creation of employment is essential. The conclusion explores policy implications by linking our empirical findings to South African debates over the quality versus the quantity of employment. (JEL D31, J68, O55).},
  langid = {english},
  note = {73rd Annual Meeting of the Western-Economic-Association-International, LAKE TAHOE, NV, JUN 28-JUL 02, 1998}
}

@article{Leigh2007,
  title = {Does Raising the Minimum Wage Help the Poor?},
  author = {Leigh, Andrew},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ECONOMIC RECORD},
  volume = {83},
  number = {263},
  pages = {432--445},
  issn = {0013-0249},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4932.2007.00432.x},
  abstract = {What is the impact of raising the minimum wage on family incomes? Using data from the 1994-1995 to 2002-2003 Survey of Income and Housing, the characteristics of low-wage workers are analysed. Those who earn near-minimum wages are disproportionately female, unmarried and young, without postschool qualifications and overseas born. About one-third of near-minimum-wage workers are the sole worker in their household. Due to low labour force participation rates in the poorest households, minimum-wage workers are most likely to be in middle-income households. Under plausible parameters for the effect of minimum wages on hourly wages and employment, it appears unlikely that raising the minimum wage will significantly lower family income inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Leime2019,
  title = {Working Later in the {{USA}} and {{Ireland}}: Implications for Precariously and Securely Employed Women},
  author = {Leime, A. Ni and Street, Debra},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {39},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2194--2218},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X18000508},
  abstract = {Policies to extend working life (EWL) assume homogeneous workers face similar choices about working longer: this may be difficult for women, workers in physically onerous jobs or in low-paid precarious employment. Work-life trajectories are gendered; women interrupt employment and pension-building to provide care. There is occupational variation in capacities to prolong working lives: physically demanding jobs cause work-related health deficits. The precariously employed cannot contribute regularly to pensions and may face age discrimination. This research provides an inter-occupational and cross-national dimension to EWL research, comparing women teachers and health-care workers in the United States of America (USA) and Republic of Ireland. It documents intra-cohort distinctions that emerge among women when considering educational opportunities and occupational tracks expressed in lifecourse trajectories and accumulated capacities for extended work. Analysis draws on interview data from ten teachers and ten health-care workers in each country, comparing the implications of EWL policies for women workers: in precarious versus secure occupations and occupations with different physical demands. It reveals work-life trajectories leading to poorer financial and health outcomes for older health-care workers, especially in the USA. Most women (regardless of occupation or country) opposed extending working life, with concerns ranging from health status and ability to work to the desire to have healthy years in retirement. The most important distinctions are between the occupational categories considered, rather than cross-national differences. Implications for national and work-place policy and research are considered.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {extended working life,home health-care workers,lifecourse perspective,older workers,precarious employment,secure jobs,teachers,women}
}

@article{Leiulfsrud2016,
  title = {The Meaning of Employment from the Perspective of Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries in Six {{European}} Countries},
  author = {Leiulfsrud, Annelie Schedin and Ruoranen, Kaisa and Ostermann, Anne and Reinhardt, Jan D.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  pages = {133--144},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-162381},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: People with spinal cord injuries (SCI) are underrepresented in the labour force. OBJECTIVE: To examine the meaning of employment, as it is understood in the context of participation and integration in society, among persons with SCI in six European countries. We ask how SCI relates to employment, for the functions of employment, alternatives to employment, and its obstacles. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 74 persons and qualitatively analysed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Employment was ranked as very important independent of the participants current employment status. We identified three main functions of employment: 1) employment contributes to the creation of personal and collective identity and social recognition; 2) employment enables structuring of time and distracts from impairment and pain; 3) employment is as an important social arena that facilitates interaction with other people. Voluntary work and domestic work did not fully replace the social functions of employment, nor correspond to the design of the disability compensation systems. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the high value of employment and a need to pay more attention to a broader range of productive work. It also reveals the interdependencies between employment status and income mediated by the disability compensation schemes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers and facilitators,disability,social participation,Work}
}

@article{Lemstra2007,
  title = {Health Disparity Knowledge and Support for Intervention in {{Saskatoon}}},
  author = {Lemstra, Mark and Neudorf, Cory and Beaudin, Gary},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE},
  volume = {98},
  number = {6},
  pages = {484--488},
  issn = {0008-4263},
  doi = {10.1007/BF03405444},
  abstract = {Background: A number of reports suggest that we need to determine public understanding about the broad determinants of health and also determine public support for actions to reduce health disparities in Canada. Methods: A cross-sectional random survey of 5,000 Saskatoon residents was used to determine knowledge about health determinants and health disparity and then determine public support for various interventions to address health disparity. Findings: Saskatoon residents understand most of the determinants of health except they understate the importance of social class and gender. Saskatoon residents do not have a good understanding of the magnitude of health disparity between income groups. A majority believe risk behaviours are mostly individual choices and are not associated with income status. Most residents believe even small differences in health status between income groups is unacceptable and a majority believe that something can be done to address health disparity by income status. Interventions proposed by residents to alleviate health disparity were evidence-based, including work-earning supplements and strengthening early intervention programs. Logistic regression revealed that greatest support for transferring money from health care treatment to health creation services (like affordable housing and education) came from young Aboriginal males with low income. Interpretation: Saskatoon residents have knowledge of health determinants and have a strong desire to support health disparity intervention. More knowledge transfer is required on the magnitude of health disparity based on income status. Broad-based health disparity intervention in Saskatoon appears possible.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lengfeld2015,
  title = {Do Internal Labour Markets Protect the Unskilled from Low Payment? {{Evidence}} from {{Germany}}},
  author = {Lengfeld, Holger and Ohlert, Clemens},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {36},
  number = {6, SI},
  pages = {874--894},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-01-2014-0033},
  abstract = {Purpose - Up to date, it remains an unresolved issue how firms shape inequality in interaction with mechanisms of stratification at the individual and occupational-level. Accordingly, the authors ask whether workers of different occupational classes are affected to different degrees by between-firm wage inequality. In light of the recent rise of overall wage inequality, answers to this question can contribute to a better understanding of the role firms play in this development. The authors argue and empirically test that whether workers are able to benefit from firms' internal or external strategies for flexibility depends on resources available at the individual and occupational level. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - Matched employer-employee data from official German labour market statistics are used to estimate firm-specific wage components, which are then regressed on structural characteristics of firms. Findings - Between-firm wage effects of internal labour markets are largest among unskilled workers and strongly pronounced among qualified manual workers. Effects are clearly smaller among classes of qualified and high-qualified non-manual workers but have risen sharply for the latter class from 2005 to 2010. Social implications - The most disadvantaged workers in the labour market are also most contingent upon employers' increasingly heterogeneous policies of recruitment and remuneration. Originality/value - This paper combines insights from sociological and economic labour market research in order to formulate and test the new hypothesis that between-firm wage effects of internal labour markets are larger for unskilled than for qualified workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Germany,Internal labour markets,Labour turnover,Occupational class,Pay policies,Social inequality}
}

@article{Leon2015,
  title = {Improving Treatment Adherence for Blood Pressure Lowering via Mobile Phone {{SMS-messages}} in {{South Africa}}: A Qualitative Evaluation of the {{SMS-text Adherence SuppoRt}} ({{StAR}}) Trial},
  author = {Leon, Natalie and Surender, Rebecca and Bobrow, Kirsty and Muller, Jocelyn and Farmer, Andrew},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC FAMILY PRACTICE},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.1186/s12875-015-0289-7},
  abstract = {Background: Effective use of proven treatments for high blood pressure, a preventable health risk, is challenging for many patients. Prompts via mobile phone SMS-text messaging may improve adherence to clinic visits and treatment, though more research is needed on impact and patient perceptions of such support interventions, especially in low-resource settings. Method: An individually-randomised controlled trial in a primary care clinic in Cape Town (2012-14), tested the effect of an adherence support intervention delivered via SMS-texts, on blood pressure control and adherence to medication, for hypertensive patients. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02019823). We report on a qualitative evaluation that explored the trial participants' experiences and responses to the SMS-text messages, and identified barriers and facilitators to delivering adherence support via patients' own mobile phones. Two focus groups and fifteen individual interviews were conducted. We used comparative and thematic analysis approaches to identify themes and triangulated our analysis amongst three researchers. Results: Most participants were comfortable with the technology of using SMS-text messages. Messages were experienced as acceptable, relevant and useful to a broad range of participants. The SMS-content, the respectful tone and the delivery (timing of reminders and frequency) and the relational aspect of trial participation (feeling cared for) were all highly valued. A subgroup who benefitted the most, were those who had been struggling with adherence due to high levels of personal stress. The intervention appeared to coincide with their readiness for change, and provided practical and emotional support for improving adherence behaviour. Change may have been facilitated through increased acknowledgement of their health status and attitudinal change towards greater self-responsibility. Complex interaction of psycho-social stressors and health service problems were reported as broader challenges to adherence behaviours. Conclusion: Adherence support for treatment of raised blood pressure, delivered via SMS-text message on the patient's own phone, was found to be acceptable, relevant and helpful, even for those who already had their own reminder systems in place. Our findings begin to identify for whom and what core elements of the SMS-text message intervention appear to work best in a low-resource operational setting, issues that future research should explore in greater depth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adherence,Blood pressure treatment,Hypertension,low-and middle-income countries,mHealth,Mobile phone-based SMS-messages,patient perspective,primary-care,qualitative methodology,South Africa}
}

@article{Leon2022,
  title = {Between Equal Opportunities and Work-Life Balance: Balancing Institutional Design in Early Years Education in {{Spain}}},
  author = {Leon, Margarita and Palomera, David and Ibanez, Zyab and {Martinez-Virto}, Lucia and {Gabaldon-Estevan}, Daniel},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {PAPERS-REVISTA DE SOCIOLOGIA},
  volume = {107},
  number = {3},
  issn = {0210-2862},
  doi = {10.5565/rev/papers.3084},
  abstract = {Since the year 2000, the provision of early years education and care for the under-threes (hereafter 0-3 ECEC) in Spain has undergone a steady increase. This growth has taken place in all of the seventeen Autonomous Communities, albeit not in a uniform way. In this article we study how different institutional designs at the regional level have an impact on equality of opportunities, both in how families access the service and in how much they pay. We try to ascertain under what conditions ECEC can go beyond a policy that helps families juggle work and family responsibilities, and becomes a redistributive and equal opportunities policy that helps the most socially disadvantaged groups access it while defraying its cost. We analyse how state regulations regarding ECEC have evolved from the 1990 LOGSE to the 2020 LOMLOE, and we compare seven Autonomous Communities which each have different levels of coverage and management models. Our study concludes that although there are differences in both access criteria and in the price of services, all the Autonomous Communities studied have been moving towards a service that aims to be more equitable, with an explicit recognition of the particular difficulties caused by low income, disabilities, being a single parent, or gender-based violence. Even so, certain structural characteristics of ECEC -such as the fluctuating nature of its financing, its weak public regulation and monitoring, and significant outsourcing to private providers- make it difficult to universalise the service in order to make it a truly redistributive policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Autonomous Communities,Early Childhood Education and Care,Equity,Social Investment,Spain}
}

@article{Lesorogol2008,
  title = {Land Privatization and Pastoralist Well-Being in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Lesorogol, Carolyn K.},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {309--331},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00481.x},
  abstract = {East African pastoralists have well-developed systems of communal land management that have been challenged by recent demands from some pastoralists for land privatization. This article analyses the impact on household well-being of privatizing land among a community of Samburu pastoralists in northern Kenya. Using longitudinal data from household surveys conducted in 2000 and 2005, trends in wealth, income, stratification and livelihood strategies are analysed comparing the privatized community and a community where land remains communally managed. Results indicate few significant differences in wealth and income between the privatized and communal areas, although cultivation has become an important additional strategy in the privatized community. Significant levels of wealth stratification are present in both communities but are mitigated to some extent by mobility across wealth quintiles over time. Wealthy and poor groups exhibit different livelihood strategies with wealthier groups relying more on livestock trade and home consumption while poorer groups depend on wage labour and trade for their income. Policy implications of this analysis include the need for development strategies specific to different wealth groups, greater investment in education and infrastructure, and more attention to employment creation in pastoral areas.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lettieri2017,
  title = {A {{Systematization}} of the {{International Evidence Related}} to {{Labor Inclusion Barriers}} and {{Facilitators}} for {{People}} with {{Mental Illness A Review}} of {{Reviews}}},
  author = {Lettieri, Andrea and Diez Villoria, Emiliano},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICA-ITALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY ON LINE},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1971-8853},
  doi = {10.2383/89515},
  abstract = {Bringing people with mental illness into employment is a phenomenon that has been extensively researched in recent years. A review to identify and synthesize available evidence on bringing this group into employment and the potential fields of interest related to barriers and facilitators has been carried out. The electronic search was done using 17 databases. In total 24 publications of systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-ethnographies aimed at individuating and systematizing barriers to work inclusion were included. The different process phases and the variety of circumstances that can slow down or push towards a certain condition of job seeker or employee, together with the rest of the results presented in this work, demonstrate the need to re-direct or extend the research focus related to this issue.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HLXMGS6S/Lettieri_Diez Villoria_2017_A Systematization of the International Evidence Related to Labor Inclusion.pdf}
}

@article{LeungI2022,
  title = {Women {{Physicians}} in {{Transition Learning}} to {{Navigate}} the {{Pipeline}} from {{Early}} to {{Mid-Career}}: {{Protocol}} for a {{Qualitative Study}}},
  author = {Leung I, Tiffany and Wang, Karen H. and Lin, Tammy L. and Gin, Geneen T. and Pendharkar, S. and Chen, Chwen-Yuen Angie},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS},
  volume = {11},
  number = {6},
  issn = {1929-0748},
  doi = {10.2196/38126},
  abstract = {Background: Women physicians face unique obstacles while progressing through their careers, navigating career advancement and seeking balance between professional and personal responsibilities. Systemic changes, along with individual and institutional changes, are needed to overcome obstacles perpetuating physician gender inequities. Developing a deeper understanding of women physicians' experiences during important transition points could reveal both barriers and opportunities for recruitment, retention, and promotion, and inform best practices developed based on these experiences. Objective: The aim is to learn from the experiences and perspectives of women physicians as they transition from early to mid-career, then develop best practices that can serve to support women physicians as they advance through their careers. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with women physicians in the United States in 2020 and 2021. Eligibility criteria included self-identification as a woman who is in the process of transitioning or who recently transitioned from early to mid-career stage. Purposeful sampling facilitated identification of participants who represented diversity in career pathway, practice setting, specialty, and race/ethnicity. Each participant was offered compensation for their participation. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Interview questions were open-ended, exploring participants' perceptions of this transition. Qualitative thematic analysis will be performed. We will use an open coding and grounded theory approach on interview transcripts. Results: The Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences at Maastricht University approved the study; Stanford University expedited review approved the study; and the University of California, San Diego certified the study as exempt from review. Twelve in-depth interviews of 50-100 minutes in duration were completed. Preliminary analyses indicate one key theme is a tension resulting from finite time divided between demands from a physician career and demands from family needs. In turn, this results in constant boundary control between these life domains that are inextricable and seemingly competing against each other within a finite space; family needs impinge on planned career goals, if the boundary between them is not carefully managed. To remedy this, women sought resources to help them redistribute home responsibilities, freeing themselves to have more time, especially for children. Women similarly sought resources to help with career advancement, although not with regard to time directly, but to first address foundational knowledge gaps about career milestones and how to achieve them. Conclusions: Preliminary results provide initial insights about how women identify or activate a career shift and how they marshaled resources and support to navigate barriers they faced. Further analyses are continuing as of March 2022 and are expected to be completed by June 2022. The dissemination plan includes peer-reviewed open-access journal publication of the results and presentation at the annual meeting of the American Medical Association's Women Physicians Section.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career development,career pipeline,career support,early-career physicians,female physicians,gender bias,gender equality,gender equity,health care,healthcare,healthcare education,healthcare learning,healthcare profession,leaky pipeline,mid-career physicians,peer support,physician,physician experience,physician perspective,professional development,professional learning,women physician}
}

@article{Leventhal2019,
  title = {Association of {{Cumulative Socioeconomic}} and {{Health-Related Disadvantage With Disparities}} in {{Smoking Prevalence}} in the {{United States}}, 2008 to 2017},
  author = {Leventhal, Adam M. and Bello, Mariel S. and Galstyan, Ellen and Higgins, Stephen T. and {Barrington-Trimis}, Jessica L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {179},
  number = {6},
  pages = {777--785},
  issn = {2168-6106},
  doi = {10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0192},
  abstract = {This study of a nationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of noninstitutionalized residents estimates disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the number of socioeconomic and health-related disadvantages faced by US adults from 2008 to 2017. Key PointsQuestionAre US disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the cumulative number of socioeconomic or health-related disadvantages faced, and have such disparities widened over time? FindingsIn this nationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of US noninstitutionalized residents, the mean current smoking prevalence among 279 559 adults 25 years or older collapsed across 2008 to 2017 was successively higher with each additional form of disadvantage faced. Odds of current vs never smoking decreased from 2008 to 2017 for groups with 0 to 2 disadvantages but did not significantly change for groups facing 3 or more disadvantages. MeaningMultidisadvantaged groups may constitute a disproportionate percentage of US smokers, a disparity that recently widened. ImportanceUnderstanding emerging patterns of smoking disparities among disadvantaged populations can guide tobacco control policy. ObjectiveTo estimate disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the number of socioeconomic and health-related disadvantages faced by a population among US adults from 2008 to 2017. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsNationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of US noninstitutionalized residents. Polytomous regression estimated associations of disadvantage variables, survey year, and their interaction with the following 3 pairwise contrasts: current vs never smoking (estimate of overall disparities), current vs former smoking (unique contribution of disparities in smoking cessation), and former vs never smoking (unique contribution of disparities in smoking initiation). The setting was in-home face-to-face interviews. Participants were respondents in 2008 to 2017 survey years who were aged 25 years or older (N=279 559). ExposuresSelf-reported past-year unemployment, income below the federal poverty line, absence of high school diploma, disability/limitation interfering with daily functions, serious psychological distress on the Kessler 6-item screen, and at least 60 past-year heavy drinking days, each coded yes or no. These indicators were summed in a cumulative disadvantage index (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or 6). Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported current, former (ever smoked 100 cigarettes, had since quit, and not currently smoking), and never ({$<$}100 cigarettes) smoking. ResultsAmong 278 048 respondents (mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD] age, 51.9 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace16.8] years; 55.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) with data on smoking history (99.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample), the mean current smoking prevalence across 2008 to 2017 compared with populations without disadvantages was successively higher among populations with 1 disadvantage (21.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; current vs never smoking adjusted odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 2.34; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 2.27-2.43), 2 disadvantages (26.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 3.55; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 3.39-3.72), 3 disadvantages (35.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 5.35; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 5.05-5.66), 4 disadvantages (45.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 8.59; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 7.91-9.34), or 5 or 6 disadvantages (58.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 14.70; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 12.30-17.50). In current vs former and former vs never smoking status contrasts, ORs were lower but also showed successively greater associations with increasing cumulative disadvantage. Current (vs never) smoking odds significantly declined each year among populations with 0 (OR, 0.95; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.94-0.96), 1 (OR, 0.96; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.95-0.97), or 2 (OR, 0.98; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.97-0.99) disadvantages but did not change across 2008 to 2017 among those with 3 or more disadvantages. Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study demonstrate that US disparities in smoking prevalence from 2008 to 2017 were successively larger with each additional disadvantage faced, were expressed in higher smoking initiation odds and lower smoking cessation odds, and widened over time.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Levernier2000,
  title = {The Causes of Regional Variations in {{US}} Poverty: {{A}} Cross-County Analysis},
  author = {Levernier, W and Partridge, {\relax MD} and Rickman, {\relax DS}},
  year = {2000},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {473--497},
  issn = {0022-4146},
  doi = {10.1111/0022-4146.00184},
  abstract = {The persistence of poverty in the modem American Economy, with rates of poverty in some areas approaching those of less advanced economies, remains a central concern among policy makers. Therefore, in this study we use U.S. county-level data to explore potential explanations for the observed regional variation in the rates of poverty. The use of counties allows Examination of both nonmetropolitan area and metropolitan area poverty factors considered include those that relate to both area economic performance and area demographic composition. Specific county economic factors examined include economic growth, industry restructuring, and labor market skills mismatches.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Levesque2009,
  title = {Bridging the {{Poverty Gap}} in {{Dental Education}}: {{How Can People Living}} in {{Poverty Help Us}}?},
  author = {Levesque, Martine C. and Dupere, Sophie and Loignon, Christine and Levine, Alissa and Laurin, Isabelle and Charbonneau, Anne and Bedos, Christophe},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION},
  volume = {73},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1043--1054},
  issn = {0022-0337},
  abstract = {Dental education on specific knowledge and intervention approaches for working with people living on welfare is crucial to the therapeutic success of the relationships dental professionals establish with this clientele. Despite growing attention to the importance of cultural competence and communication skills training in dentistry, very few initiatives have been documented in relation to serving low-income populations. Following discussions at a 2006 Montreal-based colloquium on access to dental care, academics, dental association administrators, and public health agency and antipoverty coalition representatives began collaborating to develop innovative pedagogy designed to increase providers' competence in interacting with their underprivileged patients. The group's first round of workshops (November 2006-October 2007) resulted in the creation of an original video-based tool containing testimonies from six individuals living currently or formerly on welfare. The videotaped interview data represent their perceptions and experiences regarding their oral health, dental care service provision, and poverty in general. This article describes the participative methods, the content of the resulting DVD, and the implications of the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveListening to Each Other\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace program, a collaborative knowledge translation approach for improving interaction between underprivileged people and dental care providers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cultural competence,dental education,low-income populations,oral health disparities,participatory research,poverty}
}

@article{Levin-Waldman2017,
  title = {Is {{Inequality Designed}} or {{Preordained}}?},
  author = {{Levin-Waldman}, Oren M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SAGE OPEN},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  issn = {2158-2440},
  doi = {10.1177/2158244017704736},
  abstract = {The conventional explanation of raising income inequality is often referred to as the market forces hypothesis. Global forces have led to structural economic changes in which we now have a two-tiered economy: a highly skilled and highly paid economy at the top of the income distribution and a poorly skilled and poorly paid economy at the bottom of the income distribution. In recent years, however, the conventional theory has been called into question by what can be characterized as the public policy hypothesis that holds that it is because of public policy, both active and passive, that labor market institutions that served to bolster incomes of the poor and middle class deteriorated. As a consequence of this deterioration, income inequality has only risen. Through an examination of data from the Current Population Survey during the 2000s, this article seeks to address to what extent these two hypotheses are related. Although there is no question that the data does support the market forces hypothesis, the data also show that these forces may have been exacerbated by the deterioration of important labor market institutions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {globalism,inequality,labor markets,minimum wage,unions,wages}
}

@article{Lewis2017,
  title = {{{LGBT-Heterosexual Differences}} in {{Perceptions}} of {{Fair Treatment}} in the {{Federal Service}}},
  author = {Lewis, Gregory B. and Pitts, David W.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {47},
  number = {5},
  pages = {574--587},
  issn = {0275-0740},
  doi = {10.1177/0275074015605378},
  abstract = {Although we still lack objective data on treatment of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgenders (LGBTs) in the federal service, a huge recent survey of federal employees allows us to compare LGBT and heterosexual employees' perceptions of the treatment they receive. LGBTs have several reasons for more negative perceptions of their treatment: 70 years of federal policies that explicitly discriminated against LGBTs in large and small ways; sizable minorities who still condemn homosexuality even as public attitudes are increasingly accepting; and continuing pay gaps between comparably educated and experienced gay, bisexual, and transgender (GBT) and heterosexual men in the general economy. We examine differences in satisfaction with pay, performance appraisals, promotions, raises, prohibited personnel practices, commitment to diversity, agency leadership, and relationships with supervisors and co-workers. LGBTs are less satisfied with their treatment across the board.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {federal government,LGBTs,public management,social equity}
}

@article{Li2010,
  title = {The Challenges Facing Young Workers during Rural Labor Transition},
  author = {Li, Xiaofei and Liu, Chengfang and Luo, Renfu and Zhang, Linxiu and Rozelle, Scott},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {CHINA AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {185--199},
  issn = {1756-137X},
  doi = {10.1108/17561371011044298},
  abstract = {Purpose - The paper aims to discuss whether the younger generation of China's rural labor force is prepared, in terms of education level or labor quality, for the future labor markets under China's industrial upgrading. Design/methodology/approach - Using nationally representative survey data, the paper gives detailed discussions on the young rural laborers' education attainments, and their off-farm employment status including job patterns, working hours, and hourly wage rates. The relationship between education and employment status is analyzed and tested. Through these discussions, an employment challenge is revealed, and some policy implications are made. Findings - This paper finds that China's young rural laborers are generally poorly educated and mainly unskilled. They work long hours and are low paid. While they lack the labor quality that will be required to meet the industrial upgrading, an employment challenge may face them in the near future. This paper also finds a strong link between education levels and employment status for the young labor force, which implies the possible effect of policies such as improving rural education. Originality/value - Based on a solid foundation of a national rural household survey, this paper updates the understanding of the education and employment situations of the young rural labor force in contemporary China. The concern about the employment challenges raised in the paper is related to the future of China's rural labor transition and the whole economy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Education,Farms,Labour market,Rural areas,Young adults}
}

@article{Li2014,
  title = {Are {{We Doing Enough}} to {{Stem}} the {{Tide}} of {{Acquired MDR-TB}} in {{Countries}} with {{High TB Burden}}? {{Results}} of a {{Mixed Method Study}} in {{Chongqing}}, {{China}}},
  author = {Li, Ying and Ehiri, John and Oren, Eyal and Hu, Daiyu and Luo, Xingneng and Liu, Ying and Li, Daikun and Wang, Qingya},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0088330},
  abstract = {Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a threat to health and development in countries with high TB burden. China's MDR-TB prevalence rate of 6.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% is the highest in the world. Interventions to remove barriers against effective TB control, and prevention of MDR-TB are urgently needed in the country. This paper reports a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 513 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, and qualitative interviews of 10 healthcare workers (HCWs), and 15 PTB patients. The objective was to assess barriers against effective control of PTB and prevention of MDR-TB by elucidating the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers. Results showed that more than half of the patients experienced patient delay of over 12.5 days. A similar proportion also experienced detection delay of over 30 days, and delay in initiating treatment of over 31 days. Consulting a non-TB health facility {$>$}= 3 times before seeking care at TB dispensary was a risk factor for both detection delay \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI): 1.89(1.07, 3.34) and delay in initiating treatment\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI): 1.88 (1.06, 3.36). Results revealed poor implementation of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), whereby treatment of 34.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% patients was never monitored by HCWs. Only 31.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% patients had ever accessed TB health education before their TB diagnosis. Qualitative data consistently disclosed long patient delay, and indicated that patient's poor TB knowledge and socioeconomic barriers were primary reasons for patient delay. Seeking care and being treated at a non-TB hospital was an important reason for detection delay. Patient's long work hours and low income increased risk for treatment non-adherence. Evidence-based measures to improve TB health seeking behavior, reduce patient and detection delays, improve the quality of DOT, address financial and system barriers, and increase access to TB health promotion are urgently needed to address the burgeoning prevalence of MDR-TB in China.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Li2015,
  title = {Changing Access to Mental Health Care and Social Support When {{People}} Living with {{HIV}}/{{AIDS}} Become Service Providers},
  author = {Li, Alan Tai-Wai and Wales, Joshua and Wong, Josephine Pui-Hing and Owino, Maureen and Perreault, Yvette and Miao, Andrew and Maseko, Precious and Guiang, Charlie},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {176--181},
  issn = {0954-0121},
  doi = {10.1080/09540121.2014.940269},
  abstract = {As people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) achieve more stable health, many have taken on active peer support and professional roles within AIDS service organizations. Although the increased engagement has been associated with many improved health outcomes, emerging program and research evidence have identified new challenges associated with such transition. This paper reports on the results of a qualitative interpretive study that explored the effect of this role transition on PHA service providers' access to mental health support and self care. A total of 27 PHA service providers of diverse ethno-racial backgrounds took part in the study. Results show that while role transition often improves access to financial and health-care benefits, it also leads to new stress from workload demands, emotional triggers from client's narratives, feeling of burnout from over-immersion in HIV at both personal and professional levels, and diminished self care. Barriers to seeking support included: concerns regarding confidentiality; self-imposed and enacted stigma associated with accessing mental health services; and boundary issues resulting from changes in relationships with peers and other service providers. Evolving support mechanisms included: new formal and informal peer support networks amongst colleagues or other PHA service providers to address both personal and professional challenges, and having access to professional support offered through the workplace. The findings suggest the need for increased organizational recognition of HIV support work as a form of emotional labor that places complex demands on PHA service providers. Increased access to employer-provided mental health services, supportive workplace policies, and adequate job-specific training will contribute to reduced work-related stress. Community level strategies that support expansion of social networks amongst PHA service providers would reduce isolation. Systemic policies to increase access to insurance benefits and enhance sector-wide job preparedness and post-employment support will sustain long-term and meaningful involvement of PHAs in service provision.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {emotional labor,employment transition,PHA service providers,principles of GIPA/MEIPA,work-related stress}
}

@article{Li2020,
  title = {Determinants of {{General Satisfaction With}} the {{Employment Situation Among People With Multiple Sclerosis}}},
  author = {Li, Jian and Roessler, Richard T. and Rumrill Jr., Phillip D. and Krause, James},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {REHABILITATION RESEARCH POLICY AND EDUCATION},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {86--102},
  issn = {2168-6653},
  doi = {10.1891/RE-19-20},
  abstract = {Background: Social and environmental participation endeavors are theorized to shape one's general satisfaction with the overall employment situation facing people with MS. Objective: Responding to a national survey of the employment concerns of Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS), this study examined the extent to which factors at the demographic, disease-related, and social and environmental participation levels contribute to the predictability power for general satisfaction with the employment situation for people with MS. Method: Participants in this study consisted of 1,149 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, participants were mostly older (average age of 50 years) White (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%) individuals, nearly half of whom were unemployed (47\textbackslash textbackslash\%) but well educated (98\textbackslash textbackslash\% were high school graduates, 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% were college graduates). Findings: Findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting how satisfied people with MS are with their overall employment situation. Conclusions: Younger, less educated individuals with higher levels of perceived quality of life who were employed full-time and experiencing no or lower levels of cognitive impairment were more likely than other participants to be satisfied with 17 high-priority employment concerns.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment concerns,employment expectation,multiple sclerosis,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Li2020a,
  title = {Conservation Payments, off-Farm Employment and Household Welfare for Farmers Participating in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveGrain}} for {{Green}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Program in {{China Empirical}} Evidence from the {{Loess Plateau}}},
  author = {Li, Li and Tsunekawa, Atsushi and MacLachlan, Ian and Li, Guicai and Koike, Atsushi and Guo, Yuanyuan},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {CHINA AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--89},
  issn = {1756-137X},
  doi = {10.1108/CAER-06-2018-0124},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors (including conservation payments) that influence household decisions to participate in off-farm work and estimate the impact of participation on household welfare under the auspices of the Grain for Green (GfG) program. Design/methodology/approach The authors used survey data from 225 farm households on the Loess Plateau and addressed the possible sample selection and endogeneity problems by employing a jointly estimated endogenous switching regression (ESR) model. Findings The findings of this paper are as follows: off-farm participation is positively related to households' educational attainment and negatively related to their land resource endowment and the presence of children; participation in off-farm work exerts positive effects on household income and per capita household income, but negative effects on farm productivity; and conservation payments show no significant impact on off-farm participation, no significant impact on any of the three household welfare indicators for off-farm non-participant households, but a significantly negative impact for off-farm participant households. Originality/value This paper makes two contributions. First, the authors address the selection bias and endogeneity problem of GfG participating households by employing the ESR method and explicitly estimating the treatment effects of off-farm participation on their household welfare. Neglecting these problems leads to biased estimates and misleading policy implications. Second, this analysis stresses the important role of government in reducing market or institutional failure and other barriers that impede farmers' efficient allocation choices instead of compensating households for conserving sloping land, shedding new light on the most effective policy options to achieve the program's goals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Conservation payments,Endogenous switching regression,Grain for Green,Off-farm employment,Simultaneous equations}
}

@article{Li2021,
  title = {Has the {{Sloping Land Conversion Program}} in {{China}} Impacted the Income and Employment of Rural Households?},
  author = {Li, Lingchao and Liu, Can and Liu, Jinlong and Cheng, Baodong},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {LAND USE POLICY},
  volume = {109},
  issn = {0264-8377},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105648},
  abstract = {As the largest scale payment for ecosystem services program in the developing world, one of the key objectives of the Sloping Land Conversion Program (the SLCP) is to increase rural households' income and to reallocate their employments. This paper estimates the effects of the SLCP on rural households' income and employment changes using the unique panel dataset of 1001 rural households in six provinces from 1995 to 2014. Following a strict parallel trend and other econometrics tests, the Propensity score matching-Difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) estimation technique was used. Based on the unique panel dataset, this paper expands upon existing studies by estimating the effects of mid-to-long-term and subsidy scheme adjustment of the SLCP on rural households' income and employment. Our empirical results indicate that 1) the SLCP has no significant effect on rural households' total income, while it has a negative effect on farm income. 2) The SLCP has a positive effect on forestry labor input. 3) Half reduction subsidy of the SLCP has caused different effects on rural households' income and employment compared with that before policy adjustment. 4) The income effects of the SLCP are indifferent by income, location, demographic or resource endowment sub groups. Policy decision-makers should pay more attention to create more off-farm opportunities for rural households enrolled in the SLCP to maintain the achievements of the SLCP.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Difference-in-differences (DID),Off-farm employment,Propensity score matching (PSM),Rural households' income,Sustainable livelihood,The Sloping Land Conversion Program}
}

@article{Li2021a,
  title = {Construction of Modular Teaching System of Human Resource Management Specialty},
  author = {Li, Chunyang},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION},
  issn = {0020-7209},
  doi = {10.1177/00207209211005270},
  abstract = {With the development of economy, society and science and technology, the disadvantages of the traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesubject based\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace curriculum system construction mode are increasingly apparent. Graduates go to the society, what they learn is not what they use. There is a phenomenon that education and employment deviate from each other. Even if they have a job, they have to learn again, which requires a longer adaptation period. According to the skills and abilities that human resource management (HRM) students may enter into after graduation, a targeted modular teaching system is constructed. The modular teaching system can carry out customized learning in advance according to the students' work goals, and grasp the required employability in advance. At the same time, the reform of the system also enriches the teaching methods of teachers. Through the questionnaire and experimental test, this paper finds that: modular teaching breaks the traditional curriculum design method under the framework of the discipline theoretical system, aims to cultivate students' professional ability, improve their adaptability to the job, and further enhance their practical employability. Experimental results: the relationship between the quality characteristics and academic performance of HRM students was verified, and the relationship between them and the influence model of causality were clarified. The results of the two classes are similar in the pre-test; and from the back results, we can see that the scores of the experimental class after the use of modular teaching are significantly improved, while the comparison class is not significantly improved compared with before the experiment, which fully shows that the implementation of modular teaching can help students improve their comprehensive performance. The path coefficient of growth driven to academic performance is 0.428, the path coefficient of learning development to academic performance is 0.122, and interpersonal skills affect academic performance indirectly. It fully verifies the relationship between the quality characteristic model and academic performance, and shows that the quality characteristic model constructed is relatively perfect and can be used as a reference for students' evaluation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {competency-based education,human resource management,modular skills training,Modular teaching system,quality,students\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8217}
}

@article{Li2022,
  title = {Skill Biased Tax Policy Change: {{Labor}} Market Effects of {{China}}?S {{VAT}} Reform(Star)},
  author = {Li, Hongbin and Meng, Lingsheng},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {78},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102213},
  abstract = {This paper empirically investigates the labor market effects of China's 2007 VAT reform, which significantly reduced the tax cost of capital investment. Employing city-by-year variation in the reform, we demonstrate that the tax cuts increased the earnings of skilled workers and left the earnings of the unskilled workers unaffected. Moreover, we find limited impacts of the reform on employment for both skill groups. These results suggest that the tax incentives increased the relative demand for skills, thus resulting in a higher income inequality between skilled and unskilled workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Inequality,Labor market,VAT}
}

@article{Li2022a,
  title = {Working Poor in {{Taiwan}}: Profile and Policy Response},
  author = {Li, Shu Jung},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ASIAN PUBLIC POLICY},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {43--59},
  issn = {1751-6234},
  doi = {10.1080/17516234.2021.1920327},
  abstract = {This study, adopting a secondary analysis from the Low-income and Middle-income Family Living Condition Survey 2018, aims to investigate the magnitude, the basic characteristics, the working conditions of the working poor in Taiwan as well as to assess the government's policy responses. This study found that the working poor are a group of people who are mainly 26 to 45 years old, high school graduates, technical or service workers. Approximately 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the working poor work full-time but still have a family income below the poverty line, indicating that the typical situation of the working poor is \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelong working hours and low wages\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In recent years, Taiwan has developed policies to respond to it, including expanding the scope of social assistance and doubling the beneficiaries, raising the minimum wage, protecting the employment rights of atypical workers, providing child allowances, promoting the employment of the disadvantaged, and expanding childcare and long term care services. These policies all have resulted in significant progress. However, the main issue remaining to be addressed is the strict criteria employed in the poverty screening process. These criteria urgently need to be modified to allow more working poor to enter into the social assistance system and obtain assistance. Additionally, reforms in the distribution of social assistance resources and in an aspect of the tax system are suggested.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {informal employment,low wages,social assistance,work atypical,working poor}
}

@article{Li2022b,
  title = {Readiness of Healthcare Providers for E-Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in {{China}} before the {{COVID-19}} Period},
  author = {Li, Peiyi and Luo, Yunmei and Yu, Xuexin and Mason, Elizabeth and Zeng, Zhi and Wen, Jin and Li, Weimin and Jalali, Mohammad S.},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054169},
  abstract = {Objectives The growth and development of smartphones and eHealth technologies have enabled the potential for extended care hospitals (e-hospitals) in China in order to facilitate the success of a primary healthcare centre (PHC)-based integrated delivery model. Although the adoption of e-hospitals is essential, few studies have directed their research towards understanding the perspectives of healthcare providers. This study aims to identify the current readiness of healthcare providers to adopt e-hospital technologies, determine the factors influencing this adoption and describe the perceived facilitators and barriers in regard to working at e-hospitals. Design A cross-sectional study conducted in Sichuan, China, between June and September 2019. Settings Information was collected from healthcare providers who have more than 3 years of work experience from a tertiary hospital, secondary hospital, PHCs and private hospital. Participants 2298 medical professionals were included in this study. Outcome measure This study included a self-administered questionnaire that was used to assess participants' sociodemographic characteristics, online medical practices, willingness to use e-hospitals and perceived facilitators/barriers to working at e-hospitals. Multivariate regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the independent factors associated with e-hospital work. Results Overall, 86.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% had a positive response towards working at e-hospitals. Age (p{$<$}0.05), familiarity with e-hospitals (p{$<$}0.001) and prior work practices in online healthcare settings (p{$<$}0.001) were associated with participants' readiness to work at e-hospitals. Gender, education level, professional level, the tier of their affiliated hospital and workload were not statistically associated. Healthcare providers who had positive attitudes towards e-hospitals considered improved efficiency, patient satisfaction, communication among physicians, increased reputation and income, and alleviated workload to be advantages of adoption. The participants who were unwilling to work at e-hospitals perceived lack of time, insufficient authenticity/reliability and underdeveloped policies as potential barriers. Conclusion Improving operative proficiency in electronic devices, accommodating to work schedules, increasing familiarity with e-hospitals and regulating practices will improve the readiness of healthcare providers to work at e-hospitals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health informatics,health policy,telemedicine}
}

@article{Li2023,
  title = {Education-{{Occupation Mismatch}} and {{Nativity Inequality Among Highly Educated US Workers}}},
  author = {Li, Xiaoguang and Lu, Yao},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHY},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {201--226},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  doi = {10.1215/00703370-10404849},
  abstract = {Extensive research has documented per sis tent nativ ity inequal ity in the U.S. labor mar ket, even among high-skilled immi grants. Yet, this phe nom e non has not been sufficiently explained. This study investigates whether different types of education- occu pa tion mis match are a source of this inequal ity. Using lon gi tu di nal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine nativity differences in the incidence and wage penalty of education-occupation mismatch among highly educated workers. The results demonstrate that high-skilled immigrants, especially those with foreign degrees, are more vulnerable to vertical and horizontal mismatch and suffer higher wage penalties from mismatched employment than similarly educated native-born workers. Auxiliary analyses show that the disadvantage foreign-educated skilled immigrants experience is largely concentrated among immigrants from countries with lower quality tertiary education, immigrants with lower English proficiency, and those with degrees in non-STEM fields and fields with demanding licensing requirements. These results point to skilled immi grants' limited human capital transferability, which stems from the quality and applicability of educational credentials, language profi-ciency, and institutional barriers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Li2023a,
  title = {Can Government Subsidies and Public Mechanisms Alleviate the Physical and Mental Health Vulnerability of {{China}}'s Urban and Rural Residents?},
  author = {Li, Yali and Marquez, Ronald},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-022-01805-2},
  abstract = {BackgroundPoverty vulnerability has been defined as the likelihood of a family falling into poverty in the upcoming months. Inequality is a major cause of poverty vulnerability in developing countries. There is evidence that establishing effective government subsidies and public service mechanisms significantly reduces health poverty vulnerability. One of the ways to study poverty vulnerability is by using empirical data such as income elasticity of demand to perform the analysis. Income elasticity refers to the extent to which changes in consumers' income affect changes in demand for commodities or public goods. In this work, we assess health poverty vulnerability in rural and urban China. We provide two levels of evidence on the marginal effects of the design and implementation of government subsidies and public mechanisms in reducing health poverty vulnerability, before and after incorporating the income elasticity of demand for health.MethodsMultidimensional physical and mental health poverty indexes, according to the Oxford Poverty \textbackslash textbackslash\& Human Development Initiative and the Andersen model, were implemented to measure health poverty vulnerability by using the 2018 China Family Panel Survey database (CFPS) as the data source for empirical analysis. The income elasticity of demand for health care was used as the key mediating variable of impact. Our assessment was conducted by a two-level multidimensional logistic regression using STATA16 software.ResultsThe first level regression indicates that the marginal utility of public mechanism (PM) in reducing urban and rural vulnerability as expected poverty on physical and mental health (VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH) was insignificant. On the other hand, government subsidies (GS) policies had a positive suppression effect on VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH to a relatively low degree. The second level regression found that given the diversity of health needs across individual households, i.e., the income elasticity of demand (HE) for health care products, PM and GS policies have a significant effect in reducing VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH in rural and urban areas. Our analysis has verified the significant positive impact of enacting accurate GS and PM policies on effectively reducing VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH in rural as well as urban areas.ConclusionsThis study shows that implementing government subsidies and public mechanisms has a positive marginal effect on reducing VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH. Meanwhile, there are individual variations in health demands, urban-rural disparities, and regional disparities in the effects of GS and PM on inhibiting VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH. Therefore, special consideration needs to be given to the differences in the degree of health needs of individual residents among urban and rural areas and regions with varying economic development. Furthermore, considerations of this approach in the current worldwide scenario are analyzed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lidal2007,
  title = {Return to Work Following Spinal Cord Injury: {{A}} Review},
  author = {Lidal, Ingeborg Beate and Huynh, Tuan Khai and {Biering-Sorensen}, Fin},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {29},
  number = {17},
  pages = {1341--1375},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638280701320839},
  abstract = {Purpose. To review literature on return to work (RTW) and employment in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), and present employment rates, factors influencing employment, and interventions aimed at helping people with SCI to obtain and sustain productive work. Methods. A systematic review for 2000-2006 was carried out in PubMed/Medline, AMED, (ISI) Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Sociological abstracts database. The keywords \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord injuries', \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord disorder', \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord lesion' or \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord disease' were cross-indexed with \textbackslash textasciigraveemployment', \textbackslash textasciigravereturn to work', \textbackslash textasciigraveoccupation' or \textbackslash textasciigravevocational'. Results. Out of approximately 270 hits, 110 references were used, plus 13 more found elsewhere. Among individuals with SCI working at the time of injury 21 - 67 \textbackslash textbackslash\% returned to work after injury. RTW was higher in persons injured at a younger age, had less severe injuries and higher functional independence. Employment rate improved with time after SCI. Persons with SCI employed ranged from 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 74\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Individuals who sustained SCI during childhood or adolescence had higher adult employment rates. Most common reported barriers to employment were problems with transportation, health and physical limitations, lack of work experience, education or training, physical or architectural barriers, discrimination by employers, and loss of benefits. Individuals with SCI discontinue working at younger age. Conclusions. This review confirmed low employment rates after SCI. Future research should explore interventions aimed at helping people with SCI to obtain and sustain productive work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,occupation,return to work,spinal cord disorder,spinal cord injuries,spinal cord lesion,vocational}
}

@article{Liebig2011,
  title = {{The perceived justice of personal income: gender-specific patterns and the importance of the household context}},
  author = {Liebig, Stefan and Sauer, Carsten and Schupp, Juergen},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {33--59},
  issn = {0023-2653},
  doi = {10.1007/s11577-010-0123-0},
  abstract = {The rise in female labor market participation and the growth of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveatypical\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace employment arrangements has, over the last few decades, brought about a steadily decreasing percentage of households in which the man is the sole breadwinner, and a rising percentage of dual-earner households. Against this backdrop, the paper investigates how household contexts in which the traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model still exists or has already been challenged affect individuals' subjective evaluations of the justice of their personal earnings. In the first step we derive three criteria used by individuals to evaluate the fairness or justice of their personal earnings: compensation for services rendered, coverage of basic needs, and the opportunity to earn social approval. In the second step, we apply considerations from household economics and new approaches from gender research to explain why men's and women's evaluations of justice are determined to a considerable degree by the specific situation within their household. The assumptions derived regarding gender-specific patterns in justice attitudes are then tested on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) from 2007 and 2005. The results support our central thesis that gender-specific patterns in the evaluation of personal earnings are both reduced and increased in dual-earner households. They are reduced because women in dual-income households tend to have higher income expectations that challenge the existing gender wage gap. At the same time, gender-specific patterns are increased because men evaluate the equity of their personal income in relation to their ability to fulfill traditional gender norms and thus their capacity to live up to corresponding notions of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemasculinity.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{Liebig2012,
  title = {The Justice of Earnings in Dual-Earner Households},
  author = {Liebig, Stefan and Sauer, Carsten and Schupp, Juergen},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {219--232},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2011.12.004},
  abstract = {Over recent decades, the rise in female labor market participation and the increase in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveatypical\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace employment arrangements have brought about a steady decline in traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace households and an increasing number of dual-earner households. Against this backdrop, the present paper investigates how different household contexts-ranging from traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace households to those challenging this model through joint contributions to household income-affect household members' subjective evaluations of the justice of their personal income. In the first step, we derive three criteria used by individuals to evaluate the justice of personal earnings: compensation for services rendered, coverage of basic needs, and the opportunity to earn social approval. In the second step, we apply considerations from household economics and new approaches from gender research to explain why men's and women's evaluations of justice are determined to a considerable degree by the specific situation within their household. The assumptions derived regarding gender-specific patterns in justice attitudes are then tested on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The results support our central thesis that dual-earner households both reinforce and undermine gender-specific patterns in the evaluation of personal earnings. These patterns are undermined because women in dual-income households tend to have higher income expectations that challenge the existing gender wage gap. At the same time, gender-specific patterns are reinforced because men evaluate the justice of their personal income in relation to their ability to fulfill traditional gender norms. (C) 2011 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dual earner couples,Gender-specific evaluation patterns,Perceived justice of earnings,SOEP}
}

@article{Liechti2017,
  title = {Resource-Related Inequalities in Mothers' Employment in Two Family-Policy Regimes: Evidence from {{Switzerland}} and {{West Germany}}},
  author = {Liechti, Lena},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIETIES},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91--112},
  issn = {1461-6696},
  doi = {10.1080/14616696.2016.1258083},
  abstract = {Using data from the Swiss Household Panel (1999-2012) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (1994-2010), this paper compares the impact of mothers' education and her partners' income on maternal employment within the second to the fourth year after childbirth in Switzerland and West Germany. The broadly similar institutional context in the two countries makes for a more controlled and narrower comparison. Around the turn of the millennium, both family-policy regimes did little to foster dual-earner families. However, they differed in their support for families' caring role (familialistic policies), with West Germany being much more generous. It is expected that these familialistic policies widen the educational gap in maternal employment, by selectively encouraging less-educated mothers to stay at home. Moreover, they are also expected to lower the economic pressure on low-income families to have a second income, thus diminishing the impact of partners' income. Results confirm this expectation only within the fourth year after childbirth but not within the years before. This is somehow surprising, as central country-differences with respect to familialistic policies refer to the first three years after childbirth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family policy,gender equality,gender-class intersection,Maternal employment}
}

@article{Lightman2017,
  title = {Discounted Labour? {{Disaggregating}} Care Work in Comparative Perspective},
  author = {Lightman, Naomi},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {156},
  number = {2},
  pages = {243--267},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/ilr.12001},
  abstract = {This article contrasts the earnings of high- and low-status care workers in Canada, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (China) using the micro-data files of the Luxembourg Income Study. By disaggregating existing definitions of care work, the author identifies occupations with lower and higher degrees of social closure, revealing the associated care penalties and care bonuses cross-nationally. She also empirically measures the extent of similarities (and differences) between and within care economies in liberal and productivist developmental welfare regimes, offering support for the argument that globalization has fostered substantial convergence within the international care market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,care worker,comparative study,Japan,Korea R,Taiwan,USA,wage differential}
}

@article{Lightman2021,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWomen}}'s {{Work}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Welfare State Spending}} and the {{Gendered}} and {{Classed Dimensions}} of {{Unpaid Care}}},
  author = {Lightman, Naomi and Kevins, Anthony},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {35},
  number = {5},
  pages = {778--805},
  issn = {0891-2432},
  doi = {10.1177/08912432211038695},
  abstract = {This study is the first to explicitly assess the connections between welfare state spending and the gendered and classed dimensions of unpaid care work across 29 European nations. Our research uses multi-level model analysis of European Quality of Life Survey data, examining childcare and housework burdens for people living with at least one child under the age of 18. Two key findings emerge: First, by disaggregating different types of unpaid care work, we find that childcare provision is more gendered than classed-reflecting trends toward \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveintensive mothering\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Housework and cooking, on the contrary, demonstrate both gender and class effects, likely because they are more readily outsourced by wealthier individuals to the paid care sector. Second, while overall social expenditure has no effect on hours spent on childcare and housework, results suggest that family policy may shape the relationship between gender, income, and housework (but not childcare). Specifically, family policy expenditure is associated with a considerably smaller gender gap vis-a-vis the time dedicated to housework: This effect is present across the income spectrum, but is particularly substantial in the case of lower income women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care work,comparative,cross-national,gender,inequality,social policy}
}

@article{Lightman2023,
  title = {Working {{More}} and {{Making Less}}: {{Post-Retirement Aged Immigrant Women Care Workers}} in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Lightman, Naomi and Akbary, Hamid},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {261--286},
  issn = {0895-9420},
  doi = {10.1080/08959420.2022.2139984},
  abstract = {Care work is typically undervalued and precarious. However, little is currently known about the financial outcomes of immigrant women care workers as they reach post-retirement age, or their access to effective social policy supports. Using Canada as a case example, this study analyzes the Longitudinal Immigration Database to compare the income trajectories of women aged 65-95 who entered the country via the Care Worker immigration entry class to immigrant women from two other immigration streams (one focused on higher skill economic contributions, the other on family reunification). Estimating a series of growth curve models (n = 28,775), results reveal that between 2007-2017, despite engaging in paid employment longer, Care Worker women were less able to make contributions to a private pension plan prior to retirement and more likely to depend on public pension benefits after reaching retirement age, relative to other immigrant women. Additionally, Care Worker women had lower predicted total income and experienced downward mobility during the post-retirement period. Together, the findings reinforce the importance of considering the financial circumstances of immigrant care workers as they age and highlight a need for renewed government investment in social supports to reduce inequalities tied to the gendered and racialized devaluation of low-wage caring occupations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lim2000,
  title = {The Effects of the {{East Asian}} Crisis on the Employment of Women and Men: {{The Philippine}} Case},
  author = {Lim, {\relax JY}},
  year = {2000},
  month = jul,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {28},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1285--1306},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00023-1},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes the differential employment impacts on women and men brought about by the East Asian crisis and the preceeding periods of boom-bust cycles and increased openness. It is found that the growth period in the second half of the 1980s favored male employment more than female employment. The economic decline due to the East Asian crisis reversed this process and increased male unemployment more than female unemployment (especially in urban areas), despite a more rapid displacement of women workers from the manufacturing sector. One contributing factor to this is the resilience of the community, social and personal services, and wholesale and trade sector during the crisis. Evidence-such as increased female labor force participation and longer working hours for women relative to men during the crisis-points to increased female employment and work hours in the labor market as a major coping mechanism during the crisis. The paper therefore argues that the boom-bust cycles in the macroeconomy are not gender neutral and contributes to increasing earnings and labor time disparities between women and men, to the detriment of the women. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asian crisis,employment,gender,labor market,Philippines,women}
}

@article{Lim2015,
  title = {{{BEYOND GENDER}}: {{THE IMPACT OF AGE}}, {{ETHNICITY}}, {{NATIONALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ON WOMEN IN THE SINGAPORE ECONOMY}}},
  author = {Lim, Linda Y. C.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SINGAPORE ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  issn = {0217-5908},
  doi = {10.1142/S0217590815500204},
  abstract = {This paper examines trends in women's labor force participation, sectoral and occupational distribution, and wage incomes relative to men, including by age and education. Since 1980, gender disparities in virtually all categories have substantially narrowed; those remaining result from women's continued disproportionate responsibility for family care, and additional factors affecting women at the highest levels of the labor force and income distribution. There are some areas of concern for women's economic future in Singapore, including the impacts of ageing, foreign labor and immigration, and wage stagnation experienced by low-income families under Singapore's economic development model.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,labor discrimination,Labor force,women}
}

@article{Lim2017,
  title = {Characteristics of {{Low-Income Able-Bodied Adults Without Dependents}}: {{Implications}} for {{Public Policy}}},
  author = {Lim, Younghee and Mitchell, Katherine Stamps},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY PRACTICE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {99--111},
  issn = {1558-8742},
  doi = {10.1080/15588742.2016.1191268},
  abstract = {This article provides descriptive information about contemporary able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs) using 2008 Current Population Survey data. Analyses of the demographic, employment, economic, and skill-building characteristics of ABAWDS reveal that poor ABAWDs struggle with low rates of program receipt and continuous employment as well as low levels of education in addition to other persistent disadvantages. Results suggest that this group has specific needs that can be addressed by social policies aimed at improving access to education, skill-building training, and long-term employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Able-bodied adults,adults without children or disabilities,economic well-being,low income,public policies,work}
}

@article{Lim2021,
  title = {Employment Status and Mortality among {{Korean}} Men over a 13-Year Period},
  author = {Lim, Dohee and Kong, Kyoung Ae and Park, Hyesook and {Jung-Choi}, Kyunghee},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH},
  volume = {43},
  issn = {2092-7193},
  doi = {10.4178/epih.e2021055},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study explored the effect of employment status on mortality over a 13-year period in Korean men. METHODS: Data were used from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study from 1999 to 2012. This study started with 2,737 subjects and included employed men in good health, aged 30-69 years. Deaths were tracked for 13 years from 2000 to 2012. Employment status classifications were: (1) regular employees, (2) precarious employees, (3) petty bourgeoisie, and (4) employers. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model, and were adjusted for age, education, income, and occupation, with regular employees as the reference category. To examine the effect of employment status and include employment history, the risk ratios of mortality were measured using the Poisson regression model, considering the duration of each employment and using 0 years as the reference category. RESULTS: Over the course of the 13-year study, being a precarious employee (HR, 1.84) or petty bourgeoisie (HR, 1.87) at a particular point in time had a negative effect on mortality when compared with regular employees. Furthermore, working as precarious employees or petty bourgeoisie had no positive effect on mortality. A positive effect was observed, however, on the overall mortality risk for regular employees. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a healthy social policy is needed for precarious employees and petty bourgeoisie to avoid disadvantages in the workplace and the social safety net.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment status,Mortality,Petty bourgeoisie,Precarious employee}
}

@article{Lim2022,
  title = {Inequalities in {{External-Cause Mortality}} in 2018 across {{Industries}} in {{Republic}} of {{Korea}}},
  author = {Lim, Jiyoung and Ko, Kwon and Lee, Kyung Eun and Park, Jae Bum and Lee, Seungho and Jeong, Inchul},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {117--125},
  issn = {2093-7911},
  doi = {10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.001},
  abstract = {Background: External-cause mortality is an important public health issue worldwide. Considering its significance to workers' health and inequalities across industries, we aimed to describe the state of external-cause mortality and investigate its difference by industry in Republic of Korea based on data for 2018.Methods: Data obtained from the Statistics Korea and Korean Employment Information System were used. External causes of death were divided into three categories (suicide, transport accident, and others), and death occurred during employment period or within 90 days after unemployment was regarded as workers' death. We calculated age-and sex-standardized mortalities per 100,000, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) compared to the general population and total workers, and mortality rate ratios (RRs) across industries using information and communication as a reference. Correlation analyses between income, education, and mortality were conducted.Results: Age-and sex-standardized external-cause mortality per 100,000 in all workers was 29.4 (suicide: 16.2, transport accident: 6.6, others: 6.6). Compared to the general population, all external-cause and suicide SMRs were significantly lower; however, there was no significant difference in transport accidents. When compared to total workers, wholesale, transportation, and business facilities management showed higher SMR for suicide, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing, mining and quarrying, construction, transportation and storage, and public administration and defense showed higher SMR for transport accidents. A moderate to strong negative correlation was observed between education level and mortality (both age-and sex-standardized mortality rates and SMR compared to the general population).Conclusion: Inequalities in external-cause mortalities from suicide, transport accidents, and other causes were found. For reducing the differences, improved policies are needed for industries with higher mortalities.(c) 2021 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {External-cause death,Health inequality,Industry,Injury,Suicide}
}

@article{Limpangog2016,
  title = {{{RESUMING THE}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveSKILLED WORKER}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{IDENTITY}}: {{The Filipinas}}' {{Strategies}} in {{Labor Market Participation}} in {{Melbourne}}, {{Australia}}},
  author = {Limpangog, Cirila P.},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {KRITIKA KULTURA},
  number = {26},
  pages = {523--607},
  issn = {2094-6937},
  abstract = {Through the lens of culture intersecting with gender, race and class, this monograph looks at the reconfiguration of skilled worker identity of 20 Philippines-born women who have immigrated to Australia. Through interviews and analyses of their lived experiences, it attempts to comprehend the complexity of their unemployment, from their encounter with the labor market, to their attempts in breaking into the workforce. It contextualizes the institutional disadvantages and discrimination befalling migrant women of non-English speaking background, as well as housework and mothering responsibilities they continue to resist at home. The complex interaction of the women's higher education, English language proficiency, their sense of purpose and other personal resources-all assisted in reframing their subordinated identity, and recapturing their careers. The women risked taking jobs lower than their qualifications, took further studies, went through rigorous accreditation, and acquired local experience, as stepping stones to regain their professions and subsequently their middle-class status. Their journey, however, is not without severe difficulties. By using agency and privilege, this monograph argues that the women epitomized the classical modernist ideology of the self within a capitalist system. They were aware of structural disadvantages and discriminatory practices, but they found ways of working within these limitations, which results to masking the hardships they endured. The study debunks the effectiveness of the notion that individual's capacity over the state \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveto enterprise themselves\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is a success strategy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career reconstitution,citizenship rights,Filipina immigrants,intersectionality,occupational mobility,skilled migration}
}

@article{Lin2016,
  title = {The {{Rise}} of {{Finance}} and {{Firm Employment Dynamics}}},
  author = {Lin, Ken-Hou},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ORGANIZATION SCIENCE},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {972--988},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  doi = {10.1287/orsc.2016.1073},
  abstract = {This article sheds light on the ongoing employment stagnation in the United States by investigating the links between the rise of finance and firm employment dynamics during the 1982-2005 period. I argue that the rise of finance marginalized the role of labor in revenue generating and sharing processes, which led to employment stagnation among the largest nonfinancial firms in the United States. Evidence suggests that increasing investment in financial assets depresses the workforce size. The growing dependence on debt reprioritizes the order of distribution, heightening the need for workforce reduction. The increasing rewards for shareholders generate a downsize-and-distribute spiral, in which labor expense becomes a primary target of cost-cutting strategies. Further analysis indicates that production and service workers are more vulnerable to shifts associated with the rise of finance than managers and professionals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {corporate governance,employment contract,financialization}
}

@article{Lindsay2003,
  title = {Unemployment Duration and Employability in Remote Rural Labour Markets},
  author = {Lindsay, C and McCracken, M and McQuaid, {\relax RW}},
  year = {2003},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {187--200},
  issn = {0743-0167},
  doi = {10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00067-0},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the barriers to work faced by long- and short-term unemployed people in remote rural labour markets. Applying a broad concept of \textbackslash textasciigraveemployability' as an analytical framework, it considers the attributes and experiences of 190 job seekers (22\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the registered unemployed) in two contiguous travel-to-work areas (Wick and Sutherland) in the northern Highlands of Scotland. The labour demand side of employability is also considered through interviews with 17 employers. The paper identifies the specific job search and other employment problems faced by unemployed people living in isolated rural communities (labour supply); considers the perspective of employers (labour demand); and discusses potential policies to address the needs of unemployed individuals. Many job seekers were found to have gaps in generic and job-specific skills, whilst some (particularly males) were reluctant to pursue opportunities in non-traditional sectors of the economy. The importance of informal job search and recruitment networks (which may exclude the young and the long-term unemployed) and the lack of access to formal employment services in remote areas also potentially contributed to labour market disadvantage. Holistic and client-centred solutions are required to address the barriers faced by these rural job seekers, including adult basic education provision, flexible training focussing on skills and work experience with particular relevance to the new rural economy, and support services for job seekers in isolated areas. These supply-side policies should be combined with demand-side measures to stimulate endogenous and exogenous growth in isolated local economies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employability,labour markets,remote rural areas,unemployment}
}

@article{Lindsay2011,
  title = {Discrimination and Other Barriers to Employment for Teens and Young Adults with Disabilities},
  author = {Lindsay, Sally},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {33},
  number = {15-16},
  pages = {1340--1350},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2010.531372},
  abstract = {Purpose. Having a disability is a barrier to securing and maintaining employment. Most research has focussed on employment barriers among adults, while very little is known about young people's experience finding paid work. Method. Young people aged 15-24 were selected from the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey to explore the barriers and discrimination they experienced in seeking employment (n = 1898). Results. Our findings show that teens and young adults with disabilities encountered several barriers and discrimination in seeking paid employment. The types of barriers that these young people encountered varied by age and type of disability. There were fewer yet different types of barriers to working that were encountered between the two age groups (teens and young adults). Several socio-demographic factors also influenced barriers to working. Severity of disability, type and duration of disability, level of education, gender, low income, geographic location and the number of people living in the household all influenced the kind of barriers and work discrimination for these young people. Conclusions. Rehabilitation and life skills counsellors need to pay particular attention to age, type of disability and socio-demographic factors of teens and young adults who may need extra help in gaining employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lindsay2011a,
  title = {Employment Status and Work Characteristics among Adolescents with Disabilities},
  author = {Lindsay, Sally},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {33},
  number = {10},
  pages = {843--854},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2010.514018},
  abstract = {Purpose. aEuro integral Little is known about the work experiences of youth as they transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics associated with disabled youth who are employed and the types of employment they are engaged in. Method. aEuro integral Data were analysed using the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey. Youth aged 15\textendash 29 and 20\textendash 24 were selected to explore the characteristics of adolescents who are employed and where they are working (n aEuroS== aEuroS2534). Results. aEuro integral Several differences in who was employed and the characteristics of their employers were noted between the two age groups. Geographic location played a more significant role for employment among youth (15\textendash 19 year olds) with mobility impairments compared to other disability types. Employed youth from both age groups had their disability a long time while few people who were recently diagnosed were working. Transportation was a significant predictor of employment for both age groups. Young adults (20\textendash 24) worked more hours per week, in different industries, and more of them were self-employed compared to the 15\textendash 19 year olds. Employment status and work characteristics also differed by type of disability. Conclusions. aEuro integral Rehabilitation and life skills counsellors need to pay particular attention to youth who may need extra help in gaining employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lindsay2018,
  title = {Applying an Ecological Framework to Understand Transition Pathways to Post-Secondary Education for Youth with Physical Disabilities},
  author = {Lindsay, Sally and Duncanson, Michelle and {Niles-Campbell}, Nadia and McDougall, Carolyn and Diederichs, Sara and {Menna-Dack}, Dolly},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {277--286},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2016.1250171},
  abstract = {Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of youth with physical disabilities and clinicians who support them in their transition to post-secondary education (PSE). Most research on transition to PSE has focused on youth with intellectual disabilities while there is a lack of research on youth with physical disabilities. Methods: This study drew on 30 interviews with 20 youth with disabilities and 10 clinicians. We used Bronfrenbrenner's ecological framework to inform our analysis. Results: Our results showed that there are several important individual skills that youth need to be successful in transitioning to PSE. Youth with disabilities experienced supports from peers and family that influence their transition to PSE. Several disability-specific issues (e.g., coping, self-care, disclosure, and accommodations) were often a barrier to transitioning to PSE. Clinicians and youth both reported that improved inter-professional collaboration and inter-agency partnerships were needed to enhance the transition experience. Societal attitudes (stigma and discrimination), policies, and the timing of transitions also influence youth's transition. Conclusion: Applying an ecological approach helped to provide a more holistic perspective of the PSE transitions and emphasizes the need to consider more than just preparing individuals but also where they are transitioned.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Qualitative,transitions,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Lindsay2018a,
  title = {A {{Systematic Review}} of the {{Role}} of {{Gender}} in {{Securing}} and {{Maintaining Employment Among Youth}} and {{Young Adults}} with {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Lindsay, Sally and Cagliostro, Elaine and Albarico, Mikhaela and Srikanthan, Dilakshan and Mortaji, Neda},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {232--251},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-017-9726-x},
  abstract = {Purpose There is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities as they transition to employment. We conducted a systematic review to explore the role of gender in securing and maintaining employment. Methods Systematic searches of seven databases identified 48 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a narrative synthesis approach, these studies were analyzed in terms of the characteristics of the participants, methodology, results, and quality of the evidence. Results Among the 48 studies, 112,473 participants (56\textbackslash textbackslash\% male), mean age (of the total sample) was 21, represented across ten countries. Twenty-one studies reported that young men with disabilities had better employment outcomes than women with disabilities. Eight studies showed that females with disabilities had better employment outcomes than males. Five studies reported that there were no gender differences in employment outcomes for youth with various disabilities. With regards to maintaining employment, men with disabilities often work more hours and have better wages compared to women with disabilities. There are several gender-related barriers and facilitators to maintaining employment including social supports and gender role expectations. Conclusions Our findings highlight that there is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CAY45GFK/Lindsay et al_2018_A Systematic Review of the Role of Gender in Securing and Maintaining.pdf}
}

@article{Lindsay2020,
  title = {A {{Web-Based Intervention}} for {{Youth With Physical Disabilities}}: {{Comparing}} the {{Role}} of {{Mentors}} in 12- and 4-{{Week Formats}}},
  author = {Lindsay, Sally and Cagliostro, Elaine},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JMIR PEDIATRICS AND PARENTING},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2561-6722},
  doi = {10.2196/15813},
  abstract = {Background: Youths with physical disabilities face many barriers in society, including social exclusion, stigma, and difficulties finding employment. Electronic mentoring (e-mentoring) offers a promising opportunity for youths with disabilities and has the potential to improve their inclusion while enhancing career outcomes. However, little is known about the role of mentors in a Web based e-mentoring format to improve employment outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to explore the role of mentors in engaging youths in an e-mentoring intervention and to compare and contrast mentors' engagement strategies within a 12- and 4-week format. Methods: This paper drew on a pilot feasibility study, which is a group, Web-based employment readiness intervention involving a discussion forum for youths with physical disabilities. Our intervention involved having trained youth mentors (ie, near-peers who also had a disability) lead Web-based discussion forums while offering peer support and resources, which involved 12 modules completed over both a 12- or 4-week format. We used a mixed method approach including qualitative data (mentor interviews and discussion forum data) and quantitative data (pre-post survey data) comparison. Results: A total of 24 youths participated across 3 e-mentoring intervention groups: 9 in the 12-week format (mean age 17.7 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD 1.7]) and 15 in the 4-week format (mean age 19.5 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD 2.6]), led by 3 trained youth mentors with disabilities, 2 males and 1 female (mean age 22 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD 2.64]). Our findings revealed that mentors engaged youths in the e-mentoring program by providing informational, emotional, and tangible support. We noted more instances of mentors providing advice, empathy, and encouragement in the 12-week format compared with the 4-week format. We also found fewer examples of providing advice, developing a rapport, and social support from mentors in the 4-week format. Our findings revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding time spent in the forum, number of logins, number of posts, and self-rated engagement. Conclusions: Mentors in the 12-week and 4-week format engaged participants differently in providing informational and emotional support, although there were no differences in tangible support provided. Mentors reported that the 12-week format was too long and lacked interaction between participants, whereas the 4-week format felt rushed and had fewer detailed responses from mentees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescent,employment,mentor,social support,youth}
}

@article{Lindstrom2011,
  title = {Waging a {{Living}}: {{Career Development}} and {{Long-Term Employment Outcomes}} for {{Young Adults With Disabilities}}},
  author = {Lindstrom, Lauren and Doren, Bonnie and Miesch, Jennifer},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {423--434},
  issn = {0014-4029},
  doi = {10.1177/001440291107700403},
  abstract = {Youth with disabilities face many barriers in making the transition from high school to stable long-term employment. Researchers used case study methodology to examine the career development process and postschool employment outcomes for a sample of individuals with disabilities who were working in living wage occupations 7 to 10 years after exiting high school. Key influences on initial post-high school placement included (a) participation in work experience, (b) transition services and supports, and (c) family support and expectations. Ongoing career advancement was supported by a combination of factors including (a) participation in postsecondary education or training; (b) steady work experiences; and (c) a set of personal attributes, including self-efficacy and persistence. These themes were present across all participants, but specific experiences and outcomes varied by gender},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Liotti2023,
  title = {Do {{Flexibility Measures Affect}} the {{Wage Share}}? {{An Empirical Analysis}} of {{Selected European Countries}}},
  author = {Liotti, Giorgio and Millemaci, Emanuele and Salvati, Luigi},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {REVIEW OF POLITICAL ECONOMY},
  issn = {0953-8259},
  doi = {10.1080/09538259.2023.2165391},
  abstract = {Since the beginning of the 1980s, reforms of the labour market have been at the centre of political and economic debate in the European Union. While these reforms were implemented mainly with the aim of improving employment performance by removing structural issues, they may also have had non-secondary and non-negligible effects on the share of national income received by workers. The aim of this paper is to study the effects of the changes in the labour market regulation index (LMRI) on the wage share in twelve Eurozone countries between 2000 and 2019. The empirical results - obtained from the estimation of an error correction model (ECM) - show that: (i) an inverse relation exists between LMRI as a whole and adjusted wage share in the short run only; (ii) the reduction of the adjusted wage share depends mainly on two specific measures of flexibility: a more decentralized level of bargaining (the effects of which are significant in both long- and short-run periods) and a relaxation of the hiring and firing regulations (the effects of which are significant only in the short run); (iii) the economic growth and unemployment rate also contribute to the decline of the adjusted wage share.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lipatova2021,
  title = {{Gender Inequality in the Economy of Modern Russia: A Quantitative Analysis of the Problem}},
  author = {Lipatova, L. N.},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {REGIONOLOGIYA-REGIONOLOGY RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF REGIONAL STUDIES},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99--125},
  issn = {2413-1407},
  doi = {10.15507/2413-1407.114.029.202101.099-125},
  abstract = {Introduction. Legislative consolidation of a right is not always implemented in practice. This can be fully attributed to the situation in the sphere of equality of people of different sexes in the economy, including the sphere of public administration. The purpose of the article is to assess the status of women in the economy of modern Russia, based on the study of official statistics, as well as the possibility of women's participation in solving key problems of the development of society through representation in public authorities at different levels of government. Materials and Methods. The author analyzed data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service, publications of scientists involved in the study of the issue concerned, as well as materials from authoritative international organizations. The systemic approach, analysis and synthesis, the monographic method, content analysis, as well as the employed methods of economic and statistical analysis made it possible to identify the main trends in the changing status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at different levels of government. Results. The status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at the federal, regional and municipal levels has been characterized. Violation of the rights of women has been established in terms of remuneration when filling the same positions as men with equal amount of working time. It has been revealed that the representation of women in the highest bodies of state power lags behind the benchmark level of 30 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, proclaimed by the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and supported by the Russian Federation. Discussion and Conclusion. A conclusion has been drawn that women are underrepresented in senior government positions in the Russian Federation. In the Russian labor market, violation of women's rights is manifested in lower wages, despite higher overall level of education of women. The results may prove useful when conducting research in the field of gender equality, as well as when developing and implementing measures aimed at improving the status of women in the country's economy and ensuring their right to participate in making decisions important for the society.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {administration,civil service,employment,gender equality,labor market,municipal employees,politics,unemployment,wages}
}

@article{Liu2014,
  title = {Factors Influencing Child Care-Related Maternal Work Exits},
  author = {Liu, Meirong and Chen, Manrong and Anderson, Steven G.},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {168--176},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.013},
  abstract = {For mothers with young children, child care challenges can pose significant barriers for their labor force participation. Working mothers must arrange for someone else to care for their children when working outside the home. Previous research has shown that women with children spend less time in the labor force compared to women without children. This study used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to examine whether a range of child care characteristics, neighborhood factors, and individual factors caused mothers of young children to leave the work force. The results indicated that child care-related work exits are common occurrences for mothers in large urban areas. Of those mothers in the FFCW sample who used non-parental child care, more than one in ten mothers reported work exits due to child care-related problems. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that common risk factors for work exits included changing child care arrangements, using multiple types of child care, living in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanic population, being African American, and having household income between 50 and 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL. The findings are useful in informing social policies and interventions to help mothers better bridge the gap between adequate child care and gainful employment. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Liu2018,
  title = {Job Preferences for Medical Students in {{China A}} Discrete Choice Experiment},
  author = {Liu, Shimeng and Li, Shunping and Yang, Renyong and Liu, Tongtong and Chen, Gang},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {MEDICINE},
  volume = {97},
  number = {38},
  issn = {0025-7974},
  doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000012358},
  abstract = {Although the number of medical workers has increased rapidly, its scarcity in rural areas remains a serious problem in China. This study aimed to investigate medical students' stated preferences when choosing a job, so as to assist policy makers with designing alternative interventions to address the unbalanced distribution of the health workforce in China. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted to elicit the job preferences of final year medical students. Attributes include work location, hospital type, monthly income, bianzhi (which can be loosely regarded as state administrative staffing), work environment, Training and career development opportunity. This study was carried out during April to June 2017 in 4 medical universities in Shandong Province, China. Mixed logit models were used to analyze the relative importance of job attributes. A total of 519 medical students participated in the survey. All 6 attributes were statistically significant with the expected sign and demonstrated the existence of preference heterogeneity. In the main effects mixed logit model, working in the city and a superior working environment were most strongly associated with job preference. A relatively unexpected finding was the relatively lower utility of offering bianzhi in job preferences. Subgroup analysis showed that females and those who have an urban background were significantly willing to pay more for working in the city. The most preferred scenario for medical students was to select a better work environment job in a tertiary hospital in the city, which could offer 9000 CNY monthly, with sufficient training and career development opportunities and bianzhi. Both monetary and nonmonetary intervention could be considered by policy makers to attract medical students to work in rural areas in China. There exists preference heterogeneity on medical students' job preferences, which should also be taken into account in developing more effective policy incentive packages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,discrete choice experiment,inequality,job preference,medical students,mixed logit model}
}

@article{Liu2019,
  title = {Differential {{Exposure}} to {{Job Stressors}}: {{A Comparative Analysis Between Migrant}} and {{Australia-Born Workers}}},
  author = {Liu, Xiaomin and Bowe, Steven J. and Milner, Allison and Li, Lin and Too, Lay San and LaMontagne, Anthony D.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH},
  volume = {63},
  number = {9},
  pages = {975--989},
  issn = {2398-7308},
  doi = {10.1093/annweh/wxz073},
  abstract = {Aims: Previous studies have suggested that migrants have higher exposures to psychosocial job stressors than native-born workers. We explored migrant status-related differences in skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority, and whether the differences varied by gender, age, and educational attainment. Methods: Data were from Wave 14 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. A total number of 9031 persons were included in the analysis. Outcomes included skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority. Exposure included migrant status defined by (i) country of birth (COB), (ii) the combination of COB and English/Non-English dominant language of COB, and (iii) the combination of COB and years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and educational attainment. These covariates were also analysed as effect modifiers of the relationship between migrant status and job stressor exposure. Results: In the unadjusted analysis, only migrant workers from Non-English-speaking countries (Non-ESC- born) had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (-0.29, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.56; -0.01); however, results from fully adjusted models showed that all migrant groups, except migrant workers from Main-English-speaking countries, had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (overseas-born workers, -0.59, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.79; -0.38; Non-ESC-born, -1.01, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.27; -0.75; migrant workers who had arrived {$<$}= 5 years ago, -1.33, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.94; -0.72; arrived 6-10 years ago, -0.92, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.46; -0.39; and arrived {$>$}= 11 years ago,-0.45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.67; -0.22). On the contrary, the unadjusted model showed that migrant workers had higher decision authority than Australia-born workers, whereas in the fully adjusted model, no difference in decision authority was found between migrant workers and Australia-born workers. Effect modification results showed that as educational attainment increased, differences in skill discretion and job complexity between Australia-born workers and Non-ESC-born migrants progressively increased; whereas Non-ESC-born migrants with postgraduate degree showed significantly lower decision authority than Australia-born workers. Conclusions: This study suggests that skill discretion and job complexity but not decision authority is associated with migrant status. Migrants with high educational attainment from Non-English-speaking countries appear to be most affected by lower skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority; however, differences in skill discretion and job complexity attenuate over time for Non-ESC-born migrants, consistent with an acculturation effect. Low skill discretion and job complexity, to the extent that it overlaps with underemployment, may adversely affect migrant workers' well-being. Targeted language skill support could facilitate migrant integration into the Australian labour market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {immigrant,job stressor,native workers,occupational exposure,overseas-born}
}

@article{Liu2020,
  title = {The Intertemporal Evolution of Agriculture and Labor over a Rapid Structural Transformation: {{Lessons}} from {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Liu, Yanyan and Barrett, Christopher B. and Pham, Trinh and Violette, William},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {FOOD POLICY},
  volume = {94},
  issn = {0306-9192},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101913},
  abstract = {We combine nationally representative household and labor force survey data from 1992 to 2016 to provide a detailed description of rural labor market evolution and how it relates to the structural transformation of rural Vietnam, especially within the agricultural sector. Our study adds to the emerging literature on structural transformation in low-income countries using micro-level data and helps to answer several policy-related questions. We find limited employment creation potential of agriculture, especially for youth. Rural-urban real wage convergence has gone hand-in-hand with increased diversification of the rural economy into the non-farm sector nationwide and rapid advances in educational attainment in all sectors' and regions' workforce. Minimum wage laws seem to have played no significant role in increasing agricultural wages. This enhanced integration also manifests in steady attenuation of the longstanding inverse farm size-yield relationship. Farming has remained securely household-based and the family farmland distribution has remained largely unchanged. Small farm sizes have not obstructed mechanization nor the uptake of labor-saving pesticides, consistent with factor substitution induced by rising real wage rates. As rural households rely more heavily on the labor market, human capital accumulation (rather than land endowments) have become the key correlate of improvements in rural household well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inverse farm size and productivity relationship,Rural labor market,Structural transformation,Vietnam}
}

@article{Lockwood2017,
  title = {Patient-{{Reported Barriers}} to the {{Prekidney Transplant Evaluation}} in an {{At-Risk Population}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Lockwood, Mark B. and Saunders, Milda R. and Nass, Rachel and McGivern, Claire L. and Cunningham, Patrick N. and Chon, W. James and Josephson, Michelle A. and Becker, Yolanda T. and Lee, Christopher S.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PROGRESS IN TRANSPLANTATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {131--138},
  issn = {1526-9248},
  doi = {10.1177/1526924817699957},
  abstract = {Background: Despite our knowledge of barriers to the early stages of the transplant process, we have limited insight into patient-reported barriers to the prekidney transplant medical evaluation in populations largely at-risk for evaluation failure. Methods: One-hundred consecutive adults were enrolled at an urban, Midwestern transplant center. Demographic, clinical, and quality of life data were collected prior to patients visit with a transplant surgeon/nephrologist (evaluation begins). Patient-reported barriers to evaluation completion were collected using the Subjective Barriers Questionnaire 90-days after the initial medical evaluation appointment (evaluation ends), our center targeted goal for transplant work-up completion. Results: At 90 days, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had not completed the transplant evaluation. Five barrier categories were created from the 85 responses to the Subjective Barriers Questionnaire. Patient-reported barriers included poor communication, physical health, socioeconomics, psychosocial influences, and access to care. In addition, determinants for successful evaluation completion included being of white race, higher income, free of dialysis, a lower comorbid burden, and reporting higher scores on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life subscale role-emotional. Conclusion: Poor communication between patients and providers, and among providers, was the most prominent patient-reported barrier identified. Barriers were more prominent in marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities and people with low income. Understanding the prevalence of patient-reported barriers may aid in the development of patient-centered interventions to improve completion rates.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers,evaluation,inequities,kidney,transplant}
}

@article{Loeb2003,
  title = {How Welfare Reform Affects Young Children: {{Experimental}} Findings from {{Connecticut}} - {{A}} Research Note},
  author = {Loeb, S and Fuller, B and Kagan, {\relax SL} and Carrol, B},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {537--550},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.10153},
  abstract = {As welfare-to-work reforms increase women labor market attachment, the lives of their young children are likely to change. This note draws on a random-assignment experiment in Connecticut to ask whether mothers' rising employment levels and program participation are associated with changes in young children early learning and cognitive growth. Children of mothers who entered Connecticut's Jobs First program, an initiative with strict 21-month time limits and work incentives, displayed moderate advantages in their early learning, compared with those in a control group. A number of potential mechanisms for this effect are explored, including maternal employment and income, home environment, and child care. Mothers in the new welfare program are more likely to be employed, have higher income, are less likely to be mar-tied, have more children books in their home, and take their children to libraries and museums more frequently. However, these effects explain little of the observed gain in child outcomes. Other parenting practices and the home social environment do explain early learning, but these remained unaffected by welfare reform. (C) 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lofters2020,
  title = {A \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveTea}} and {{Cookies}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Approach}}: {{Co-designing Cancer Screening Interventions}} with {{Patients Living}} with {{Low Income}}},
  author = {Lofters, Aisha K. and Baker, Natalie A. and Schuler, Andree and Rau, Allison and Baxter, Alison and Baxter, Nancy N. and Kucharski, Edward and Leung, Fok-Han and Weyman, Karen and Kiran, Tara},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {255--260},
  issn = {0884-8734},
  doi = {10.1007/s11606-019-05400-0},
  abstract = {Background In our primary care organization, we have observed income gradients in cancer screening for our patients despite outreach. We hypothesized that outreach strategies could be improved upon to be more compelling for our patients living with low income. Objective To use co-design to adapt our current strategies and create new strategies to improve cancer screening uptake for patients living with low income. Design An exploratory, qualitative study in two phases: interviews and focus groups. Participants For interviews, we recruited 25 patient participants who were or had been overdue for cancer screening and had been identified by their provider as potentially living with low income. For subsequent focus groups, we recruited 14 patient participants, 11 of whom had participated in Phase I interviews. Approach To analyse written transcripts, we took an iterative, inductive approach using content analysis and drawing on best practices in Grounded Theory methodology. Emergent themes were expanded and clarified to create a derived model of possible strategies to improve the experience of cancer screening and encourage screening uptake for patients living with low income. Key Results Fear and competing priorities were two key barriers to cancer screening identified by patients. Patients believed that a warm and encouraging outreach approach would work best to increase cancer screening participation. Phone calls and group education were specifically suggested as potentially promising methods. However, these views were not universal; for example, women were more likely to be in favour of group education. Conclusions We used input from patients living with low income to co-design a new approach to cancer screening in our primary care organization, an approach that could be broadly applicable to other contexts and settings. We learned from our patients that a multi-modal strategy will likely be best to maximize screening uptake.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Loignon2018,
  title = {Barriers to Supportive Care during the {{Ebola}} Virus Disease Outbreak in {{West Africa}}: {{Results}} of a Qualitative Study},
  author = {Loignon, Christine and Nouvet, Elysee and Couturier, Francois and Benhadj, Lynda and Adhikari, Neill K. J. and Murthy, Srinivas and Fowler, Rob A. and Lamontagne, Francois},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {9},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0201091},
  abstract = {Background During the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, supportive care was the only non-experimental treatment option for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). However, providing care that would otherwise be routine for most clinical settings in the context of a highly contagious and lethal pathogen is much more challenging. The objective of this study was to document and deepen understanding of barriers to provision of supportive care in Ebola treatment units (ETUs) as perceived by those involved in care delivery during the outbreak. Methods This qualitative study consisted of 29 in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders (decision-makers, physicians, nurses) involved in patient care delivery during the outbreak. Analysis consisted of interview debriefing and team-based transcript coding in NVivo10 software using thematic analysis. Findings Participants emphasized three interconnected barriers to providing high-quality supportive care during the outbreak: 1) lack of material and human resources in ETUs; 2) ETU organizational structure limiting the provision of supportive clinical care; and 3) delayed and poorly coordinated policies limiting the effectiveness of global and national responses. Participants also noted the ethical complexities of defining and enacting best clinical practices in low-income countries. They noted tension between, on one hand, scaling up minimal care and investing in clinical care preparedness to a level sustainable in West Africa and, on the other, providing a higher level of supportive care, which in low-resource health systems would require important investments. Conclusion Our findings identified potentially modifiable barriers to the delivery of supportive care to patients with EVD in West Africa. Addressing these in the inter-outbreak period will be useful to improve patient care and outcomes during inevitable future outbreaks. Promoting community trust and engagement through long-term capacity building of the healthcare work-force and infrastructure would increase both health system resilience and ability to handle other outbreaks of emerging diseases.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lommerud2004,
  title = {Good Jobs, Bad Jobs and Redistribution},
  author = {Lommerud, {\relax KE} and Sandvik, B and Straume, {\relax OR}},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  volume = {106},
  number = {4},
  pages = {703--720},
  issn = {0347-0520},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.00384.x},
  abstract = {We analyse the question of optimal taxation in a dual economy, when the policy-maker is concerned about the distribution of labour income. Income inequality is caused by the presence of sunk capital investments, which creates a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace sector due to the capture of quasi-rents by trade unions. With strong unions and high planner preference for income equality, the optimal policy is a combination of investment subsidies and progressive income taxation. If unions are weaker, the policy-maker may instead choose to tax investment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {optimal taxation,redistribution,rent sharing}
}

@article{Longhi2020,
  title = {Does Geographical Location Matter for Ethnic Wage Gaps?},
  author = {Longhi, Simonetta},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3},
  pages = {538--557},
  issn = {0022-4146},
  doi = {10.1111/jors.12469},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes ethnic wage gaps in Great Britain by comparing minorities to majority workers in the same local labor market and focuses on the variation of wage gaps across areas. As wage gaps vary across areas, using one single national measure may be misleading. Higher wage gaps across groups are associated with higher occupational segregation and ethnic diversity, while higher wage gaps within groups are associated with higher regional specialization and proportion of co-ethnics. Policies could help by improving job location and selection into occupations across groups.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ethnicity,geographical segregation,local labor market,multilevel models,race,spatial location,wage gaps}
}

@article{Lopez-Marmolejo2023,
  title = {Assessing the Effect of Gender-Related Legal Reforms on Female Labour Participation and {{GDP}} per Capita in the {{Central American}} Region},
  author = {{Lopez-Marmolejo}, Arnoldo and {Rodriguez-Caballero}, C. Vladimir},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {REGIONAL STATISTICS},
  issn = {2063-9538},
  doi = {10.15196/RS130301},
  abstract = {Women's participation in the labour market in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic (CAPADOM) is low by international standards. Increasing their participation is a goal of many policymakers who want to improve women's access to quality employment. This study uses data from CAPADOM to assess whether gender equality in the law increases women's participation in the labour force and, if that is the case, the extent to which this boosts GDP per capita. To do so, the authors use a panel VAR model. The results show that CAPADOM could increase female labour participation rate by 6 percentage points (pp) and GDP per capita by 1 pp by introducing gender-related legal changes such as equal pay for equal work, paid parental leave, and allowing women to do all the same jobs as men.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lopez2021,
  title = {Evaluation of the {{ACE}} Employment Programme: Helping Employers to Make Tailored Adjustments for Their Autistic Employees},
  author = {Lopez, Beatriz and Kargas, Niko and Udell, Julie and Rubin, Tomas and Burgess, Linda and Dew, Dominic and McDonald, Ian and O'Brien, Ann and {Templeton-Mepstead}, Karen},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ADVANCES IN AUTISM},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {3--15},
  issn = {2056-3868},
  doi = {10.1108/AIA-11-2019-0038},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the views of autistic people, carers and practitioners regarding the barriers autistic employees face at work (Study 1) and to use these views to inform the design of an employment programme for autistic employees without learning disabilities (Study 2). Design/methodology/approach In Study 1, 16 (20\textbackslash textbackslash\%) carers, 17 (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%) practitioners and 47 (59\textbackslash textbackslash\%) autistic adults who had been or were currently employed, answered a survey regarding barriers at work. Study 2 evaluates the efficacy of a set of profiling assessment tools (PA) developed to help employers make individually-tailored adjustments for their autistic employees by delivering an employment programme consisting of 15, 8-week work placements. Findings In Study 1, only 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of autistic adults reported having had adjustments in the workplace and all groups reported this as the main barrier - alongside employers' lack of understanding. Two sets of results demonstrate the efficacy of the PA tools in addressing this barrier. First, a comparative cost simulation revealed a cost-saving in terms of on-job support of 6.67 pound per participant per hour worked relative to published data from another programme. Second, 83\textbackslash textbackslash\% of autistic employees reported having had the right adjustments at work. Research limitations/implications This is an exploratory study that did not include a comparison group. Hence, it was not possible to evaluate the efficacy of the PA tools relative to a standard employment programme intervention, nor to assess cost reduction, which currently is only estimated from already available published data. Practical implications Overall the findings from these studies demonstrate that the time invested in the high-quality assessment of the profile of autistic employees results in saving costs over time and better outcomes. Originality/value The originality of the Autism Centre for Employment programme resides in that, unlike other programmes, it shifts the focus from helping autistic employees to helping their employers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Assessment,Autism,Autism spectrum condition,Autism spectrum disorder,Behavioural phenotypes,Interventions}
}

@article{Loprest2019,
  title = {Disconnected {{Young Adults}}: {{Increasing Engagement}} and {{Opportunity}}},
  author = {Loprest, Pamela and Spaulding, Shayne and Nightingale, Demetra Smith},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RSF-THE RUSSELL SAGE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {5},
  number = {5},
  pages = {221--243},
  issn = {2377-8253},
  doi = {10.7758/RSF.2019.5.5.11},
  abstract = {Even in a strong job market with low overall unemployment, a substantial number of youth are disconnected from work and schooling. Being disconnected during early ages (between sixteen and twenty-four) can have negative impacts on future labor-market success and other outcomes. This article presents data and summarizes the literature on the causes and consequences of youth disconnection. It discusses evidenced-based policies and programs that show promise for engaging or reengaging young people and meeting the needs of particular groups of disconnected youth, including effective education and training programs (both in secondary and postsecondary contexts), targeted reforms to community college systems, strategies for addressing barriers to work and school including provision of comprehensive services, and demand-oriented solutions that improve job opportunities for youth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disconnected,education,employment,training,unemployment,youth}
}

@article{Lorant2015,
  title = {Johan {{Mackenbach}}, Awarded an Honorary Doctorate for His Work on Health Inequalities, in a Discussion of Burning Issues in Tackling Health Inequalities},
  author = {Lorant, Vincent and D'Hoore, William},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1475-9276},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-015-0242-3},
  abstract = {On 20 March 2015, Professor Johan Mackenbach of the Erasmus University Medical Centre was awarded a doctorate honoris causa by the Catholic University (Universite Catholique) of Louvain, Belgium, for his outstanding contribution to the analysis of health inequalities in Europe and to the development of policies intended to address them. In this context, a debate took place between Professor Mackenbach, Professor Maniquet, a well-being economist, and a representative of the Federal Health Ministry (Mr. Brieuc Vandamme). They were asked to debate on three topics. (1) socio-economic inequalities in health are not smaller in countries with universal welfare policies; (2) Policies needs to target either absolute inequalities or relative inequalities; (3) The focus of policies should either address the social determinants of health or concentrate on access to health care. The results of the debate by the three speakers highlighted the fact that welfare systems have not been able to tackle diseases of affluence. Targets for health policies should be set according to opportunity cost: health care is increasingly costly and a focus on health inequalities above all other inequalities runs the risk of taking a dogmatic approach to well-being. Health is only one dimension of well-being and policies to address inequality need to balance preferences between several dimensions of well-being. Finally, policymakers may not have that much choice when it comes to reducing inequality: all effective policies should be implemented. For example, Belgium and other European countries should not leave aside health protection policies that are evidence-based, in particular taxes on tobacco and alcohol. In his final contribution, Professor Mackenbach reminded the audience that politics is medicine on a larger scale and stated that policymakers should make more use of research into public health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health inequalities,Health policies,Stakeholders}
}

@article{LorenaRuano2014,
  title = {Making the Post-{{MDG}} Global Health Goals Relevant for Highly Inequitable Societies: Findings from a Consultation with Marginalized Populations in {{Guatemala}}},
  author = {Lorena Ruano, Ana and Sanchez, Silvia and Jose Jerez, Fernando and Flores, Walter},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-13-57},
  abstract = {Introduction: The United Nations presented a set of Millennium Development Goals that aimed to improve social and economic development and eradicate poverty by 2015. Most low and middle-income countries will not meet these goals and today there is a need to set new development agenda, especially when it comes to health. The paper presents the findings from a community consultation process carried out within the Goals and Governance for Global Health (GO4Health) research consortium in Guatemala, which aims to identify community needs and expectations around public policies and health services. Methods: Through a participative and open consultation process with experts, civil society organizations and members of the research team, the municipalities of Tectitan and Santa Maria Nebaj were selected. A community consultation process was undertaken with community members and community leaders. Group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted and later analyzed using thematic analysis, a qualitative method that can be used to analyze data in a way that allows for the identification of recurrent patterns that can be grouped into categories and themes, was used. Findings: Following the Go4Health framework's domains for understanding health-related needs, the five themes identified were health, social determinants of health, essential health needs and their provision, roles and responsibilities of relevant stakeholders and community participation in decision-making. Participants reported high levels of discrimination related to ethnicity, to being poor and to living in rural areas. Ethnicity played a major role in how community members feel they are cared for in the health system. Conclusion: Achieving health goals in a context of deep-rooted inequality and marginalization requires going beyond the simple expansion of health services and working with developing trusting relationships between health service providers and community members. Involving community members in decision-making processes that shape policies will contribute to a larger process of community empowerment and democratization. Still, findings from the region show that tackling these issues may prove complicated and require going beyond the health system, as this lack of trust and discrimination has permeated to all public policies that deal with indigenous and rural populations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lorenzetti2020,
  title = {Adapting a Health Video Library for Use in {{Afghanistan}}: Provider-Level Acceptability and Lessons for Strengthening Operational Feasibility},
  author = {Lorenzetti, Lara and Tharaldson, Jenae and Pradhan, Subarna and Rastagar, Sayed Haroon and Hemat, Shafiqullah and Ahmadzai, Sharif A. H. and Dulli, Lisa S. and Weissman, Amy and Todd, Catherine S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12960-020-00477-9},
  abstract = {Background Community health workers (CHWs) in Afghanistan are a critical care extender for primary health services, including reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health (RMNCH) care. However, volunteer CHWs face challenges including an ever-expanding number of tasks and insufficient time to conduct them. We piloted a health video library (HVL) intervention, a tablet-based tool to improve health promotion and counseling by CHWs. We qualitatively assessed provider-level acceptability and operational feasibility. Methods CHWs implemented the HVL pilot in three rural districts of Balkh, Herat, and Kandahar provinces. We employed qualitative methods, conducting 47 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with male and female CHWs and six IDIs with community health supervisors. We used semi-structured interview guides to explore provider perceptions of program implementation processes and solicit feedback on how to improve the HVL intervention to inform scale-up. We conducted a thematic analysis. Results CHWs reported that the HVL increased time efficiencies, reduced work burden, and enhanced professional credibility within their communities. CHWs felt video content and format were accessible for low literacy clients, but also identified challenges to operational feasibility. Although tablets were considered easy-to-use, certain technical issues required continued support from supervisors and family. Charging tablets was difficult due to inconsistent electricity access. Although some CHWs reported reaching most households in their catchment area for visits with the HVL, others were unable to visit all households due to sizeable populations and gender-related barriers, including women's limited mobility. Conclusions The HVL was acceptable and feasible for integration into existing CHW duties, indicating it may improve RMNCH counseling, contributing to increased care-seeking behaviors in Afghanistan. Short-term challenges with technology and hardware can be addressed through continued training and provision of solar chargers. Longer-term challenges, including tablet costs, community coverage, and gender issues, require further consideration with an emphasis on equitable distribution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Afghanistan,Community health workers,Counseling,Demand generation,Maternal health,Social and behavior change}
}

@article{Love2023,
  title = {The Well-Being of Women Entrepreneurs: The Role of Gender Inequality and Gender Roles},
  author = {Love, Inessa and Nikolaev, Boris and Dhakal, Chandra},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0921-898X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-023-00769-z},
  abstract = {Plain English SummaryWomen entrepreneurs are less happy than men in low-income countries, while the opposite holds in high-income countries. This negative effect is stronger for less educated women, for women with children, and in countries with greater gender discrimination, low access to financial resources, and more traditional gender roles. This study documents a wellbeing gap between female and male entrepreneurs in countries with different levels of economic development. In low income countries, women entrepreneurs report lower subjective well-being relative to men, while in high-income countries, women entrepreneurs are happier than men. In low-income countries, women face more obstacles and constraints to being an entrepreneur, such as lower education, lack of childcare options, lack of access to finance, unfair legal treatment, and more sexist gender roles and traditions. The results are consistent with the proposition that in low-income countries women prefer wage employment. When their labor market outcomes are limited, they are more likely to be \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepushed\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace into entrepreneurship and derive lower satisfaction from their entrepreneurial activities. The primary policy implications should aim at equalizing the playing field for men and women entrepreneurs, improving labor market conditions, and increasingwage-earning opportunities for women. The current study presents new evidence on the well-being of women entrepreneurs using data from the World Values Survey for 80 countries. Results indicate that in low- and middle-income countries, female entrepreneurs have lower well-being than male entrepreneurs, while in high-income countries, they have higher well-being. Several macro and micro-level mechanisms- institutional context, gender roles, and individual characteristics-that potentially moderate this relationship are explored. The gender gap in well-being is larger in countries with higher gender inequality, lower level of financial development, and stricter adherence to sexist gender roles. Additionally, women entrepreneurs with lower education, more children, and risk-averse preferences are more likely to report lower well-being. The results suggest several policy mechanisms that can be used to enhance the well-being of women entrepreneurs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lu2017,
  title = {Women's {{Short-Term Employment Trajectories Following Birth}}: {{Patterns}}, {{Determinants}}, and {{Variations}} by {{Race}}/{{Ethnicity}} and {{Nativity}}},
  author = {Lu, Yao and Wang, Julia Shu-Huah and Han, Wen-Jui},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHY},
  volume = {54},
  number = {1},
  pages = {93--118},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  doi = {10.1007/s13524-016-0541-3},
  abstract = {Despite a large literature documenting the impact of childbearing on women's wages, less understanding exists of the actual employment trajectories that mothers take and the circumstances surrounding different paths. We use sequence analysis to chart the entire employment trajectory for a diverse sample of U.S. women by race/ethnicity and nativity in the first year following childbirth. Using data from the 1996-2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and sample selection models, we find that women employed before childbirth show a high degree of labor market continuity. However, a notable share of them (24 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) took less stable paths by dropping out or scaling back work. In addition, mothers' attachment to the labor force is simultaneously supported by personal endowments and family resources yet constrained by economic hardship and job characteristics. Moreover, mothers' employment patterns differ by race/ethnicity and nativity. Nonwhite women (blacks, Hispanics, and Asians) who were employed before childbirth exhibited greater labor market continuation than white women. For immigrant women, those with a shorter length of residence were more likely to curtail employment than native-born women, but those with longer duration of residence show greater labor force attachment. We discuss the implications of these findings for income inequality and public policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Motherhood,Nativity,Race and ethnicity,Trajectory}
}

@article{Lu2022,
  title = {The Associations of Physical Incapacity and Wealth with Remaining in Paid Employment after Age 60 in Five Middle-Income and High-Income Countries},
  author = {Lu, Wentian and Stefler, Denes and {Sanchez-Niubo}, Albert and Haro, Josep Maria and Marmot, Michael and Bobak, Martin},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X22000265},
  abstract = {Previous studies on health and socio-economic determinants of later-life labour force participation have mainly come from high-income European countries and the United States of America (USA). Findings vary between studies due to different measures of socio-economic status and labour force outcomes. This study investigated longitudinal associations of physical incapacity and wealth with remaining in paid employment after age 60 in middle- and high-income countries. Using harmonised cohort data in the USA, England, Japan, Mexico and China (N = 32,132), multilevel logistic regression was applied for main associations. The age-related probabilities of remaining in paid employment by physical incapacity and wealth were estimated using marginal effects. This study found that physical incapacity predicted lower odds of remaining in paid employment in each country. Wealth was associated with higher odds of remaining in paid employment in the USA, England and Japan, but not in Mexico. Probabilities of remaining in paid employment were high in Mexico but low in China. The absolute difference in the probability of remaining in paid employment between the richest and the poorest groups was greater in the USA than that in any other country. In the USA, England and Japan, the inverse association between physical incapacity and remaining in paid employment could be partially compensated by wealth only when physical incapacity was not severe. National policies, including considering older adults' changing capacities for job placement and prioritising the provision of supportive services for socio-economically disadvantaged older adults, developing pathways for informal workers to access social security and pension coverage, and encouraging employers to hire socio-economically disadvantaged older workers and enhancing their employability, could be facilitated. Future studies, such as exploring health and socio-economic determinants of remaining in part-time and full-time paid employment separately in more countries, and the moderating effects of relevant policies on these associations, are needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Japan,labour force participation,Mexico,physical capacity,socio-economic status,United Kingdom (UK),United States of America (USA)}
}

@article{Ludwick2020,
  title = {The Distinctive Roles of Urban Community Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review of the Literature},
  author = {Ludwick, Teralynn and Morgan, Alison and Kane, Sumit and Kelaher, Margaret and McPake, Barbara},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {35},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1039--1052},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czaa049},
  abstract = {Addressing urban health challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been hampered by lack of evidence on effective mechanisms for delivering health services to the poor. The urban disadvantaged experience poor health outcomes (often worse than rural counterparts) and face service barriers. While community health workers (CHWs) have been extensively employed in rural communities to address inequities, little attention has been given to understanding the roles of CHWs in urban contexts. This study is the first to systematically examine urban CHW roles in LMICs. It aims to understand their roles vis-a-vis other health providers and raise considerations for informing future scope of practice and service delivery models. We developed a framework that presents seven key roles performed by urban CHWs and position these roles against a continuum of technical to political functions. Our scoping review included publications from four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Social Sciences Citation Index) and two CHW resource hubs. We included all peer-reviewed, CHW studies situated in urban/peri-urban, LMIC contexts. We identify roles (un)commonly performed by urban CHWs, present the range of evidence available on CHW effectiveness in performing each role and identify considerations for informing future roles. Of 856 articles, 160 met the inclusion criteria. Programmes spanned 34 LMICs. Studies most commonly reported evidence on CHWs roles related to health education, outreach and elements of direct service provision. We found little overlap in roles between CHWs and other providers, with some exceptions. Reported roles were biased towards home visiting and individual-capacity building, and not well-oriented to reach men/youth/working women, support community empowerment or link with social services. Urban-specific adaptations to roles, such as peer outreach to high-risk, stigmatized communities, were limited. Innovation in urban CHW roles and a better understanding of the unique opportunities presented by urban settings is needed to fully capitalize on their potential.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community health,health inequalities,human resources,review,Urban health}
}

@article{Luebker2021,
  title = {Can the Structure of Inequality Explain Fiscal Redistribution? {{Revisiting}} the Social Affinity Hypothesis},
  author = {Luebker, Malte},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {735--763},
  issn = {1475-1461},
  doi = {10.1093/ser/mwz005},
  abstract = {argue that the structure of income inequality, rather than its level, can explain differences in fiscal redistribution across modern welfare states. Contrary to the assertion that there is robust evidence in support of this proposition, the present article challenges the argument that the distributional allegiances between social groups are a function of relative income distances. It makes three central claims: (a) skew in the earnings distribution, the key explanatory variable in the empirical tests of the original paper, can best be understood as an outcome of public policy and labor market institutions, and hence as endogenous to the welfare state; (b) relative earnings differentials are not a valid proxy measure for the structure of income inequality, the concept of theoretical interest; and (c) there is no indication that skew in the distribution of incomes (rather than earnings) is positively associated with fiscal redistribution. In sum, revisiting an influential contribution to the literature offers no support for the proposition that the structure of inequality has consequences for fiscal redistribution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income distribution,labor market institutions,redistribution,social structure,wages}
}

@article{Lulit2008,
  title = {{The Impact of the Trade Liberalization on the Women Work. Comparative Analyzes Between the South Africa and the Ethiopia with an Impact of the General Equilibrium Calculable}},
  author = {Lulit, Mitik and Claude, Berthomieu},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {PANOECONOMICUS},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69--88},
  issn = {1452-595X},
  doi = {10.2298/PAN0801069L},
  abstract = {The effects of trade liberalisation on female labour depend on a country's socio-economic and employment sector characteristics. A Gender-aware computable general equilibrium model is applied to Ethiopia and South Africa from a comparative perspective. Tarif reduction results in opposite outcomes regarding gender-based wage and labour market participation inequalities in the two countries due to their structural differences in men's and women's employment.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {CGE models,Ethiopia,Gender,South Africa,Trade}
}

@article{Lunke2022,
  title = {The Geography of Public Transport Competitiveness in Thirteen Medium Sized Cities},
  author = {Lunke, Erik B. and Fearnley, Nils and Aarhaug, Jorgen},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS AND CITY SCIENCE},
  issn = {2399-8083},
  doi = {10.1177/23998083221100265},
  abstract = {Securing sufficient accessibility with public transport is essential for reducing private car commuting. While most studies of transport accessibility are based on travel times, other quality factors such as the perceived disadvantage of congestion and service frequency are also of importance for transport mode choice. In this study, we use generalized journey times to calculate accessibility and public transport competitiveness, allowing us to account for other characteristics of commute trips than just travel time. We use detailed trip data to calculate generalized journey times to typical employment areas in thirteen urban regions in Norway. The results show that public transport services compete better with the car in the largest cities. Specifically, public transport is competitive for access to central employment areas but less so for less central employment areas. In the smaller cities, the private car is the most competitive mode on most commute trips. With detailed travel data, the method developed in this study can be replicated in other contexts to provide a more holistic measure of accessibility than traditional methods.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accessibility,Norway,regional analysis,transport networks,travel-to-work areas}
}

@article{Luo2019,
  title = {Police {{Income}} and {{Occupational Gender Inequality}}},
  author = {Luo, Xiaoshuang Iris and Schleifer, Cyrus and Hill, Christopher M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {POLICE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {481--510},
  issn = {1098-6111},
  doi = {10.1177/1098611119862654},
  abstract = {Research has found a meaningful income gap between males and females across several occupational settings, and this is also true within law enforcement. As more female workers enter the criminal justice system, it is important to revisit and update these patterns of gender inequality to account for the changing gender dynamics within this occupation. Using Current Population Survey data, we document the gender differences in pay among police over the past 28 years. Police officers experience income advantage compared with the general working population, but they also show a stable gender gap in pay. While this stable inequality is better than other public-sector jobs-which have experienced a growth in the gender pay gap-it represents a continued disadvantage for police women, despite the growing number of women working in law enforcement and the rules governing public-sector employment. We further decompose the gendered pattern in police pay by whether these individuals work for federal, state, or local agencies, and find that those working for state government show stark declines in the gender gap in pay while those working for local or federal agencies experience little to no change in this gender income inequality over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of our findings and directions for future research on gender inequality within law enforcement occupations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,income inequality,police officers,public-sector occupations}
}

@article{Lyonette2015,
  title = {Sharing the Load? {{Partners}}' Relative Earnings and the Division of Domestic Labour},
  author = {Lyonette, Clare and Crompton, Rosemary},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--40},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017014523661},
  abstract = {One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Despite their entry into paid employment, women still carry out more domestic work than men, limiting their ability to act on an equal footing within the workplace. This qualitative research adds to the ongoing debate concerning the reasons for the persistence of the gendered nature of domestic work, by comparing working women who earn more, those who earn around the same and those who earn less than their male partners, as well as examining women's absolute incomes. On average, men whose partners earn more than they do carry out more housework than other men, although women in these partnerships still do more. However, these women actively contest their male partner's lack of input, simultaneously doing' and undoing' gender. The article also identifies class differences in the sharing' of domestic work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {domestic labour,economistic explanations,gender,housework,inequality,normative,relative earnings}
}

@article{Lysaght2021,
  title = {Productivity-{{Based Wages}} and {{Employment}} of {{People With Disabilities}}: {{International Usage}} and {{Policy Considerations}}},
  author = {Lysaght, Rosemary and Bobbette, Nicole and Ciampa, Maria Agostina},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DISABILITY POLICY STUDIES},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {171--181},
  issn = {1044-2073},
  doi = {10.1177/1044207320943605},
  abstract = {The legal requirement for employers to compensate workers at standard market wages, even if their work falls below competitive levels, is cited as a barrier to job entry for people with high support needs. Productivity-based wage systems have been implemented in some jurisdictions with a goal of addressing this challenge by providing an option for paying workers at rates commensurate with work output. This scoping review explored the international use of productivity-based wage systems, the theoretical and practical arguments that have been advanced for and against productivity-based wage systems, and the relative impact of such policies on employment outcomes. The review followed the procedures outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and included papers published from 2008 to 2017. The search identified 27 papers that were pertinent to at least one of the research questions. Only three countries emerged in the literature as having discernable productivity-based wage policies: Australia, Israel, and the United States. Limited evaluative evidence was identified on the impact of productivity-based wage systems on employment outcomes. There is, however, a robust debate evident concerning the socioeconomic, moral, and legal implications of this practice. Ongoing research is needed to inform policy on this contentious issue.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {civil rights,developmental disabilities,employment}
}

@article{Lyu2019,
  title = {Parental Migration and Young Migrants' Wages in Urban {{China}}: {{An}} Exploratory Analysis},
  author = {Lyu, Lidan and Chen, Yu},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {URBAN STUDIES},
  volume = {56},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1968--1987},
  issn = {0042-0980},
  doi = {10.1177/0042098018787709},
  abstract = {Since the initiation of the economic reforms in 1978, generations of Chinese migrants have moved from the countryside to cities to seek job opportunities. As a result of financial constraints and institutional obstacles, many migrants leave their children at the place of origin, to be taken care of by partners, grandparents or other caregivers. Whilst previous studies primarily focus on the impacts of parental migration on children's education and health, very few studies have examined its longer-term impacts on labour market income when children reach adulthood. Yet parental migration is likely to influence children's human capital accumulation and skill development. Drawing on data from the 2011 Chinese Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey, this article fills the gap by exploring the relationship between different types of parental migration and their children's wages when the children have grown up and migrated to work in cities. Structural models are employed to estimate both education and wage equations simultaneously to capture the direct effect of parental migration on wages, together with the mediating effect of education. The results show significantly negative relationships between parental migration and young migrants' educational attainment and wages. Those who experienced the out-migration of both parents are most disadvantaged in the urban labour market. The study is important for policies aimed at improving migrants' life prospects and enhancing social mobility and equality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,labour market,left-behind children,parental migration,rural-to-urban migration}
}

@article{Ma2022,
  title = {{{COVID-19 Cases Among Congregate Care Facility Staff}} by {{Neighborhood}} of {{Residence}} and {{Social}} and {{Structural Determinants}}: {{Observational Study}}},
  author = {Ma, Huiting and Yiu, Kristy C. Y. and Baral, Stefan D. and Fahim, Christine and Moloney, Gary and Darvin, Dariya and Landsman, David and Chan, Adrienne K. and Straus, Sharon and Mishra, Sharmistha},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JMIR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SURVEILLANCE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {10},
  issn = {2369-2960},
  doi = {10.2196/34927},
  abstract = {Background: Disproportionate risks of COVID-19 in congregate care facilities including long-term care homes, retirement homes, and shelters both affect and are affected by SARS-CoV-2 infections among facility staff. In cities across Canada, there has been a consistent trend of geographic clustering of COVID-19 cases. However, there is limited information on how COVID-19 among facility staff reflects urban neighborhood disparities, particularly when stratified by the social and structural determinants of community-level transmission. Objective: This study aimed to compare the concentration of cumulative cases by geography and social and structural determinants across 3 mutually exclusive subgroups in the Greater Toronto Area (population: 7.1 million): community, facility staff, and health care workers (HCWs) in other settings.Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational study using surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases (January 23 to December 13, 2020; prior to vaccination rollout). We derived neighborhood-level social and structural determinants from census data and generated Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and the Hoover index to visualize and quantify inequalities in cases.Results: The hardest-hit neighborhoods (comprising 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) accounted for 53.87\textbackslash textbackslash\% (44,937/83,419) of community cases, 48.59\textbackslash textbackslash\% (2356/4849) of facility staff cases, and 42.34\textbackslash textbackslash\% (1669/3942) of other HCW cases. Compared with other HCWs, cases among facility staff reflected the distribution of community cases more closely. Cases among facility staff reflected greater social and structural inequalities (larger Gini coefficients) than those of other HCWs across all determinants. Facility staff cases were also more likely than community cases to be concentrated in lower-income neighborhoods (Gini 0.24, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.15-0.38 vs 0.14, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.08-0.21) with a higher household density (Gini 0.23, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.17-0.29 vs 0.17, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.12-0.22) and with a greater proportion working in other essential services (Gini 0.29, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.21-0.40 vs 0.22, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.17-0.28).Conclusions: COVID-19 cases among facility staff largely reflect neighborhood-level heterogeneity and disparities, even more so than cases among other HCWs. The findings signal the importance of interventions prioritized and tailored to the home geographies of facility staff in addition to workplace measures, including prioritization and reach of vaccination at home (neighborhood level) and at work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,congregate,congregate living,COVID-19,elderly,essential worker,geography,health care worker,long-term care,nurse,nursing home,observational,older adults,retirement,retirement home,risk,shelter,staff,Toronto,transmission,trend}
}

@article{MacDonald2017,
  title = {Participation in a {{US}} Community-Based Cardiovascular Health Study: Investigating Nonrandom Selection Effects Related to Employment, Perceived Stress, Work-Related Stress, and Family Caregiving},
  author = {MacDonald, Leslie A. and Fujishiro, Kaori and Howard, Virginia J. and Landsbergis, Paul and Hein, Misty J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {27},
  number = {9},
  pages = {545--552},
  issn = {1047-2797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.08.008},
  abstract = {Purpose: Participation in health studies may be inversely associated with employment and stress. We investigated whether employment, perceived stress, work-related stress, and family caregiving were related to participation in a longitudinal US community-based health study of black and white men and women aged {$>$}= 45 years. Methods: Prevalence ratios and confidence intervals were estimated for completion of the second stage (S2) of a two-stage enrollment process by employment (status, type), and stress (perceived stress, work related stress, caregiving), adjusting for age, sex, race, region, income, and education. Eligibility and consent for a follow-up occupational survey were similarly evaluated. Results: Wage- but not self-employed participants were less likely than the unemployed to complete S2. Among the employed, S2 completion did not vary by stress; however, family caregivers with a short time burden of care ({$<$}2 hourid) were more likely to complete S2, compared to noncaregivers. Eligibility and participation in the follow-up occupational survey were higher among those employed (vs. unemployed) at enrollment but were not associated with enrollment stress levels. Conclusions: Limited evidence of selection bias was seen by employment and stress within a large US community-based cohort, but findings suggest the need for enrollment procedures to consider possible barriers to participation among wage-employed individuals. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caregivers,Employment,Psychological stress,Selection bias}
}

@article{MACHONIN1994,
  title = {{TOWARDS SOCIOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF CZECH AND SLOVAK SOCIETY}},
  author = {MACHONIN, P},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGIA},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {333+},
  issn = {0049-1225},
  abstract = {Shortly after the crucial political changes connected with the events in November 1989 in Czechoslovakia, some differences in political attitudes and behavior of the Czech and Slovak population appeared. An increasing tension in the Czech - Slovak relations finally led to a peaceful dissociation of the federal Czechoslovakia and to the formation of two sovereign states at the beginning of 1993. It is no wonder that this important change caused a serious discussion of social scientists of the both societies about the societal reasons and consequences of this unexpected and sudden historical and political phenomenon. The author of the present study in agreement with Jiri Musil prefers the comparison of different developments of cultural and social structures in the Czech lands and Slovakia to somewhat superficial historical and politological analyses of the split as a unique event. He disposes at some serious and historically relevant sociological evidence concerning the development of Czech-Slovak relationships, namely with the results of some representative Czech and Slovak sociological surveys, particularly from the years 1967, 1984, 1998, April 1993 and October 1993. Except the 1984 survey, he personally participated in all of them. In the second half of the 1960s, the Czech lands and Slovakia substantially differed in cultural and social respect. Above all one could observe big differences concerning the degree od urbanization in favour of the Czech lands. Slovakia remained then a country with settlement structure of rural type and with much more traditional way of life. A similar lag was characteristic for the structure of economically active population in respect to industrial branches. In the 1960s, the Czech lands belonged, according to their pre-war traditions and in the consequence of the enforced repeated industrialization (for military needs of the Soviet block in the period of the Cold War), to extensively industrialized societies, whereas Slovakia was rather a rural-industrial society where a recently started extensive industrialization went on. Towards the end of the 1960s the educational level of the Slovak population was already relatively close to that of the Czech one, although some distinctions still remained. At the same time, many important differences lasted in the material level of household equipment which was relatively better in the Czech lands. On the other hand, in consequence of the redistributive economic system, the average earnings were already nearly equal. In autumn 1967, on the very eve of the political crisis which signalized the outburst of events known as Prague Spring 1968, a large sociological survey of a representative sample of adult males dealing with social stratification and mobility was carried out by the Czech and Slovak sociologists in cooperation with the State Statistical Office. Its results were published two years later, unfortunately already after the Warsaw Pact Intervention which led to the defeat of the reform attempt connected with the Prague Spring. A special chapter in this book was written by a group of Slovak sociologists headed by R. Rosko. The authors proved that the social status distribution in Slovakia was in the late 1960s significantly lower in the average than the analogical distribution in the Czech lands. It was caused by small differences in the participation of individuals in management, in the level of work complexity typical for the occupational structures in question, and in the distribution of earnings; by more remarkable differences in level of education and material equipment of households; and by large differences concerning average income per capita, standards of consumption and cultural level of the life-style. In general, these findings demonstrated a still lasting deep cultural and social inequality of the Czech and Slovak part of the country. This social unbalance was multiplied by the consequences of the anti-Slovak political repressions in the late 1940s and in the 1950s and of the \textbackslash textasciigrave'constitutional reform'' from 1960 which brought suppression of the Slovak autonomy in favour of the centralized bureaucratic Prague administration. All these circumstances stimulated a high dissatisfaction of the relatively younger population of Slovakia living in conditions of a rapid demographic development, progress of urbanization and industrialization. It was important for the specific character of the social and political reform movement in 1968 on the Slovak territory which finally caused one of the few real successes of the Prague Spring - the constitutional act declaring federalization of the Czechoslovak Republic. In the practical politics of the \textbackslash textasciigrave'normalization'' regime installed by the Soviet intervention in August 1968, the originally intended federative arrangement was \textbackslash textasciigrave'via facti'' replaced by a new version of the totalitarian and bureaucratic centralism. However, this time the political regime was in a sense more favourable for Slovakia. The Slovak Communist leaders gained for more better and in some respect even decisive positions in the Prague central administration of the country than any time before. Some changes in this respect occurred only in the late 1980s. In consequence of all this, the process of the secondary redistribution of the GDP in favor of Slovakia not only continued but even intensified in the 1970s and 1980s. Simultaneously, political oppressions concerning hundreds of thousands of participants in the Prague Spring events were in this period sensibly weaker in Slovakia than in the Czech lands. Thus, paradoxically, the \textbackslash textasciigrave'normalization regime'' brought some advantages for Slovakia as compared with the past. Some evidence for this can be find in the data collected by Czech sociologists in the sociological survey on \textbackslash textasciigrave'class and social structure'' in 1984, i.e. shortly before the beginning of the Soviet \textbackslash textasciigrave'perestroika''. A recent secondary analysis of this data shows therefore a cultural and social situation typical for the normalization system on the top point of its development. It is not very surprising that thanks to the permanent operation of the redistributive mechanisms during fifteen years after the final defeat of the Prague Spring the cultural and social characteristics of the Czech and Slovak adult populations were mutually much closer in 1984 than in 1967. There remained practically no differences in work complexity and in average earnings. The quality of housing was approximately the same. The households were telephonized in very close percentages. People were equally active in professional studying and in political activities (in official politics, of course). In some respects small differences in favour of the Czech population still existed. This is true as far as the global educational level, the percentage of managers and some items of the households equipment are concerned. In their leisure, Czech population was more frequently engaged in typically urban cultural activities. The Slovak population lived in a substantially higher percentage in their own private houses, in more rooms per family and in better environment than the Czech did. They had in more cases gardens or other land at their disposal and devoted themselves more frequently to domestic agricultural work. They also were more active in social contacts, in visiting relatives, neighbours and friends. Still slightly better economic position of the households in the Czech lands - caused partly by lower average number of the more aged Czech families - expressed itself in somewhat higher evaluation of the standard of living from the part of the Czech population. In other words, in the midst of the 1980s, the cultural and social characteristics of the Slovak population were already close to the Czech standards but some lag in this respect still existed. Anyway, the Czech lands represented the stagnating part of the federation, while Slovakia was the progressing one. The beginning of the Soviet perestroika signalized the Czech population that a new historical crisis of the Soviet-type societies was coming. Feelings of dissatisfaction with the stagnation of the Czech lands combined with political frustration of the citizens of an occupied country gradually grew up, particularly when some difficulties concerning standard of living emerged in the second half of the 1980s. A certain dissappointment caused by the unwillingness of the Gorbatchev's leadership to revise the Soviet official attitude to the events of 1968 also played an important role. The Slovak population living still under the protection of current redistributive processes and under a little better political conditions did not feel these changes as intensively as the Czech did. It is no wonder that these specificities influenced the subjective evaluations of the economic, social, political and cultural situation in the country. In the public opinion polls from the second half of the 1980s, the degree of satisfaction of the Slovak population concerning nearly all questions asked then was significantly higher than that of the Czech citizens. Gradually, as the crisis of 1989 was coming nearer, the evaluations were less and less favourable for the regime in both republics. However, the Czech criticism grew more rapidly than the criticism of the population in Slovakia. The \textbackslash textasciigrave'Velvet Revolution'' of 1989 was initiated mainly by the Czech dissidents and the politically active part of the Czech people. It found an active response also in analogical groups in Slovakia. However, in the course of the year 1990, when the outline of the radical economic reform was prepared by the Federal Government and the first practical steps of it were undertaken, a new shift in the structure of value orientations occurred. Of crucial significance was above all the declaration of President Havel demanding the liquidation of the arms producing industry, strongly developed particularly in Slovakia, and the first measures to its realization. The author of the study disposes at representative data from the survey on social transformation (autumn 1991) confronting the objective status positions of the adult population with their subjective attitudes. As far as the objective characteristics are concerned, the results of the survey on social transformation were summoned by the author in 1992 as follows: \textbackslash textasciigrave'We discussed systematically all the relevant partial dimensions of the social position (status)...In all of these dimensions we could record only two significant signals of larger social differences. The first of them is a better standard of housing and a bigger amount of family fortunes in Slovakia (relativized, of course, by higher numerousness of families...). The second is a more often declaration of the subjective feelings of a worse market and especially financial attainability of consumption goods and services in Slovakia as well. In behind of this statement is hidden a more significant factor of a lower income per capita, connected with the already mentioned higher number of family members, and a different perception of the reality, influenced by the difference of social dynamics in the both republics. In no case, however, it is possible to speak about two fundamentally different status hierarchies with an essentially distinct context corresponding to two different phases of the civilization and cultural development.'' In other words, the cultural and social processes typical of the 1970s and 1980s, namely the stagnation and the beginning of an absolute decline in the Czech Republic and the continuing (although also limited by the character of the totalitarian and anti-meritocratic social system common for both of the two parts of the Federation) relative progress in Slovakia led to a nearly full equalization of the social unbalance which had been observed in 1967. On the other hand, the data from 1991 revealed a deep discrepancy between the balanced objective data and large differences of the subjective perception of the social situation. In principle, the evaluation both of the past and of the future transformation processes was much more favourable in the Czech than in the Slovak Republic. The most apparent differences in evaluation between the two republics could be found in the fields of standard of living and of social security. It was quite clear that such deep differences in attitudes could not be explained by those objective facts that revealed the attained social equalization of the Czech lands and Slovakia but rather in the specificities of the recent development of the two societies after the \textbackslash textasciigrave'Velvet Revolution''. Anyway, the contradictory shape of the popular attitudes became one of the stimuli that helped the victory of more liberal and pro-federalist rifht-wing political parties in the Czech Republic and rather anti-federalist political parties and movements in Slovakia in the elections of 1992. The election victors decided after relatively short negotiations, without asking people in a referendum, to dissociate the common state of Czechs and Slovaks. It happened at the beginning of 1993 in peaceful way and is acknowledged at present as a matter of fact by majorities of populations in both new states. It is highly interesting by now to find out what have been the further destinies of people in both countries as far as the objective positions and the subjective attitudes are concerned. A substantial contribution to this kind of knowledge could bring large representative sociological surveys of about 5000 adult respondents in the Czech and Slovak Republic that took place in April 1993 as a part of broader comparative survey on social stratification and mobility in Eastern Europe. The second important contribution could be drawn from paralel surveys of somewhat smaller representative samples devoted to the study of beliefs and behaviour of Czech and Slovak people carried out in autumn 1993. As far as the objective aspect of the problem is concerned, one can state that the economically active population of the Czech and Slovak Republics do not differ in none of the basic social status dimensions characterizing the individuals. Even the indicators of the so called status consistency/inconsistency, namely the rank correlations of education, work complexity and earnings are equal in both republics. Small differences have been revealed only in two newly studied status characteristics. The so-called social capital (the degree of development of purposeful informal social contacts) seems to be somewhat more developed in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. On the other hand, the Czech lands are a little bit more progressing in the development of the private enterpreneurship. However, the differences are not so deep as to make the social stratification shape of the two societies fundamentally dissimilar. Thus the data concerning the social positions of economically active individuals prove clearly that Slovakia reached approximately the same level od social and cultural development as the Czech Republic. There exist, of course, some not negligible differences concerning social and cultural characteristics of the families, including their economically non-active members. In Slovakia, significantly more respondents declared that they were living in family houses. The technical equipment of the housing is somewhat better in the Czech lands, the size of the family flats or houses and the number of rooms is larger in Slovakia. The material equipment of the households differs somewhat in some items in favour of the Czech families, in some others in favour of the Slovak. The average amount of their family fortunes expressed in financial values seems to be a little higher in Slovakia. The Czech families are not so numerous as the relatively younger Slovak families and therefore their average income per capita is higher. Among the population that has been questioned in the stratification survey there was substantially less retired persons in the Slovak Republic. The percentage of unemployed among the respondents has been, on the contrary, some times higher in Slovakia. However, the final percentage of economically active was higher in Slovakia. All these characteristics are connected with well known differences of the two countries in the settlement structure and in the structure of industries and branches in national economy. In the Slovak Republic, significantly more people are working in agriculture, metallurgy, heavy industry and energetics, yet also in education, culture ans science; in the Czech Republic the same goes for other industry, other services, finance and banking. Also the already mentioned differences in the demographic structures play their role as well as the differences in the ethnical structures (large Hungarian and Gipsy minority in Slovakia) and in confessional structures (substantially more believers, particularly Roman Catholics but also Evangelics in Slovakia). If we take into account all the mentioned social and cultural differences, some of them favourable for the Czech, some for the Slovak Republic, we cannot notice, of course, that they are in a part derived from the more rural and traditional past of Slovakia as we analyzed it in on the basis of 1967 data. However, in the whole the weight of this kind of differences is not as high that it could change our basic statement about achieved fundamental cultural and social equality of the societies in question, which both now belong to the industrial type and started together a very similar trajectory of the post-communist transformation. However, there is one important field where the recently emerged differences seem to be grave. It is the standard of living of the households. In every case, we can present interesting data comparing the evaluation of family standards of living in the Czech lands and Slovakia in 1988 and in 1993. In spite of the fact that they are somewhat subjectively coloured, especially as far as the retrospective evaluation is concerned, they clearly show that the obvious decline of the standard of living in both republics must have been much steeper in Slovakia. At the same time, we have here the first evidence proving the big shift of satisfaction/dissatisfaction attitudes in favour of the Czech lands. This opens the discussion of the important topic of subjective perception of the post-communist transformation. The evaluation, based on new experience, is in both republics somewhat more sceptical than in 1991. At the same time, a remarkable change in the relation of positive evaluations occurred in favour of the Czech Republic. In this case also the experience of nine months of Slovak sovereignty evidently plays a certain role. In most of similar questions one can identify a constant phenomenon: 20-25\textbackslash textbackslash\% less of positive and more of negative evaluations in Slovakia than in the Czech lands. The discrepancy between the relative equality of general cultural and social structures in the analyzed countries, on the one hand, and big differences in the subjective evaluations, on the other, for the first time revealed in the data from 1991, emerged from the data of 1993 with an even greater intensity. There are, in principle, three ways how to interpret this phenomenon. The first would be to query the first of the premises of our considerations by arguing that the residues of the traditional rural cultural and social relations in Slovakia are still alive, particularly in times of new crucial changes, and hamper the operating of relatively young and therefore unstable cultural and social relationships. However, the facts witnessing for basic equality of the present cultural and social structures are substantial and concern nearly all aspects of the daily life in both societies, so that it is not so easy to doubt them. There is a case for another explanation as well, namely for the assumption that in the stormy atmosphere of radical social changes some deep cultural and socio-psychological specificities of the nations concerned emerge, which are responsible for the different reactions to relatively equal situations. Neither these phenomena and mechanisms, taken alone, can explain the abruptness and intensity of the change in attitudes in the Czech lands and in Slovakia. In addition, the cultural and psychological phenomena are in principle very vague and their empirical fixation is unusually difficult. One could not notice that therefore this kind of argumentation has been recently many times abused by nationalist politicians both in Slovakia and in the Czech lands on the basis of arbitrary assumptions and statements. That is why we offer a third hypothesis, interpreting the stated discrepancy from the angle of the specificities of social and historical dynamics. It tries to explain the differences in attitudes as rationally arguable reactions of two neighbouring nations to historically different combinations of long-term and short-term dynamics. It is undisputable, that from the fall of the 1930s, Slovakia, a former agrarian and economically underdeveloped region, moved - with short breaks only - steadily in the direction to an industrial and relatively modern society with growing political authority. Although the Slovaks did not like communism (as the results of the elections in 1946 clearly showed) and had to be forced to adapt themselves to the state-socialist system (as the events in 1947 and 1948 prove), paradoxically the peak of the modernization of their society, bringing hitherto the best living conditions for the population, has been achieved during the period of \textbackslash textasciigrave'normalization'', i.e. on the top of the development of the totalitarian and anti-meritocratic (egalitarian) social system in Czechoslovakia. It is quite clear from this that typical ideologies of the state socialist era: egalitarianism, state paternalism and authoritarianism have far deeper roots in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. The social experience of a long-term trajectory of a gradual rise and emancipation of the Slovak nation clashed at once after 1989 with a contradictory experience of a rapid decline and deteriorization of the economic and social conditions, much more intensive than in the Czech lands. It is no wonder that the Slovak population reacted to the new situation in a greater extent than the Czech with feelings of frustration, resignation or even refusal. The social experience of the Czech nation since the end of the 1930s has been substatially different. In the rude trajectory of development until the end of the 1980s, degradation and stagnation of a formerly well developed Central European land prevailed in general. A short contradictory wave of a renewed progress in the 1960s finished by a grave frustration from the defeat of the Prague spring. The Soviet occupation meant a real lost of national sovereignty for the Czech nation that never accepted it. After the lost of illusions about the possibilities of the Soviet \textbackslash textasciigrave'perestroika'' and after a certain deteriorization of the standard of living in the second half of the 1980s, the Czech nation was mentally prepared for a \textbackslash textasciigrave'return to Europe''. The subsequent decline in the first phase of the post-communist transformation was the slightest one among the Central and East European countries and the signs of some improvement showed very early. It is no wonder, again, that most people are relatively more satisfied with the development until now and more optimistic about the future than the Slovak population is. It does not mean, of course that there does not exist a danger of a later desillusion of a part of society and of some rise of feelings of frustration and resignation in the future. It is easy to see that this kind of interpretation of our data is rational and corresponds the historical facts found out or corroborated in our surveys. It can explain without distortion of the evident historical reality most of the seeming paradoxes of the Czech and Slovak reality and mutual relationships. In a way it gives also some keys to the explanation of the split of Czechoslovakia and of its unexpected abruptness and peaceful forms.},
  langid = {slovak},
  keywords = {PEACEFUL DISSOCIATION OF THE FEDERAL CZECHOSLOVAKIA,TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES,VELVET REVOLUTION}
}

@article{MacLean2019,
  title = {Labour Market Outcomes of {{Veterans}}},
  author = {MacLean, Mary Beth and Keough, Jacinta and Poirier, Alain and McKinnon, Kritopher and Sweet, Jill},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MILITARY VETERAN AND FAMILY HEALTH},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--70},
  doi = {10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0016},
  abstract = {Introduction: Employment is important to health, well-being, and adjustment from military to civilian life. Given the importance of employment, we examine Veteran labour force outcomes in Canada. Methods: We examined labour market indicators from the 2010 and 2013 Life After Service Studies cross-sectional Survey on Transition to Civilian Life, along with the 2013 Income Study for Canadian Regular Force Veterans (released since 1998). Results: In Canada, most Regular Force Veterans surveyed were employed after release and satisfied with their work - both employment and satisfaction rates grew over time. The unemployment rate did not differ from that of the general Canadian population. However, Veterans were more likely than the general Canadian population to experience activity limitations at work. Variations in outcomes were found across diverse groups of the population. For example, unemployed Veterans were younger at release, had the fewest years of service, and were more likely to have served in the Army than employed Veterans. Veterans who were not in the labour force were older and had more years of service, and many were experiencing barriers to work. Employment rates were lower among female Veterans and among medically released Veterans. Discussion: Labour market outcomes vary across sub-groups of the Veteran population, suggesting targeted approaches to improve labour market outcomes. Findings suggest that the prevention of work disability is important for improving outcomes. Best practices in preventing work disability include restructuring compensation to recognize varying degrees of earnings capacity and to encourage labour market engagement and supported employment programs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adjustment to civilian life,employment,female,labour market,medical release}
}

@article{MacVicar2017,
  title = {How Seasonality and Weather Affect Perinatal Health: {{Comparing}} the Experiences of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Mothers in {{Kanungu District}}, {{Uganda}}},
  author = {MacVicar, Sarah and {Berrang-Ford}, Lea and Harper, Sherilee and Steele, Vivienne and Lwasa, Shuaib and Bambaiha, Didacus Namanya and Twesigomwe, Sabastien and Asaasira, Grace and Ross, Nancy and Team, IHACC Res},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {187},
  pages = {39--48},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.021},
  abstract = {Maternal and newborn health disparities and the health impacts of climate change present grand challenges for global health equity, and there remain knowledge gaps in our understanding of how these challenges intersect. This study examines the pathways through which mothers are affected by seasonal and meteorological factors in sub-Saharan Africa in general, and Kanungu District (Uganda), in particular. We conducted a community-based study consisting of focus group discussions with mothers and interviews with health care workers in Kanungu District. Using a priori and a posteriori coding, we found a diversity of perspectives on the impacts of seasonal and weather exposures, with reporting of more food available in the rainy season. The rainy season was also identified as the period in which women performed physical labour for longer time periods, while work conditions in the dry season were reported to be more difficult due to heat. The causal pathways through which weather and seasonality may be affecting size at birth as reported by Kanungu mothers were consistent with those most frequently reported in the literature elsewhere, including maternal energy balance (nutritional intake and physical exertion output) and seasonal illness. While both Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers described similar pathways, however, the severity of these experiences differed. Non-Indigenous mothers frequently relied on livestock assets or opportunities for less taxing physical work than Indigenous women, who had fewer options when facing food shortages or transport costs. Findings point to specific entry points for intervention including increased nutritional support in dry season periods of food scarcity, increased diversification of wage labour opportunities, and increased access to contraception. Interventions should be particularly targeted towards Indigenous mothers as they face greater food insecurity, may have fewer sources of income, and face greater overall deprivation than non-Indigenous mothers. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Indigenous health,Perinatal health,Season,Uganda,Weather}
}

@article{Madero-Cabib2016,
  title = {Gendered Work-Family Life Courses and Financial Well-Being in Retirement},
  author = {{Madero-Cabib}, Ignacio and Fasang, Anette Eva},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {43--60},
  issn = {1040-2608},
  doi = {10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.003},
  abstract = {How are gendered work family life courses associated with financial well-being in retirement? In this article we compare the cohorts born 1920-1950 in West Germany and Switzerland, whose adult life courses are characterized by similar strong male-breadwinner contexts in both countries. The countries differ in that Switzerland represented a liberal pension system, whereas Germany represented a corporatist protective pension system when these cohorts retired. We therefore assess how gendered work family life courses that developed in similar male-breadwinner contexts are related to financial well-being in retirement in different pension systems. Using data from the SHARELIFE survey we conduct multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis to identify groups of typical work family life courses from ages 20 to 59. Regression models estimate how these groups are associated with the individual pension income and household income in retirement. Results show that women who combined motherhood with part time work and extended periods out of the labour force have even lower individual pension income in Switzerland compared to their German peers. This relative disadvantage partly extends to lower household income in retirement. Findings support that male breadwinner policies earlier in life combined with liberal pension policies later in life, as in Switzerland, intensify pension penalties for typical female work family life courses of early motherhood and weak labour force attachment. We conclude that life course sensitive social policies should harmonize regulations, which are in effect earlier in life with policies later in life for specific birth cohorts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Life course,Multichannel sequence analysis,Retirement,SHARE data,Work-family trajectories}
}

@article{Madhavan2012,
  title = {Securing {{Fatherhood Through Kin Work}}: {{A Comparison}} of {{Black Low-Income Fathers}} and {{Families}} in {{South Africa}} and the {{United States}}},
  author = {Madhavan, Sangeetha and Roy, Kevin},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES},
  volume = {33},
  number = {6},
  pages = {801--822},
  issn = {0192-513X},
  doi = {10.1177/0192513X11426699},
  abstract = {In this article, the authors examine how low-income Black men in South Africa and the United States work with their kin to secure fathering and ensure the well-being of children. They use ethnographic and life history data on men who fathered children from 1992 to 2005 to demonstrate how fathers' roles as kin workers enable them to meet culturally defined criteria for responsible fatherhood in two contexts marked by legacies of racism, increasing rates of incarceration and HIV/AIDS, and a web of interlocking inequalities that effectively precludes them from accessing employment with good wages. Using a comparative framework based on kin work, the authors identify three common processes in both contexts-negotiation between maternal and paternal kin, pedifocal approach, and flexible fathering-that enable men and their kin networks to secure father involvement in economically marginalized communities. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fathers,global inequalities,kin,poverty,South Africa,United States}
}

@article{Maertens2013,
  title = {Horticultural Exports, Female Wage Employment and Primary School Enrolment: {{Theory}} and Evidence from {{Senegal}}},
  author = {Maertens, Miet and Verhofstadt, Ellen},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {FOOD POLICY},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {118--131},
  issn = {0306-9192},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.07.006},
  abstract = {In this paper we analyse the indirect effects of the boom in horticultural exports in Senegal on child schooling. The export boom has caused a dramatic increase in female off-farm wage employment, which led to increased female bargaining power in the household. We investigate the causal effect of female wage income on primary school enrolment. We develop a collective household model with endogenous bargaining power to show that, if women have higher preferences for schooling than men, the impact of female wage income on school enrolment will be the result of a positive income effect, a negative labour substitution effect and a positive empowerment effect. We address the question empirically using original household survey data from Senegal. We use different econometric techniques and show that female off-farm wage income has a positive effect on primary school enrolment for both boys and girls, and that female empowerment is specifically important for the schooling of girls. Our results imply that the horticultural export boom in Senegal has indirectly contributed to the second and third Millennium Development Goals of universal primary education and elimination of gender disparities in primary education. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Collective household model,Female empowerment,Female labour market participation,Gender disparity in schooling,Globalisation,Primary school enrolment}
}

@book{Mafi2013,
  title = {{{ASPIRATIONS AND DECISION-MAKING COMPETENCE IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION OUTCOMES}}: {{A STUDY OF BOYSTOWN}}'{{S SOCIAL ENTERPRISES FOR AUSTRALIAN YOUTH}}},
  author = {Mafi, Salote and Bartlett, Brendan},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (ICERI 2013)},
  abstract = {The rate of young people (15-24 years) in Australia who are not engaged in full-time education or employment remains consistently higher than the national unemployment rate. Various Government, academic and not-for-profit sectors in Australia are starting to recognise social enterprise programs as a potential solution to the unemployment issue, particularly for target groups such as disadvantaged youth. These programs are operated in a real-life work environment where participants can develop vocational and employability skills through experiential learning as well as receive added support to identify and address personal barriers to employment and education. Furthermore, output from these programs provides benefits for the community. Social enterprise programs are predominantly funded by Government and delivered by not-for-profit agencies with a social mission. BoysTown is one such organisation delivering social enterprise programs specifically for disadvantaged young people. These young people have histories of long-term unemployment and welfare support, limited work experience, intergenerational unemployment and low levels of formal education. In a mixed method study (Bartlett, Mafi \textbackslash textbackslash\& Dalgleish, 2013; BoysTown Griffith University, 2012) of the processes of BoysTown's social enterprises and the outcomes for its participants, the survey data from 542 participants in these social enterprises indicated not only high rates of positive employment and education achievements, but also significant improvements in personal development areas such as functional literacy and numeracy, communication, teamwork, self-esteem, substance abuse and antisocial behaviour. The themes from semi-structured interviews with 40 of these participants supported the results from these quantitative data. An integral finding was that improvements in decision-making competence and the belief in achievement of job, life and financial aspirations had flow-on effects for young people's achievement of employment and education outcomes. These results can inform BoysTown and similar agencies about current strengths and future possibilities in its social enterprise programs.},
  isbn = {978-84-616-3847-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aspirations,decision-making,education,employment,research project,Social enterprise,youth},
  note = {6th International Conference on Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 18-20, 2013}
}

@article{Magda2023,
  title = {What If {{She Earns More}}? {{Gender Norms}}, {{Income Inequality}}, and the {{Division}} of {{Housework}}},
  author = {Magda, Iga and {Cukrowska-Torzewska}, Ewa and Palczynska, Marta},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES},
  issn = {1058-0476},
  doi = {10.1007/s10834-023-09893-0},
  abstract = {We examine the relationship between female contribution to household income and the division of housework between the partners, while accounting for their attitutes towards gender roles. We use data from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGeneration and Gender Survey\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for Poland: a country where both employment rates of women and their involvement in housework are high, men and women work long hours, and labour market regulation and policies are unsupportive of work- family balance. We find that the female share of total household income is negatively related to women's heavy involvement in housework. The direction of this relationship does not change when women earn more than their partners, so there is no support for the gender deviance neutralization hypothesis. We also find that individual gender norms matter for women's involvement in unpaid work at home, and the uncovered link between the female share of household income and inequality between the partners in the division of housework. Women from less traditional households are more likely to share housework equally with their partners. Among couples with traditional gender attitudes, the female contribution to household income is not related to the division of housework. We conclude that narrowing gender pay gaps may be an important step towards more equality not only at work but also at home.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Magwood2019,
  title = {Common Trust and Personal Safety Issues: {{A}} Systematic Review on the Acceptability of Health and Social Interventions for Persons with Lived Experience of Homelessness},
  author = {Magwood, Olivia and Leki, Vanessa Ymele and Kpade, Victoire and Saad, Ammar and Alkhateeb, Qasem and Gebremeskel, Akalewold and Rehman, Asia and Hannigan, Terry and Pinto, Nicole and Sun, Annie Huiru and Kendall, Claire and Kozloff, Nicole and Tweed, Emily J. and Ponka, David and Pottie, Kevin},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0226306},
  abstract = {Background Persons experiencing homelessness and vulnerable housing or those with lived experience of homelessness have worse health outcomes than individuals who are stably housed. Structural violence can dramatically affect their acceptance of interventions. We carried out a systematic review to understand the factors that influence the acceptability of social and health interventions among persons with lived experience of homelessness. Methods We searched through eight bibliographic databases and selected grey literature sources for articles that were published between 1994 and 2019. We selected primary studies that reported on the experiences of homeless populations interacting with practitioners and service providers working in permanent supportive housing, case management, interventions for substance use, income assistance, and women- and youth-specific interventions. Each study was independently assessed for its methodological quality. We used a framework analysis to identify key finding and used the GRADE-CERQuaI approach to assess confidence in the key findings. Findings Our search identified 11,017 citations of which 35 primary studies met our inclusion criteria. Our synthesis highlighted that individuals were marginalized, dehumanized and excluded by their lived homelessness experience. As a result, trust and personal safety were highly valued within human interactions. Lived experience of homelessness influenced attitudes toward health and social service professionals and sometimes led to reluctance to accept interventions. Physical and structural violence intersected with low self-esteem, depression and homeless-related stigma. Positive self-identity facilitated links to long-term and integrated services, peer support, and patient-centred engagement. Conclusions Individuals with lived experience of homelessness face considerable marginalization, dehumanization and structural violence. Practitioners and social service providers should consider anti-oppressive approaches and provide, refer to, or advocate for health and structural interventions using the principles of trauma-informed care. Accepting and respecting others as they are, without judgment, may help practitioners navigate barriers to inclusiveness, equitability, and effectiveness for primary care that targets this marginalized population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IKNUA8UB/Magwood et al_2019_Common trust and personal safety issues.pdf}
}

@book{Mahabir2014,
  title = {Influences on the Gender Wage Gap of {{Trinidad}} and {{Tobago}}: {{An}} Economic Concept or a Social Construct?},
  author = {Mahabir, Reshma and Ramrattan, Dindial},
  editor = {Ahmed, A},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {WORLD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK 2014: WEST MEET EAST: SHARING THE PAST AND CURRENT EXPERIENCE TO BENEFIT THE FUTURE},
  series = {World {{Sustainable Development Outlook}}},
  issn = {1748-8133},
  abstract = {Purpose This paper examines the presence of a gender wage gap in Trinidad and Tobago and its possible influences. Methodology Investigation of the issue utilised data from the 2009/2008 Household Budget Survey. A combination of linear regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis permits segregation of wage differences into explained and unexplained. Findings At the aggregate level, there is a significant difference between male and female wages. Investigation showed that the demographics with the highest levels of discrimination were in the age groups 44-35, income levels 5,999\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar-3,000\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar and private sector employment versus public sector. Social implications Contrary to males, females continue to exhibit improvements within employment, labour force participation and educational attainment. Continued discrimination within the workplace may erode many of the positives in the last couple of decades. Originality/value The results of this research can serve as a useful tool for more gender-sensitive employment policies in Trinidad and Tobago, and possibly the wider Caribbean region.},
  isbn = {978-1-907106-31-6},
  langid = {english},
  note = {International Conference of World-Association-for-Sustainable-Development (WASD), Montreal, CANADA, AUG 13-15, 2014}
}

@article{Mainga2009,
  title = {An Exploratory Review of the Relationship between Enterprise Training and Technology Upgrading: Evidence from {{South African}} Manufacturing Firms},
  author = {Mainga, Wise and Hirschsohn, Philip and Shakantu, Winston},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {20},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1879--1895},
  issn = {0958-5192},
  doi = {10.1080/09585190903142340},
  abstract = {The study examines the extent to which disaggregated training variables are related to technological upgrading, in the context of a middle-income developing country trying to manage its integration into the global economy. For a developing country, successful integration into the global economy requires that local manufacturing firms are able to competitively restructure, as a precondition for survival and long-term growth. Consequently, skills and technological upgrading are crucial in raising the international competitive advantage of local firms. Enterprise-provided training is one means that can be used by local firms to continuously upgrade their knowledge bases, increase their international competitiveness, and enhance employment growth over time. This paper uses South Africa as a case study, to demonstrate how economic reform measures can expose skills deficiencies in the manufacturing sector and lead to an increase in capital intensity of the sector. Exposure of skills deficiencies, in turn, raises the importance of skill-upgrading through schooling and training of existing workforce. Despite a couple of studies on the evolution of the labour market in South Africa, no previous research has explicitly examined the relationship between technological upgrading and disaggregated training/learning variables at the firm level. This paper aims to fill that gap by focusing on disaggregated enterprise-based training efforts. The study uses the Human Capital theoretical framework to answer the main research question: Which disaggregated learning variables (i.e., on-the-job or off-the-job training offered to different occupational groups) are significantly associated with technological upgrading? The study raises possible issues of heterogeneity in returns to training offered to different occupational groups in the context of technological-upgrading. On the other hand, technological upgrading may not necessarily always disadvantage all unskilled workers. Possible policy implications of research findings are outlined.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {enterprise training,globalisation,learning,manufacturing,technology upgrading}
}

@article{Maini2014,
  title = {Picking up the Bill - Improving Health-Care Utilisation in the {{Democratic Republic}} of {{Congo}} through User Fee Subsidisation: A before and after Study},
  author = {Maini, Rishma and {Van den Bergh}, Rafael and {van Griensven}, Johan and {Tayler-Smith}, Katie and Ousley, Janet and Carter, Daniel and Mhatre, Seb and Ho, Lara and Zachariah, Rony},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1472-6963},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-014-0504-6},
  abstract = {Background: User fees have been shown to constitute a major barrier to the utilisation of health-care, particularly in low-income countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Importantly, such barriers can lead to the exclusion of vulnerable individuals from health-care. In 2008, a donor-funded primary health-care programme began implementing user fee subsidisation in 20 health zones of the DRC. In this study, we quantified the short and long-term effects of this policy on health-care utilisation. Methods: Sixteen health zones were included for analysis. Using routinely collected health-care utilisation data before and after policy implementation, interrupted time series regression was applied to quantify the temporal impact of the user fee policy in the studied health zones. Payment of salary supplements to health-care workers and provision of free drugs - the other components of the programme - were controlled for where possible. Results: Fourteen (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%) health zones showed an immediate positive effect in health-care utilisation rates (overall median increase of 19\textbackslash textbackslash\%, interquartile range 11 to 43) one month after the policy was introduced, and the effect was significant in seven zones (P {$<$}0.05). This initial effect was sustained or increased at 24 months in five health zones but was only significant in one health zone at P {$<$}0.05. Utilisation reduced over time in the remaining health zones (overall median increase of 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, interquartile range -10 to 33). The modelled mean health-care utilisation rate initially increased significantly from 43 consultations/1000 population to 51 consultations/1000 population during the first month following implementation (P {$<$}0.01). However, the on-going effect was not significant (P =0.69). Conclusions: Our research brings mixed findings on the effectiveness of user fee subsidisation as a strategy to increase the utilisation of services. Future work should focus on feasibility issues associated with the removal or reduction of user fees and how to sustain its effects on utilisation in the longer term.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Majumder2023,
  title = {The {{Employment Challenge}} in {{India}}: {{Hundred Years}} from \textbackslash{{textasciigraveTen}} Days That Shook the {{World}}'},
  author = {Majumder, Rajarshi},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0971-7927},
  doi = {10.1007/s41027-022-00419-0},
  abstract = {Hundred years from the Bolshevik Revolution that shook the world, workers around the globe are facing new challenges. Throughout a long stretch of the global South, job creation is sluggish, real wages are stagnant, and working conditions are getting harsher and there is a growing disjoint between work and wealth. Against this backdrop, in this paper we flag the employment challenges facing India at present. Using a novel 4-quadrant compartmentalisation, we observe that the three major challenges are-absolute lack of employment opportunities; chronic unemployment and intermittent employment; and substantial underemployment and loss of person days. Two further related challenges are low returns from work and skill mismatch. All these markers have worsened in the last decade which also witnessed massive job loss for casual workers. This is perhaps a natural sequel to the economic boom built on mass casualisation of workforce over the previous two decades. At first sight of slowdown, the axe has fallen on these casual workers. Mismatch between sectoral shares in output and employment also causes wage disparity and aggravates inequality. With production increasingly set to become machine and AI driven, labour redundancy and skill mismatch is expected to worsen in coming years. We must press for a separate employment-incomes policy rather than continue with the false hope that economic growth will solve the employment conundrum.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Maker2012,
  title = {Income Support for {{Australian}} Carers since 1983: Social Justice, Social Investment and the Cloak of Gender Neutrality},
  author = {Maker, Yvette and Bowman, Dina},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {47},
  number = {4},
  pages = {435--456},
  issn = {0157-6321},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.2012.tb00259.x},
  abstract = {Income support for carers has been available in Australia since the early 1980s. In contrast to most other forms of income support, eligibility for Carer Payment has been progressively expanded in recent years, and increasing numbers of carers are claiming the payment as a result. This article examines the history of income support for carers by reviewing changes in eligibility criteria in the social security legislation and considering how those changes were framed. We argue that reforms to carers' income support have developed within competing frames of social justice and social investment, with an increasing emphasis on a social investment discourse, which prioritises paid work over care. Neither of the dominant frames addresses gender equality, and in practice, income support policy has reinforced familial (women's) responsibility for caring. Given the gendered nature of caring in Australia, gender equality issues must be considered in future policy reforms to ensure that the competing pressures on women to care and to engage in paid work do not lead to greater disadvantage and inequality for women and the people for whom they care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carers,family,income support,social investment,social justice}
}

@article{Maldonado2019,
  title = {Risk {{Exposure}}, {{Humanitarianism}} and {{Willingness}} to {{Pay}} for {{Universal Healthcare}}: {{A Cross-National Analysis}} of 28 {{Countries}}},
  author = {Maldonado, Luis and Olivos, Francisco and Carlos Castillo, Juan and Atria, Jorge and Azar, Ariel},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL JUSTICE RESEARCH},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {349--383},
  issn = {0885-7466},
  doi = {10.1007/s11211-019-00336-6},
  abstract = {In this article, we explore the associations of people's valuations of universal healthcare with risk exposure and humanitarianism across diverse institutional contexts. We argue that both micro-level factors increase the valuations. Furthermore, interactions between material interests and humanitarians are expected. This work also hypothesizes that institutional contexts with employment-independent healthcare systems should modify the effect of risk exposure. Following a comparative framework, we test the expectations by using the International Social Survey Programme 2011 health module for 28 developed and developing countries. Results suggest opposite effects for the factors under analysis. While risk exposure decreases the willingness to pay taxes for the provision of universal healthcare, humanitarianism strongly fosters the valuation. Furthermore, we find statistical significant interactions between material interests and humanitarianism. Results also suggest substantive cross-level interactions between risk exposure and healthcare systems. Findings are robust to different modeling strategies that control for standard micro-level variables (income and egalitarianism), individual factors and observed and unobserved country characteristics. The article lays out implications of these findings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-national comparisons,Humanitarianism,Institutional contexts,ISSP,Public attitude,Risk}
}

@article{Malkina2022,
  title = {{{THE ROLE OF CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF RUSSIAN WAGES}}},
  author = {Malkina, Marina Yu. and Ovchinnikov, Vyacheslav N.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {81--95},
  issn = {2076-6297},
  doi = {10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.1},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of circumstances (opportunities) and efforts on the wages differentiation of Russian citizens. Research objectives: identification of factors of circumstances, quantitative assessment of their contribution to the wages of Russians and their individual income groups. The research is based on the HSE RLMS data for 2004 and 2018 and LITS-III data for 2016. We applied parametric methods of regression analysis, the Morduch-Sicular method of inequality decomposition, as well as the construction of quantile regressions. As a result of the study, we obtained assessments of the contribution of circumstances to wages inequality of the Russian population. We found that income inequality in the Russian labour market was primarily determined by the regional factor, to a lesser extent by the employment sector and the gender of the respondents. The least contribution to inequality was made by the factor of the employment formality. The influence of parents' education on future earnings of offspring was also negligible - according to the model based on the LITS-III sample. The reduction in the contribution of circumstances to the general wage inequality in Russia in 2004-2018 was mainly due to a decrease in interregional differences in wages, where an active government policy of income redistribution played a significant role. The influence of circumstances on wage inequality was uneven in different quantiles of the distribution scale. In particular, employment in the metropolitan area or in the oil and gas sector has been most beneficial to high-income groups of workers. At the same time, parents' education had the least and even negative effect on the earnings of the highest-paid people, which can be explained by the peculiarities of the formation of the modern Russian elite. The results of the study are applicable for conducting an effective social policy of the state.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {circumstances,decomposition,differentiation,inequality,unconditional quantile,wages and salaries}
}

@article{Malmusi2014,
  title = {Gender Inequalities in Health: Exploring the Contribution of Living Conditions in the Intersection of Social Class},
  author = {Malmusi, Davide and Vives, Alejandra and Benach, Joan and Borrell, Carme},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {10.3402/gha.v7.23189},
  abstract = {Background: Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a Southern European population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25-64, using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n = 5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were stratified by social class (non-manual and manual). Results: SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.09-1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.20-1.56). Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.85-1.19; among non-manual 1.19, 0.92-1.54). The association was also reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes, and household material and economic situation, time in household chores and residential environment among non-manual classes. Discussion: Gender inequalities in individual income appear to contribute largely to women's poorer health. Individual income may indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women's labour market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women's health.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mandel2009,
  title = {How {{Welfare States Shape}} the {{Gender Pay Gap}}: {{A Theoretical}} and {{Comparative Analysis}}},
  author = {Mandel, Hadas and Shalev, Michael},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {87},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1873--1911},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  abstract = {We assess the impact of the welfare state on cross-national variation in the gender wage gap. Earnings inequality between men and women is conceptualized as resulting from their different locations in the class hierarchy, combined with the severity of wage differentials between and within classes. This decomposition contributes to identifying the relevant dimensions Of we are states and testing their impact on women's relative earnings. Our empirical analysis is based on income and occupation-based indicators of class and utilizes microdata for 17 post-industrial societies. We find systematic differences between welfare regimes in the components of the gender gap. The evidence supports our claim that the state molds gender inequality in labor market attainments by influencing women class positions and regulating class inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mandel2012,
  title = {Winners and {{Losers}}: {{The Consequences}} of {{Welfare State Policies}} for {{Gender Wage Inequality}}},
  author = {Mandel, Hadas},
  year = {2012},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2},
  pages = {241--262},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcq061},
  abstract = {Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work-family tensions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mani2018,
  title = {Dynamics in Health and Employment: {{Evidence}} from {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Mani, Subha and Mitra, Sophie and Sambamoorthi, Usha},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {297--309},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.021},
  abstract = {This paper identifies for the first time, the separate causal impacts of both onsets of, and recoveries from, physical disability on both employment status and hours worked. Using panel data from Indonesia we find that more than half of working age adults in our sample experience a physical disability at least once in four waves over 16 years. Changes in physical functioning have no effect on hours worked among the employed. However, onsets of physical limitations lead to an increase in the probability of leaving employment, while recoveries increase the probability of returning to work. A larger effect is found among self-employed workers compared to salaried workers. Given the rising prevalence of physical limitations with age, physical disability may be a significant barrier to employment for older working age adults in Indonesia. These results overall point towards a need in Indonesia for policies that support maintaining work or returning to work for persons with physical disability. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Health,Hours worked,Indonesia,Physical disability}
}

@article{Manivannan2020,
  title = {Experiences with {{Work}} and {{Participation}} in {{Public Programs}} by {{Low-Income Medicaid Enrollees Using Qualitative Interviews}}},
  author = {Manivannan, Alan and {Adkins-Hempel}, Melissa and Shippee, Nathan D. and Vickery, Katherine Diaz},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {35},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2983--2989},
  issn = {0884-8734},
  doi = {10.1007/s11606-020-05921-z},
  abstract = {Background Centers for Medicare \textbackslash textbackslash\& Medicaid Services (CMS) began encouraging governors to implement work requirements for Medicaid enrollees using section 1115 waivers in 2018. Significant controversy surrounds such attempts, but we know little about the perceptions and experiences of enrollees. Objective To characterize experiences of work and its relationship to participation in Medicaid and other public programs among potential targets of Medicaid work requirements. Design In-depth, semi-structured, one-time qualitative interviews. Participants 35 very low-income, non-disabled Medicaid expansion enrollees participating in a county-sponsored Medicaid managed care plan as a part of a larger study. Approach We used a biographical narrative interpretive method during interviews including questions about the use of employment and income support and other public programs including from state and federal disability programs. Our team iteratively coded verbatim transcripts allowing for emergent themes. Key Results Interview data revealed high motivation for, and broad participation in, formal and informal paid work. Eight themes emerged: (1) critical poverty (for example, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveI'm not content, but what choices do I have?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); (2) behavioral and physical health barriers to work; (3) social barriers: unstable housing, low education, criminal justice involvement; (4) work, pride, and shame; (5) inflexible, unstable work (for example, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCan I have a job that will accommodate my doctor appointments? horizontal ellipsis Will my therapy have to suffer? You know? So it's a double edged sword.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); (6) Medicaid supports the ability to work; (7) lack of transparency and misalignment of program eligibility (for example, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveIt's not like I don't want to work because I would like to work. It's just that I don't want to be homeless again, right?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); and (8) barriers, confusion, and contradictions about federal disability. Conclusions We conclude that bipartisan solutions prioritizing the availability of well-paying jobs and planful transitions off of public programs would best serve very low-income, work-capable Medicaid enrollees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income,Medicaid,poverty,social determinants of health,work},
  note = {Academy-Health Annual Research Meeting, Washington, DC, JUN 02-04, 2019}
}

@article{Mann2022,
  title = {Moving Away from Equality {{The}} Impact of Planning and Housing Policy on Internal Migration and Women's Employment in {{Israel}}},
  author = {Mann, Yaara and Hananel, Ravit},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PROGRESS IN PLANNING},
  volume = {157},
  issn = {0305-9006},
  doi = {10.1016/j.progress.2020.100537},
  abstract = {Planning and housing policies influence our daily lives. They determine where we live, where we work, where our children study, and the time it takes us to commute between these places. As such, planning and housing policy often affects individuals' and households' satisfaction with each of these and determines the price to be paid by anyone who is not satisfied and wishes to make a change. On the basis of this fundamental premise, we set out to examine how Israel's planning and housing policy has influenced the decision of middle-class families to migrate away from the metropolitan core and the implications of the move for the employment situations of these families, and of women in these families in particular. The analysis is based on a large survey of women and men in Israel who moved away from the heart of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area into smaller municipalities on its outskirts. The study has three theoretical pillars: planning and housing policy, internal migration, and women's employment. We examine the relationship between these pillars, focusing on its implications for various aspects of women's employment. The findings show that women are more likely than men to change their place of work following the move and to suffer a decrease in income, and to trade higher-paying jobs for a shorter commute. These findings show how planning and housing policies can increase gender inequality in the labour market and point to how it can be avoided. This issue is relevant today more than ever in the face of the dramatic changes women's employment has undergone over the last century, and in particular, in face of the current global housing affordability crisis and its impact on migration trends of middle-class families.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment penalty,Gender inequality,Internal migration,Israel,Planning and housing policy,Women's employment}
}

@article{Margolis2019,
  title = {Use of {{Parental Benefits}} by {{Family Income}} in {{Canada}}: {{Two Policy Changes}}},
  author = {Margolis, Rachel and Hou, Feng and Haan, Michael and Holm, Anders},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {81},
  number = {2},
  pages = {450--467},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/jomf.12542},
  abstract = {Objective: This article examines how two recent policy extensions affected the use and sharing of parental benefits in Canada and how this differed by family income. Background: Paid parental benefits positively affect economic and health outcomes. However, not all policy changes increase leave-taking, especially among low-income families. Method: Drawing on administrative data from 1998 to 2012, we estimate linear probability models to examine the likelihood of either parent using parental benefits and multinomial logit models to examine patterns in sharing benefits. We stratify models by household income to examine how the two policy changes affected families differently across the income spectrum. Results: Both policies increased use more among low-income families than those with higher incomes, which is likely due to widening eligibility criteria that affected low-income families disproportionately. Second, policy design induced different patterns of sharing benefits in response to the two policy changes. In contrast to the 2001 policy that only moderately increased sharing of parental benefits, Quebec's 2006 program explicitly promoted gender equality and increased sharing of benefits across all income groups, but three times as much for middle- and high-income families than low-income families. Conclusion: We conclude that policy design shapes socioeconomic inequality in newborns' early life parental context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,family,parental leave,policy,work-family issues}
}

@article{Maringe2022,
  title = {{{DISRUPTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION}}: {{MITIGATING ISSUES OF ACCESS AND SUCCESS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC}}},
  author = {Maringe, F. and Chiramba, O.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {36},
  number = {4},
  pages = {6--20},
  issn = {1011-3487},
  doi = {10.20853/36-4-5382},
  abstract = {Disruptions create both new opportunities and challenges in higher education. In settled times, education systems plod along with an assumed and uncritical acceptance of normalcy of the status-quo. When the status quo is disrupted, suddenly the patched-up cracks reveal the depth and magnitude of the simmering problems of the sector in graphic ways.Access and success are arguably the two most poignant indicators of the performance of higher education systems. In post-colonial societies such as South Africa, access is used to estimate progress in broadening participation in higher education, particularly to young people from previously disadvantaged communities. Access has two broad meanings: increased enrolments and enhanced epistemological impact. Success, on the other hand is measured variously but mainly through graduation and progression rates across different socio-economic higher education students groups and also on the quality of their performances.In this article we provide a theoretical discussion of the notions of disruptions and their impact in higher education; examine the questions of access and success in higher education; and conclude that the chasm lying between access by participation and access by success requires substantial transformation of a knowledge system that is alien to the cultural context of the country; rebalancing and recalibrating the broader ideological environment that privileges liberalism while paying token attention to social justice and inclusion beyond mere symbolism; and a persistent refocusing on emancipatory pedagogies, designed to liberate rather than subjugate graduates into pigeon holed choices in the labour market which are designed to serve the needs of owners of capital as the primary motive of employment.We conclude by identifying critical factors that appear to lead to a failure by universities to bridge the gap between access by participation and access by success or epistemological access.Most of these tend to be structurally embedded in the fabric of higher education institutions and the sector and include, a persistent coloniality of the sector, disjuncture between the intended ideological framework guiding national development and the operating economic models and institutional inertia to move beyond the canonical bases of higher education based on western epistemes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access in higher education,COVID-19 pandemic,disruptions,higher education,success in higher education,teaching and learning,transformation}
}

@article{Marino2021,
  title = {Conditional {{Income Disparity}} between {{Farm}} and {{Non-farm Households}} in the {{European Union}}: {{A Longitudinal Analysis}}},
  author = {Marino, Maria and Rocchi, Benedetto and Severini, Simone},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {72},
  number = {2},
  pages = {589--606},
  issn = {0021-857X},
  doi = {10.1111/1477-9552.12420},
  abstract = {Government interventions in the agricultural sector have been historically justified by the existence of an income disparity between farmers and non-farmers. However, recent studies have found that such disparity is disappearing over time, particularly in the United States. This work offers the first longitudinal systematic assessment on the average income disparity between farm and non-farm units in the European Union, differentiating between old and new Member States. Using the EU-SILC dataset, both broad (having some farm income) and narrow (living mainly on agriculture) farm households are compared with a general sample of non-farm households and a more restricted sample of self-employed non-farm households. To control for household observable characteristics and time-constant unobserved factors, we use a fixed effects regression. Results suggest that the farm/non-farm income disparity has disappeared in the European Union unless we compare narrow farm households with all non-farm households: in this case, the former are more likely to be better off than the latter. A limited income disparity is found only in the case of new Member States for broad farm households only. Results are used to draw policy implications regarding the role of CAP in supporting farm income.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {agricultural households,common agricultural policy,EU-SILC,European Union,income}
}

@article{Marom2019,
  title = {Return-to-{{Work Barriers Among Manual Workers After Hand Injuries}}: 1-{{Year Follow-up Cohort Study}}},
  author = {Marom, Batia S. and Ratzon, Navah Z. and Carel, Rafael S. and Sharabi, Moshe},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {100},
  number = {3},
  pages = {422--432},
  issn = {0003-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.429},
  abstract = {Objective: To determine time of return to work (TRTW) in relation to multivariable predictors among male manual workers after hand injury (HI) over a 12-month follow-up. Design: A cohort study with baseline medical information, functional evaluation, and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up telephone interviews. Setting: Seven physical rehabilitation community occupational therapy clinics. Participants: Participants (N=178) with acute HI aged 22-65. Two participants were lost to follow-up. Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: The dependent variable was TRTW. The independent variables originated from 4 domains: personal factors, environmental factors, body function and structure, and activity limitation and participation restriction. The proportion of return to work (RTW) at each time point was calculated. Multiple Cox regressions established a predictive model for TRTW. Results: At the end of the study, 75.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% participants returned to work. The median TRTW was 94 days. In the final model, only compensation factors and education contributed significantly to overall RTW, but when separate analyses were performed, decreased level of self-efficacy, higher workplace demands, level of pain, level of emotional response to trauma, reduced physical capability of the hand, and higher level of disability were significantly associated with delayed TRTW. Conclusions: TRTW was determined by the physical capability of the hand, pain, and psychosocial factors, but it was also affected by legal factors. Participants who did not return to work during the first 9 months are at risk for long-term disability. Developing treatment programs for those who are at risk for not returning to work, taking into consideration these factors, is recommended. (C) 2018 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability and Health,Hand,Injuries,International Classification of Functioning,Rehabilitation,Return to work}
}

@article{Marom2020,
  title = {Returning to Work after a Hand Injury: {{Does}} Ethnicity Matter?},
  author = {Marom, Batia S. and Sharabi, Moshe and Carel, Rafael S. and Ratzon, Navah Z.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0229982},
  abstract = {Background Hand injuries (HI) are common and may limit participation in work. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of ethnicity and other prognostic variables on return-to-work (RTW) among male manual workers after acute HI. Methods A cohort of 178 subjects (90 Arabs, 88 Jews) aged 22 to 65 was studied. Trained bilingual occupational therapists evaluated and interviewed the subjects, using structured validated questionnaires for evaluating personal and environmental factors, body function and structure, and activity limitation and participation restrictions. Employment status 3 months post injury was assessed by a telephone interview. To establish a predictive model for RTW, ethnicity and certain variables of the four domains mentioned above were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results A significant difference in the rate of RTW between Jews and Arabs was found (45.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Jews, 28.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Arabs, p = 0.03) three months post HI. In the univariate regression analysis, ethnicity was associated with RTW (OR = 2.05; CI: 1.10-3.81) for Jews vs. Arabs. Using a multivariate analysis, only legal counseling, educational attainment, and the severity of disability were significantly associated with RTW. Conclusion RTW three months post HI among manual workers is directly related to variables such as education and legal counseling and only indirectly related to ethnicity. Patients with a lower level of education and those who were engaged in legal counseling need special attention and close guidance in the process of RTW.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Maroto2014,
  title = {The {{Limitations}} of {{Disability Antidiscrimination Legislation}}: {{Policymaking}} and the {{Economic Well-being}} of {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Maroto, Michelle and Pettinicchio, David},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {LAW \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {36},
  number = {4},
  pages = {370--407},
  issn = {0265-8240},
  doi = {10.1111/lapo.12024},
  abstract = {Although Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to address, in large part, the declining economic well-being of people with disabilitiestwenty years laterthe trend has not reversed. To shed light on this puzzle, we use multilevel models to analyze Current Population Survey data from 1988 through 2012 matched with state-level predictors. We take a more nuanced approach than previous research and consider institutional factors related to the creation, enforcement, and interpretation of legislation, as well as individual demographics and employment situations. Our results show continual gaps in employment and earnings by disability status connected to the enactment of state-level antidiscrimination legislation, the number of ADA charges brought to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the results of ADA court settlements and decisions. Our findings suggest a complex relationship between legislative intent and policy outcomes, showcasing the multilayered institutional aspects behind the implementation of disability antidiscrimination legislation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Maroto2023,
  title = {Living on the {{Edge}}: {{Institutional Supports}} and {{Perceptions}} of {{Economic Insecurity Among People}} with {{Disabilities}} and {{Chronic Health Conditions}}},
  author = {Maroto, Michelle and Pettinicchio, David},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY},
  volume = {93},
  number = {3},
  pages = {538--570},
  issn = {0038-0245},
  doi = {10.1111/soin.12504},
  abstract = {The growth of precarious employment coupled with declining social safety nets has increased economic insecurity among many households, leaving them without key resources to weather financial hardships like those brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. This has been especially true for people whose disabilities, health statuses, and already precarious economic situations have made them extra vulnerable. We combine survey (N = 1,027) and interview (N = 50) data for Canadians with disabilities and chronic health conditions to explore how mobilizing four types of institutional supports connected to labor markets, financial markets, family, and government influenced perceptions of current and future insecurity during crisis. Because employment income was only available to about half of our respondents, many relied on a combination of savings, family supports, and government programs to make up the difference. This paper demonstrates how marginalized groups make use of different supports within liberal welfare states during times of crisis.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Marquez2022,
  title = {Increasing Engagement of {{Hispanics}}/{{Latinos}} in Clinical Trials on {{Alzheimer}}'s Disease and Related Dementias},
  author = {Marquez, David X. and Perez, Adriana and Johnson, Julene K. and Jaldin, Michelle and Pinto, Juan and Keiser, Sahru and Tran, Thi and Martinez, Paula and Guerrero, Javier and Portacolone, Elena},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {ALZHEIMERS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1002/trc2.12331},
  abstract = {Introduction Despite evidence that Hispanic/Latino populations are 1.5 times more likely than non-Latino Whites to develop Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), Latinos are underrepresented in clinical trials testing treatments for ADRD. Data are needed on facilitators of ADRD clinical trial participation in Latinos. We leveraged in-depth qualitative methods to elucidate barriers and facilitators to participating in ADRD clinical trials in a large and diverse sample of Latinos; and to provide timely and actionable strategies to accelerate representation of Latinos in clinical trials on ADRD. Methods Data were collected in California between January 2019 and June 2020 from 25 focus groups (FGs): eight with Latino adults ages 18 to 49 (n = 54), nine with Latino adults ages 50+ (n = 75), and eight with caregivers of Latino older adults with ADRD (n = 52). Twelve community-based organization administrators were also interviewed. Transcripts of FGs and interviews were entered into Atlas.ti software. Three independent team members analyzed the transcripts with inductive/deductive qualitative content analysis. We triangulated data from stakeholder groups across sites, we used collaborative coding, and used the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Results An overarching theme was a tension between wanting to learn more about ADRD and to participate in ADRD research but having limited awareness and opportunity. Five themes were identified: (1) remaining in limbo, (2) wanting information about ADRD, (3) wanting information on research about ADRD, (4) clearing researchers through trusted local organizations, and (5) practicing altruism through engagement in research opportunities. Discussion To increase representation of Latino communities in clinical trials on ADRD, bilingual information and education on ADRD and clinical trials needs to be better disseminated. Also, working with trusted local, regional, and national organizations can increase participation. Importantly, Latino participation can increase when research teams demonstrate altruistic actions and inform participants of public health reasons requiring their involvement. HIGHLIGHTS Participation in clinical trials on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) is limited among Latinos/Hispanics. Knowing the high prevalence of ADRD in Latinos increases willingness to participate. Observing altruism from researchers increases willingness to participate. Invitations from multiple organizations increases willingness to participate. Researchers should include public health reasons requiring Latinos' involvement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aged,Alzheimer's disease and related dementias,clinical trials,focus groups,Hispanic,Latino}
}

@article{Marsh2018,
  title = {Factors Associated with Social Participation amongst Elders in Rural {{Sri Lanka}}: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Analysis},
  author = {Marsh, Celeste and Agius, Paul A. and Jayakody, Gamini and Shajehan, Roshan and Abeywickrema, Chandima and Durrant, Kelly and Luchters, Stanley and Holmes, Wendy},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5482-x},
  abstract = {Background: Populations of low and middle-income countries are ageing rapidly; there is a need for policies that support an increase in the duration of old age lived in good health. There is growing evidence that social participation protects against morbidity and mortality, but few studies explore patterns of social participation. Analysis of baseline quantitative and qualitative data from a trial of the impact of Elders' Clubs on health and well-being in the hill country of Sri Lanka provided an opportunity to better understand the extent of, and influences on, social participation among elders. Methods: We analysed data from 1028 baseline survey respondents and from 12 focus group discussions. Participants were consenting elders, aged over 60 years, living in Tamil tea plantation communities or Sinhala villages in 40 randomly selected local government divisions. We assessed participation in organised social activities using self-reported attendance during the previous year. Multivariable regression analyses were used to explore associations with community and individual factors. The quantitative findings were complemented by thematic analysis of focus group discussion transcripts. Results: Social participation in these poor, geographically isolated communities was low: 63\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported \textbackslash textasciigraveno' or \textbackslash textasciigravevery low' engagement with organised activities. Plantation community elders reported significantly less participation than village elders. Attendance at religious activities was common and valued. Individual factors with significant positive association with social participation in multivariable analyses were being younger, male, Sinhala, married, employed, and satisfied with one's health. Domestic work and cultural constraints often prevented older women from attending organised activities. Conclusions: Elders likely to benefit most from greater social contact are those most likely to face barriers, including older women, the oldest old, those living alone and those in poor health. Understanding these barriers can inform strategies to overcome them. This might include opportunities for both informal and formal social contact close to elders' homes, consulting elders, providing childcare, improving physical access, advocating with elders' families and religious leaders, and encouraging mutual support and inter-generational activities. Influences on social participation are interrelated and vary with the history, culture and community environment. Further study is required in other low and middle-income country contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Active ageing,Healthy ageing,Low and middle income countries,Older adults,Organised activities,Social participation}
}

@article{Marshall2013,
  title = {Subsidized Child Care, Maternal Employment and Access to Quality, Affordable Child Care},
  author = {Marshall, Nancy L. and Robeson, Wendy Wagner and Tracy, Allison J. and Frye, Alice and Roberts, Joanne},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {808--819},
  issn = {0885-2006},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.07.008},
  abstract = {To examine whether state child care subsidy policies can combine goals of increasing maternal employment and increasing access to quality child care for children in low-income families, we studied one state's comprehensive policy, through a cross-sectional survey of 665 randomly selected families using centers, Head Starts, family child care homes, public school preschools or informal care, including a sample of families on the waitlist for child care subsidies. We found that, in Massachusetts, families receiving child care subsidies report greater access to child care, more affordable child care, and higher quality child care, than do similar families not receiving subsidies. Lower-income families not receiving subsidies can sometimes access affordable, quality child care through Head Start programs and public preschools, but, when they have to pay for care, they pay a significantly greater proportion of their income than do families receiving subsidies. We also found that families on the subsidy waitlist are at a particular disadvantage. Waitlist families have the greatest difficulty paying for care, the least access, and the poorest quality child care. While the child care subsidy policies benefited those families receiving subsidies, families outside the system still struggled to find and afford child care. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child care,Child care subsidies,Work support}
}

@article{Marston2019,
  title = {To Move or Not to Move: Mobility Decision-Making in the Context of Welfare Conditionality and Paid Employment},
  author = {Marston, Greg and Zhang, Juan and Peterie, Michelle and Ramia, Gaby and Patulny, Roger and Cooke, Emma},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {MOBILITIES},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {596--611},
  issn = {1745-0101},
  doi = {10.1080/17450101.2019.1611016},
  abstract = {The mobility and agency of the unemployed have rarely been examined together in welfare administration. Mobility research has much to offer the (im)mobility of low-skilled and unemployed workers. The article begins by critically examining dominant public discourse and policy reforms that stigmatise the assumed immobility of the unemployed. Drawing on empirical data from in-depth interviews with people on income support payments in Australia, it then offers a critical view on the mobility decision-making processes of these job-seekers. Building on previous research concerning the politics of mobility, it shows that structural inequalities impact mobility choices, making relocation difficult for many job-seekers. At the same time, it highlights the localised mobility that job search now involves, complicating orthodox associations between mobility and power ? as well as assumptions that job-seekers are immobile.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,immobility,income support,Mobility,unemployment,welfare conditionality}
}

@article{Martel2021,
  title = {Implementing the {{Routine Use}} of {{Electronic Mental Health Screening}} for {{Youth}} in {{Primary Care}}: {{Systematic Review}}},
  author = {Martel, Rhiannon and Shepherd, Matthew and {Goodyear-Smith}, Felicity},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JMIR MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {8},
  number = {11},
  issn = {2368-7959},
  doi = {10.2196/30479},
  abstract = {Background: Adolescents often present at primary care clinics with nonspecific physical symptoms when, in fact, they have at least 1 mental health or risk behavior (psychosocial) issue with which they would like help but do not disclose to their care provider. Despite global recommendations, over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of youths are not screened for mental health and risk behavior issues in primary care. Objective: This review aimed to examine the implementation, acceptability, feasibility, benefits, and barriers of e-screening tools for mental health and risk behaviors among youth in primary care settings. Methods: Electronic databases-MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews-were searched for studies on the routine screening of youth in primary care settings. Screening tools needed to be electronic and screen for at least 1 mental health or risk behavior issue. A total of 11 studies that were reported in 12 articles, of which all were from high-income countries, were reviewed. Results: e-Screening was largely proven to be feasible and acceptable to youth and their primary care providers. Preconsultation e-screening facilitated discussions about sensitive issues and increased disclosure by youth. However, barriers such as the lack of time, training, and discomfort in raising sensitive issues with youth continued to be reported. Conclusions: To implement e-screening, clinicians need to change their behaviors, and e-screening processes must become normalized into their workflows. Co-designing and tailoring screening implementation frameworks to meet the needs of specific contexts may be required to ensure that clinicians overcome initial resistances and perceived barriers and adopt the required processes in their work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescent,mental health,primary care,risk behavior,screening}
}

@article{Marti-Castaner2022,
  title = {Poverty after {{Birth}}: {{How Mothers Experience}} and {{Navigate US Safety Net Programs}} to {{Address Family Needs}}},
  author = {{Marti-Castaner}, Maria and Pavlenko, Tonya and Engel, Ruby and Sanchez, Karen and Crawford, Allyson E. and {Brooks-Gunn}, Jeanne and Wimer, Christopher},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES},
  volume = {31},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2248--2265},
  issn = {1062-1024},
  doi = {10.1007/s10826-022-02322-0},
  abstract = {Although pregnancy and the first year of life are sensitive windows for child development, we know very little about the lived experiences of mothers living in poverty or near poverty during the perinatal period; specifically, how they perceive and use public resources to support themselves and their newborn. In this qualitative study, we explore how predominantly Black and Latinx mothers with infants living in or near poverty and engaged in public assistance manage to meet their family's needs with available resources from safety net programs and social supports. We conducted 20 qualitative interviews with mothers living in (85\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or near poverty in New York City (NYC). All participants (mean age = 24) had an 11-month-old infant at the time of the interview. Using thematic analysis, we identified five main themes reflecting how mothers experience and navigate living with very low incomes while engaging in public assistance programs: (1) experiencing cascading effects of hardships during pregnancy, (2) relying on food assistance and informal supports amid scarcity, (3) waiting for limited affordable housing: \textbackslash textasciigravelife on hold', (4) finding pathways towards stability after the baby's birth, (5) making it work: efforts to look forward. Results describe how the current focus on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework first\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of existing federal and state policies adds a layer of stress and burden on the lives of single mothers experiencing low incomes and entangled hardships during pregnancy and after birth. We document how mothers experience coverage gaps and implementation challenges navigating the patchwork of public assistance programs, yet how the support of flexible caseworkers accessing, using, and coordinating assistance has the potential to help mothers plan for longer-term goals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Early childcare,Homelessness,Housing,Maternal health,Poverty,Qualitative research}
}

@article{Marti2012,
  title = {To Work or Not to Work: Labour Market Participation of People with Spinal Cord Injury Living in {{Switzerland}}},
  author = {Marti, A. and Reinhardt, J. D. and Graf, S. and Escorpizo, R. and Post, M. W. M.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SPINAL CORD},
  volume = {50},
  number = {7},
  pages = {521--526},
  issn = {1362-4393},
  doi = {10.1038/sc.2011.181},
  abstract = {Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objectives: To establish labour market participation figures of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Switzerland and to investigate determinants and consequences of having paid work. Setting: Community. Methods: A survey among members of the Swiss Paraplegic Association was performed in 2008. Inclusion criteria were: SCI of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, minimum age of 18 years, and living in the community for at least 1 year. A total of 559 persons with SCI returned the questionnaire (response rate 27\textbackslash textbackslash\%), of which 495 (24\textbackslash textbackslash\%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed based on theoretical considerations and relevant determinants found in the literature. Results: Of the respondents of working age, 63.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% were involved in gainful employment. No significant difference between persons with para-and tetraplegia was observed. Logistic regression showed that employment was associated with age, time since onset of SCI, having worked at 2 years after initial rehabilitation, having received vocational counselling, having less pain, more years of education and more perceived importance of work. Working persons achieved a significantly higher total income. The most important reasons to work were not financial, but rather of social nature. Barriers to work were primarily health-related. Conclusions: We found a relatively high employment rate among the studied persons with SCI living in Switzerland. However, because of the low response, it is difficult to generalise this finding. Spinal Cord (2012) 50, 521-526; doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.181; published online 17 January 2012},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {consequences of working,determinants of working,employment,return to work,spinal cord injury}
}

@article{Martin-Artiles2016,
  title = {{Uncertainty and Attitudes Pro-redistributive: Labour Market and Welfare Models in Europe}},
  author = {{Martin-Artiles}, Antonio and Molina, Oscar and Carrasquer, Pilar},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {POLITICA Y SOCIEDAD},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187--215},
  issn = {1130-8001},
  doi = {10.5209/rev\textbackslash_POSO.2016.v53.n1.47684},
  abstract = {The link between employment policies and social policies influence the subjective perception of individual uncertainty. The labor market model has an important role on the perception of uncertainty. Employment in itself is not enough insurance guarantee income. Part-time work and temporary contracts generates a growing demand for policies of income redistribution in the South and Eastern Europe. In Scandinavia countries the same types of labor contracts generate less inequality because government employment contributes to a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravevirtuous circle\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace that favors equality policies and the reconciliation of work and family life. Individually pro-redistributive attitudes are implemented more by women, also for those with uncertainty in their income and low education. By contrast, those who rely more on individual success and merit are the young college-educated and those earning higher incomes.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {expenditure on unemployment,inequality,part-time work,social protection expenditure,temporary contracts,unemployment}
}

@article{Martin-Carrasco2016,
  title = {{{EPA}} Guidance on Mental Health and Economic Crises in {{Europe}}},
  author = {{Martin-Carrasco}, M. and {Evans-Lacko}, S. and Dom, G. and Christodoulou, N. G. and Samochowiec, J. and {Gonzalez-Fraile}, E. and Bienkowski, P. and {Gomez-Beneyto}, M. and Dos Santos, M. J. H. and Wasserman, D.},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE},
  volume = {266},
  number = {2},
  pages = {89--124},
  issn = {0940-1334},
  doi = {10.1007/s00406-016-0681-x},
  abstract = {This European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance paper is a result of the Working Group on Mental Health Consequences of Economic Crises of the EPA Council of National Psychiatric Associations. Its purpose is to identify the impact on mental health in Europe of the economic downturn and the measures that may be taken to respond to it. We performed a review of the existing literature that yields 350 articles on which our conclusions and recommendations are based. Evidence-based tables and recommendations were developed through an expert consensus process. Literature dealing with the consequences of economic turmoil on the health and health behaviours of the population is heterogeneous, and the results are not completely unequivocal. However, there is a broad consensus about the deleterious consequences of economic crises on mental health, particularly on psychological well-being, depression, anxiety disorders, insomnia, alcohol abuse, and suicidal behaviour. Unemployment, indebtedness, precarious working conditions, inequalities, lack of social connectedness, and housing instability emerge as main risk factors. Men at working age could be particularly at risk, together with previous low SES or stigmatized populations. Generalized austerity measures and poor developed welfare systems trend to increase the harmful effects of economic crises on mental health. Although many articles suggest limitations of existing research and provide suggestions for future research, there is relatively little discussion of policy approaches to address the negative impact of economic crises on mental health. The few studies that addressed policy questions suggested that the development of social protection programs such as active labour programs, social support systems, protection for housing instability, and better access to mental health care, particularly at primary care level, is strongly needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Depression,Economic crisis,Europe,Mental health,Psychiatric care,Suicide,Unemployment,Welfare system}
}

@article{Martinez-Leon2018,
  title = {{Cooperatives in Education: Teacher Job Satisfaction and Gender Differences}},
  author = {{Martinez-Leon}, Inocencia and {Olmedo-Cifuentes}, Isabel and {Arcas-Lario}, Narciso and {Zapata-Conesa}, Juan},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {31--60},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.94.12700},
  abstract = {Objectives Cooperatives whose activity is undertaken in the field of education need to optimize their management to survive and achieve competitive advantage. As they are labor-intensive organizations that provide services with high intangibility (transformation knowledge, characteristics and individuals' behavior), their staff's job satisfaction is one way of achieving these advantages (reputation, strategic positioning, attracting talented employees, etc.). Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze how education cooperatives can achieve job satisfaction through certain human resources management practices (work-life balance culture and availability of work-life balance practices, hiring, training, performance assessment and compensation). The gender perspective is also considered in the analysis. Methodology An empirical study conducted with the data obtained from a sample of 101 teachers from education cooperatives in the Murcia Region (Spain) (5\textbackslash textbackslash\% response rate). Data were collected by a personal survey that included measures used in previous studies. They were all assessed with a 7-point Likert scale (1: totally disagree, and 7: totally agree) according to teachers' perception of the different variables. Teachers' job satisfaction, measured according to: professional satisfaction (with the school and learning activities), satisfaction with student achievement, teachers' experience in the educational center, and treatment received by the center. Work-life balance culture, divided into positive and negative perspectives. The positive one includes: talking about personal life at work, starting a family -expecting a child or adopting it-, leaving the workplace to care for children or dependent family members, and prolonging maternity/paternity leave. The negative work-life balance culture includes: maintaining a family structure that requires a lot of involvement, spending many hours at work on a daily basis, taking work home regularly, and prioritizing work over private life. Work-life balance practices, with measures adapted to the context (education cooperatives) to specifically ask about a reduced working day with a cut in salary, maternity/paternity leave longer than the legal minimum, leave of absence to care for either sick or dependent family members or sick or dependent children. Hiring, assessed according to teachers' perception of if: recruiting processes that are rigorous and formalized, teachers' continuity is high, and appropriate teachers are hired at each school level. The variable training, measured by considering if training actions are carried out according to the teaching staff's needs, training plans are tailored to the teaching staff, and the training suggestions made by the teaching staff are taken into account. Performance assessment, to consider if the objectives to be met are communicated to those responsible for achieving them, the performance and development of each teacher's activity are evaluated, and if the evaluation of teachers' performance is adequate. Finally, the variable compensation includes the perception of whether the performance evaluation is linked to the salary paid, the salary paid is independent of the teaching staff's performance, and salaries are at similar to those paid to public school teachers. The descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations of the variables are included, as is a hierarchical linear regression model to test the hypotheses. The general model obtained with all the sample data is also analyzed by taking into account gender as a selection variable. Results The study results reveal that adequate training (beta=.478) and rigorous formalized hiring (beta=.336) are the most valued factors to generate job satisfaction among teachers of education cooperatives in the Murcia Region. However, some gender differences appear in the variables that generate job satisfaction, despite there being no significant differences between male and female teachers' perception of their job satisfaction. In particular, male teachers (31\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample) negatively perceive the effect of availability of work-life balance practices (beta=-. 238) and compensation (beta=-. 374) on their job satisfaction, while training has a positive impact (beta=.706). These variables explain 52.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the male teachers' job satisfaction variation. For the female teachers (69\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample), hiring (beta=.440), training (beta=.345) and work-life balance practices (beta=.233) have a positive effect on their perceived job satisfaction, and explain 63.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the variation in their job satisfaction. From these gender results, the most striking aspect is that the greater availability of work-life balance practices and linking pay to performance reduce male teachers' job satisfaction. One explanation could be that males consider that work-life balance practices only benefit women, and when female teachers use these measures, male teachers must face a heavier workload, which affects their level of satisfaction. The negative relationship between satisfaction and performance assessment may be a consequence of the service type (training), and the possible uncertainty and mistrust that a performance measure can generate because the methods to determine it are not the most suitable ones, or do not reflect all the work they do to perform their teaching activity. Females differ for the idea that hiring and work-life balance practices are a key influence on their job satisfaction. Perhaps the females in the Spanish studied region still assume the reproduction and care role of the family to a greater extent, and the tools that support their labor participation, such as work-life balance practices, possibly have a positive effect on their perceived satisfaction. Additionally, hiring is the most important factor that generates job satisfaction among females. Rigorous formalized processes where the most appropriate candidates are hired, with a high probability of continuity, are well assessed by females as a way to assure gender equality and to banish certain gender stereotypes, occupational segregation (horizontal and vertical) and the glass ceiling. In any case, both males and females agree that training is essential for their job satisfaction, perhaps because this will improve the education service that they provide, as well as their students performing better. Practical conclusions and original value This work offers guidelines to education cooperatives about the aspects that create more job satisfaction, and how to manage and optimize it according to each employee's gender. This work shows some gender differences among teachers of educational cooperatives in relation to the variables that generate their job satisfaction. These differences must be carefully analyzed by the management of cooperatives in an attempt to develop those human resource management policies and strategies that tend to favor high job satisfaction among male and female teachers given its effect on other variables, e.g. performance (better service provision, perception of higher quality), productivity or the cooperative's outcomes (attracting new customers, better internal and external reputation, etc.). In general, education cooperatives can increase job satisfaction by mainly offering a training program suited to teachers' needs that can be put into practice, if possible, in their working hours, and that does not require travel, to avoid work-life conflict problems. This should be complemented with formalized rigorous hiring processes that ensure having highly trained motivated staff. The different perception of work-life practices between males and females shows a clear need for more training and awareness about work-life balance issues and co-responsibility. Educational cooperatives should put the necessary resources (hiring temporary staff to cover possible reductions in days, leave, or absence) so teachers' satisfaction (and productivity) does not disturb those situations. The importance of education cooperatives, together with their labor-intensive character and the absence of studies that analyze the problems addressed herein, justify their relevance from both the academic and business points of view.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Cooperatives in education,gender,human resources management,job satisfaction,teaching staff,work-life balance}
}

@article{Martins2015,
  title = {Using the {{International Classification}} of {{Functioning}}, {{Disability}} and {{Health}} ({{ICF}}) to Address Facilitators and Barriers to Participation at Work},
  author = {Martins, Anabela Correia},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {50},
  number = {4},
  pages = {585--593},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-141965},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was approved by the World Health Assembly in 2001. Ten years later, strong arguments have arisen regarding the added value of ICF to the policies on employment and the outcomes at the workplace. As a conceptual framework, ICF has universality because of its inclusive and comprehensive view of human functioning. At a practical level ICF can be used to quantify the impact of impairment on an individual's ability to act in his/her environment and to assess interventions to minimize the impact of disability and maximize functioning. OBJECTIVE: To explore key indicators of social participation (life habits) of persons with disabilities, particularly related to work, among environmental and personal factors. METHODOLOGY/PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from a convenience sample of 149 working-age persons with disabilities. RESULTS: Social participation is a construct composed by multiple components and employment domain is the strongest indicator of participation. Correlations between social participation and personal factors, such as self-efficacy and attitudes towards disability were moderate. Those who are employed scored higher quality of life in terms of satisfaction with life, more positive attitudes toward disabilities and higher self-efficacy than the ones who are retired or unemployed. Persons using adapted wheelchair and those who were involved in wheelchair selection scored higher in social participation in general, performance at work, and quality of life. Age and disability duration were not associated with participants' employment status. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that rehabilitation and vocational agents, like physiotherapists and other professionals, should have knowledge and understanding of the multiple factors that influence persons with disabilities' participation at work. Programs should provide appropriate wheelchairs, skills training, empowerment and problem-solving strategies in labour activities and occupational environment to promote employment of working-age persons with disabilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Assistive technologies,employment,personal factors,persons with disabilities,social participation}
}

@article{Martorano2017,
  title = {Catching-up, Structural Transformation, and Inequality: Industry-Level Evidence from {{Asia}}},
  author = {Martorano, Bruno and Park, Donghyun and Sanfilippo, Marco},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INDUSTRIAL AND CORPORATE CHANGE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {555--570},
  issn = {0960-6491},
  doi = {10.1093/icc/dtw039},
  abstract = {This article empirically investigates the effect of structural transformation on wage inequality in Asia, using industry-level data for three skill groups of workers. While structural transformation, associated with technological progress, productivity catching-up, and capital deepening, has contributed to Asia's sustained growth, its effect on income inequality remains uncertain. Our results show that the process of economic transformation has exacerbated inequality in the region by increasing the relative share of high-skilled workers in total compensation. This is mainly due to a shift toward more productive-and more intensive in the use of skilled labor-activities both within and between industries. However, we also find that policy responses, especially investments in education, mitigate the increase in inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Martyn2019,
  title = {Combining Participatory Action Research and Appreciative Inquiry to Design, Deliver and Evaluate an Interdisciplinary Continuing Education Program for a Regional Health Workforce},
  author = {Martyn, Julie-Anne and Scott, Jackie and {van der Westhuyzen}, Jasper H. and Spanhake, Dale and Zanella, Sally and Martin, April and Newby, Ruth},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN HEALTH REVIEW},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {345--351},
  issn = {0156-5788},
  doi = {10.1071/AH17124},
  abstract = {Objective Continuing education (CE) is essential for a healthcare workforce, but in regional areas of Australia there are challenges to providing and accessing relevant, reliable and low-cost opportunities. The aim of the present study was to collaborate with the local regional healthcare workforce to design, deliver and evaluate an interdisciplinary CE (ICE) program. Methods A participatory action research (PAR) model combined with an appreciative inquiry (AI) framework was used to design, deliver and evaluate an ICE program. A focus group of 11 health professionals developed an initial program. Evaluation data from 410 program participants were analysed using AI. Results The ICE program addressed the CE barriers for the regional healthcare workforce because the locally derived content was delivered at a reasonable cost and in a convenient location. Program participants identified that they most valued shared experiences and opportunities enabling them to acquire and confirm relevant knowledge. Conclusion ICE programs enhance interdisciplinary collaboration. However, attendance constraints for regional healthcare workforce include location, cost, workplace and personal factors. Through community engagement, resource sharing and cooperation, a local university and the interdisciplinary focus group members successfully designed and delivered the local education and research nexus program to address a CE problem for a regional healthcare workforce. What is known about the topic? Participation in CE is mandatory for most health professionals. However, various barriers exist for regional health workers to attending CE. Innovative programs, such as webinars and travelling workshops, address some of the issues but create others. Bringing various health workers together for the simultaneous education of multiple disciplines is beneficial. Collectively, this is called ICE. What does this paper add? Using PAR combined with AI to design an ICE program will focus attention on the enablers of the program and meet the diverse educational needs of the healthcare workforce in regional areas. Engaging regional health professionals with a local university to design and deliver CE is one way to increase access to quality, cost-effective education. What are the implications for practitioners? Regional healthcare workers' CE needs are more likely to be met when education programs are designed by them and developed for them. ICE raises awareness of the roles of multiple healthcare disciplines. Learning together strengthens healthcare networks by bolstering relationships through a greater understanding of each other's roles. Enriching communication between local health workers has the potential to enhance patient care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community engagement,interprofessional,multidisciplinary,professional development}
}

@article{Mateen2023,
  title = {Understanding the Employment Impact of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in the {{USA}}: {{Mixed}} Methods},
  author = {Mateen, Farrah J. and Hacker, Cristina Trapaga M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1664-2295},
  doi = {10.3389/fneur.2023.1142640},
  abstract = {Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare and disabling neurological disorder, marked by recurrent attacks of the central nervous system. NMO has a high female predominance and disproportionately affects racial and ethnic groups who are under- and unemployed in the USA. Three focus groups, involving 20 working age adults with NMOSD in the USA, were convened via Zoom online, to discuss the topic of employment in NMOSD. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ) were followed. Discussions were coded for major themes using an inductive approach. The following themes emerged: (1) Barriers due to NMOSD on employment including (i) visible and invisible symptoms, (ii) the burden of treatment, and (iii) time to diagnosis; (2) Mitigating factors when NMOSD affects employment; (3) Impact of COVID-19; (4) Impact on income; (5) Impact on new and future employment and higher education opportunities; and (6) Unmet needs that are pragmatically addressable, outside of major policy or scientific changes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Matetic2020,
  title = {Socioeconomic {{Status}} and {{Differences}} in the {{Management}} and {{Outcomes}} of 6.6 {{Million US Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction}}},
  author = {Matetic, Andrija and Bharadwaj, Aditya and Mohamed, Mohamed O. and Chugh, Yashasvi and Chugh, Sanjay and Minissian, Margot and Amin, Amit and Van Spall, Harriette and Fischman, David L. and Savage, Michael and Volgman, Annabelle Santos and Mamas, Mamas A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {10--18},
  issn = {0002-9149},
  doi = {10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.025},
  abstract = {Little is known about the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on management strategies and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its subtypes, and whether these trends have changed over time. All AMI hospitalizations from the National Inpatient Sample (2004 to 2014) were analyzed and stratified by zip code-based median household income (MHI) into 4 quartiles (poorest to wealthiest): 0th to 25th, 26th to 50th, 51st to 75 th , and 76th to 100th. Logistic regression was performed to examine the association between MHI and AMI management strategy and in-hospital clinical outcomes. A total of 6,603,709 AMI hospitalizations were analyzed. Patients in the lowest MHI group had more co-morbidities, a worse cardiovascular risk factor profile and were more likely to be female. Differences in receipt of invasive management were observed between the lowest and highest MID quartiles, with the lowest MHI group less likely to undergo coronary angiography (63.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 64.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$}0.001) and percutaneous coronary intervention (40.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 44.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$}0.001) compared with the highest MHI group, especially in the STEMI subgroup. In multivariable analysis, the highest MHI group experienced better outcomes including lower risk (adjusted odds ratio; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals) of mortality (0.88; 0.88 to 0.89), MACCE (0.91; 0.91 to 0.92) and acute ischemic stroke (0.90; 0.88 to 0.91), but higher all-cause bleeding (1.08; 1.06 to 1.09) in comparison to the lowest MHI group. In conclusion, the provision of invasive management for AMI in patients with lower SES is less than patients with higher SES and is associated with worse in-hospital clinical outcomes. This work highlights the importance of ensuring equity of access and care across all strata SES. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Matkovic2012,
  title = {{EVALUATION OF ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICIES IN 2009 AND 2010 IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA}},
  author = {Matkovic, Teo and Babic, Zdenko and Vuga, Annamaria},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  journal = {REVIJA ZA SOCIJALNU POLITIKU},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {303--336},
  issn = {1330-2965},
  doi = {10.3935/rsp.v19i3.1100},
  abstract = {EVALUATION OF ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICIES IN 2009 AND 2010 IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Teo Matkovic, Zdenko Babic, Annamaria Vuga This report brings forth an evaluation of Active labour market policy programmes ran by Croatian Public Employment Service (HZZ) in 2009 and 2010. We observed whether participants were registered with HZZ as unemployed persons at several points in time after their participation in programme ceased. Effectiveness was analytically evaluated by the application of matching techniques, as we compared outcomes of participants with control group comprised of unemployed persons with similar observable characteristics who did not participate in measures. We evaluated five measures for which appropriate matching could be enacted: (1) employment subsidies for the youth with no employment experience, (2) long-term unemployed and (3) older unemployed persons; (4) training programmes for the unemployed and (5) public works. Within the observed period, expenses and coverage of ALMPs were on increase, although Croatia still lags considerably in this respect after most EU countries. Results of this quasi-experimental evaluation approach do not indicate that participation bears a particularly strong effect with respect to the observed outcome. Participants in all three employment subsidy programmes were less likely to be in unemployment than controls for the first two years after subsidies ceased, but the advantage of participants was declining over time, and the matching effect is likely overestimated as it does not account for creaming effect, as selection of (more employable) candidates was done on employer initiative. Education programmes on the average turned out to reduce probability of leaving unemployment for a year after participation (due to programme effect), and within the two years (maximal observed time span) probability of being unemployed for participants of training programmes was about the same (or minimally lower) than for comparable non-participants. However, education measures turned to be more effective when certain subpopulations were observed: persons without upper secondary education, persons who entered unemployment from inactivity (not regular education) and among persons who have not spent a very long period in unemployment prior to participation. Participation in public work programmes was estimated to have increased mid-term unemployment risk for participants, but this has to be understood through both programme effect and selection of the most vulnerable unemployed in public works. Additionally, higher probability of being in unemployment among public work participants when compared to controls can be interpreted in terms of activation - if they did not participate in public work, more of them might have left unemployment for inactivity (which likely happened to many statistical twins with whom they were matched). In conclusion, the number of persons who were estimated not to be in unemployment due to ALMP participation compared with total funding in order to estimate efficiency of spending for each ALMP was evaluated.},
  langid = {croatian},
  keywords = {active labour market policies,evaluation}
}

@article{Matli2022,
  title = {Extending Information Poverty Theory to Better Understand the Digital Access and Inequalities among Young People Who Are Not in Education, Employment or Training in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Matli, Walter and Ngoepe, Mpho},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION SKILLS AND WORK-BASED LEARNING},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {419--436},
  issn = {2042-3896},
  doi = {10.1108/HESWBL-05-2020-0107},
  abstract = {Purpose The objective of this study is to present evidence regarding how young people, who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) in South Africa, lack literacy skills and access to enabling resources to actively search and navigate information services systems that are primarily web-based. Information Poverty Theory is adopted to better understand the technological and social strata challenges experienced by young NEET people. Design/methodology/approach The study used semi-structured interviews for collecting data over two months in 2018, employing snowball sampling with 24 key participants, representing a diversity of educational backgrounds and previous experience of economic participation. Findings The findings of this study suggest that most interviewed young people, who are NEET, lack advanced information literacy and digital skills to access information services. The results also indicate that access to information services that are primed for online information is a challenge for most of these NEET young people residing in underserviced communities. The high cost of an Internet connection means that the Internet is out of reach for most low-income households. In communities that are underserviced with no adequate information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, people residing in such areas are subjected to living in circumstances where there is poverty and thus a lack of access to online information. Research limitations/implications This paper reports on data collected in 2018 using intense interviews, while acknowledging limitations in terms of the sample size. Hence, it is not fully representative of the whole population of young people, who are NEET, residing in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Practical implications The findings illustrate the need for further collaboration among relevant stakeholders to strengthen existing programmes and for stronger partnerships. The arguments presented herein enhance knowledge and understanding concerning the digital literacy skills divide that exists among young people who are NEET. It includes a discussion to contribute to policy development. Originality/value This study focuses on challenges young people who are NEET experience when looking for work and developmental opportunities. This qualitative study adopts Information Poverty Theory and uses prior studies to link the undertaken survey and research. It is expected that this study may serve as a pilot for future studies and may also contribute to the ongoing discussions around the use of ICTs on their use and access, especially the effect on young people when searching for information related to jobs and other developmental opportunities using online services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Digital access,Digital inequalities,Digital literacy skills,Information poverty,NEET,South Africa}
}

@article{Matteazzi2018,
  title = {Part-Time Employment, the Gender Wage Gap and the Role of Wage-Setting Institutions: {{Evidence}} from 11 {{European}} Countries},
  author = {Matteazzi, Eleonora and Pailhe, Ariane and Solaz, Anne},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  pages = {221--241},
  issn = {0959-6801},
  doi = {10.1177/0959680117738857},
  abstract = {We examine how far the over-representation of women in part-time jobs can explain the gender gap in hourly earnings, and also investigate how far wage-setting institutions are correlated with the overall gender wage gap and the female part-time wage gap. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009 data for 11 European countries, we implement a double decomposition of the gender wage gap: between men and women employed full-time and between full-time and part-time working women. This shows that the wage penalty of women employed part-time occurs mainly through the segregation of part-time jobs, but the full-time gender pay gap remains mostly unexplained. At the macro level, the gender wage gap tends to be higher in countries where part-time employment is more widespread. Some wage-setting institutions seem to reduce the female full-time/part-time pay gap and the gender gap among full-time workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decomposition,labour force participation,part-time,wage gap,wage-setting institutions}
}

@article{Mattei2017,
  title = {Challenges and Opportunities in Establishing a Collaborative Multisite Observational Study of Chronic Diseases and Lifestyle Factors among Adults in {{Puerto Rico}}},
  author = {Mattei, Josiemer and {Rodriguez-Orengo}, Jose F. and Tamez, Martha and Corujo, Francheska and Claudio, Aida and Villanueva, Hector and Campos, Hannia and Willett, Walter C. and Tucker, Katherine L. and {Rios-Bedoya}, Carlos F.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-017-4035-z},
  abstract = {Background: Prevalence of chronic diseases and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors among the adult population of Puerto Rico (PR) is high; however, few epidemiological studies have been conducted to address these. We aimed to document the methods and operation of establishing a multisite cross-sectional study of chronic diseases and risk factors in PR, in partnership with academic, community, clinical, and research institutions. Methods: The Puerto Rico Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle and Diseases (PRADLAD) documented lifestyle and health characteristics of adults living in PR, with the goal of informing future epidemiological and intervention projects, as well as public health, policy, and clinical efforts to help improve the population's health. The study was conducted in three primary care clinics in the San Juan, PR metropolitan area. Eligible volunteers were 30-75y, living in PR for at least 10 months of the previous year, and able to answer interviewer-administered questionnaires without assistance. Questions were recorded electronically by trained interviewers, and included socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, self-reported medically-diagnosed diseases, and psychosocial factors. Waist and hip circumferences were measured following standardized protocols. A subset of participants answered a validated food frequency questionnaire, a legumes questionnaire, and had medical record data abstracted. Process and outcome evaluation indicators were assessed. Results: The study screened 403 participants in 5 months. Of these, 396 (98\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were eligible and 380 (94\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had reliable and complete information. A subset of 242 participants had valid dietary data, and 236 had medical record data. The mean time to complete an interview was 1.5 h. Participants were generally cooperative and research collaborators were fully engaged. Having multiple sites helped enhance recruitment and sociodemographic representation. Diagnosed conditions were prevalent across sites. Challenges in data monitoring, interviewer training, and scheduling were identified and corrected, and should be addressed in future studies. Conclusions: Epidemiological studies in PR can be successfully implemented in partnership with multiple institutions. Effective recruitment and implementation requires concerted planning and continued involvement from partners, frequent quality control, brief interviews, reasonable incentives, and thorough training/re-training of culturally-sensitive interviewers. Further studies are feasible and needed to help address highly prevalent chronic conditions in PR.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chronic diseases,Collaborative work,Community health,Health disparities,Lifestyle behaviors,Observational studies,Partnerships,Population health,Process evaluation,Puerto Rico}
}

@article{Maxwell2021,
  title = {Gender {{Gaps}} in {{Time Use}} and {{Labor Market Outcomes}}: {{What}}'s {{Norms Got}} to {{Do}} with It?},
  author = {Maxwell, Nan L. and Wozny, Nathan},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56--77},
  issn = {0195-3613},
  doi = {10.1007/s12122-020-09306-3},
  abstract = {Although economists typically use efficiency gains to explain gender differences in time use and earnings, norms might also explain those differences. No study has attempted to quantify their relative influence, however. We use the American Community Survey and the American Time Use Survey to estimate an upper bound of the influence of efficiency gains relative to norms-broadly defined-using four groups of demographically matched individuals with relatively homogeneous within-group need for production. Results suggest that norms about work and home may explain 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the gap in time allocation for work and household production and about 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the wage gap. Norms about parenting may explain an additional 16 to 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the time use gaps and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the wage gap. These findings suggest that research and policy might benefit from a grounding in a broad framework that includes both norms and efficiency gains.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Earnings,Employment,Gender differentials,Gender disparities,Norms,Time use}
}

@article{Mayfield2019,
  title = {Quantifying the Social Equity State of an Energy System: Environmental and Labor Market Equity of the Shale Gas Boom in {{Appalachia}}},
  author = {Mayfield, Erin N. and Cohon, Jared L. and Muller, Nicholas Z. and Azevedo, Ines M. L. and Robinson, Allen L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
  volume = {14},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab59cd},
  abstract = {A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient (y) = 0.93), consumption for electric power generation (77 = 0.68), commercial, industrial, and residential end use (77 = 0.72), job creation (77 = 0.72), and air pollution-related deaths (77 = 0.77), which are largely driven by geographicallyfixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for example, mortality risk (m) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000 people) for the lowest income class ({$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is higher (18\textbackslash textbackslash\%-31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than for the highest income class ({$>\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar150 000; m = 0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white (m = 0.30 in 2016) than non-white (m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% 1.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and poverty rates (9.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% 1.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) during the boom, although household income increases for the wealthiest and decreases for the poorest. At a systems-level, there is an implied air quality-employment tradeoff of 3 ({$<$}1 to 7) job-years created per life-year lost; this tradeoff varies spatially (-1100 to 4400 life-years lost minus job-years created), wherein the job benefit outweighs the air quality costs in most producing counties whereas in all other counties the reverse is true. We also observe temporal inequities, with air quality and employment impacts following the boom-and-bust cycle, while climate impacts are largely borne by future generations. Cross-impact elasticities (c), which measure the sensitivity between different types of impacts, reveal that employment increases are sensitive to and coupled with increases in air and climate impacts (c = 1.1 and c = 1.3, respectively). The metrics applied here facilitate the evaluation and design of countervailing policies and systems that explicitly account for social inequities mediated through energy infrastructure, supply, and demand. For example, in future energy system transition, such equity metrics can be used to facilitate decisions related to the siting oflow-carbon infrastructure such as transmission lines and wind turbines and the phase -out of fossil fuel infrastructure, as well as to demonstrate changes in distributional tradeoffs such as the decoupling of environmental and employment effects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {air quality,climate change,energy systems,equity,labor markets,natural gas}
}

@article{Mayo-Wilson2020,
  title = {Combined Effects of Gender Affirmation and Economic Hardship on Vulnerability to {{HIV}}: A Qualitative Analysis among {{US}} Adult Transgender Women},
  author = {{Mayo-Wilson}, Larissa Jennings and Benotsch, Eric G. and Grigsby, Sheila and Wagner, Sarah and Timbo, Fatmata and Poteat, Tonia and Cathers, Lauretta and Sawyer, Ashlee N. and Smout, Shelby A. and Zimmerman, Rick S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08902-3},
  abstract = {Background Transgender women (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracetrans women\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace), particularly African-American and Latina trans women, have disproportionately high prevalence of HIV in the United States (U.S.). In order to decrease gender dysphoria and overcome discrimination, trans women affirm their gender through social and medical transition, often in contexts of economic hardship and sexual risk. This study qualitatively examined how gender-affirming behaviors enhance or diminish vulnerability to HIV in light of structural and economic barriers to gender transition. Methods We conducted individual interviews with 19 adult trans women in two U.S. cities (Richmond, VA and St. Louis, MO) who reported one or more sexual risk behaviors and recent economic hardship related to employment/income, housing, or food security. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results The majority (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of trans women were racial/ethnic minorities with mean age of 26.3 years. Gender-affirming behaviors varied with 58\textbackslash textbackslash\% of trans women having legally changed their name and gender marker; 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% having initiated hormone therapy; and 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% having not initiated any medical or legal changes. None had undertaken surgical changes. Findings suggested that the process of gender transitioning resulted in both increasing and decreasing HIV risk. The high need for gender affirmation by male sex partners contributed to trans women's exposure to sexual objectification, sexual risk behaviors, and conflicting interests in HIV prevention messaging. Loss of housing and employment due to transition along with the high costs of transition products and medical visits increased reliance on sex work and created new obstacles in accessing HIV services. Trans women experienced lower HIV risk as they acquired legal and medical transition services, reshaped interactions with sex partners, and received gender-affirming support by others, including health providers, employers, peers, and housing professionals. Sexual abstinence was viewed as a negative consequence of incomplete transition, although characterized as a period of low HIV risk. Conclusions Structural and policy initiatives that promote safe gender transition and economic stability in trans women may play a critical role in reducing HIV in this population. Addressing the harmful pressures for U.S. trans women to conform to perceived feminine stereotypes may also serve an important role.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic,Employment,HIV,Housing,Minority,Qualitative,s,Transgender women,U}
}

@article{Mbalinda2018,
  title = {Experience of Perceived Barriers and Enablers of Safe Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact during the First Hour after Birth in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Mbalinda, Scovia and Hjelmstedt, Anna and Nissen, Eva and Odongkara, Beatrice Mpora and Waiswa, Peter and Svensson, Kristin},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {MIDWIFERY},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {95--102},
  issn = {0266-6138},
  doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2018.09.009},
  abstract = {Objective: To identify barriers and enablers to conducting safe uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact (SSC) in the first hour after birth in a low-resource setting and to evaluate how health care professionals coped with the identified barriers after completion of an intervention package. Design and setting: A qualitative method using focus-group and individual interviews with health professionals at a governmental hospital in Uganda. Participants: 81 health professionals. Interventions: A 6-step intervention package including, amongst other things, showing a DVD on safe uninterrupted SSC following birth and discussing with the professionals what barriers and possibilities there were to changing practice to allow SSC for one hour. Measurements and findings: The thematic analysis of the intervention interviews yielded the following themes: Perceived barriers including medical events, psychosocial issues and standard midwifery practice; Pragmatic barriers including economic constraints in the hospital and community; Anticipated barriers by staff and families; Enabling events including staff involvement. Most of the barriers involving expenses were not solved. When the mother and infant had to move to the postnatal ward within one hour after birth, there were difficulties in keeping SSC during the transportation, but this obstacle was partly solved. A few mothers (i.e. depressed and/or adolescent) were considered to be unwilling to keep the infant skin-to-skin; this difficulty was not solved. Practising SSC led the participants to find advantages such as reduced work load and positive effects on pain during suturing. Conclusions: SSC following birth was shown to be applicable and accepted by the health professionals. The involvement of professionals had clinical implications, such as initiatives to broadcast the message of SSC by radio to the community and introduce SSC to women having a Caesarean section. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Focus-group interview,Health professionals,Implementation,Low-income setting,Skin-to-skin contact}
}

@article{Mbatha2014,
  title = {{{RECENT INTERNAL MIGRATION AND LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES}}: {{EXPLORING THE}} 2008 {{AND}} 2010 {{NATIONAL INCOME DYNAMICS STUDY}} ({{NIDS}}) {{PANEL DATA IN SOUTH AFRICA}}},
  author = {Mbatha, Cyril N. and Roodt, Joan},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {653--672},
  issn = {2222-3436},
  abstract = {We began with the premise that South African recent migrants from rural to urban areas experience relatively lower rates of participation in formal labour markets compared to local residents in urban communities, and that these migrants are overrepresented in the informal labour market and in the unemployment sector. This means that rural to urban migrants are less likely than locals to be found in formal employment and more likely to be found in informal employment and among the unemployed. Using perspectives from Development Economics we explore the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) panel datasets of 2008 and 2010, which only provide a perspective on what has happened between 2008 and 2010. We find that while migrants in general experience positive outcomes in informal labour markets, they also experience positive outcomes in formal markets, which is contrary to expectations. We also find that there are strong links between other indicators of performance in the labour market. Earned incomes are closely associated with migration decisions and educational qualifications (e.g. a matric certificate) for respondents between the ages of 30 and 60 years. The youth (15 to 30 years old) and senior respondents (over the age of 60) are the most disadvantaged in the labour market. The disadvantage is further reflected in lower earned incomes. This is the case even though the youth are most likely to migrate. We conclude that migration is motivated by both push (to seek employment) and pull (existing networks or marriage at destination) factors. For public policy, the emerging patterns - indicative and established - are important for informing strategies aimed at creating employment and developing skills for the unemployed, migrants and especially the youth. Similar policy strategies are embodied in the National Development Plan (NDP), the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS), etc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {migration,multinomial logistical model,rural,unemployment}
}

@article{Mbengi2018,
  title = {Assessing Factors Associated with Long-Term Work Disability after Cancer in {{Belgium}}: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Competing Risks Analysis with a 7-Year Follow-Up},
  author = {Mbengi, Regine Levo Kiasuwa and Nicolaie, Alina Mioara and Goetghebeur, Els and Otter, Renee and Mortelmans, Katrien and Missinnne, Sarah and Arbyn, Marc and Bouland, Catherine and {de Brouwer}, Christophe},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014094},
  abstract = {Objectives The number of workers with cancer has dramatically increasing worldwide. One of the main priorities is to preserve their quality of life and the sustainability of social security systems. We have carried out this study to assess factors associated with the ability to work after cancer. Such insight should help with the planning of rehabilitation needs and tailored programmes. Participants We conducted this register-based cohort study using individual data from the Belgian Disability Insurance. Data on 15 543 socially insured Belgian people who entered into the long-term work disability between 2007 and 2011 due to cancer were used. Primary and secondary outcome measures We estimated the duration of work disability using Kaplan-Meier and the cause-specific cumulative incidence of ability to work stratified by age, gender, occupational class and year of entering the work disability system for 11 cancer sites using the Fine and Gray model allowing for competing risks. Results The overall median time of work disability was 1.59 years (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.52 to 1.66), ranging from 0.75 to 4.98 years. By the end of follow-up, more than one-third of the disabled cancer survivors were able to work (35\textbackslash textbackslash\%). While a large proportion of the women were able to work at the end of follow-up, the men who were able to work could do so sooner. Being women, white collar, young and having haematological, male genital or breast cancers were factors with the bestlikelihood to be able to return to work. Conclusion Good prognostic factors for the ability to work were youth, woman, white collar and having breast, male genital or haematological cancers. Reviewing our results together with the cancer incidence predictions up to 2025 offers a high value for social security and rehabilitation planning and for ascertaining patients' perspectives.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{McAlpine2021,
  title = {Employment and {{Economic Outcomes}} of {{Persons With Mental Illness}} and {{Disability}}: {{The Impact}} of the {{Great Recession}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {McAlpine, Donna D. and Alang, Sirry M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION JOURNAL},
  volume = {44},
  number = {2},
  pages = {132--141},
  issn = {1095-158X},
  doi = {10.1037/prj0000458},
  abstract = {Objective: To examine variation in employment and economic outcomes before, during, and after the great recession by disability and mental health status. Methods: Using a sample of adults in the 1999 to 2016 National Health Interview Survey (N = 419,336), we examined changes in labor force and economic outcomes by mental health and physical disability status. We employed difference-indifferences analyses to determine whether the changes in these outcomes during and after the recession for each comparison group (those with moderate mental illness, serious psychiatric disability, or physical disability) were significantly different from the changes for persons with neither a mental illness nor a disability. Findings: While the recession impacted all groups, those with mental illnesses or physical disabilities were hardest hit. Persons with disabilities were disadvantaged on all outcomes at each period, but persons with mental illnesses were the most disadvantaged. Unemployment, poverty, and use of food stamps increased for all groups, but the increase was greatest for persons with mental health problems who also saw a more substantial decline in wage income. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The effects of the recession persist well after the recovery period. Practitioners should be aware that although most persons with mental illnesses want to work, they face significant barriers to employment. Following economic shocks such as those brought on by the current coronavirus pandemic, interventions should focus on people who are the most vulnerable, especially those with mental health problems. Renewed focus on employment for people with mental disorders is important.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disability,economic status,employment,mental illness,recession}
}

@article{McArthur2018,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Get Them up, Moving, and out the Door. {{How}} Do We Get Them to Do What Is Recommended?\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Using}} Behaviour Change Theory to Put Exercise Evidence into Action for Rehabilitation Professionals},
  author = {McArthur, Caitlin and Ziebart, Christina and Papaioannou, Alexandra and Cheung, Angela M. and Laprade, Judi and Lee, Linda and Jain, Ravi and Giangregorio, Lora M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF OSTEOPOROSIS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1862-3522},
  doi = {10.1007/s11657-018-0419-7},
  abstract = {Recommendations suggest a multicomponent exercise for people with osteoporosis. We identified rehabilitation professionals' barriers and facilitators to implementing exercise recommendations with people with osteoporosis, and used those to make suggestions for targeted knowledge translation interventions. Future work will report on development and evaluation of the interventions informed by our study. Purpose Rehabilitation professionals can help people with osteoporosis to engage in a multicomponent exercise program and perform activities of daily living safely. However, rehabilitation professional face barriers to implementing exercise evidence, especially for specific disease conditions like osteoporosis. We performed a behavioural analysis and identified rehabilitation professionals' barriers to and facilitators of implementing disease-specific physical activity and exercise recommendations (Too Fit to Fracture recommendations), and used the Behaviour Change Wheel to select interventions. Methods Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with rehabilitation professionals, including physical therapists, kinesiologists, and occupational therapists, and transcribed verbatim. Two researchers coded data and identified emerging themes. Using the Behaviour Change Wheel framework, themes were categorized into capability, opportunity, and motivation, and relevant interventions were identified. Results Ninety-four rehabilitation professionals (mean age 40.5 years, 88.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) participated. Identified barriers were as follows: capability-lack of training in behaviour change, how to modify recommendations for physical and cognitive impairments; opportunity-lack of resources, time, and team work; motivation-lack of trust between providers, fear in providing interventions that may cause harm. Interventions selected were as follows: education, training, enablement, modelling and persuasion. Policy categories are communication/marketing, guidelines, service provision and environmental/social planning. Conclusions Key barriers to implementing the recommendations are rehabilitation professionals' ability to use behaviour change techniques, to modify the recommendations for physical and cognitive limitations and to feel comfortable with delivering challenging but safe interventions for people with osteoporosis, and lacking trust and team work across sectors. Future work will report on development and evaluation of knowledge translation interventions informed by our study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Guidelines,Health care provider,Implementation science,Knowledge translation,Osteoporosis,Physical activity,Physical therapy}
}

@article{McCabe2018,
  title = {A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of a Staff Training Program to Implement Consumer Directed Care on Resident Quality of Life in Residential Aged Care},
  author = {McCabe, Marita P. and Beattie, Elizabeth and Karantzas, Gery and Mellor, David and Sanders, Kerrie and Busija, Lucy and Goodenough, Belinda and Bennett, Michelle and {von Treuer}, Kathryn and Byers, Jessica},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC GERIATRICS},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12877-018-0966-1},
  abstract = {BackgroundResidential Aged Care Facilities (RACFs) are moving towards a Consumer Directed Care (CDC) model of care. There are limited examples of CDC in ageing research, and no evaluation of a comprehensive CDC intervention in residential care was located. This study will implement and evaluate a staff training program, Resident at the Center of Care (RCC), designed to facilitate and drive CDC in residential care.MethodsThe study will adopt a cluster randomized controlled design with 39 facilities randomly allocated to one of three conditions: delivery of the RCC program plus additional organizational support, delivery of the program without additional support, and care as usual. A total of 834 staff (22 in each facility, half senior, half general staff) as well as 744 residents (20 in each facility) will be recruited to participate in the study. The RCC program comprises five sessions spread over nine weeks: Session 1 clarifies CDC principles; Sessions 2 to 5 focus on skills to build and maintain working relationships with residents, as well as identifying organizational barriers and facilitators regarding the implementation of CDC. The primary outcome measure is resident quality of life. Secondary outcome measures are resident measures of choice and control, the working relationship between resident and staff; staff reports of transformational leadership, job satisfaction, intention to quit, experience of CDC, work role stress, organizational climate, and organizational readiness for change. All measures will be completed at four time points: pre-intervention, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-month follow-up. Primary analyses will be conducted on an intention to treat basis. Outcomes for the three conditions will be compared with multilevel linear regression modelling.DiscussionThe RCC program is designed to improve the knowledge and skills of staff and encourage transformational leadership and organizational change that supports implementation of CDC. The overarching goal is to improve the quality of life and care of older people living in residential care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Consumer directed care,Resident choice and control,Resident quality of life,Residential aged care,Staff training}
}

@article{McCall2010,
  title = {Income {{Inequality}}: {{New Trends}} and {{Research Directions}}},
  author = {McCall, Leslie and Percheski, Christine},
  editor = {Cook, {\relax KS} and Massey, {\relax DS}},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY, VOL 36},
  series = {Annual {{Review}} of {{Sociology}}},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {329--347},
  issn = {0360-0572},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102541},
  abstract = {Rising income inequality from the mid-1990s to the present was characterized by rapid income growth among top earners and new patterns of employment and income pooling across families and households. Research on economic inequality expanded from a more narrow focus on wage inequalities and labor markets to other domains including incentive pay, corporate governance, income pooling and family formation, social and economic policy, and political institutions. We review and provide a critical discussion of recent research in these new domains and suggest areas where sociological research may provide new insight into the character and causes of contemporary income inequality.},
  isbn = {978-0-8243-2236-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {compensation,distribution,family formation,political institutions,redistribution}
}

@article{McCarthy2018,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveThere}} Is No Time for Rest\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Gendered CSR}}, Sustainable Development and the Unpaid Care Work Governance Gap},
  author = {McCarthy, Lauren},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BUSINESS ETHICS-A EUROPEAN REVIEW},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {337--349},
  issn = {0962-8770},
  doi = {10.1111/beer.12190},
  abstract = {Unpaid care work, including child care, elder care, and housework, is unremunerated work essential to human survival and flourishing. Worldwide, women disproportionally carry out this work, impacting upon their ability to engage in other activities, such as education, employment, or leisure. Despite a growing number of businesses engaging in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegendered CSR,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the form of women's empowerment projects, attention to unpaid care work remains little discussed in the literature, despite its importance to sustainable development. Applying Diane Elson's feminist economic framework for alleviating unpaid care work inequality to a case study of gendered CSR in Ghana, I find that at present unpaid care work is (a) unrecognised in business' CSR, (b) may be both reduced or exacerbated by CSR efforts, and (c) remains conceptualised as relevant only to the private sphere, therefore, missing a unique opportunity for business to contribute to gender equality and sustainable development. Connecting unpaid care work and business responsibility contributes to a more expansive understanding of what CSR may be.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{McCaw-Binns2012,
  title = {The {{Millennium Development Goals}}},
  author = {{McCaw-Binns}, Affette and Hussein, Julia},
  editor = {Hussein, J and McCawBinns, A and Webber, R},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {MATERNAL AND PERINATAL HEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES},
  pages = {10--24},
  abstract = {The MDGs are a contract between the developed and the developing world to improve the quality of life in developing countries, laying out the responsibilities of both groups of countries in working towards achieving these goals. Developed countries are expected to provide 0.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GNP in official development assistance to finance development programmes. Developing countries should provide an appropriate policy environment, while increasing their investment in these activities. Three of the eight goals are health related and aim to achieve between 1990 and 2015: a two-thirds reduction in child deaths (MDG 4); a three-quarters decline in maternal deaths (MDG 5); and reversal of the HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis epidemics (MDG 6). Doubling the proportion of girls with a secondary education from 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 38\textbackslash textbackslash\% could reduce fertility from 5.3 to 3.9 children per woman and lower infant mortality from 81 to 38 deaths per 1000 births. Other MDGs focus on public health (safe water, sanitation, environmental protection), alleviation of poverty and hunger, and the determinants of development (education, gender equity, fair trade, debt management). Income inequity exacerbates inequalities between the rich and the poor. Globally, only 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of poor women have access to skilled care at birth compared to 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% among the wealthiest. In Africa and South-east Asia, the regions with highest maternal and child death rates, universal access to community, primary level and preventive interventions for newborns and mothers could reduce morbidity and mortality by half. Achieving the MDGs for maternal and child health would require universal access to clinical services as well.},
  isbn = {978-1-84593-745-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{McClellan2022,
  title = {Behind {{Closed Doors A Thematic Analysis}} of {{Diabetes Community Health Worker Home Visit Content}}},
  author = {McClellan, Sean P. and Boyd, Tyler W. and Hendrix, Jacqueline and Pena, Kryztal and Swider, Susan M. and Martin, Molly A. and Rothschild, Steven K.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {FAMILY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  pages = {299--307},
  issn = {0160-6379},
  doi = {10.1097/FCH.0000000000000341},
  abstract = {The present work studies how community health workers (CHWs) perform the role of educator and how this relates to the implementation of other CHW roles, skills, and qualities. Prior studies on this topic have relied on interviews or focus groups rather than analysis of CHW interactions. We conducted a thematic analysis of 24 transcripts of conversations occurring between CHWs and participants during home visits as part of the Mexican American Trial of Community Health Workers, a randomized controlled trial that improved clinical outcomes among low-income Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes. Three themes describing interactions related to diabetes self-management education accounted for about half of encounter content. The other half of encounter content was dedicated to interactions not explicitly related to diabetes described by 4 subthemes. In a successful CHW intervention, focused educational content was balanced with other interactions. Interactions not explicitly related to diabetes may have provided space for the implementation of core CHW roles, skills, and qualities other than educator, particularly those related to relationship building. It is important that interventions provide CHWs with sufficient time and flexibility to develop strong relationships with participants.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community health workers,diabetes mellitus,health status disparities,Mexican American,qualitative research}
}

@article{McDonald1996,
  title = {Farmers as Workers in {{Japan}}'s Regional Economic Restructuring, 1965-1985},
  author = {McDonald, {\relax MG}},
  year = {1996},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {72},
  number = {1},
  pages = {49--72},
  issn = {0013-0095},
  doi = {10.2307/144502},
  abstract = {Individuals living in farm households who commute to wage employment make up an important portion of Japan's \textbackslash textasciigrave'nonfarm'' workers. This study examines their growing numbers and the regional and sectoral trends in their off-farm jobs, to argue that farms have been more involved in recent macroeconomic growth than is commonly acknowledged. In the 20 years between 1965 and 1985, individuals living on farms filled new manufacturing jobs in the regions outside the Tokaido, urban-industrial belt. State subsidies for farm families' agricultural production have been generous, but have paid mainly for farm mechanization, which in turn has allowed and required farm residents to seek off-farm income. Regional policy has directed industrial plants to locate in farming regions, both to provide jobs to farmers and to provide workers to industries. To the extent that farm subsidies have partly supported rural households while enabling members to accept low-wage jobs in machinery manufacturing, farm subsidies have provided labor-cost advantages to the leading firms and industries in this period of restructuring. When farm households are viewed in this larger context of their off-farm employment, they have not fallen outside the loop of national economic growth in recent years, but have remained integral to that growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {industrial restructuring,Japan,off-farm employment,part-time farming,regional job shift}
}

@article{McDowell2005,
  title = {The Contradictions and Intersections of Class and Gender in a Global City: Placing Working Women's Lives on the Research Agenda},
  author = {McDowell, L and Perrons, D and Fagan, C and Ray, K and Ward, K},
  year = {2005},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A-ECONOMY AND SPACE},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {441--461},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1068/a3781},
  abstract = {In this paper we examine the relationships between class and gender in the context of current debates about economic change in Greater London. It is a common contention of the global city thesis that new patterns of inequality and class polarisation are apparent as the expansion of high-status employment brings in its wake rising employment in low-status, poorly paid \textbackslash textasciigraveservicing' occupations. Whereas urban theorists tend to ignore gender divisions, feminist scholars have argued that new class and income inequalities are opening up between women as growing numbers of highly credentialised women enter full-time, permanent employment and others are restricted to casualised, low-paid work. However, it is also argued that working women's interests coincide because of their continued responsibility for domestic obligations and still-evident gender discrimination in the labour market. In this paper we counterpose these debates, assessing the consequences for income inequality, for patterns of childcare and for work-life balance policies of rising rates of labour-market participation among women in Greater London. We conclude by outlining a new research agenda.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{McFadden2014,
  title = {Can Food Vouchers Improve Nutrition and Reduce Health Inequalities in Low-Income Mothers and Young Children: A Multi-Method Evaluation of the Experiences of Beneficiaries and Practitioners of the {{Healthy Start}} Programme in {{England}}},
  author = {McFadden, Alison and Green, Josephine M. and Williams, Victoria and McLeish, Jenny and McCormick, Felicia and {Fox-Rushby}, Julia and Renfrew, Mary J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-14-148},
  abstract = {Background: Good nutrition is important during pregnancy, breastfeeding and early life to optimise the health of women and children. It is difficult for low-income families to prioritise spending on healthy food. Healthy Start is a targeted United Kingdom (UK) food subsidy programme that gives vouchers for fruit, vegetables, milk, and vitamins to low-income families. This paper reports an evaluation of Healthy Start from the perspectives of women and health practitioners. Methods: The multi-method study conducted in England in 2011/2012 included focus group discussions with 49 health practitioners, an online consultation with 620 health and social care practitioners, service managers, commissioners, and user and advocacy groups, and qualitative participatory workshops with 85 low-income women. Additional focus group discussions and telephone interviews included the views of 25 women who did not speak English and three women from Traveller communities. Results: Women reported that Healthy Start vouchers increased the quantity and range of fruit and vegetables they used and improved the quality of family diets, and established good habits for the future. Barriers to registration included complex eligibility criteria, inappropriate targeting of information about the programme by health practitioners and a general low level of awareness among families. Access to the programme was particularly challenging for women who did not speak English, had low literacy levels, were in low paid work or had fluctuating incomes. The potential impact was undermined by the rising price of food relative to voucher value. Access to registered retailers was problematic in rural areas, and there was low registration among smaller shops and market stalls, especially those serving culturally diverse communities. Conclusions: Our evaluation of the Healthy Start programme in England suggests that a food subsidy programme can provide an important nutritional safety net and potentially improve nutrition for pregnant women and young children living on low incomes. Factors that could compromise this impact include erosion of voucher value relative to the rising cost of food, lack of access to registered retailers and barriers to registering for the programme. Addressing these issues could inform the design and implementation of food subsidy programmes in high income countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Food subsidy programme,Food vouchers,Fruit and vegetable intake,Healthy Start,Low-income families,Maternal and young child nutrition,Nutritional inequalities}
}

@article{McGaughey2022,
  title = {Will {{Robots Automate Your Job Away}}? {{Full Employment}}, {{Basic Income}} and {{Economic Democracy}}},
  author = {McGaughey, Ewan},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INDUSTRIAL LAW JOURNAL},
  volume = {51},
  number = {3},
  pages = {511--559},
  issn = {0305-9332},
  doi = {10.1093/indlaw/dwab010},
  abstract = {Will the internet, robotics and artificial intelligence mean a \textbackslash textasciigravejobless future'? A recent narrative, endorsed by tech-billionaires, says we face mass unemployment, and we need a basic income. In contrast, this article shows why the law can achieve full employment with fair incomes, and holidays with pay. Universal human rights, including the right to \textbackslash textasciigraveshare in scientific advancement and its benefits', set the proper guiding principles. Three distinct views of the causes of unemployment are that it is a \textbackslash textasciigravenatural' phenomenon, that technology may propel it, or that it is social and legal choice: to let capital owners restrict investment in jobs. Only the third view has any credible evidence to support it. Technology may create redundancies, but unemployment is a purely social phenomenon. After World War Two, 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% of UK jobs were redundant but social policy maintained full employment. This said, transition to new technology, when markets are left alone, can be exceedingly slow: a staggering 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of American horses lost their jobs after the Model T Ford, but only over 45 years. Both the global financial crisis from 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 illustrate the importance of social and legal policy, and suggest it is time to learn. Taking lessons from history, it is clear that unemployment is driven by inequality of wealth and of votes in the economy. To uphold human rights, governments should reprogramme the law, for full employment, fair incomes and more leisure, on a living planet. Robot owners will not automate your job away, if we defend economic democracy.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{McIntyre2014,
  title = {When Working Is Not Enough: Food Insecurity in the {{Canadian}} Labour Force},
  author = {McIntyre, Lynn and Bartoo, Aaron C. and Emery, J. C. Herbert},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {49--57},
  issn = {1368-9800},
  doi = {10.1017/S1368980012004053},
  abstract = {Objective Food insecurity, lack of access to food due to financial constraints, is highly associated with poor health outcomes. Households dependent on social assistance are at increased risk of experiencing food insecurity, but food insecurity has also been reported in households reporting their main source of income from employment/wages (working households). The objective of the present study was to examine the correlates of food insecurity among households reliant on employment income. Design Working households reporting food insecurity were studied through analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007-2008, employing descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Security Survey Module; all provinces participated. Setting Canada. Subjects Canadian households where main income was derived through labour force participation. Social assistance recipients were excluded. Results For the period 2007-2008, 4 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of working households reported food insecurity. Canadian households reliant on primary earners with less education and lower incomes were significantly more likely to experience food insecurity; these differences were accentuated across some industry sectors. Residence in Quebec was protective. Working households experiencing food insecurity were more likely to include earners reporting multiples jobs and higher job stress. Visible minority workers with comparable education levels experienced higher rates of food insecurity than European-origin workers. Conclusions Reliance on employment income does not eliminate food insecurity for a significant proportion of households, and disproportionately so for households with racialized minority workers. Increases in work stress may increase the susceptibility to poor health outcomes of workers residing in households reporting food insecurity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Food insecurity,Industry,Labour market}
}

@article{McKee2021,
  title = {Determinants of {{Fathers}}' and {{Mothers}}' {{Involvement}} in a {{Parenting Intervention}}},
  author = {McKee, Kelsey and Cabrera, Natasha and Alonso, Angelica and Turcios, Miguel and Reich, Stephanie},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MASCULINITIES},
  volume = {22},
  number = {3},
  pages = {521--537},
  issn = {1524-9220},
  doi = {10.1037/men0000320},
  abstract = {Parental involvement in interventions is key to their success. Drawing on data from an ongoing book-based parenting intervention aimed at increasing knowledge of child development among fathers and mothers of infants, we examined parents' participation and quality of their engagement in the first 2 waves of the intervention, when children were 9 to 12 months old. We also examined the factors that predicted parents' level of participation in the intervention. We report 2 sets of findings. First, parents participated an average of 2.6 times per week, and mothers participated more frequently than fathers. Almost all parents reported that they enjoyed reading the books regardless of their level of participation, though mothers reported slightly more enjoyment than fathers. Second, results of regression tree analyses showed that the most important predictor of mothers' and fathers' participation in the intervention was whether or not their partner was also participating. The other important set of predictors was the level of resources, hours worked, education, and household income for fathers and employment status and income for mothers. Our findings have important implications for improving fathers' and mothers' participation in interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fathers,infants,intervention,parenting,participation}
}

@article{McMahon2014,
  title = {Targets for Intervention to Improve Virological Outcomes for Patients Receiving Free Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Tamil Nadu}}, {{India}}},
  author = {McMahon, James H. and Manoharan, Anand and Wanke, Christine and Mammen, Shoba and Jose, Hepsibah and Malini, Thabeetha and Kadavanu, Tony and Jordan, Michael R. and Elliott, Julian H. and Lewin, Sharon R. and Mathai, Dilip},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {559--566},
  issn = {0954-0121},
  doi = {10.1080/09540121.2013.845282},
  abstract = {Operational research to identify factors predicting poor clinical outcomes is critical to maximize patient care and prolong first-line regimens for those receiving free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in India. We sought to identify social or clinical factors amenable to intervention that predict virological outcomes after 12 months of ART. We examined a retrospective cohort of consecutive adults initiating free nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Individuals remaining in care 12 months post-ART initiation were tested for HIV viral load and surveyed to identify barriers and facilitators to adherence, and to determine clinic travel times and associated costs. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression identified factors predicting HIV viral load {$>$}200 copies/mL after 12 months of ART. Of 230 adults initiating ART, 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients died, 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% transferred out, 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were lost to follow-up, and 174/230 (76\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed 12 months of ART, the questionnaire, and viral load testing. HIV viral load was {$<$}200 copies/mL in 140/174 (80\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients. In multivariate models, being busy with work or caring for others (OR 2.9, p {$<$} 0.01), having clinic transport times 3 hours (OR 3.0, p = 0.02), and alcohol use (OR 4.8, p = 0.03) predicted viral load {$>$}200 copies/mL after 12 months of ART. Clinical outcomes following ART are related to programmatic factors such as prolonged travel time and individual factors such as being busy with family or using alcohol. Simple interventions that alter these factors should be evaluated to improve clinical outcomes for populations receiving free ART in similar settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adherence,antiretroviral therapy,HIV,India,intervention targets,virological outcomes}
}

@article{McMahon2019,
  title = {Not Such an Ordinary Life: A Comparison of Employment, Marital Status and Housing Profiles of Adults with and without Intellectual Disabilities},
  author = {McMahon, Martin and Bowring, Darren Lee and Hatton, Chris},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {TIZARD LEARNING DISABILITY REVIEW},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4},
  pages = {213--221},
  issn = {1359-5474},
  doi = {10.1108/TLDR-03-2019-0014},
  abstract = {Purpose Having paid work, relationships and a choice of where to live are common policy priorities for adults with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to compare outcomes with respect to these three priorities between adults with intellectual disability and the general population in Jersey. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 217 adults with intellectual disability known to services, and 2,350 adults without intellectual disability using a stratified random sample. Data on employment, marital status and accommodation profiles were compared. Findings In sum, 87 per cent of adults with intellectual disability were currently single vs 16 per cent of adults without intellectual disability; 23 per cent of working-age adults with intellectual disability were in paid employment vs 92 per cent of working-age adults without intellectual disability; and 57 per cent of adults with intellectual disability lived-in sheltered housing vs 2 per cent of adults without intellectual disability. Social implications - Very few adults with intellectual disability are in paid employment or intimate relationships, and the majority live in sheltered, supported housing, with very few owning their own home. There is a significant disconnect between policy and reality. Considerable work is required to make an ordinary life the reality for adults with intellectual disability. Originality/value This study adds to the body of evidence that suggests people with intellectual disabilities are less likely to experience an ordinary life. Furthermore, it illustrates that despite Jersey being an affluent society, the same difficulties and barriers exist there for persons with an intellectual disability as in other jurisdictions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Housing,Intellectual disabilities,Ordinary life,Relationships}
}

@article{McManus2021,
  title = {Fiscal Consolidations and Distributional Effects: Which Form of Fiscal Austerity Is Least Harmful?},
  author = {McManus, Richard and Ozkan, F. Gulcin and Trzeciakiewicz, Dawid},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS-NEW SERIES},
  volume = {73},
  number = {1},
  pages = {317--349},
  issn = {0030-7653},
  doi = {10.1093/oep/gpz065},
  abstract = {Distributional consequences of fiscal austerity, while being increasingly recognized in the policy debate, have received little attention in the existing formal work. This paper proposes a medium-scale New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model incorporating an appropriate dimension of household heterogeneity and a well-specified fiscal structure, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of losers and winners from austerity. We find, first, that cutting transfers and public employment, and raising labour income taxes are the most regressive forms of austerity, greatly raising income inequality. In contrast, raising capital income taxes is progressive-the only such policy in our analysis-and entails the smallest output losses in the short term. Second, the speed of austerity emerges as a potential tool in fiscal adjustment. Indeed, speedy austerity yields the worst distributive and output effects irrespective of its composition. Finally, fiscal consolidation is particularly damaging in downturns where distributional effects are substantially more unfavourable than in normal times.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{McNeeley2023,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Education}} on {{Recidivism}} and {{Employment Among Individuals Released Before}} and {{During}} the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
  author = {McNeeley, Susan},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY},
  issn = {0306-624X},
  doi = {10.1177/0306624X231159886},
  abstract = {Prior research shows employment is an important component of desistance, but there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness of prison-based education programs. Therefore, this study examines whether participation in vocational education programs while incarcerated improves recidivism and post-release employment outcomes. In addition, the study controls for the timing of release to examine whether recidivism and employment outcomes varied during the COVID-19 pandemic. Observable selection bias was reduced by using propensity score matching to create similar treatment and comparison groups. After matching, there were no differences in any outcome between those who obtained vocational certificates and the comparison group. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for selection bias in evaluations of education and employment programs. It is recommended that career-focused educational programs incorporate the risk-needs-responsivity model and the continuum of care principle, build relationships with community employers, and assist with practical barriers to employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Meade2004,
  title = {Race, Employment, and Spinal Cord Injury},
  author = {Meade, {\relax MA} and Lewis, A and Jackson, {\relax MN} and Hess, {\relax DW}},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {85},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1782--1792},
  issn = {0003-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2004.05.001},
  abstract = {Objectives: To examine issues of employment and race for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), by assessing the type of work that was being done before and after injury and by placing this in the context of patterns for the general population. Design: Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. Setting: Centers funded as part of the federally sponsored Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems (MSCIS) Project. Participants: Two samples: 5925 African Americans and whites with SCI who are part of the MSCIS and a subset of 577 people with SCI. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Demographic information, occupational status, employment rate, job census codes, Craig Hospital Assessment and Reporting Technique-Short Form, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. Results: Racial disparities were found in employment rates before injury and at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after SCI. Differences were also found in the types of jobs that were held before SCI with patterns for participants similar to those of African Americans and whites in the general population. No differences were found in the types of jobs held by African Americans and whites with SCI at 1 year after injury. After injury, African Americans had lower economic self-sufficiency scores, regardless of employment status, and lower social integration scores among those who were not employed. Conclusions: Racial disparities found in employment patterns among persons with SCI mirrored patterns among the general population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,race,rehabilitation,spinal cord injuries}
}

@article{Meadows2016,
  title = {Employment {{Gaps Between Military Spouses}} and {{Matched Civilians}}},
  author = {Meadows, Sarah O. and Griffin, Beth Ann and Karney, Benjamin R. and Pollak, Julia},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ARMED FORCES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {42},
  number = {3},
  pages = {542--561},
  issn = {0095-327X},
  doi = {10.1177/0095327X15607810},
  abstract = {Drawing upon data from the Deployment Life Study, this article examines whether female military spouses (SPs) are disadvantaged relative to matched civilian peers in terms of hours worked and earnings, paying particular attention to gaps among the highest educated women. Female SPs do earn less than comparable civilian peers in terms of raw dollars and percentage earnings. Moreover, military wives who are part of the labor force work as many hours as their civilian counterparts, but still earn significantly less for that work. Contrary to predictions, the most educated SPs are not disproportionately affected compared to spouses with less education. These results suggest that SPs at all education levels could benefit from employment assistance; in particular, women already participating in the labor force may benefit from support in finding higher paying jobs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income,labor force participation,military families,wives' employment}
}

@article{Meara2006,
  title = {Welfare Reform, Employment, and Drug and Alcohol Use among Low-Income Women},
  author = {Meara, Ellen},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {HARVARD REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {223--232},
  issn = {1067-3229},
  doi = {10.1080/10673220600883150},
  abstract = {In 1996 welfare reform legislation transformed income assistance for needy families by imposing work requirements, time-limited benefits, and explicit provisions allowing states to sanction recipients who fail to meet program requirements. Though they represent a minority of the welfare population, women with substance use disorders (SUDS) experience multiple, and more severe, employment barriers than other Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients. This review of welfare reform, substance abuse, and employment documents the evidence to date regarding the employment patterns of women with SUDS before and after welfare reform, and proposes several topics for further research. Based on higher rates of unemployment, less work experience, and lower earnings when working, women with SUDS have worse employment records than other TANF recipients. Despite elevated employment barriers, women with SUDS left TANF after 1996 as fast as, or faster than, other women. Since the 1996 welfare reform, women with SUDS have increased their employment and earnings, but by less than similar women without SUDS. Future research should describe how specific state welfare policies relate to employment of low-income women with SUDS, how the well-being of these women and their children changes with employment, and how welfare and employment interact to affect access to health insurance among this population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,substance abuse,welfare}
}

@article{Meghji2021,
  title = {The Long Term Effect of Pulmonary Tuberculosis on Income and Employment in a Low Income, Urban Setting},
  author = {Meghji, Jamilah and Gregorius, Stefanie and Madan, Jason and Chitimbe, Fatima and Thomson, Rachael and Rylance, Jamie and Banda, Ndaziona P. K. and Gordon, Stephen B. and Corbett, Elizabeth L. and Mortimer, Kevin and Squire, Stephen Bertel},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {THORAX},
  volume = {76},
  number = {4},
  pages = {387--395},
  issn = {0040-6376},
  doi = {10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215338},
  abstract = {Background Mitigating the socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis (TB) is key to the WHO End TB Strategy. However, little known about socioeconomic well-being beyond TB-treatment completion. In this mixed-methods study, we describe socioeconomic outcomes after TB-disease in urban Blantyre, Malawi, and explore pathways and barriers to financial recovery. Methods Adults {$>$}= 15 years successfully completing treatment for a first episode of pulmonary TB under the National TB Control Programme were prospectively followed up for 12 months. Socioeconomic, income, occupation, health seeking and cost data were collected. Determinants and impacts of ongoing financial hardship were explored through illness narrative interviews with purposively selected participants. Results 405 participants were recruited from February 2016 to April 2017. Median age was 35 years (IQR: 28-41), 67.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (275/405) were male, and 60.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (244/405) were HIV-positive. Employment and incomes were lowest at TB-treatment completion, with limited recovery in the following year: fewer people were in paid work (63.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (232/368) vs 72.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (293/405), p=0.006), median incomes were lower (US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar44.13 (IQR: US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar0-US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar106.15) vs US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar72.20 (IQR: US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar26.71-US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar173.29), p{$<$}0.001), and more patients were living in poverty (earning},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health economics,post-TB lung disease,Pulmonary tuberculosis,social determinants,TB sequelae}
}

@article{Mehl1997,
  title = {Transforming Social Security in Agriculture in Transition Countries: {{The}} Case of {{East Germany}}},
  author = {Mehl, P},
  year = {1997},
  journal = {LANDBAUFORSCHUNG VOLKENRODE},
  volume = {47},
  number = {2},
  pages = {75--88},
  issn = {0458-6859},
  abstract = {In this paper practical and political problems concerning the transformation of the social security system in agriculture of the \textbackslash textasciigraveold' Federal Republic of Germany to the New Federal States are discussed. The intention is to analyse the impacts of transferring this system to East Germany, especially concerning social security matters and their financial and distributive effects. Furthermore some conclusions from the East German experiences for the transformation of the social policy systems for the agricultural sectors in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) are drawn. Since insight into the interdependencies of polity politics and policies are important for a successful guidance the political determinants of policy-making in this sector in unified Germany are examined too. In comparison with the CEECs the transformation process in East Germany has to Se dealt with as a special case. The very rapid transition from a planned economy to a market economy lead to a drastic reduction of jobs particularly in the agricultural sector of East Germany. But unlike other CEECs in transition, a whole string of government programmes has been adopted and contributed a lot to make this process socially acceptable. The transfers from the federal budget to the New Lander amounted to 615 billion DM from 1991 to 1995; approximately 40 per cent (215 billion DM) has been spent on social policy measures, mainly for the labour market policy measures. In this respect, the New Federal States found themselves in a unique situation which gave them a rather privileged position, facilitating and mitigating the required changes. A further consequence of this general framework of transition was that the transformation in the New Federal States meant in almost every economic sector the transfer of the West German institutions. The structure of agricultural enterprises in East Germany differed, however, considerably from the West German family farms. Therefore, a sob adoption of West German institutions of social security policy for the agricultural sector in the New Federal States was problematic: On the one hand it seemed questionable whether this scheme was applicable to the special situation and particular social security demands of the farm population in the New Federal States. On the other band the agricultural social security system in the Federal Republic of Germany had become an important instrument of agricultural income policy at the national level. Since it is highly subsidised the question arised how this would influence the competitiveness between different legal forms of farm enterprises. Hence political decision makers were in a dilemma: introducing the special agricultural insurance system without any significant changes in the financing system would exclude many registered cooperatives from subsidies of considerable amount. So an alternative policy-option was to reform the system by decoupling the social security policy for agriculture from income: policy objectives and reforming it using the social insurance systems for employees as a point of reference. Politicians have chosen different options in transferring the social security system in agriculture of the Old Federal States to the New Federal States. In health and accident insurance the policy-option of an unchanged transfer of the West German institutions was preferred. In the old age pension scheme the policy-option of a transfer was linked with a partial reform of the system, reducing the distributive advantages of the sectoral system. With the exception of the agricultural accident insurance covering an types of farm enterprises the working population in agriculture is treated in accordance to their status as self employed or employees. Whereas agricultural entrepreneurs are included into the sectoral systems, agricultural employees remain in the general statutory systems. This was a reasonable solution in terms of the different social needs of both groups. Comparing the distributive effects of the two systems however shows, that there are still considerable advantages for the farmers' system, despite a remarkable reform of the farmer's old age pension scheme. Explaining these policy outcomes in social security policy in agriculture has to focus on changing policy networks before and after German unification. The path-dependency and in some way contingency of the policy process and its results make it almost impossible to draw general conclusions, in order to provide guidance as to how to manage reform processes in agricultural policy. Due to the fact that all CEECs are undertaking or initiating reforms of their social security systems, however, these countries do have a particular interest to find the best possible solutions for the social problems they are involved, bearing in mind, however, that a social security system cannot simply be copied from another country. A look at social security systems in West European countries demonstrates the wide range of possibilities available for organizing social security. In Central and East European countries too there was not one single socialist system of social security policy. Hence, CEECs have to reform their own schemes due to the overall conditions and the historical backgrounds in each country. This does not, however, imply that experiences from social security in western democratic countries or the transformation process in East Germany may not be of interest to the other states undergoing transformation. In all 15 member countries of the EU employees in agriculture and self-employed farmers as well are covered by comprehensive compulsory insurance schemes. But especially the insurance schemes for farmers, obligatorily insured in old age pension schemes in all states, are very heterogenously organized. Partly, farmers are insured in special agricultural systems or in social security systems for self-employed persons, partly, farmers are members of the general social security systems. Despite great varieties in entitlement rules, insured persons, level of benefits etc. all sectoral systems for farmers have the following in common: more old age pensioners than contributors; a high dependency on state subsidies; a low level of pensions and problems of compatibility with other old age pension schemes, if a farmer decides to change occupation. Up to now among the CEECs only Poland has a special system of old age pensions for farmers. In the other CEECs, farmers as well as the entire working population in agriculture were insured within the general system. Experiences in Poland with KRUS, the agricultural social security fund, are similiar to those in Western European countries with special security systems for farmers. Looking at the experiences in the FRG, in the other West-European countries with special systems for farmers and in Poland, it seems not to be a recommendable solution for other CEECs to follow these examples.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Mekvabidze2012,
  title = {{{ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND POLICY}}: {{STUDYING OF INEQUALITY IN GEORGIA}}},
  author = {Mekvabidze, Ruizan},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (ICERI 2012)},
  abstract = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveI saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles and I saw all kinds of inequalities....\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. Post Soviet countries and among of them Georgia shows a fast growing asymmetry in the distribution of income and wealth during transition period. In this paper is analyzed the determinants of inequality in Georgia starting with factors influencing the changing distribution of wages, income and the others being at the core of economic inequality. Inequality can also be framed in a broader sense than income, e. g. inequality in consumption, or inequality of resources, including assets and wealth. Not very surprisingly a strong correlation between output loss in the early phase of transition and the rise of inequality measures as the change of Gini coefficient which is a measure of inequality. Purpose: The discussion on the development of inequality in Georgia and analysis the possible reasons for the observed increase of inequality. The recent situation of inequality in Georgia well as its development since 1990 have analyzed taking into account the profound political, economic as well as social transition having occurred in Georgia. Looking at the development of average inequality in the regions of Georgia, we see that in all of these cases the liberalization of markets led to a sudden rise in income dispersion. The fall of labor demand as well as the liberalization of labor market regulations were accompanied by the emergence of all kinds of less regulated forms of employment. The elimination of legal restrictions on private business activity and ownership gave rise to self-employment throughout country. In particular, in Georgia the sharp and persistent fall in labor demand of enterprises forced workers to move into low-productivity jobs in the service sector or subsistence agriculture, since in many of the regions of Georgia social protection is lacking and the status of unemployment is not an affordable option, but labor supply was reduced. Methodology: to state the desirable properties of measures of inequality when the variable under study is ordinal and check which properties are fulfilled by the various indicators. Conclusions: The choice of the main indicators which were highly correlated with others for studying of economic inequality's in Georgia are: Health insurance, homelessness, income inequality, wage inequality, deregulation labor, internal displaced community, income distribution, Middle class is not formed in Georgia and differences between rich and low classes are very high. As the data by state statistics is not presented for these indicators in series by years, this work have to provide more carefully consistently again.},
  isbn = {978-84-616-0763-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income distribution,inequality,labor demand,measures of inequality,social protection,unemployment},
  note = {5th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Madrid, SPAIN, NOV 19-21, 2012}
}

@article{Mendis2004,
  title = {Barriers to Management of Cardiovascular Risk in a Low-Resource Setting Using Hypertension as an Entry Point},
  author = {Mendis, S and Abegunde, D and Oladapo, O and Celletti, F and Nordet, P},
  year = {2004},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {59--64},
  issn = {0263-6352},
  doi = {10.1097/00004872-200401000-00013},
  abstract = {Objective Assess capacity of health-care facilities in a low-resource setting to implement the absolute risk approach for assessment of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients and effective management of hypertension Design and setting A descriptive cross-sectional study in Egbeda and Oluyole local government areas of Oyo State in Nigeria in 56 randomly selected primary- (n = 42) and secondary-level (n = 2) health-care and private health-care (n = 12) facilities. Participants One thousand consecutive, known hypertensives attending the selected facilities for follow-up, and health-care providers working in the above randomly selected facilities, were interviewed. Results About two-thirds of hypertensives utilized primary-care centers both for diagnosis and for follow-up. Laboratory and other investigations to exclude secondary hypertension or to assess target organ damage were not available in the majority of facilities, particularly in primary care. A considerable knowledge and awareness gap related to hypertension and its complications was found, both among patients and health-care providers. Blood pressure control rates were poor \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace28\textbackslash textbackslash\% with systolic blood pressure (SBP) {$<$} 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) {$<$} 90 mmHg] and drug prescription patterns were not evidence based and cost effective. The majority of patients (73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in this low socio-economic group (mean monthly income US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar73) had to pay fully, out of their own pocket, for consultations and medications. Conclusions If the absolute risk approach for assessment of risk and effective management of hypertension is to be implemented in low-resource settings, appropriate policy measures need to be taken to improve the competency of health-care providers, to provide basic laboratory facilities and to develop affordable financing mechanisms. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {absolute risk,cardiovascular risk,hypertension,low-resource settings}
}

@article{Meng2012,
  title = {Labor {{Market Outcomes}} and {{Reforms}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Meng, Xin},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {75--101},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.26.4.75},
  abstract = {Over the past few decades of economic reform, China's labor markets have been transformed to an increasingly market-driven system. China has two segregated economies: the rural and urban. Understanding the shifting nature of this divide is probably the key to understanding the most important labor market reform issues of the last decades and the decades ahead. From 1949, the Chinese economy allowed virtually no labor mobility between the rural and urban sectors. Rural-urban segregation was enforced by a household registration system called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehukou.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Individuals born in rural areas receive \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveagriculture hukou\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace while those born in cities are designated as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenonagricultural hukou.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace In the countryside, employment and income were linked to the commune-based production system. Collectively owned communes provided very basic coverage for health, education, and pensions. In cities, state-assigned life-time employment, centrally determined wages, and a cradle-to-grave social welfare system were implemented. In the late 1970s, China's economic reforms began, but the timing and pattern of the changes were quite different across rural and urban labor markets. This paper focuses on employment and wages in the urban labor markets, the interaction between the urban and rural labor markets through migration, and future labor market challenges. Despite the remarkable changes that have occurred, inherited institutional impediments still play an important role in the allocation of labor; the hukou system remains in place, and 72 percent of China's population is still identified as rural hukou holders. China must continue to ease its restrictions on rurala is an element of urban migration, and must adopt policies to close the widening rural-urban gap in education, or it risks suffering both a shortage of workers in the growing urban areas and a deepening urban-rural economic divide.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Meng2017,
  title = {Factors Associated with Sickness Absence among Employees with Chronic Conditions},
  author = {Meng, L. and Robinson, K. T. and Smith, M. L.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-OXFORD},
  volume = {67},
  number = {4},
  pages = {296--300},
  issn = {0962-7480},
  doi = {10.1093/occmed/kqx028},
  abstract = {Background The growing prevalence of chronic conditions in the ageing workforce has been shown to have a negative impact in terms of optimal work performance and quality of life. It is therefore important to understand the factors associated with sickness absence due to health problems. Aims To examine the socio-demographics, health status indicators, barriers to self-care and social support associated with working adults missing work because of chronic conditions. Methods We analysed data from working adults in the USA with one or more chronic conditions who completed the National Council on Aging (NCOA) Chronic Care Survey. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 22; independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare sample characteristics and logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with missed work as a dichotomous outcome variable. Results Among the 250 study subjects, employees who reported poorer general health status \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceodd ratio (OR) = 1.62, P {$<$} 0.05], more physician visits (OR = 1.45, P {$<$} 0.01), not having enough money for their health (OR = 3.69, P {$<$} 0.01) and a higher reliance on their co-workers (OR = 1.71, P {$<$} 0.05) were significantly more likely to report sickness absence due to their chronic conditions. Conclusions To reduce absences among employees with chronic conditions, employers need to understand the importance of factors such as employee income, resources and knowledge of disease self-care. US employers should explore opportunities for employees to offset health care costs, apply appropriate time-flexible work policies and encourage employees' participation in health knowledge enhancing interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chronic disease,health workplaces,management policy,workplace,workplace health promotion}
}

@article{Mengi2022,
  title = {A Systematic Literature Review on Traditional to Artificial Intelligence Based Socio-Behavioral Disorders Diagnosis in {{India}}: {{Challenges}} and Future Perspectives},
  author = {Mengi, Mehak and Malhotra, Deepti},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING},
  volume = {129},
  issn = {1568-4946},
  doi = {10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109633},
  abstract = {Background : Socio-behavioral disorders(SBD), a subtype of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) characterized by social and behavioral abnormalities, is a significant mental health concern requiring immediate attention. Phenotypic knowledge, biological understanding and the tools developed are all from western countries. Numerous researches have been conducted that have scrutinized the performance accuracy of traditional-based SBD tools developed in western culture. However, very little information is available for low or middle-income countries. Objective: In middle-income countries like India, there is a shortage of resources, trained professionals and a lack of knowledge regarding which tools are effective for a particular target group owing to which most of the cases go undetected and undiagnosed until adolescence. Motivated by the earlier discussion, this study's objective is to consider all the pathways from traditional to Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools developed for diagnosing SBD in the Indian population. This research work expounds on the systematic study and analysis of various conventional and fuzzy-based expert systems introduced between 1925-2021. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used to select the articles published on the web of science, SCOPUS, and EMBASE to identify relevant Indian studies. A total of 148 papers are considered impactful for SBD prediction using traditional or fuzzy-based techniques. This survey deliberated the work done by the different researchers, highlighting the limitations in the existing literature and the performance comparison of tools based on various parameters such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, target audience, along with their pros and cons. Some investigations have been designed, and the solutions to those were explored. Results : Results of this study indicated that most validated SBD tools present many barriers to use in the Indian population. Thus, to overcome these implications, an Artificial Intelligence(AI) framework, MRIMMTL, based on MRI multimodality transfer learning techniques(TL), is proposed to be implemented for the early detection of SBD subjects. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ADHD,Artificial intelligence,ASD,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,Autism spectrum disorder,Biomarkers,Diagnostic tools,Domain adaptation,Fuzzy tools,Neurodevelopmental disorders,Screening tools,Socio-behavioral disorders,Soft computing,Transfer learning}
}

@article{Meredith2014,
  title = {Design of the {{Violence}} and {{Stress Assessment}} ({{ViStA}}) Study: {{A}} Randomized Controlled Trial of Care Management for {{PTSD}} among Predominantly {{Latino}} Patients in Safety Net Health Centers},
  author = {Meredith, Lisa S. and Eisenman, David P. and Green, Bonnie L. and Kaltman, Stacey and Wong, Eunice C. and Han, Bing and Cassells, Andrea and Tobin, Jonathan N.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {163--172},
  issn = {1551-7144},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2014.04.005},
  abstract = {Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common problem in primary care. Although effective treatments are available, little is known about whether such treatments are effective within the context of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) that serve as national \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesafety nets\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for providing primary care for low income and underinsured patients. The Violence and Stress Assessment (ViStA) study is the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the impact of a care management intervention for treating PTSD in FQHCs. To develop a PTSD management intervention appropriate for lower resource FQHCs and the predominantly Latino patients they serve, formative work was conducted through a collaborative effort between researchers and an FQHC practice-based research network. This article describes how FQHC stakeholders were convened to review, assess, and prioritize evidence-based strategies for addressing patient, clinician, and system-level barriers to care. This multi-component care management intervention incorporates diagnosis with feedback, patient education and activation; navigation and linkage to community resources; clinician education and medication guidance; and structured cross-disciplinary communication and continuity of care, all facilitated by care managers with FQHC experience. We also describe the evaluation design of this five-year RCT and the characteristics of the 404 English or Spanish speaking patients enrolled in the study and randomized to either the intervention or to usual care. Patients are assessed at baseline, six months, and 12 months to examine intervention effectiveness on PTSD, other mental health symptoms, health-related quality-of-life, health care service use; and perceived barriers to care and satisfaction with care. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care management,Hispanic/Latino,Integrating primary care and mental health,Post-traumatic stress disorder,Primary care,Safety net Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs)}
}

@article{Merenlender2016,
  title = {Evaluating Environmental Education, Citizen Science, and Stewardship through Naturalist Programs},
  author = {Merenlender, Adina M. and Crall, Alycia W. and Drill, Sabrina and Prysby, Michelle and Ballard, Heidi},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CONSERVATION BIOLOGY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1255--1265},
  issn = {0888-8892},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12737},
  abstract = {Amateur naturalists have played an important role in the study and conservation of nature since the 17th century. Today, naturalist groups make important contributions to bridge the gap between conservation science and practice around the world. We examined data from 2 regional naturalist programs to understand participant motivations, barriers, and perspectives as well as the actions they take to advance science, stewardship, and community engagement. These programs provide certification-based natural history and conservation science training for adults that is followed by volunteer service in citizen science, education, and stewardship. Studies in California and Virginia include quantitative and qualitative evaluation data collected through pre- and postcourse surveys, interviews, and long-term tracking of volunteer hours. Motivations of participants focused on learning about the local environment and plants and animals, connecting with nature, becoming certified, and spending time with people who have similar interests. Over half the participants surveyed were over 50 years old, two-thirds were women, and a majority reported household incomes of over \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000 (60\textbackslash textbackslash\% in California, 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Virginia), and {$<$}20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those surveyed in both states described themselves as nonwhite. Thus, these programs need to improve participation by a wider spectrum of the public. We interviewed younger and underrepresented adults to examine barriers to participation in citizen science. The primary barrier was lack of time due to the need to work and focus on career advancement. Survey data revealed that participants' ecological knowledge, scientific skills, and belief in their ability to address environmental issues increased after training. Documented conservation actions taken by the participants include invasive plant management, habitat restoration, and cleanups of natural areas and streams. Long-term data from Virginia on volunteer hours dedicated to environmental citizen science show an increase from 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2007 to 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2014. In general, participants in the naturalist programs we examined increased their content knowledge about ecosystems, had greater confidence in conserving them, and continued to engage as citizen scientists after completing the program.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {diversity,ecological monitoring,natural history,UC California Naturalist,Virginia Master Naturalist,volunteers}
}

@article{Merritt2013,
  title = {Regional and Remote Occupational Therapy: {{A}} Preliminary Exploration of Private Occupational Therapy Practice},
  author = {Merritt, Judith and Perkins, David and Boreland, Frances},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL},
  volume = {60},
  number = {4},
  pages = {276--287},
  issn = {0045-0766},
  doi = {10.1111/1440-1630.12042},
  abstract = {Background/aim: Private providers of Medicare funded services are an integral part of the Australian primary health-care system. Evidence on private occupational therapy practice in rural and remote Australian settings is sparse. Methods: Providers of private occupational therapy services in outer regional and remote areas were surveyed regarding location and type of services provided, practice models and demographics. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the findings. Results: Thirty-seven respondents completed the survey. In remote areas a number of occupational therapy services are not provided and no practices are based in very remote towns. One quarter of respondents visit at least five towns each week and one third had other paid employment. Nearly half indicated they will leave private practice within the next five years and nearly one third believed they could not sustain their practice. Medicare Chronic Disease Management was the main income source of only around half the respondents. Conclusions: There is a potential market failure of private occupational therapy in rural and remote areas, impacting on people who need these services and on work-force replacement. Contributing factors include population imbalance between cities and regional/remote areas, financial implications where only face-to-face contact is paid for and low incomes and levels of health insurance in regional/remote areas. Potential strategies include addressing the lack of reimbursement for travel, enabling private providers to overcome barriers to providing student placements and recognising rural practice as a specialist field.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {primary health care,private practice,remote,rural}
}

@article{Mertens2019,
  title = {Interprofessional Collaboration within Fluid Teams: {{Community}} Nurses' Experiences with Palliative Home Care},
  author = {Mertens, Fien and De Gendt, Anneleen and Deveugele, Myriam and Van Hecke, Ann and Pype, Peter},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING},
  volume = {28},
  number = {19-20},
  pages = {3680--3690},
  issn = {0962-1067},
  doi = {10.1111/jocn.14969},
  abstract = {Aims and objectives To explore how community nurses experience the collaboration with general practitioners and specialist palliative home care team nurses in palliative home care and the perceived factors influencing this collaboration. Background The complexity of, and the demand for, palliative home care is increasing. Primary palliative care is provided by community nurses and general practitioners, often in collaboration with palliative home care team nurses. Although these professionals may each individually be part of a fixed team, a new temporary team is often composed for every new palliative patient. These membership changes, referred to as team membership fluidity, challenge professionals to work effectively. Design and methods A qualitative research design, using semi-structured interviews with community nurses. Participant selection happened through regional palliative care networks in Belgium. The network's palliative home care team nurses selected community nurses with whom they recently collaborated. Twenty interviews were conducted. A constant comparative analysis approach was used. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines were followed. Results Formal interprofessional team meetings were not common practice. The other's approachability and knowing each other positively influenced the collaboration. Time constraints, the general practitioners' lack of expertise, communication style, hierarchy perception and income dependency negatively influenced the collaboration with general practitioners and determined palliative home care team nurses' involvement. The coping strategies of community nurses balanced between a behaviour focused to the patient and to the professional relationship. Specialist palliative home care team nurses were relied upon for their expertise but also to mediate when community nurses disagreed with general practitioners. Conclusion Community nurses showed to be highly adaptable within the fluid team. Strikingly, dynamics described in the doctor-nurse game 50 years ago are still present today and affect the interprofessional communication. Interprofessional education interventions can contribute to improved interprofessional collaboration. Relevance to clinical practice The study findings uncovered critical knowledge gaps in interprofessional collaboration in palliative home care. Insights are relevant for and related to professional well-being and workplace learning.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ad hoc team,community nursing,fluid team,interprofessional collaboration,palliative care,primary health care,qualitative research,teamwork}
}

@article{Meyer-Rosberg2001,
  title = {Peripheral Neuropathic Pain - a Multidimensional Burden for Patients},
  author = {{Meyer-Rosberg}, K and Kvarnstrom, A and Kinnman, E and Gordh, T and Nordfors, {\relax LO} and Kristofferson, A},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAIN},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {379--389},
  issn = {1090-3801},
  doi = {10.1053/eujp.2001.0259},
  abstract = {The present study was undertaken to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and burden of illness due to pain and its treatment for patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). It is the first step in finding reliable instruments/targets to evaluate treatment outcome in this patient population. Study population consisted of 126 patients suffering from neuropathic, pain due to a peripheral nerve or root lesion, recruited from two multidisciplinary pain clinics. HRQoL was examined using Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Pain intensity in four categories (at rest and evoked by movement, touch and cold) was rated on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Degree of discomfort from pain and 25 symptoms related to pain and side-effects was also assessed. Reduction in workload due to pain was recorded, as was the pain relief from previous and current treatments and the reasons for discontinuing previous treatments. All dimensions in SF-36 and NHP were significantly impaired. SF-36 was a valid instrument for describing the impact of pain on the HRQoL of patients with PNP. NHP had a lower reliability but has other advantages that might be of importance. Many patients experienced poor pain relief from ongoing pain treatments. Most previous treatments were discontinued owing to lack of efficacy and/or severe side-effects. Many patients experienced a high intensity of at least one type of pain; median VAS for the highest pain intensity score of each patient (any type of pain) was 74/100. Besides pain, patients were most bothered by difficulty in sleeping, lack of energy, drowsiness, difficulty in concentrating and dry mouth. Employment status was reduced owing to pain in 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients. The intense pain, other troublesome symptoms, limited efficacy and tolerability of available treatments, together with the impaired health and reduced work status, amount to a substantial burden for patients with PNP. (C) 2001 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health related quality of life,nerve root lesion,Nottingham Health Profile,peripheral nerve injury,peripheral neuropathic pain,rating scale,SF-36}
}

@article{Meyer2003,
  title = {Economic Globalization and Women's Status in the Labor Market: {{A}} Cross-National Investigation of Occupational Sex Segregation and Inequality},
  author = {Meyer, {\relax LB}},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY},
  volume = {44},
  number = {3},
  pages = {351--383},
  issn = {0038-0253},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00537.x},
  abstract = {This study examines the effects of economic globalization on occupational sex segregation and occupational inequality. A theory of global economic restructuring and its impact on the quality of women's work suggests that national integration into the world economy significantly expands opportunities for women in the workplace but does not remove barriers to women's advancement or ameliorate the predominance of low-paying, menial jobs held by women. Two measures of gender occupational differentiation are employed as dependent variables in cross-sectional OLS regression analyses of fifty-six countries using data from 1970-1990. Results indicate that global economic forces reduce occupational sex segregation and inequality. However, these effects are determined by a country's world system position and region. The analyses illustrate that global economic restructuring is a gendered process that transforms and builds upon existing gender inequalities. Therefore, the inclusion of global structural characteristics into comparative research on occupational sex differentiation is essential.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/J4VBBW9U/Meyer_2003_Economic globalization and women's status in the labor market.pdf}
}

@article{Meyer2013,
  title = {Inequities in Access to Healthcare: Analysis of National Survey Data across Six {{Asia-Pacific}} Countries},
  author = {Meyer, Samantha B. and Luong, Tini C. N. and Mamerow, Loreen and Ward, Paul R.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1472-6963},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-13-238},
  abstract = {Background: Evidence suggests that there is a link between inequitable access to healthcare and inequitable distribution of illness. A recent World Health Organization report stated that there is a need for research and policy to address the critical role of health services in reducing inequities and preventing future inequities. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight disparities and differences in terms of the factors that distinguish between poor and good access to healthcare across six Asia-Pacific countries: Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. Methods: A population survey was undertaken in each country. This paper is a secondary analysis of these existing data. Data were collected in each country between 2009 and 2010. Four variables related to difficulties in access to healthcare (distance, appointment, waiting time, and cost) were analysed using binomial logistic regression to identify socio- and demographic predictors of inequity. Results: Consistent across the findings, poor health and low income were identified as difficulties in access. Country specific indicators were also identified. For Thailand, the poorest level of access appears to be for respondents who work within the household whereas in Taiwan, part-time work is associated with difficulties in access. Within Hong Kong, results suggest that older (above 60) and retired individuals have the poorest access and within Australia, females and married individuals are the worst off. Conclusion: Recognition of these inequities, from a policy perspective, is essential for health sector policy decision-making. Despite the differences in political and economic climate in the countries under analysis, our findings highlight patterns of inequity which require policy responses. Our data should be used as a means of deciding the most appropriate policy response for each country which includes, rather than excludes, socially marginalised population groups. These findings should be of interest to those involved in health policy, but also in policy more generally because as we have identified, access to health care is influenced by determinants outside of the health system.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access,Asia,Equity,Healthcare,Pacific,Policy,Social determinants}
}

@article{Meyer2020,
  title = {Strengthening Health Systems Response to Violence against Women: Protocol to Test Approaches to Train Health Workers in {{India}}},
  author = {Meyer, Sarah R. and Rege, Sangeeta and Avalaskar, Prachi and Deosthali, Padma and {Garcia-Moreno}, Claudia and Amin, Avni},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {PILOT AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s40814-020-00609-x},
  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, including in low- and middle-income \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceLMIC] countries, there is increased attention to and investment in interventions to prevent and respond to violence against women; however, most of these approaches are delivered outside of formal or informal health systems. The World Health Organization published clinical and policy guidelines Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women in 2013. Further evidence is needed concerning implementation of the Guidelines, including how health care providers perceive training interventions, if the training approach meets their needs and is of relevance to them and how to ensure sustainability of changes in practice due to training. This manuscript describes a study protocol for a mixed methods study of the implementation of the Guidelines and related tools in tertiary hospitals in two districts in Maharashtra, India.MethodsThe study will employ a mixed-methods study design. A quantitative assessment of health care providers' and managers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices will be conducted pre, post, and 6months after the training. Qualitative methods will include a participatory stakeholders' meeting to inform the design of the training intervention design, in-depth interviews \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceIDIs] and focus-group discussions \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceFGDs] with health care providers and managers 3-6months after training, and IDIs with women who have disclosed violence to a trained health care provider, approximately 6months after training. The study will also validate two tools: a readiness assessment of health facilities and a health management information system form in a facility register format which will be used to document cases of violence.DiscussionThe multiple components of this study will generate data to improve our understanding of how implementation of the Guidelines works, what barriers and facilitators to implementation exist in this context, and how current implementation practices result in changes in terms of health services and providers' practices of responding to women affected by violence. The results will be useful for governmental and non-governmental and United Nations Agency efforts to improve health systems and services for women affected by violence, as well as for researchers working on health systems responses to violence against women in India and possibly other contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Guidelines,Implementation science,Study protocol,Training,Violence against women}
}

@article{Meyers2003,
  title = {Public or Private Responsibility? {{Early}} Childhood Education and Care, Inequality, and the Welfare State},
  author = {Meyers, {\relax MK} and Gornick, {\relax JC}},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {379+},
  issn = {0047-2328},
  doi = {10.3138/jcfs.34.3.379},
  abstract = {Although early childhood education, and care provision (ECEC) is. increasing in, all the industrialized welfare states, institutional arrangements for providing and financing services still vary substantially across countries at similar levels of economic development. These policies have potentially important implications for the reduction of income and labor market inequalities. In this paper we document variation in the institutional arrangements for ECEC in fourteen industrialized countries. Institutional variation is associated with equally varied levels of public responsibility for the care. of young children across countries, and between age groups within some countries. The extent to which care is, socialized has implications for the reduction of several forms of social inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mezzina2022,
  title = {Social {{Vulnerability}} and {{Mental Health Inequalities}} in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveSyndemic}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Call}} for {{Action}}},
  author = {Mezzina, Roberto and Gopikumar, Vandana and Jenkins, John and Saraceno, Benedetto and Sashidharan, S. P.},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-0640},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.894370},
  abstract = {Covid-19 is referred to as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesyndemic,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace i.e., the consequences of the disease are exacerbated by social and economic disparity. Poor housing, unstable work conditions, caste, class, race and gender based inequities and low incomes have a profound effect on mental health and wellbeing. Such disparities are increasing between, among and within countries and are exacerbated by human rights violations, in institution and in society, stigma and discrimination. Social capital can mediate health outcomes, through trust and reciprocity, political participation, and by mental health service systems, which can be coercive or more open to demand of emancipation and freedom. Societal inequalities affect especially vulnerable groups, and Covid itself had a wider impact on the most socially vulnerable and marginalized populations, suffering for structural discrimination and violence. There are complex relations among these social processes and domains, and mental health inequalities and disparity. Participation and engagement of citizens and community organizations is now required in order to achieve a radical transformation in mental health. A Local and Global Action Plan has been launched recently, by a coalition of organizations representing people with lived experience of mental health care; who use services; family members, mental health professionals, policy makers and researchers, such as the International Mental Health Collaborating Network, the World Federation for Mental Health, the World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation, the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks (GAMIAN), The Mental Health Resource Hub in Chennai, India, The Movement for Global Mental Health (MGMH) and others. The Action Plan addresses the need for fundamental change by focusing on social determinants and achieving equity in mental health care. Equally the need for the politics of wellbeing has to be embedded in a system that places mental health within development and social justice paradigm, enhancing core human capabilities and contrasting discriminatory practices. These targets are for people and organizations to adopt locally within their communities and services, and also to indicate possible innovative solutions to Politics. This global endeavor may represent an alternative to the global mental discourse inspired by the traditional biomedical model.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Action Plan,community mental healthcare,COVID-19,empowerment,mental health inequality,mental health policy,stigma,vulnerable groups}
}

@article{Miiro2022,
  title = {Achieving Optimal Heath Data Impact in Rural {{African}} Healthcare Settings: Measures to Barriers in {{Bukomansimbi District}}, {{Central Uganda}}},
  author = {Miiro, Chraish and Ndawula, Josephine Caren and Musudo, Enoch and Nabuuma, Olivia Peace and Mpaata, Charles Norman and Nabukenya, Shamim and Akaka, Alex and Bebembeire, Olivia and Sanya, Douglas},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-022-01814-1},
  abstract = {Background Health data is one of the most valuable assets in health service delivery yet one of the most underutilized in especially low-income countries. Health data is postulated to improve health service delivery through availing avenues for optimal patient management, facility management, and public health surveillance and management. Advancements in information technology (IT) will further increase the value of data, but will also call for capacity readiness especially in rural health facilities. We aimed to understand the current knowledge, attitudes and practices of health workers towards health data management and utilization. Methods We conducted key informant interviews (KII) for health workers and data staff, and focus group discussions (FGD) for the village health teams (VHTs). We used both purposive and convenience sampling to recruit key informants, and convenience sampling to recruit village health teams. Interviews and discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. We manually generated the codes and we used thematic analysis to identify the themes. We also developed a reflexivity journal. Results We conducted a total of 6 key informant interviews and 3 focus group discussions of 29 participants. Our analysis identified 7 themes: One theme underscored the health workers' enthusiasm towards an optimal health data management setting. The rest of the six themes resonated around working remedies to the systemic challenges that grapple health data management and utilization at facilities in rural areas. These include: Building human resource capacity; Equipping the facilities; Improved coordination with partners; Improved data quality assurance; Promotion of a pull supply system and Reducing information relay time. Conclusion Our findings reveal a plethora of systematic challenges that have persistently undercut optimal routine health data management and utilization in rural areas and suggest possible working remedies. Health care workers express enthusiasm towards an optimal health management system but this isn't matched by their technical capacity, facility readiness, systems and policy willingness. There is an urgent need to build rural lower facilities' capacity in health data management and utilization which will also lay a foundation for exploitation of information technology in health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health data,Healthcare professionals,Qualitative research}
}

@article{Mikolajczak2021,
  title = {What Affects Employment by {{NGOs}}? {{Counteraction}} to Precarious Employment in the {{Polish}} Non-Profit Sector in the Perspective of {{COVID-19}} Pandemic Crises},
  author = {Mikolajczak, Pawel},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {OECONOMIA COPERNICANA},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {761--788},
  issn = {2083-1277},
  doi = {10.24136/oc.2021.025},
  abstract = {Research background: The precarious employment in non-governmental organizations has not been the subject of thorough scientific considerations so far. Meanwhile, the dominance of flexible forms of employment in an organization evokes a sense of instability, insecurity and uncertainty among employees. It weakens the relationship between staff and the organization, which, by not providing employees with prospects for permanent employment, creates a threat to its own development. The COVID-19 pandemic is reinforcing these fears as the situation in the labour market continues to deteriorate. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting NGOs employment of contract employees, as a key condition for crowding out precarious employment. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was conducted based on a national representative survey of 1500 Polish NGOs. Findings \textbackslash textbackslash\& value added: Its results indicate that NGOs are increasing the employment of contract staff in order to cope with the excessive bureaucracy of public administration. A stimulating impact on employment is also provided by difficulties in maintaining good staff and volunteers, as well as when there is no sense of security in running an organization. In turn, the lack of people ready to selflessly get involved in an organization's activities, as well as difficulties in accessing premises appropriate to NGOs both reduce the desire among staff to be employed full-time. The monitoring of precarious employment (PE) in NGOs is of key importance in the shaping and effectiveness of national policies aimed at improving the living standards of society as a whole. NGOs are an important element, as they fill the gaps remaining in the implementation of such policies. In the long term, improving the quality of full-time employment in such entities by reducing the barriers to their activity will increase their potential for fulfilling their social mission. To date, such barriers and their relation to employment have not been considered in research literature. However, a considerable proportion of employees in the Polish NGO sector may join the ranks of those excluded from employment and deprived of income due to the crisis on the job market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article contributes to the existing literature and practice by identifying the influence of wide spectrum of barriers of NGOs activity on permanent employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers to activity,contract employees,NGOs,precarious employment}
}

@article{Miller2014,
  title = {Interviews with Employed People with Mobility Impairments and Limitations: {{Environmental}} Supports Impacting Work Acquisition and Satisfaction},
  author = {Miller, Lindsey C. and Gottlieb, Meghan and Morgan, Kerri A. and Gray, David B.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {361--372},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-131784},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Less than 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people with disabilities work. Many studies have detailed the barriers to employment but few have examined the work experiences of those who are employed. OBJECTIVE: A description of work conditions valued by a specific segment of employed people with disabilities is provided. METHODS: Videotaped interviews of 33 successfully employed people with mobility impairments and limitations (PWMIL) were transcribed and analyzed to gather their perspectives on their work social and physical environments. RESULTS: Finding work was facilitated by family, friends and other social networks, vocational services, and prior education. Doing volunteer work, spending time at a paid and unpaid internship, and part-time work experiences were important aspects of job acquisition. Exterior and interior physical features were or had been made accessible. Expensive assistive technologies were paid for by the employee and their health insurance. Almost all personal assistance was provided by family, friends and co-workers. Work satisfaction included having a supportive employer, supportive co-workers, and flexible worksite policies. CONCLUSION: The interviews of employed PWMIL provide prospective employers and employees information on important social and physical work features that are needed to improve the possibilities for hiring people with disabilities and facilitating their successful careers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {assistive technology,co-worker,Employment success,interviews,personal assistance,supervisor,worksite physical features}
}

@article{Miller2022,
  title = {Opportunity Costs of Unpaid Caregiving: {{Evidence}} from Panel Time Diaries},
  author = {Miller, Ray and Sedai, Ashish Kumar},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ECONOMICS OF AGEING},
  volume = {22},
  issn = {2212-828X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100386},
  abstract = {We examine the association between unpaid adult and child caregiving by older Americans and time allocated to labor supply, home production, leisure, and personal care. After controlling for time-invariant heterogeneity using panel time diaries, we find that older caregivers reported reduced time allocated to each domain fairly evenly overall. However, women showed a stronger associated decline in personal care and labor supply while men showed stronger declines in time devoted to home production. Gendered differences are more pronounced with intensive and non-spousal care. Results highlight time-cost differentials that could be driving observed gender gaps in health and labor market outcomes among unpaid caregivers. The study also underscores the serious endogeneity concerns between caregiving and broader time allocation patterns and highlights the need for additional research to establish the causal effects of caregiving.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Aging,Gender inequality,Home production,Personal care,Time-use,Unpaid care}
}

@article{Minchin2022,
  title = {A Defining Battle: The Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 Campaign and Labor Advocacy in the {{U}}.{{S}}},
  author = {Minchin, Timothy J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {LABOR HISTORY},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--54},
  issn = {0023-656X},
  doi = {10.1080/0023656X.2022.2045261},
  abstract = {Notions of decline dominate scholarship on workers in the contemporary U.S. Labor has been pictured as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveflat on its back,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace framed by a narrative of loss that is linked to the long fall in union density. Through a detailed examination of the Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 campaign, this article challenges this narrative. Launched in 2012, within four years the labor-based drive had won over \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar68 billion in increased pay, helping some 22 million workers. By 2021, eight states plus the District of Columbia had pledged to increase their hourly minimum wage to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 or more, as had numerous cities and leading corporations, including Amazon, Target, and Wal-Mart. The \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 wage had also been awarded to all 390,000 federal contractors. Moving beyond the emphasis on density, the article views Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 in the broader context of labor's advocacy for all workers. While often pictured as new, Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 drew on long-term precedents, including growing income inequality, increasing links between unions and community groups, the steady growth of the Service Employees International Union - the campaign's key backer - and extensive groundwork by organized labor. Overall, Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 demonstrates that workers still had clout, both at the grassroots and national level.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {contemporary,contemporary labor,Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 campaign,minimum wage,trade unions,United States}
}

@article{Minor2018,
  title = {A {{Comparison}} of {{Wages}} by {{Gender}} and {{Region}} of {{Origin}} for {{Newly Arrived Refugees}} in the {{USA}}},
  author = {Minor, Olive Melissa and Cameo, Michelle},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {813--828},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-018-0581-1},
  abstract = {The resettlement model supported by the US government aims to help recently arrived refugees achieve economic self-reliance within the first 90 to 180 days of arrival. In addition to the challenges they face in adapting to their new locations, however, refugees enter a US labor market characterized by preexisting wage disparities based on race and gender. Meanwhile, recent changes in US refugee and immigration policies have infused debates over nationalism, Islamophobia, and the economics of resettlement. In this context, it is critical to assess whether refugees face wage discrimination that may affect their ability to become economically self-reliant. Drawing on the International Rescue Committee's administrative data on refugee resettlement, we examine the extent to which starting wages for newly arrived refugees differ by region of origin and gender. The study found consistent gender pay gaps among the majority of new arrivals. The study also identified lower wages for refugees arriving from sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean compared to other regions. These trends suggest a need for more consistent agency monitoring of employment placement, and the development of strategies to ensure more equitable employment outcomes for refugees.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ethnicity,Gender,Refugees,Resettlement,United States,Wage gap}
}

@book{Miriti2015,
  title = {Mapping {{Gender Concerns}} in {{Cut-Flower Value Chains}} in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Miriti, L. C. and Gikaara, D. M. and Gitonga, J. and Waiganjo, M. M.},
  editor = {Wesonga, {\relax JM} and Opiyo, {\relax AM}},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {I INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORNAMENTALS IN AFRICA},
  series = {Acta {{Horticulturae}}},
  volume = {1077},
  issn = {0567-7572},
  doi = {10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1077.9},
  abstract = {The cut flower industry is one of Kenya's fastest growing foreign exchange earners. The industry is dominated by large-scale sophisticated outfits, growing mainly flowers in greenhouses. Employer-employee relations in flower plantations at times develop in the context of infringement of human, social, and labour rights. Recurrent problems such as exposure to toxic chemicals without appropriate protective gear and employment terms are rarely addressed. Consequently, women who are normally employed as unskilled workers in flower production greenhouses are more vulnerable. In order to change the prevailing inequality and allow equal relations in flower industry, it is necessary to understand details of the current situation. The study aimed at mapping existing data on gender concerns in cut flower sub-sector, with the view of offering suggestions for establishment of proactive gender policies and gender mainstreaming frameworks. Secondary sources of data were used to gather information. A combination of library/internet search and desk study was used to ensure exhaustion of access to existing data. The contents of the documents accessed were analysed systematically to reveal the key dimensions presented in the data. This study traced a wide range of gender concerns covering four main themes; gender rights and participation, gender and employment, gender and sexual harassment and gender in small holder flower value chain. For the code of conduct to be effective, it must be gender sensitive with a continual process of awareness raising and improvement with an ultimate aim of fostering a work environment where the social and economic rights of workers are respected. This requires an education process of management and workers on recognising that improving labour conditions through gender sensitive policies and frameworks would enhance productivity and quality of work. It is in the interest of all stakeholders, including the government, trade unions, workers, among others, to ensure that this occurs.},
  isbn = {978-94-6261-070-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {existing data,flowers,gender relations,large scale},
  note = {1st International Symposium on Ornamentals in Africa, Naivasha, KENYA, SEP 09-13, 2013}
}

@article{Misra2007,
  title = {Work-Family Policies and Poverty for Partnered and Single Women in {{Europe}} and {{North America}}},
  author = {Misra, Joya and Moller, Stephanie and Budig, Michelle J.},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {21},
  number = {6},
  pages = {804--827},
  issn = {0891-2432},
  doi = {10.1177/0891243207308445},
  abstract = {Work-family policy strategies reflect gendered assumptions about the roles of men and women within families and therefore may lead to significantly different outcomes, particularly for families headed by single mothers. The authors argue that welfare states have adopted strategies based on different assumptions about women's and men's roles in society, which then affect women's chances of living in poverty cross-nationally. The authors examine how various strategies are associated with poverty rates across groups of women and also examine more directly the effects of specific work-family policies on poverty rates. They find that while family benefits and child care for young children unequivocally lower poverty rates, particularly for families headed by a single mother long parental leaves have more ambivalent effects. The findings suggest that it is critical to examine the gendered assumptions underlying work-family policies rather than viewing all work-family policies as the same.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carework,family,family policy,poverty,single parenthood,welfare states},
  note = {28th Annual Meeting of the Social-Science-History-Association, Baltimore, MD, NOV 13-16, 2003}
}

@article{Misra2011,
  title = {{{CROSS-NATIONAL PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD EMPLOYMENT AND WORK HOURS BY GENDER AND PARENTHOOD}}},
  author = {Misra, Joya and Budig, Michelle J. and Boeckmann, Irene},
  editor = {Brady, D},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {COMPARING EUROPEAN WORKERS, PT A: EXPERIENCES AND INEQUALITIES},
  series = {Research in the {{Sociology}} of {{Work}}},
  volume = {22},
  number = {A},
  pages = {169--207},
  issn = {0277-2833},
  doi = {10.1108/S0277-2833(2011)0000022009},
  abstract = {Purpose - This chapter examines how gender, parenthood, and partner's employment are related to individual's employment patterns, analyzing paid work at individual and household levels. Methodology/approach - Analyses use individual- level data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) wave 5 for 19 countries, for adults aged 25- 45. We use logistic regression and a two-stage Heckman sample selection correction procedure to estimate the effects of gender and parenthood on the probabilities of employment and full-time employment. Findings - The variation between mothers and childless women is larger than that between childless men and childless women; differences in women's employment patterns are driven by gendered parenthood, controlling for women's human capital, partnered status and household income. Fathers and mothers' employment hours in the same household vary cross-nationally. Mothers' employment behaviors can identify important differences in the strategies countries have pursued to balance work and family life. Research implications - Important differences between childless women and mothers exist; employment analyses need to recognize the variation in employment hours among women, and how women's hours are related to partners' hours. Further research should consider factors that shape employment cross-nationally, as well as how these relate to differences in wages and occupational gender segregation. Practical implications - Employment choices of women and mothers must be understood in terms of employment hours, not simply employment, and within the context of partners' employment. Originality/value of paper - Our chapter clarifies the wide dispersion of employment hours across countries - and how men's and women's employment hours are linked and related to parenthood.},
  isbn = {978-1-84950-946-6},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Missiaia2019,
  title = {One Market Fits All? {{Market}} Access and the Origins of the {{Italian}} North-South Divide},
  author = {Missiaia, Anna},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {REGIONAL STUDIES REGIONAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {92--100},
  issn = {2168-1376},
  doi = {10.1080/21681376.2019.1578256},
  abstract = {Italy's economic development since its unification in 1861 has been characterized by extensive regional inequality. Northern regions were the frontrunners of modern industrialization in the late 19th century, while southern regions never closed the gap. New Economic Geography (NEG) proposes market access as the main driver of regional income differentials. But is its effect homogeneous across regions? The NEG hypothesis is here for the first time considered for the north and the south of Italy separately in the period 1871-1911. Following previous work by the author, both domestic and total market potentials are taken into account as possible drivers of regional gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The results differ for the two macro-areas: in the south, both market potentials have a strong role in determining the levels of GDP per capita, but they do not affect the growth rates from period to period; and in the north, only domestic market potential is significant in both levels and growth rates. These results point to different dynamics at the sub-national level that should be further qualified by extending the analysis from the NUTS-2 to the NUTS-3 level. The policy implication is that market-oriented measures might not be effective for the most disadvantaged regions before other prerequisites for growth are achieved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {historical economic geography,Italian regions,market potential,New Economic Geography,regional gross domestic product,regional inequality}
}

@article{Mitchell2017,
  title = {Brokering to Support Participation of Disadvantaged Families in Early Childhood Education},
  author = {Mitchell, Linda and {Meagher-Lundberg}, Patricia},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BRITISH EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL},
  volume = {43},
  number = {5},
  pages = {952--967},
  issn = {0141-1926},
  doi = {10.1002/berj.3296},
  abstract = {This paper discusses findings from an evaluation of the New Zealand Ministry of Education's Early Childhood Education (ECE) Participation Programme that targeted local areas where there are high numbers of children starting school who have not participated in ECE. The aim of the programme is to increase participation of these low-income priority' children in quality' ECE. In this paper, two policy initiatives and features that supported participation in ECE are analysed. Engaging Priority Families (EPF) involves a coordinator working with families to encourage ECE participation, home learning and a positive transition to school. Targeted Assistance for Provision (TAP) grants are intended to increase local supply by helping establish new services and child spaces in communities where they are needed. The study used mixed methods: data on enrolments, surveys of Participation Programme providers, interviews with programme staff, surveys of families engaged in each initiative and interviews with a small group of families. The results show that cost, availability and cultural relevance of ECE services are the main barriers to participation of priority' families. Through brokering, both initiatives helped address complex social issues faced by the families by connecting families with health, housing and social agencies, and brokering understanding of ECE. The results support the argument that national policy initiatives and local actions can help address inequities in participation in ECE associated with socioeconomic status.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {brokering,early childhood education,education policy,integrated education services,socioeconomic disadvantage}
}

@article{Mitchell2017a,
  title = {Infection Control at an Urban Hospital in {{Manila}}, {{Philippines}}: A Systems Engineering Assessment of Barriers and Facilitators},
  author = {Mitchell, Kaitlin F. and Barker, Anna K. and Abad, Cybele L. and Safdar, Nasia},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND INFECTION CONTROL},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {2047-2994},
  doi = {10.1186/s13756-017-0248-2},
  abstract = {Background: Healthcare facilities in low-and middle-income countries, including the Philippines, face substantial challenges in achieving effective infection control. Early stages of interventions should include efforts to understand perceptions held by healthcare workers who participate in infection control programs. Methods: We performed a qualitative study to examine facilitators and barriers to infection control at an 800-bed, private, tertiary hospital in Manila, Philippines. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 nurses, physicians, and clinical pharmacists using a guide based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS). Major facilitators and barriers to infection control were reported for each SEIPS factor: person, organization, tasks, physical environment, and technology and tools. Results: Primary facilitators included a robust, long-standing infection control committee, a dedicated infection control nursing staff, and innovative electronic hand hygiene surveillance technology. Barriers included suboptimal dissemination of hand hygiene compliance data, high nursing turnover, clinical time constraints, and resource limitations that restricted equipment purchasing. Conclusions: The identified facilitators and barriers may be used to prioritize possible opportunities for infection control interventions. A systems engineering approach is useful for conducting a comprehensive work system analysis, and maximizing resources to overcome known barriers to infection control in heavily resource-constrained settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Hand hygiene,Infection control,Intervention implementation,Philippines,Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety}
}

@article{Mitra2023,
  title = {Inclusive Statistics: {{A}} Disaggregation of Indicators by Disability Status and Its Implications for Policy},
  author = {Mitra, Sophie and Yap, Jaclyn and Herve, Justine and Chen, Wei},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GLOBAL SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {39--66},
  issn = {1468-0181},
  doi = {10.1177/14680181221077866},
  abstract = {Disability has received limited attention on the global data and social policy scene. There are few global data portals or indices tracking the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities. Global social policy initiatives tend to focus on disability benefits, while other social policies may impact the situation of persons with disabilities. The absence of internationally comparable data and tools to measure disability could explain this lack of attention until recently. Given progress with respect to measuring disability, this article set out to find out if human development indicators can be disaggregated by disability status using census and mainstream survey data and, if they can, consider what such disaggregation reveals regarding the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities and derive implications for social policies. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (e.g. seeing, hearing). For 19 low- and middle-income countries, the median prevalence stands at 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults aged 15 years and older, and at 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% among households. We could disaggregate a range of human development indicators across disability status for all countries. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability, particularly in terms of educational attainment, employment population ratio, multidimensional poverty, and food security. At the same time, we find that not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. Results in this article on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to social policies globally. More data collection, research, and policy work are needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mkandawire2022,
  title = {A Qualitative Assessment of Gender Roles in Child Nutrition in {{Central Malawi}}},
  author = {Mkandawire, Elizabeth and Bisai, Clement and Dyke, Elizabeth and Dressel, Anne and Kantayeni, Hazel and Molosoni, Billy and Kako, Peninnah M. and Gondwe, Kaboni W. and {Mkandawire-Valhmu}, Lucy},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-13749-x},
  abstract = {Background Child malnutrition persists globally with men and women playing distinct roles to support children's nutrition. Women frequently carry the bulk of the workload related to food, care, and health, all of which are critical factors in child nutrition. For this reason, development efforts have emphasised women ignoring the potential role of men in supporting children's nutrition. This study sought to understand the different roles that Malawian men and women play in children's nutrition. Methods This qualitative was conducted in rural Central Malawi as part of a baseline study in 2017 for the CARE Southern Africa Nutrition Initiative. Seventy-six participants were interviewed, including 19 men and 57 women, using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. We sought to understand the gender distribution of men's and women's roles and how these roles influence child nutrition. Results We found that both men and women were involved in productive, reproductive, and community work. However, consistent with the literature, women carried a disproportionate workload in supporting child nutrition compared to men. Women's heavier workloads often prevented them from being able to meet children's food needs. Nevertheless, shifts in gender roles were observed in some of the sampled communities, with men taking up responsibilities that have been typically associated with women. These changes in gender roles, however, did not necessarily increase women's power within the household. Conclusions Traditional gender roles remain prevalent in the sampled communities. Women continue to be primarily responsible for the food, care, and health of the household. Women's heavy workloads prevent them from providing optimal care and nutrition for children. While efforts to advance gender equality by encouraging men to participate in child care and other household responsibilities appear to have had marginal success, the extent to which these efforts have successfully encouraged men to share power remains unclear. Improving gender equality and child nutrition will require efforts to redistribute gendered work and encourage men to move towards shared power with women over household decision-making and control over income.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Care-giving,Child nutrition,Focus group,Food Security,Inequalities,Low-income countries}
}

@book{Mladen2014,
  title = {{{PENSION REFORM IN ROMANIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON PENSION ADEQUACY FOR WOMEN}}},
  author = {Mladen, Luise and Ghenta, Mihaela},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM, VOL II},
  series = {International {{Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences}} on {{Social Sciences}} and {{Arts}}},
  issn = {2367-5659},
  abstract = {The pension system in Romania has undergone successive reforms, parametric and structural, determined by a complex of factors such as the demographic aging, the significant external migration, the changes in the employment structure, the globalization and the growing of the international competition. However, the changes brought to the system have not been accompanied by gender impact studies. The current pension system, build in accordance with the World Bank model, put more emphasis on the contribution principle, the items of redistribution being very few. This particularly affects women, since women often have lower participation in the labour market, more frequent career breaks, being overrepresented in low-paid occupations and having a higher share between people with atypical employment contracts, and thus likely to accumulate lower retirement rights than men. Our study performs a careful analysis of the Romanian pension system in terms of complying with the principles of gender equality. The methodology includes the examination of the legislative framework, as well as the assessment of the pension adequacy for men and women based on a microeconomic model. Our approach takes into account the calculation and comparison of gross and net theoretical replacement rates for men and women with different career and income profiles, using certain assumptions about the economic and demographic variables. Our study confirms the existence of gender inequality in the pension system today. The system design is largely responsible for the replication of gender inequalities that exist in the labour market. The awareness of these issues is an important step in fostering policy makers to take measures towards promoting the gender equality in the pension field.},
  isbn = {978-619-7105-26-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender issues,pension adequacy,pension reform,pension systems},
  note = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on Social Sciences and Arts (SGEM 2014), Albena, BULGARIA, SEP 01-10, 2014}
}

@article{Mogre2019,
  title = {Barriers to Diabetic Self-Care: {{A}} Qualitative Study of Patients' and Healthcare Providers' Perspectives},
  author = {Mogre, Victor and Johnson, Natalie A. and Tzelepis, Flora and Paul, Christine},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING},
  volume = {28},
  number = {11-12},
  pages = {2296--2308},
  issn = {0962-1067},
  doi = {10.1111/jocn.14835},
  abstract = {Aims and objectives To explore patient and healthcare provider (HCP) perspectives about patients' barriers to the performance of diabetic self-care behaviours in Ghana. Background Sub-Saharan African urban populations are increasingly affected by type 2 diabetes due to nutrition transition, sedentary lifestyles and ageing. Diabetic self-care is critical to improving clinical outcomes. However, little is known about barriers to diabetic self-care (diet, exercise, medication taking, self-monitoring of blood glucose and foot care) in sub-Saharan Africa. Design Qualitative study that followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 23 people living with type 2 diabetes and 14 HCPs recruited from the diabetes clinics of three hospitals in Tamale, Ghana. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The constant comparative method of data analysis was used and identified themes classified according to constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB): attitudes/behavioural beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Results Barriers relating to attitudes included misconceptions that diabetes was caused by spiritual forces or curses, use of herbal medicines, intentional nonadherence, difficulty changing old habits, and feeling or lacking motivation to exercise. Barriers relating to subjective norms were inadequate family support, social stigma (usually by spouses and other members of the community) and cultural beliefs. Perceived behavioural control barriers were poor income levels, lack of glucometers, busy work schedules, long distance to the hospital and inadequate access to variety of foods due to erratic supply of foods or seasonality. Conclusions Both patients and HCPs discussed similar barriers and those relating to attitude and behavioural control were commonly discussed. Relevance to Clinical Practice Interventions to improve adherence to diabetic self-care should focus on helping persons with diabetes develop favourable attitudes and how to overcome behavioural control barriers. Such interventions should have both individualised and community-wide approaches.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers,diabetic patients,Ghana,qualitative,self-care,sub-Saharan Africa}
}

@article{Mohammed2023,
  title = {Analysis of National and Subnational Prevalence of Adolescent Pregnancy and Changes in the Associated Sexual Behaviours and Sociodemographic Determinants across Three Decades in {{Ghana}}, 1988-2019},
  author = {Mohammed, Shamsudeen},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068117},
  abstract = {Objective Understanding the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and how they have changed over time is essential for measuring progress and developing strategies to improve adolescent reproductive health. This study examined changes over time in the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana. Methods A total of 11 nationally representative surveys from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2014), Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006, 2011, 2017-2018) and Malaria Indicator Survey (2016 and 2019) provided data on 14556 adolescent girls aged 15-19 for this analysis. A random-effect meta-analysis, time trends and multivariable logistic regression models were used to track the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy. Results The pooled prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana was 15.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=13.49\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 17.30\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Rural areas (19.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had a higher prevalence of adolescent pregnancy than urban areas (10.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In the overall sample, middle adolescents (15-17 years) (aOR=0.30, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.23 to 0.39), adolescents in urban areas (aOR=0.56, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.43 to 0.74), large households (aOR=0.62, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.49 to 0.78), not working (aOR=0.62, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.43 to 0.90) and those unaware of contraceptive methods (aOR=0.49, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.27 to 0.90) were less likely to become pregnant. Adolescents from middle-income (aOR=0.91, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.67 to 1.24) or high-income (aOR=0.59, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI=0.36 to 0.94) households, those who were semiliterate (aOR=0.56, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI=0.39 to 0.82) or literate (aOR=0.28, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI=0.21 to 0.37) and those with fewer previous sex partners were less likely to become pregnant. Not all determinants in the overall sample were consistently associated with adolescent pregnancy in the last three decades. Between 1988 and 1998, determinants of adolescent pregnancy were age, literacy, employment, household size and whether the mother was alive. Between 2003 and 2008, age, literacy, household size, income, age of last sexual partner, number of previous partners and contraception knowledge determined adolescent pregnancy. From 2011 to 2019, age, residence, literacy and menstrual cycle knowledge were determinants of adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion Interventions and policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy should prioritise adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mohanty2021,
  title = {Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Adults Aged 45 Years and over and Their Spouses in {{India}}: {{A}} Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {Mohanty, Sanjay K. and Pedgaonkar, Sarang P. and Upadhyay, Ashish Kumar and Kampfen, Fabrice and Shekhar, Prashant and Mishra, Radhe Shyam and Maurer, Jurgen and O'Donnell, Owen},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PLOS MEDICINE},
  volume = {18},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1549-1277},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003740},
  abstract = {Author summary Why was this study done? We found only one study that reported estimated rates of awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) of hypertension in India using a nationally representative sample covering all states, but that study was restricted to adults aged 15 to 49 years. Another study estimated rates of hypertension ATC among older adults, but that study covered only 6 states. This study aimed to provide nationally representative estimates of hypertension ATC in the older population of India and to describe differences in these indicators of hypertension management across sociodemographic groups and states. What did the researchers do and find? We used a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 years and over and their spouses covering all states (except one) of India in 2017 to 2018. We used measured blood pressure (BP) and self-reported diagnosis and treatment for high BP to estimate hypertension prevalence and the percentages of those with hypertension who were aware of their condition, treated for it, and had achieved BP control. We found that a slight majority of those with hypertension were aware of their condition, around half were being treated, and less than a third had controlled their BP. While these rates indicated substantial gaps in hypertension management among the older population of India, they were higher than estimates previously obtained from samples restricted to, or including, younger people. We found substantial variation in the indicators of hypertension management across states. Older Indians who were poorer, less educated, socially disadvantaged, male, rural, and working were less likely to be aware, treated, and to have achieved BP control. What do these findings mean? Hypertension prevalence is high in India, particularly in the older population. In this critical population group, low rates of ATC point to deficiencies in diagnosis and management of the condition and in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Effectively addressing these deficiencies requires subtle targeting of interventions that balances attention to prevalence, which is higher in the high-income states and socioeconomically advantaged groups, with attention to gaps in ATC, which are greater in the low- or middle-income states and disadvantaged groups. Background Lack of nationwide evidence on awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) of hypertension among older adults in India impeded targeted management of this condition. We aimed to estimate rates of hypertension ATC in the older population and to assess differences in these rates across sociodemographic groups and states in India. Methods and findings We used a nationally representative survey of individuals aged 45 years and over and their spouses in all Indian states (except one) in 2017 to 2018. We identified hypertension by blood pressure (BP) measurement {$>$}= 140/90 mm Hg or self-reported diagnosis if also taking medication or observing salt/diet restriction to control BP. We distinguished those who (i) reported diagnosis (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceaware\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); (ii) reported taking medication or being under salt/diet restriction to control BP (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracetreated\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); and (iii) had measured systolic BP {$<$}140 and diastolic BP {$<$}90 (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracecontrolled\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace). We estimated age-sex adjusted hypertension prevalence and rates of ATC by consumption quintile, education, age, sex, urban-rural, caste, religion, marital status, living arrangement, employment status, health insurance, and state. We used concentration indices to measure socioeconomic inequalities and multivariable logistic regression to estimate fully adjusted differences in these outcomes. Study limitations included reliance on BP measurement on a single occasion, missing measurements of BP for some participants, and lack of data on nonadherence to medication. The 64,427 participants in the analysis sample had a median age of 57 years: 58\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female, and 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% were rural dwellers. We estimated hypertension prevalence to be 41.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 41.0 to 42.9). Among those with hypertension, we estimated that 54.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 53.1 to 55.7), 50.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 49.5 to 52.0), and 28.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 27.4 to 30.1) were aware, treated, and controlled, respectively. Across states, adjusted rates of ATC ranged from 27.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 22.2 to 32.8) to 75.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 70.8 to 81.1), from 23.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 17.6 to 30.1) to 74.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 69.8 to 79.9), and from 4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1 to 8.1) to 41.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 36.8 to 46.9), respectively. Age-sex adjusted rates were lower (p {$<$} 0.001) in poorer, less educated, and socially disadvantaged groups, as well as for males, rural residents, and the employed. Among individuals with hypertension, the richest fifth were 8.5 percentage points (pp) (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 5.3 to 11.7; p {$<$} 0.001), 8.9 pp (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 5.7 to 12.0; p {$<$} 0.001), and 7.1 pp (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 4.2 to 10.1; p {$<$} 0.001) more likely to be aware, treated, and controlled, respectively, than the poorest fifth. Conclusions Hypertension prevalence was high, and ATC of the condition were low among older adults in India. Inequalities in these indicators pointed to opportunities to target hypertension management more effectively and equitably on socially disadvantaged groups.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{MoisaI2019,
  title = {{Economic Integration of Immigrants through Overcoming Inequalities in Employment and Wages. Comparative Analysis of British and French Muslim Communities}},
  author = {Moisa I, N.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES-FACTS TRENDS FORECAST},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {158--171},
  issn = {2307-0331},
  doi = {10.15838/esc.2019.3.63.10},
  abstract = {The issue of immigration management is one of the most complex and relevant both in academic science and practical politics. It polarizes public opinion and provokes fierce debate. One of the most important objective of the domestic policy of countries with a large number of immigrants is effective socio-economic integration of foreign cultural communities and consolidation of the civil society. The article deals with the general issues of integration of Muslim immigrants in the UK and France in the economy; provides data on their number, employment, income and social status compared with the ethnic majority. The information framework of the research includes official statistics, sociological surveys, analytics of government institutions and commissions, reports of well-known research centers and Muslim organizations. Due to the peculiarities of statistics it is impossible to directly compare the situation of British and French Muslims. Moreover, in the UK and France, migrant integration is carried out according to different historical models. The article demonstrates the specific features of each country in migrant resettlement, the position of Muslims in the labor market among various immigrant minorities, the issues of the national policy in fighting against discrimination and Islamophobia. The purpose of the article is to focus on objective quantitative and qualitative indicators of economic activity of Muslim immigrants in the two countries in question to overcome the existing stereotypes and political speculation. Analysis of the economic status of Muslims in the UK and France reveals a significant spread depending on the country of origin, country of birth, belonging to the first or the second generation of immigrants. The article concludes that the UK opens up more opportunities for the economic integration of Muslims than France.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {economic integration of immigrants,employment,France,immigration,labor market,Muslims,the UK}
}

@article{Mojtahedzadeh2021,
  title = {The {{Health Behaviour}} of {{German Outpatient Caregivers}} in {{Relation}} to {{Their Working Conditions}}: {{A Qualitative Study}}},
  author = {Mojtahedzadeh, Natascha and Rohwer, Elisabeth and Neumann, Felix Alexander and Nienhaus, Albert and Augustin, Matthias and Zyriax, Birgit-Christiane and Harth, Volker and Mache, Stefanie},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  number = {11},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph18115942},
  abstract = {Ongoing demographic change is leading to an increasingly older society and a rising proportion of people in need of care in the German population. Therefore, the professional group of outpatient caregivers is highly relevant. Their work is characterised not only by interacting with patients in a mobile setting but also by working in shifts. Health behaviour under these specific working conditions is crucial for ensuring long-term work ability and performance. Little is known about the health behaviour of German outpatient caregivers and its potential impact on their work. The aims of the study were (1) to examine health behavioural patterns (nutrition, exercise, smoking, regeneration) of outpatient caregivers, (2) to illuminate their personal health-promoting behaviours, and (3) to identify potential work-related factors influencing their health behaviour. Fifteen problem-centred interviews were conducted with outpatient caregivers working in Northern Germany in the period January-April 2020. Interviews were analysed by using qualitative content analysis. Outpatient caregivers reported improvable nutrition and hydration, with simultaneous high coffee consumption, low physical activity, poor regeneration (breaks and sleep quality), and good personal health-promoting behaviour (e.g., back-friendly habits), although the majority were smokers. Barriers to the implementation of health-promoting behaviours were a high perception of stress due to increased workload and time pressure, while aids to better health-promoting behaviour were described as being social support and personal resources. The respondents perceived their working conditions as potentially influencing their health behaviour. On the basis of their descriptions, various practice-relevant strategies were derived. The data explore a potential need for outpatient care services to develop interventions on behavioural and structural levels that can help create healthier working conditions for their employees so these caregivers can adopt better health behaviours.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health behaviour,nutrition,outpatient care,physical activity,regeneration,stress}
}

@article{Mok2016,
  title = {Employability and Mobility in the Valorisation of Higher Education Qualifications: The Experiences and Reflections of {{Chinese}} Students and Graduates},
  author = {Mok, Ka Ho and Wen, Zhuoyi and Dale, Roger},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {264--281},
  issn = {1360-080X},
  doi = {10.1080/1360080X.2016.1174397},
  abstract = {In the last two decades, we have witnessed a rapid expansion of higher education in Mainland China and Taiwan, recording a significant increase in higher education enrolments in these two Chinese societies. The massification of higher education in China and Taiwan has inevitably resulted in an oversupply of university graduates, with growing social concerns for skills mismatches being found in the labour market, stagnant graduate employment and social mobility. This article critically examines how university students and graduates in these two Chinese societies reflect upon their employment experiences. Human capital theory predicts that other things being equal, raising participation in higher education will initially increase inequality as rates of return rise, and then it will reduce inequality as expansion reaches mass levels and rates of return decline. If the output of graduates outpaces the demand for their skills, which appears to be the current case in many countries, then supply and demand pressures reduce the pay premium for degrees and lower income inequalities. However, this study clearly demonstrates that the massification and the universalisation of higher education in Mainland China and Taiwan, respectively, have actually intensified inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ant tribe,employability,social mobility,valorisation of higher education}
}

@article{Moller2003,
  title = {Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies},
  author = {Moller, S and Bradley, D and Huber, E and Nielsen, F and Stephens, {\relax JD}},
  year = {2003},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22--51},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.2307/3088901},
  abstract = {Using relative poverty measures based on micro-level data from the Luxembourg Income Study, in conjunction with pooled time-series data for 14 advanced capitalist democracies between 1970 and 1997, the authors analyze separately the rate of pretax/transfer poverty and the reduction in poverty achieved by systems of taxes and transfers. Socioeconomic factors, including de-industrialization and unemployment, largely explain pre-tax/transfer poverty rates of the working-age population in these advanced capitalist democracies. The extent of redistribution (measured as poverty reduction via taxes and transfers) is explained directly by welfare state generosity and constitutional structure (number of veto points) and the strength of the political left, both in unions and in government.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Moller2020,
  title = {Welfare {{State Policies}} and {{Their Effects}}},
  author = {Moller, Stephanie and Cai, Tengteng},
  editor = {Janoski, T and DeLeon, C and Misra, J and Martin, {\relax IW}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {NEW HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY},
  pages = {812--841},
  isbn = {978-1-108-14782-8; 978-1-107-19349-9},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Molyneux2007,
  title = {The Role of Community-Based Organizations in Household Ability to Pay for Health Care in {{Kilifi District}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Molyneux, Catherine and Hutchison, Beryl and Chuma, Jane and Gilson, Lucy},
  year = {2007},
  month = nov,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {381--392},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czm031},
  abstract = {There is growing concern that health policies and programmes may be contributing to disparities in health and wealth between and within households in low-income settings. However, there is disagreement concerning which combination of health and non-health sector interventions might best protect the poor. Potentially promising interventions include those that build on the social resources that have been found to be particularly critical for the poor in preventing and coping with illness costs. In this paper we present data on the role of one form of social resourcecommunity-based organizations (CBOs) - in household ability to pay for health care on the Kenyan coast. Data were gathered from a rural and an urban setting using individual interviews (n = 24), focus group discussions (n = 18 in each setting) and cross-sectional surveys (n = 294 rural and n = 576 urban households). We describe the complex hierarchy of CBOs operating at the strategic, intermediate and local level in both settings, and comment on the potential of working through these organizations to reach and protect the poor. We highlight the challenges around several interventions that are of particular international interest at present: community-based health insurance schemes; micro-finance initiatives; and the removal of primary care user fees. We argue the importance of identifying and building upon organizations with a strong trust base in efforts to assist households to meet treatment costs, and emphasize the necessity of reducing the costs of services themselves for the poorest households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ability to pay,community financing,community-based organizations,illness,micro-finance,social relations,trust,user fees}
}

@article{Mong2010,
  title = {African {{American Men}} and the {{Experience}} of {{Employment Discrimination}}},
  author = {Mong, Sherry N. and Roscigno, Vincent J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {QUALITATIVE SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {0162-0436},
  doi = {10.1007/s11133-009-9142-4},
  abstract = {The economic marginalization of African American men has been studied in a variety of contexts, from trade union exclusion, to joblessness, to disparate wages and mobility. Discrimination is often inferred as an influential mechanism, yet seldom directly examined in its own right. Drawing on a unique sample of verified workplace discrimination cases, this article analyzes forms and processes of discrimination that African American men face in employment. Our results denote the prevalence of discriminatory firing, with on-going racial harassment and discriminatory promotional and hiring practices also quite evident. In-depth immersion into case materials highlights the centrality of racial stereotyping and significant discretion on the part of gatekeepers within organizational environments-discretion in the use of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesoft skills\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace criteria to exclude and debilitate mobility, and in selective (or even targeted) use of seemingly neutral organizational policies and sanctions. Moreover, harassment on the job-something that conventional workplace inequality research has overlooked-is quite problematic and well-represented in these data. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for the conceptualization of inequality reproduction and that pertaining to race, status, and the workplace in particular.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mongey2021,
  title = {Which Workers Bear the Burden of Social Distancing?},
  author = {Mongey, Simon and Pilossoph, Laura and Weinberg, Alexander},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {509--526},
  issn = {1569-1721},
  doi = {10.1007/s10888-021-09487-6},
  abstract = {Using data from O\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbraceNET, we construct two measures of an occupation's potential exposure to social distancing measures: (i) the ability to conduct that job from home and (ii) the degree of physical proximity to others the job requires. After validating these measures with comparable measures from ATUS as well as realized work-from-home rates during the pandemic, we employ the measures to study the characteristics of workers in these types of jobs. Our results show that workers in low-work-from-home and high-physical-proximity jobs are more economically vulnerable across various measures constructed from the CPS and PSID: they are less educated, of lower income, have fewer liquid assets relative to income, and are more likely renters. Consistent with the idea that high physical proximity or low work-from-home occupations were more exposed to the Coronavirus shock, we show that the types of workers predicted to be employed in them experienced greater declines in employment during the pandemic. We conclude by comparing the aggregate employment losses in these occupations to their employment losses in the 2008 recession, and find evidence that these occupations were disproportionately exposed to the pandemic shock, and not just comprised of more cyclically sensitive workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Coronavirus,Demographics,Employment,Inequality,Occupations,Social policy}
}

@article{Moni2018,
  title = {Institutional Practices and Vulnerability of Shrimp Fry Catchers in the South-West Region of {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Moni, Nurun Naher and Haider, Mohammed Ziaul and Al Masud, Md. Mahedi},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {45},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1533--1549},
  issn = {0306-8293},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSE-08-2017-0312},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the dynamics of institutional practices, socio-economic status and vulnerability of shrimp fry catchers in the south-west region of Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on primary research conducted through face-to-face interviews with women fry collectors in the south-west region of Bangladesh. This study attempts to identify the nature and extent of the impact of institutional practices on the women engaged in catching fry regarding their positioning within the institutional framework. Findings In the coastal region of Bangladesh, the shrimp sector has opened up economic opportunities for women in terms of access to income and employment. However, women have to make a trade-off between employment gain in terms of wage and health hazards caused due to poor working conditions. The findings of the study indicate that shrimp fry catching, complemented by other sources of income, can only help women to survive. The study also finds that the vulnerability of the fry collectors is the end result of mutually interacting institutional practices under different institutional domains. Accordingly, recommendations are made with a view to effectively utilizing social capital at the community level, which will be particularly helpful in raising fry catchers' voice in the local political arena and strengthening their position in the marketplace. Due to the higher preferences of buyers towards wild fry and the participation of a huge number of people in fry collecting, this study suggests rethinking government intervention in this regard. Originality/value This is original research focusing on the underlying structural and institutional factors behind the marginalization and vulnerability of women and devising policies that will enable modification of the factors that restrain women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Fry catching,Institution,South-west region,Vulnerability}
}

@article{Montanari2019,
  title = {A {{Gendered Analysis}} of the {{Income Generating Activities}} under the {{Green Morocco Plan}}: {{Who Profits}}?},
  author = {Montanari, Bernadette and Bergh, Sylvia I.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HUMAN ECOLOGY},
  volume = {47},
  number = {3},
  pages = {409--417},
  issn = {0300-7839},
  doi = {10.1007/s10745-019-00086-8},
  abstract = {Since 2005, major donors have been expanding Morocco's programs to combat poverty, social exclusion and gender inequality. Yet, despite newly designed programs that advocate participatory approaches, empowerment and inclusion, rural women endure a persistent marginalization in development programs. This article explores the latest strategies of the Green Morocco Plan (GMP) and the income generating activities (IGA) strategies that seek to support the employment and autonomy of rural women. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with women in seven villages in Rhamna province and with key official informants. The study shows that the women's participation in income generating activities and rural cooperatives' decision-making processes is virtually non-existent and that empowerment and gender equality is not unfolding for women. Rather, the women's involvement in running cooperatives is limited to providing cheap or even free manual labor, while only literate and generally educated people are able to benefit economically from the cooperative structures.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Green Morocco plan,Income generating activities (IGA),Morocco,Rural women,Socio-economic development}
}

@article{Monteduro2023,
  title = {How to {{Nowcast Uncertain Income Shocks}} in {{Microsimulation Models}}? {{Evidence}} from {{COVID-19 Effects}} on {{Italian Households}}},
  author = {Monteduro, Maria Teresa and De Rosa, Dalila and Subrizi, Chiara},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ITALIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL},
  issn = {2199-322X},
  doi = {10.1007/s40797-023-00232-8},
  abstract = {This paper addresses how to nowcast household income changes in a context of generalized but asymmetric economic shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic by integrating real-time data into microsimulation models. The analysis provides an accurate assessment of distributional impacts of COVID-19 and Italian policy responses during 2020, thanks to quarterly data on the turnover of firms and professionals and on costs (goods, services and personnel). Thanks to these data, we can nowcast both the income dynamics of the self-employed and entrepreneurs and the wage-supplementation scheme for working time reduction, as well as all the other interventions based on turnover variations. The nowcasting procedure applies the firm-level data to the TAXBEN-DF microsimulation model (Italian Department of Finance) already relying on a particularly rich and update database of survey and administrative data at individual level that makes it an almost unique model of its kind. Results suggest that policy measures in response to the first pandemic year have been effective in keeping overall income inequality under control, while not yet being able to avoid a concerning polarization of incomes and large heterogeneous effects in terms of both income losses and measures' compensation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Montserrat2018,
  title = {{{SPANISH RETIREMENT PENSIONS SYSTEM}}. {{GENDER IMPACT ON INEQUALITY AND POVERTY}}},
  author = {Montserrat, Julia},
  editor = {Chybalski, F and Marcinkiewicz, E},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF PENCON 2018 PENSIONS CONFERENCE: CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS AND PENSION SYSTEMS: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE},
  abstract = {The Spanish pension system shows important gender differences both in the gap in non-coverage rate and in the gap of pension incomes. About 60 percent of women aged 65 years or over do not have a contributory retirement pension. Widowhood pensions play an important role to extend the coverage of contributory pensions and reduces the poverty of women. These gaps are the consequences of gender differences in employment such as salaries, working hours and duration of working life. Also, there is a strong cultural component which implies the traditional role of women as the caretakers of their families. The Social Security system is currently undergoing changes which mainly affect retirement pensions. The main effect of the Spanish reforms on pensioners consists in lowering pensions and adds to the women's pensions some negative impacts such as the penalization of short work careers and careers with low intensity of time worked (part-time and others). Also, the sustainability factor based on the life expectancy will affect in greater proportion in women than in men. It should be considered alternatives measures to reconcile finance sustainability and adequacy of pension systems in the context of ageing populations. Policies for reducing gender gaps in pay, working hours and career length are, likewise, active means of narrowing the gender gap in pensions which will contribute to lowering the risks of poverty in women.},
  isbn = {978-83-7283-900-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender economics,pensions,public finance,retirement policy,social security},
  note = {Pensions Conference (PenCon), Lodz, POLAND, APR 19-20, 2018}
}

@article{Mooi-Reci2012,
  title = {The {{Gendered Consequences}} of {{Unemployment Insurance Reforms}}},
  author = {{Mooi-Reci}, Irma and Mills, Melinda},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {91},
  number = {2},
  pages = {583--608},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/sos111},
  abstract = {This study examines whether a series of unemployment insurance benefit reforms that took place over a 20-year period in the Netherlands had a gendered effect on the duration of unemployment and labor market outcomes. Using longitudinal data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel (OSA) over the period 1980-2000, and adopting a quasi-experimental design, we test whether seemingly \textbackslash textasciigravegender neutral' institutional reforms result in a structural disadvantage for women in particular. Our results demonstrate a striking gender similarity in terms of shorter unemployment durations and ultimately less favorable labor market outcomes (lower occupational class, lower wage, part-time and temporary contracts) among both men and women affected by these reforms. Findings also indicate that disadvantaged groups (older and low-skilled female workers) are the most likely to experience a negative effect from state interventions. These findings provide support for the long-term gains of unemployment benefits and their role in operating as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebridges\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to better employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Moore2016,
  title = {Return-to-{{Work Outcome Rates}} of {{African American Versus White Veterans Served}} by {{State Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies}}: {{A Randomized Split-Half Cross-Model Validation Research Design}}},
  author = {Moore, Corey L. and Wang, Ningning and Johnson, Jean and Manyibe, Edward O. and Washington, Andre L. and Muhammad, Atashia},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN},
  volume = {59},
  number = {3},
  pages = {158--171},
  issn = {0034-3552},
  doi = {10.1177/0034355215579917},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study was to identify disparities in successful return-to-work outcome rates based on race, gender, and level of educational attainment at closure among veterans with a signed Individualized Plan for Employment (IPE). A randomized split-half cross-model validation research design was used to develop and test a series of logistic regression models for goodness of fit across two samples (i.e., screening and calibration) of case records (N = 11,337) obtained from the national Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA)-911 database. The final predictive multinomial logistic regression model indicated that (a) the odds of White veterans successfully returning to work were nearly 11/2 times the odds of African American veterans returning to work and (b) African American female veterans had the lowest probability for successfully returning to work. Moreover, findings indicated that African American veterans' successful return-to-work rates in 5 of the 10 RSA regions were below the national benchmark. Recommendations for policy development and future research directions are presented.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {African American veterans,minority access and outcome rates,RSA-911 data assessment and cross-validation research methods,state vocational rehabilitation agencies}
}

@article{Moore2019,
  title = {The Resilience of Collective Bargaining - a Renewed Logic for Joint Regulation?},
  author = {Moore, Sian and Onaran, Ozlem and Guschanski, Alexander and Antunes, Bethania and Symon, Graham},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EMPLOYEE RELATIONS},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {279--295},
  issn = {0142-5455},
  doi = {10.1108/ER-09-2018-0256},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to reassert the persistent association of the decline in collective bargaining with the increase in income inequality, the fall in the share of wages in national income and deterioration in macroeconomic performance in the UK; and second, to present case studies affirming concrete outcomes of organisational collective bargaining for workers, in terms of pay, job quality, working hours and work-life balance. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based upon two methodological approaches. First, econometric analyses using industry-level and firm-level data for advanced and emerging economies testing the relationship between declining union density, collective bargaining coverage and the fall in the share of wages in national income. Second, it reports on ten in-depth case studies of collective bargaining each based upon analysis of collective bargaining agreements plus in-depth interviews with the actors party to them: in total, 16 trade union officers, 16 members and 11 employer representatives. Findings There is robust evidence of the effects of different measures of bargaining power on the labour share including union density, welfare state retrenchment, minimum wages and female employment. The case studies appear to address a legacy of deregulated industrial relations. A number demonstrate the reinvigoration of collective bargaining at the organisational and sectoral level, addressing the two-tier workforce and contractual differentiation, alongside the consequences of government pay policies for equality. Originality/value The paper indicates that there may be limits to employer commitment to deregulated employment relations. The emergence of new or reinvigorated collective agreements may represent a concession by employers that a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefree\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, individualised, deinstitutionalised, precarious approach to industrial relations, based on wage suppression and work intensification, is not in their interests in the long run.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Collective bargaining,Trade unions,Wages}
}

@article{Moosavian2022,
  title = {Economic, {{Environmental}} and {{Social Impact}} of {{Carbon Tax}} for {{Iran}}: {{A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis}}},
  author = {Moosavian, Seyed Farhan and Zahedi, Rahim and Hajinezhad, Ahmad},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ENERGY SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ENGINEERING},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13--29},
  doi = {10.1002/ese3.1005},
  abstract = {The environmental taxes, such as carbon tax, also affect other economic variables in a different way in addition to the main goal of politicians. The carbon tax aims to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions, while it can also reduce labor tax and labor costs which are incentives to create new jobs. It is necessary to evaluate the carbon taxation policy in Iran due to the special circumstances of the budget deficit mainly caused by the decline of exports and oil revenues. The present study is based on a general equilibrium model in the form of a nonlinear equations system. The model has been calibrated for the 2017 reference year using the data table adopted from Iran's economy. It has been shown that if the carbon tax revenue is employed to decrease the labor income tax, the environmental quality will be improved by reducing pollutant emissions on the one hand, and it will lead to positive effects on the welfare and employment on the other hand. In the present paper, the effect of applying this tax on two policies with redistribution (compensation) and without redistribution (no compensation) of income tax among the households is examined. Maximum, minimum, and optimal values of pollutant emissions reduction under the influence of carbon tax policies were calculated in both scenarios. The simulation results show that the taxation without redistribution of tax revenues decreases the welfare and household's actual consumed budget by 6.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, but in policy with compensation of tax revenue, these indices will increase by 0.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The gross domestic product (GDP) decreases by about 1.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 2.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in both policies, respectively, while the consumer price index (CPI) in both scenarios will increase by about 6.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. According to this research findings, carbon taxation with the redistribution of revenue is a suitable policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adhere to international commitments at the same time.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carbon tax,employment,general equilibrium model,welfare}
}

@article{Morales-Novelo2018,
  title = {Inequality in {{Access}} to {{Drinking Water}} and {{Subsidies}} between {{Low}} and {{High Income Households}} in {{Mexico City}}},
  author = {{Morales-Novelo}, Jorge A. and {Rodriguez-Tapia}, Lilia and {Revollo-Fernandez}, Daniel A.},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {WATER},
  volume = {10},
  number = {8},
  doi = {10.3390/w10081023},
  abstract = {Economic and population growth in Mexico City (CDMX) is the main cause of an increase in water demand against a naturally limited endowment, which increases the gap between water demand and supply. In a water scarcity environment, households are facing pressure to maintain their involvement in the city's only operating body, the Water System of Mexico City (SACMEX) total supply. The objective of this work is to measure the inequality in the distribution of drinking water and water subsidies between households connected to the public network of CDMX in order to generate objective indicators of the phenomenon. Having such information provides a baseline scenario of the problem and allows for the delineation of a policy covering the minimum levels of well-being in the supply of drinking water that is appropriate for the most important city in the country. The method consists of measuring inequality through continuous variables estimating the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, the targeting coefficient and elasticity in water consumption and in water subsidies among households in CDMX. Data comes from a household survey carried out in 2011, Consumption Habits, Service and Quality of Water by Household in Mexico City (EHCSCA). Results show that drinking water and subsidies present a regressive distribution, benefit high-income households and, to a lesser degree, the poorest households in the city and highlight the urgency and importance for SACMEX to redefine its policy on water distribution, fees and subsidies. The present study's scope can contribute to the monitoring of the distribution of drinking water and of subsidies among household groups. The study justifies that the indicators employed in this work can be used and are recommended as a valuable tool in water management, especially in a dynamic environment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality in domestic water supply,inequality in subsidies,water and households,water distribution,water in CDMX,water subsidies}
}

@article{Moran2009,
  title = {Newborn Care Practices among Slum Dwellers in {{Dhaka}}, {{Bangladesh}}: A Quantitative and Qualitative Exploratory Study},
  author = {Moran, Allisyn C. and Choudhury, Nuzhat and Khan, Nazib Uz Zaman and Karar, Zunaid Ahsan and Wahed, Tasnuva and Rashid, Sabina Faiz and Alam, M. Ashraful},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2393-9-54},
  abstract = {Background: Urbanization is occurring at a rapid pace, especially in low-income countries. Dhaka, Bangladesh, is estimated to grow to 50 million by 2015, with 21 million living in urban slums. Although health services are available, neonatal mortality is higher in slum areas than in urban non-slum areas. The Manoshi program works to improve maternal, newborn, and child health in urban slums in Bangladesh. This paper describes newborn care practices in urban slums in Dhaka and provides program recommendations. Methods: A quantitative baseline survey was conducted in six urban slum areas to measure newborn care practices among recently delivered women (n = 1,256). Thirty-six in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore newborn care practices among currently pregnant women (n = 18) and women who had at least one delivery (n = 18). Results: In the baseline survey, the majority of women gave birth at home (84\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most women reported having knowledge about drying the baby (64\textbackslash textbackslash\%), wrapping the baby after birth (59\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and cord care (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In the in-depth interviews, almost all women reported using sterilized instruments to cut the cord. Babies are typically bathed soon after birth to purify them from the birth process. There was extensive care given to the umbilical cord including massage and/or applying substances, as well as a variety of practices to keep the baby warm. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare; most women reported first giving their babies sweet water, honey and/or other foods. Conclusion: These reported newborn care practices are similar to those in rural areas of Bangladesh and to urban and rural areas in the South Asia region. There are several program implications. Educational messages to promote providing newborn care immediately after birth, using sterile thread, delaying bathing, and ensuring dry cord care and exclusive breastfeeding are needed. Programs in urban slum areas should also consider interventions to improve social support for women, especially first time mothers. These interventions may improve newborn survival and help achieve MDG4.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{MorcilloMartinez2018,
  title = {{The triad: initiation, transit and consolidation versus return of women that move from Tangier to Andalucia in a context of economic crisis}},
  author = {Morcillo Martinez, Juana Ma and Sotomayor Morales, Eva Ma and {de la Fuente Robles}, Yolanda Ma},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {111},
  pages = {157--180},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {In this paper we analyze, on the one hand, the migratory process of women from Morocco to Andalusia in a context of economic crisis. And, on the other hand, the categories of influence in their process of social participation. For this, we have used a qualitative methodology through in-depth interviews. In the same way, it has been investigated in its speeches from a longitudinal approach taking into account three key moments in this question; the beginning, the transit and the settlement in the consolidation versus return to the society of origin. The results show how the expectations of women crossing the Mediterranean to reach Spain are built and blurred, demonstrating a lack of respect for human rights. 1. Methodology In this work, we have not intended to measure the migratory phenomenon but to describe its determinants and through the discourses, try to identify the deep nature of this social reality, its relationship system and its dynamic structure. Neither, we have not started with a consolidated explanatory theory in scientific knowledge to, through the deductive method, verify or refute the behavior of certain paradigms in social reality. This has already been done successfully on occasions as we quoted below but, based on these and starting from the reality a migratory movement carried out by women, the present work has obtained the necessary information for its development from the qualitative methodology. The strategy that we carry out is oriented to discover and understand a concrete phenomenon and this methodology is what gives meaning to our research work. In this sense, we have carefully selected the key informants with the intention of collecting their speech and obtaining a broad vision of the experiences that come with the migratory processes of Morocco women in their process of social integration in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. On the other hand, understanding that the phenomenon can not be analyzed only from the discourse of the social actors, we carry out an ethnographic method through participant observation, culminated through registration and observation of the social context, the way in which the social actors in their context, the attitude of the professionals, the public policies and norms of the context and the behaviors and attitudes of the actors who do not intervene in the first person of the migratory phenomenon. Therefore, in addition to the ethnographic method, the methodology that we have used has been qualitative, through the technique of semi-structured interview with a sample size defined by saturation, which reached 18 cases selected through a Sampling, given the nature of the population under study. (Ruiz Olabuenaga, 1996). The in-depth interviews were carried out in the city of Tangier and in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The application of the in-depth interviews to our key informants was not intended, in any case, the statistical representation, but the socio-structural representation in relation to the objectives of this research work. In the same way we use two fundamental criteria when deciding who and how many women to interview: the sampling criteria of a practical nature and the sampling outside the control of the design. (I). Sample criteria of a practical nature have to do with the classification of two general types of interviewees: key and representative. The four questions or basic criteria that we considered in the selection of interviewees were: (i) who has the relevant information?; (ii) who are the most accessible women ?; (lii) who are more willing to report? And, (iv) who are better able to communicate information more accurately? Other requirements were also: (i) to be knowledgeable about the object to be investigated; (ii) that they were willing to speak, and (iii) that they represented different points of view when different perspectives existed on what was being studied. (II). Sampling out of control of the design synthesized several ideas and also had to do with the snowball procedure. Another issue to consider is the duration and repetition of the interviews that were part of the design tasks, some sample decisions were reviewed during the field work. The length of each interview session ranged from about forty-five minutes to some interviews over an hour long. It is important to emphasize that not only is it enough to ask who and how many women to interview, it must be considered that sufficient interviews must be conducted so that the interviewer feels that he has leamed everything that has to be learned and has verified these understandings through the most knowledgeable informants and that They deserve more confidence, from there came the principle of saturation. We also address two important aspects in the preparation of in-depth interviews. On the one hand, the selection of the most suitable interviewees. And on the other hand, the decisions on the most suitable conditions of date, place and record of the interviews. (I). About the researcher; It is interesting to ask how they can affect a research-interviewed interaction, since it is interviewed for research and knowledge purposes. Some interviews specified the training and special knowledge to make pertinent interventions in a conversational situation not always is easy. Decisions in this regard depended on the purposes of the study and other research contingencies. (II). About the date, place and registration; It became necessary to condition it to the interests of the study, combining a series of elements, without forcing, because to that extent the success of the interviews was largely dependent. Regarding the evaluative criteria of the quality of the interviews, we distinguished different groups of quality criteria applied. These include: (i) reliability criteria; (ii) credibility criteria; (iii) transferability; (iv) dependability; (v) authenticity and, (vi) ethical criteria. Likewise, a moderately alternative redefinition of the internal, external validity and reliability standards was applied. In our opinion we judge the credibility of the work applied for its transparency and coherence, since the quality of the information depended to a great extent on the collaboration of the interviewees, which entails serious ethical obligations towards them. In sum, the quality of the interviews applied is intrinsically related to the characteristics of the interviewed women and the ethical guidelines of the research. Jointly, informed consent and confidentiality play a key role. All these are criteria that we have taken into account in the evaluation of the quality of the interviews applied. Women were selected who: 1. They intended to emigrate. 2. In full transit. 3. They would have completed the migration process for two years or less. The categories previously selected for the analysis have been defined through the following topics: 1. The system of attributions of the beginning of the migratory process. 2. The reception process and the contextual conditions of the receiving society. 3. Comparative patterns of well-being in Morocco and Andalusia. 4. Expectations, desires and feelings. 5. Familiar social networks around the beginning of the migration project. 6. Difficulties during transit. 7. Perception of the migration project itself. 8. Interference of the economic crisis in speeches. 9. Perceptions about returning to their home society. 2. The description of the methodological approach, a special condition. Work plan and description of the phases. The work plan developed in the different phases carried out consisted of the following actions: Phase I. Initial Conceptual Model. In the first phase called the initial conceptual model, we proceeded to review and analyze the literature related to our object of study. This phase corresponds to the exploration and analysis of the scientific production in the issue that concerns us and that directly links gender and migration. Together, we follow exhaustively the design of the model according to Miles and Huberman, (1984) who; \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEstablishes that from the categories emerged in the bibliographic review, conclusions must be drawn up graphically so that the relationships between the named categories are described in detail.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace In this context, we note that the field work was carried out in the city of Tangier (Morocco) and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia in the framework of various projects for Development Cooperation of the University of Jaen and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation Development (AECID)'. We resorted to using the intentional sampling procedure that allowed us to select the subjects in the sample. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. At the same time we made use of participant observation or ethnographic observation. Three elements of this technique were taken into account at the time of its use; (I) social interaction, (ii) data collection protocol, and (ii) control of information. Phase II. Intermediate Model of Interviewees. In this second phase of the research, we proceeded to design the intermediate model, which starts from an empirical data, that is, from the experience on the subject to be studied. For this phase the interviews were structured in depth, whose questions were revealed by key informants and interviewed women, both of whom were intentionally selected. In order to do so, the criteria they used to contribute relevant information to our research were taken as criteria. In this sense, we use the snowball procedure. In this respect, the sample frame is the meanings. That is, those of the experience emerge. The snowball procedure allowed us to select the subjects of the sample arbitrarily, that is, allowed us to choose Moroccan women and key informants who presented very special characteristics. Once identified and with the available information they were asked to locate other members of the same study population, either by familiarity, knowledge or ease of access. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. The analysis of the interviews was performed after the transcript. The transcripts were then sorted according to the application sequence where the statements of the informants were taken into account. Subsequently, a first sweep of data was made that allowed to be debugged the information that was repeated. In this sense, the theoretical basis of the research, the direct experience of the researchers, the different contributions of key professionals in this issue in Tangier and Andalusia, together with the application of the in-depth interviews, are guarantees that allowed to develop an exhaustive analysis Which is reflected with the development of the present investigation. Phase III. Final Conceptual Model. In the final conceptual model the observations and the discussion were elaborated according to the theoretical positions described in the theoretical review and with the answers of the people interviewed. The contrast of these two phases made it possible to formulate theorizing. Theorizing, according to Martinez, (1999): \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveIs a way to look at the facts, to organize them and to represent them conceptually, through a new network of relations between the constituent parts.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace From this point of view, the theory turns out to be the production of human intelligence, since imagination and experience have been part of the construction of knowledge. We consider that the content analysis as a way to approach an investigation, is a methodological complement that allows to obtain knowledge of precise and effective way. The systematization of information leads to the construction of a theorization, which is reached, to the extent that we appropriate the acquired knowledge. In sum, the design of the final conceptual model originated from the interaction and contrast of the matching elements of the categories and subcategories extracted from both the initial model and the intermediate model. Research objectives: 1. Observe the legislative framework and immigration policies and integration models in the context of Andalusia and Tangier. 2. Analyze the conditions and discourses that are generated in this migration process both in the context of departure, in transit and in the receiving society. 3. Analyze the migration process of Moroccan women to Andalusia, based on their expectations, experiences and personal assessments. 4. Identify the discourses around the exclusion processes that affect the Moroccan woman in the host society 5. Design proposals for improvement, achieving the overcoming of the more generalist positions insofar as they identify the migratory phenomenon as unique. Results in relation to objectives. 1. The exclusionary factors of this particular phenomenon are identified in such a way that proposes the adaptation of public policies and measures in which integration and socio-labor participation is the key axis of action and women are recognized in all areas of performance. However, it is recognized that certain changes in their societies of origin are also necessary. 2. The speeches that are generated in the migratory process are analyzed. These discourses related to the intention to emigrate that is generated in the society of origin, in the transit and in the process of consolidation that takes place in the receiving society. It is highlighted that migratory flows bring into contact the systems of gender and social class inequality of two different societies: the society of origin and the host society. Therefore, the importance of analyzing these issues is recognized. This is why we have analyzed this migratory phenomenon in three key moments. \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceGRAPHICS] . The migratory process of Moroccan women, in their economic character, has a specific reception in a segmented labor market, with tasks of family and domestic care, surrounded by a great vulnerability, but which satisfies to some extent their migratory expectations. 3. The current economic crisis suffered by Andalusia, for almost a decade, provokes that, although this is identified by the protagonists in forms that are ignored in their speeches, I acted as a mechanism to curb and expel female migration, or Precarization of underemployment to which they access. 4. Different situations related to different moments of the migration are exposed within a frame of fatigue and wear. Subsequently, some perceptions of well-being are shown, in cases where women understand that their expectations have been met. 5. We believe it is necessary, despite not being evident, an improvement in Spanish policies to improve the quality of life of women, to make proposals generated by the results of the analysis in the sense of improving the integration and social participation of Moroccan women who should have institutional resources in different areas, highlighting improvements in the current Aliens Act, access to the education system, labor insertion, language learning, accreditation of studies, gender violence, impartial media and poor housing. In our opinion, it is important to develop many positive actions and political will to achieve an optimal process of integration and social participation of women from Morocco in Andalusia.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Economic aisle,Exclusion processes and public policies,Migration,Women from the Morocco}
}

@article{Morello2020,
  title = {Work, Life, and the Gender Effect: {{Perspectives ofACVIMDiplomates}} in 2017. {{Part}} 1-{{Specialty}} Demographics and Measures of Professional Achievement},
  author = {Morello, Samantha L. and Colopy, Sara A. and Chun, Ruthanne and Buhr, Kevin A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {34},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1825--1836},
  issn = {0891-6640},
  doi = {10.1111/jvim.15872},
  abstract = {Background Barriers to achieving work-life balance, as well as gender-based differences, exist in the male-dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Hypothesis/Objectives To provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender-related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work-life balance. Sample A total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine. Methods An 82-item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary. Results Thirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% completed surveys; 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% were men and 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full-time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty-three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {advancement,career,demographics,gender,salary,work-life balance}
}

@article{Morgenstern2009,
  title = {Does {{Coordinated Care Management Improve Employment}} for {{Substance-Using Welfare Recipients}}?},
  author = {Morgenstern, Jon and Hogue, Aaron and Dauber, Sarah and Dasaro, Christopher and McKay, James R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS},
  volume = {70},
  number = {6},
  pages = {955--963},
  issn = {1937-1888},
  doi = {10.15288/jsad.2009.70.955},
  abstract = {Objective: This study tested whether coordinated care management, a continuity of care intervention for substance-use disorders, improved employment among men and women on public assistance compared with usual welfare management. Method: Participants were 421 welfare applicants identified via substance-use-disorder screening and assigned via a computerized allocation program to coordinated care management (CCM; n = 232) or referral and monitoring practices in usual care (UC; n = 189). Substance use, treatment attendance,job training and search activities, and employment outcomes were assessed for I year after baseline. Results: Men were more likely to be working than women overall. Among women, CCM clients increased their employment over time, whereas UC clients remained stable at very low employment levels. There were no treatment effects on employment for men. Also among women only, greater substance-use-disorder treatment attendance and abstinence in the first 6 months of CCM predicted higher rates of later employment. Job training activities were low and did not differ by condition between either gender. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with previous research supporting the effectiveness of case management for improving abstinence, which leads to employment gains, among substance-using women on public assistance. In contrast, various mandated elements of welfare-to-work programs for substance users\textendash treatment attendance, case management, job training-did not improve employment rates for men. Implications of study results for designing effective welfare-to-work interventions in a post-welfare-reform era are discussed. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 70: 955-963, 2009)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Moriguchi2008,
  title = {{{THE EVOLUTION OF INCOME CONCENTRATION IN JAPAN}}, 1886-2005: {{EVIDENCE FROM INCOME TAX STATISTICS}}},
  author = {Moriguchi, Chiaki and Saez, Emmanuel},
  year = {2008},
  month = nov,
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS},
  volume = {90},
  number = {4},
  pages = {713--734},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest.90.4.713},
  abstract = {This paper studies the evolution of income concentration in Japan from 1886 to 2005 by constructing long-run series of top income shares and top wage income shares, using income tax statistics. We find that (i) income concentration was extremely high throughout the pre-WWII period during which the nation underwent rapid industrialization; (ii) a drastic de-concentration of income at the top took place in 1938-1945; (iii) income concentration remained low during the rest of the century but shows some sign of increase in the last decade; and (iv) top income composition in Japan has shifted dramatically from capital income to employment income over the course of the twentieth century. We attribute the precipitous fall in income concentration during WWII primarily to the collapse of capital income due to wartime regulations and inflation. We argue that the change in the institutional structure under the occupational reforms made the one-time income de-concentration difficult to reverse. In contrast to the sharp increase in wage income inequality observed in the United States since 1970, the top wage income shares in Japan have remained relatively stable over the last thirty years. We show that the change in technology or tax policies alone cannot account for the comparative experience of Japan and the United States. Instead we suggest that institutional factors such as internal labor markets and union structure are important determinants of wage income concentration.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Morrar2022,
  title = {The Determinants of Self-Employment Entry of {{Palestinian}} Youth},
  author = {Morrar, Rabeh and Amara, Mohamed and Zwick, Helene Syed},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EMERGING ECONOMIES},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--44},
  issn = {2053-4604},
  doi = {10.1108/JEEE-06-2020-0184},
  abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to study the impact of micro-level socio-economic, demographic and geographical factors on the likelihood of self-employment entry of young adults in Palestine and filling a gap in the analysis of determinants of self-employment for young adults in Palestine. Design/methodology/approach The research design is based on a multinomial logistic (MNL) model and on the testing of seven hypotheses deriving from the review of the theoretical and empirical literature, using a micro-level longitudinal data set from the Palestinian Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) between 2009 and 2016. In the analysis, the dependent variable (employment status) is a discrete variable that takes four unordered and independent outcomes: wage employee, self-employed, employer and unpaid family member. Findings This study has strong evidence that the likelihood of self-employment increases with age. However, results are inconsistent with the well-known curvilinear relationship between age and self-employment. Regarding the role of gender, results show that young men are more likely to become self-employed than young women. Results indicate that there is a significant and negative impact of an increasing level of education on self-employment entry for both youth and the whole population. On the opposite, training after graduation increases the likelihood of self-employment entry for youth with high education level. Besides, this paper finds that young workers living in urban areas have more likelihood to enter self-employment than those in rural areas and young workers in Gaza have more likelihood to enter self-employment than their counterparts in West Bank. Practical implications First, in both West Bank and Gaza, young women are less inclined to actively engage in self-employment, which confirms structural inequalities between men and women. Therefore, this study calls for social protection programmes and for national programmes that would promote and develop women's self-employment. Second, because this paper finds that youth self-employment is more an opportunity-driven phenomenon than a necessity-driven one, this study calls for programmes that provide youth with small business grants and training on entrepreneurship and business models. Originality/value Insights are valuable as both government institutions and universities and entrepreneurial startups can benefit from knowing which factors contribute to the self-employment likelihood of youth in Palestine and use the policy recommendations to develop capacity-building programmes to provide the youth and women with skills and competencies which enable them to turn to self-employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Entrepreneurship,Necessity-based entrepreneurship,Opportunity-based entrepreneurship,Palestine,Self-employment}
}

@article{Morreale2003,
  title = {Eligibility and Enrollment of Adolescents in {{Medicaid}} and {{SCRIP}}: {{Recent}} Progress, Current Challenges},
  author = {Morreale, {\relax MC} and English, A},
  year = {2003},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH},
  volume = {32},
  number = {6, S},
  pages = {25--39},
  issn = {1054-139X},
  doi = {10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00066-1},
  abstract = {Purpose: To examine the effect of recent federal and state policy changes on adolescents' eligibility and enrollment in Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCRIP). Methods: By analyzing relevant provisions in federal and state laws, approved state plans and amendments, annual reports and evaluations, and enrollment data provided by states, this article explores the extent to which states have taken full advantage of opportunities to expand Medicaid and SCRIP eligibility for adolescents. Results: Between March 1997 and September 2001, states made significant progress toward expanding Medicaid and SCRIP coverage for adolescents. During that time, the number of states that provided Medicaid coverage to all poor adolescents aged younger than 19 years doubled, most states eliminated the disparities that previously existed in Medicaid eligibility levels for younger children and adolescents, and virtually every state raised the income level at which adolescents are eligible for public coverage in either Medicaid or SCRIP. These changes resulted in an increase in the number of adolescents who are enrolled in Medicaid and SCRIP. Nevertheless, many states implemented other policies that create barriers to adolescents' eligibility and enrollment. Conclusions: Despite recent expansions of public insurance eligibility, millions of adolescents remain uninsured. Much work remains to address eligibility gaps and to ensure that eligible adolescents are actually enrolled and use services. The current political and economic environment threatens to undermine the ability of adolescents to access services through these important programs. (C) Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2003.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to health care,adolescent health services,delivery of health care,health insurance,health policy,Medicaid,State Children's Health Insurance Program}
}

@article{Morrello2022,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveNow}}, with a Bit More Knowledge, {{I}} Understand Why {{I}}'m Asking Those Questions.\textbackslash ensuremath'' Midwives' Perspectives on Their Role in the {{Greater Manchester}} Health and Social Care Partnership's Programme to Reduce Alcohol Exposed Pregnancies},
  author = {Morrello, Ruth and Cook, Penny A. and Coffey, Margaret},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {MIDWIFERY},
  volume = {110},
  issn = {0266-6138},
  doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2022.103335},
  abstract = {Objective: To understand midwives' perspectives regarding the effect of a programme of activities aimed at reducing alcohol exposed pregnancies at two NHS Trusts in Greater Manchester. The programme included new protocols for screening, a referral pathway for specialist support and alcohol training for midwives. Design and participants: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 midwives working in antenatal care at the two Trusts over the telephone and via video conferencing. A review of the literature provided insight into contemporary midwifery practice. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to inform the interview schedule design. Data analysis used a Framework Approach and drew on a priori themes from the literature review. Findings: Participating midwives described objective screening practice using a validated tool on multiple antenatal occasions and were confident to discuss alcohol. Participants were cognisant of local and national policies and guidelines. Discussing alcohol was viewed as important and part of the midwife's role, beliefs which supported participants' intention to practice in line with new protocols. Maternal underreporting and denial of alcohol consumption was a key barrier to providing effective care. Key conclusions and implications for practice: The professional practice of participants was more in keeping with the Chief Medical Officer's recommendations than that reported in recent research from the UK and other high-income countries. However, from this small study it is not possible to attribute this directly to the local Reducing Alcohol Exposed Pregnancies programme. Training to prepare midwives to elicit more accurately details of maternal alcohol consumption may improve the efficacy of the programme. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alcohol,Brief intervention,Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),Midwife,Pregnancy,Screening}
}

@article{Morris2019,
  title = {Who Benefits from Social Investment? {{The}} Gendered Effects of Family and Employment Policies on Cardiovascular Disease in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Morris, Katherine Ann and Beckfield, Jason and Bambra, Clare},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {73},
  number = {3},
  pages = {206--213},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech-2018-211283},
  abstract = {Background In the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of \textbackslash textasciigravesocial investment', a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on gender health equity. Methods Using age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental leave with country fixed effects. Findings We found mixed effects of social investment for men versus women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women. Additionally, government spending on public employment services was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not significant for women, while government spending on employment training was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not significant for men. Conclusions Social investment policies were negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these results for the European social investment policy turn and for future research on gender health equity.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Morrison2018,
  title = {Formative Qualitative Research to Develop Community-Based Interventions Addressing Low Birth Weight in the Plains of {{Nepal}}},
  author = {Morrison, Joanna and Dulal, Sophiya and {Harris-Fry}, Helen and Basnet, Machhindra and Sharma, Neha and Shrestha, Bhim and Manandhar, Dharma and Costello, Anthony and Osrin, David and Saville, Naomi},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {377--384},
  issn = {1368-9800},
  doi = {10.1017/S1368980017002646},
  abstract = {Objective: To explore the factors affecting intra-household food allocation practices to inform the development of interventions to prevent low birth weight in rural plains of Nepal. Design: Qualitative methodology using purposive sampling to explore the barriers and facilitating factors to improved maternal nutrition. Setting: Rural Dhanusha District, Nepal. Subjects: We purposively sampled twenty-five young daughters-in-law from marginalised groups living in extended families and conducted semi-structured interviews with them. We also conducted one focus group discussion with men and one with female community health volunteers who were mothers-in-law. Results: Gender and age hierarchies were important in household decision making. The mother-in-law was responsible for ensuring that a meal was provided to productive household members. The youngest daughter-in-law usually cooked last and ate less than other family members, and showed respect for other family members by cooking only when permitted and deferring to others' choice of food. There were limited opportunities for these women to snack between main meals. Daughters-in-law' movement outside the household was restricted and therefore family members perceived that their nutritional need was less. Poverty affected food choice and families considered cost before nutritional value. Conclusions: It is important to work with the whole household, particularly mothers-in-law, to improve maternal nutrition. We present five barriers to behaviour change: poverty; lack of knowledge about cheap nutritional food, the value of snacking, and cheap nutritional food that does not require cooking; sharing food; lack of self-confidence: and deference to household guardians. We discuss how we have targeted our interventions to develop knowledge, discuss strategics to overcome barriers, engage mothers-in-law, and build the confidence and social support networks of pregnant women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,Intra-household food allocation,Neonatal health,Nutrition,Qualitative}
}

@article{Morton2018,
  title = {Risk-Taking in the Academic Dual-Hiring Process: How Risk Shapes Later Work Experiences},
  author = {Morton, Sarah and Kmec, Julie A.},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RISK RESEARCH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1517--1532},
  issn = {1366-9877},
  doi = {10.1080/13669877.2017.1313761},
  abstract = {This article examines risk-taking in the job search process and whether women and men who are part of a dual-career couple experience different work-related consequences for taking such risks. Specifically, we explore how the decision to reveal dual-career status in the academic job search process impacts faculty members' later promotions, productivity, pay, mobility, and career-related goals. We draw on a sample of roughly 230 faculty in seven US universities who were part of a dual-career couple at their time of hire. We find that risk-taking during the job search impacts some career outcomes, and does so similarly for women and men. Members of a dual-career couple who took the risk of revealing their dual-career status before a job offer reported significantly more positive career experiences related to promotion and productivity than those who did not reveal their status during the job search. Only the salary outcome was negatively related to revealing dual-career status in the job search process. Because of the nature of academic hiring, revealing a risky status during the job search process may ameliorate barriers to employment. Our study has important implications for research and the development of academic dual-career policies that make dual-career hiring more transparent.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {academic job search,dual-career,gender,risk,work experiences}
}

@article{MOSS1993,
  title = {{{PREGNANT-WOMEN AT WORK}} - {{SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES}}},
  author = {MOSS, N and CARVER, K},
  year = {1993},
  month = apr,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {541--557},
  issn = {0271-3586},
  doi = {10.1002/ajim.4700230404},
  abstract = {The 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, a stratified random sample of 9,953 live births, shows that women who work during pregnancy are more likely to be non-Hispanic white, married, of higher income and education, to have medical insurance, and of lower parity than nonemployed pregnant women (p {$<$} .0001). They begin prenatal care earlier, are less likely to smoke, and are more likely to state that the birth was wanted (p {$<$} .0001). Similar trends are seen for full-time as compared to part-time workers. Women employed as precision production workers, operators/fabricators, or in service occupations are disadvantaged with regard to sociodemographic and behavioral risks for pregnancy outcomes relative to women in professional and managerial occupations. Black race, parity, body mass index, and smoking, but not employment, are associated with low birth weight when gestational age is controlled. The effects of stress and its buffers, paternal characteristics, physical activity, and toxic exposures, both in and out of the workplace, should be considered, as should the normative and social policy context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {EMPLOYMENT,LOW BIRTH WEIGHT,OCCUPATION,PREGNANCY,RISK FACTORS}
}

@article{Moss2022,
  title = {Associations between Inflexible Job Conditions, Health and Healthcare Utilisation in {{England}}: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {Moss, Charlie and Munford, Luke Aaron and Sutton, Matt},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {12},
  number = {12},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062942},
  abstract = {ObjectivesTo estimate the strength of association between having an inflexible job and health-related quality of life and healthcare utilisation; and to explore heterogeneity in the effects by gender, age and area-level deprivation.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.SettingSeven waves of the English General Practice Patient Survey between 2012 and 2017.Participants1 232 884 people aged 16-64 years and in full-time employment. We measured job inflexibility by inability to take time away from work during usual working hours to seek medical care.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHealth-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L); number of months since the respondent last saw a general practitioner (GP) or nurse; use of out-of-hours general practice in the past 6 months. We used regression analyses to estimate the strength of association between outcomes and having an inflexible job, adjusting for person and area-level characteristics.ResultsOne-third of respondents reported job inflexibility. The probability of job inflexibility was higher at younger ages and in more deprived areas. Job inflexibility was associated with lower EQ-5D-5L utility scores of 0.017 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.016 to 0.018) for women and 0.016 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.015 to 0.017) for men. Women were more affected than men in the mental health domain. The reduction in health-related quality of life associated with having an inflexible job was greater for employees who were older or lived in more deprived areas. Having an inflexible job was associated with a longer time since the last visit to their GP of 0.234 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.201 to 0.268) months for women and 0.199 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.152 to 0.183) months for men.ConclusionsInequalities in the prevalence of inflexible jobs contribute to inequalities in health. One mechanism may be through reduced access to healthcare. Policymakers and employers should ensure that all employees have sufficient job flexibility to protect their health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {occupational \textbackslash textbackslash\& industrial medicine,primary care,public health,social medicine}
}

@article{Mota2012,
  title = {Determinants of Demand for Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Literature Review},
  author = {Mota, Ruben E. Mujica and Tarricone, Rosanna and Ciani, Oriana and Bridges, John F. P. and Drummond, Mike},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-12-225},
  abstract = {Background: Documented age, gender, race and socio-economic disparities in total joint arthroplasty (TJA), suggest that those who need the surgery may not receive it, and present a challenge to explain the causes of unmet need. It is not clear whether doctors limit treatment opportunities to patients, nor is it known the effect that patient beliefs and expectations about the operation, including their paid work status and retirement plans, have on the decision to undergo TJA. Identifying socio-economic and other determinants of demand would inform the design of effective and efficient health policy. This review was conducted to identify the factors that lead patients in need to undergo TJA. Methods: An electronic search of the Embase and Medline (Ovid) bibliographic databases conducted in September 2011 identified studies in the English language that reported on factors driving patients in need of hip or knee replacement to undergo surgery. The review included reports of elective surgery rates in eligible patients or, controlling for disease severity, in general subjects, and stated clinical experts' and patients' opinions on suitability for or willingness to undergo TJA. Quantitative and qualitative studies were reviewed, but quantitative studies involving fewer than 20 subjects were excluded. The quality of individual studies was assessed on the basis of study design (i.e., prospective versus retrospective), reporting of attrition, adjustment for and report of confounding effects, and reported measures of need (self-reported versus doctor-assessed). Reported estimates of effect on the probability of surgery from analyses adjusting for confounders were summarised in narrative form and synthesised in odds ratio (OR) forest plots for individual determinants. Results: The review included 26 quantitative studies-23 on individuals' decisions or views on having the operation and three about health professionals' opinions-and 10 qualitative studies. Ethnic and racial disparities in TJA use are associated with socio-economic access factors and expectations about the process and outcomes of surgery. In the United States, health insurance coverage affects demand, including that from the Medicare population, for whom having supplemental Medicaid coverage increases the likelihood of undergoing TJA. Patients with post-secondary education are more likely to demand hip or knee surgery than those without it (range of OR 0.87-2.38). Women are as willing to undergo surgery as men, but they are less likely to be offered surgery by specialists than men with the same need. There is considerable variation in patient demand with age, with distinct patterns for hip and knee. Paid employment appears to increase the chances of undergoing surgery, but no study was found that investigated the relationship between retirement plans and demand for TJA. There is evidence of substantial geographical variation in access to joint replacement within the territory covered by a public national health system, which is unlikely to be explained by differences in preference or unmeasured need alone. The literature tends to focus on associations, rather than testing of causal relationships, and is insufficient to assess the relative importance of determinants. Conclusions: Patients' use of hip and knee replacement is a function of their socio-economic circumstances, which reinforce disparities by gender and race originating in the doctor-patient interaction. Willingness to undergo surgery declines steeply after the age of retirement, at the time some eligible patients may lower their expectations of health status achievement. There is some evidence that paid employment independently increases the likelihood of operation. The relative contribution of variations in surgical decision making to differential access across regions within countries deserves further research that controls for clinical need and patient lifestyle preferences, including retirement decisions. Evidence on this question will become increasingly relevant for service planning and policy design in societies with ageing populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arthroplasty,Decision to operate,Demand,Equity,Hip,Knee,Need,Orthopaedic implant,Osteoarthritis,Patient selection,Preferences,Socio-economic disparities,Total joint replacement}
}

@article{Mowrer2020,
  title = {Failure to Thrive: {{The}} Socioeconomics of Pediatric Gastrostomy Complications},
  author = {Mowrer, Alyssa R. and Esparaz, Joseph R. and Nierstedt, Ryan T. and Zumpf, Katelyn B. and Chakraborty, Shawn R. and Pearl, Richard H. and Aprahamian, Charles J. and Jeziorczak, Paul M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY},
  volume = {55},
  number = {5},
  pages = {855--860},
  issn = {0022-3468},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.01.017},
  abstract = {Purpose: One of the most common procedures in the pediatric population is the placement of a gastrostomy tube. There are significant medical, emotional, and social implications for both patients and caregivers. We hypothesized that socioeconomic status had a significant impact on gastrostomy complications. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed. Patient and census data including median household income, unemployment rate, health insurance status, poverty level, and caregiver education level were merged. Statistical tests were conducted against a 2-sided alternative hypothesis with a 0.05 significance level. Outcomes examined were minor and major complications in association with socioeconomic variables. Results: Patients with mechanical complications were younger, weighed less, and had a 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater chance of having commercial insurance. Patients with Medicare/self-pay were three times more likely to have a minor complication. The average unemployment rate was 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater in familieswith amajor complication. Individuals with a minor complication came from community tracts with a lower percentage of families below the poverty level. Conclusion: An association between socioeconomic factors and gastrostomy complications was identified. Insurance status and employment status were more significant predictors than poverty level. Further work with variables for targeted interventions to provide specific family support will allow these children and families to thrive. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gastrostomy tube complications,Socioeconomic status},
  note = {51st Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Association-of-Pediatric-Surgeons (CAPS), Quebec, CANADA, SEP 19-21, 2019}
}

@article{Mpango2020,
  title = {Challenges to Peer Support in Low- and Middle-Income Countries during {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Mpango, Richard and Kalha, Jasmine and Shamba, Donat and Ramesh, Mary and Ngakongwa, Fileuka and Kulkarni, Arti and Korde, Palak and Nakku, Juliet and Ryan, Grace K.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12992-020-00622-y},
  abstract = {Background A recent editorial urged those working in global mental health to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechange the conversation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on coronavirus disease (Covid-19) by putting more focus on the needs of people with severe mental health conditions. UPSIDES (Using Peer Support In Developing Empowering mental health Services) is a six-country consortium carrying out implementation research on peer support for people with severe mental health conditions in high- (Germany, Israel), lower middle- (India) and low-income (Tanzania, Uganda) settings. This commentary briefly outlines some of the key challenges faced by UPSIDES sites in low- and middle-income countries as a result of Covid-19, sharing early lessons that may also apply to other services seeking to address the needs of people with severe mental health conditions in similar contexts. Challenges and lessons learned The key take-away from experiences in India, Tanzania and Uganda is that inequalities in terms of access to mobile technologies, as well as to secure employment and benefits, put peer support workers in particularly vulnerable situations precisely when they and their peers are also at their most isolated. Establishing more resilient peer support services requires attention to the already precarious situation of people with severe mental health conditions in low-resource settings, even before a crisis like Covid-19 occurs. While it is essential to maintain contact with peer support workers and peers to whatever extent is possible remotely, alternatives to face-to-face delivery of psychosocial interventions are not always straightforward to implement and can make it more difficult to observe individuals' reactions, talk about emotional issues and offer appropriate support. Conclusions In environments where mental health care was already heavily medicalized and mostly limited to medications issued by psychiatric institutions, Covid-19 threatens burgeoning efforts to pursue a more holistic and person-centered model of care for people with severe mental health conditions. As countries emerge from lockdown, those working in global mental health will need to redouble their efforts not only to make up for lost time and help individuals cope with the added stressors of Covid-19 in their communities, but also to regain lost ground in mental health care reform and in broader conversations about mental health in low-resource settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Covid-19,Global mental health,Peer support}
}

@article{Mpofu2023,
  title = {Employment {{Outcomes}} for {{People With Autism Spectrum Disorder}}: {{A Theory Mapping}} of the {{Evidence}}},
  author = {Mpofu, Elias},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {REHABILITATION RESEARCH POLICY AND EDUCATION},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {49--59},
  issn = {2168-6653},
  doi = {10.1891/RE-22-16},
  abstract = {Background: People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are three to four times less largely to be with employment compared to neurotypical others. Theory based studies may provide helpful indicators for the design and implementation of employment supports for people with ASD.Objective: This critical review examined the extent of the evidence for theory in studies on employment outcomes for people with ASD and taking into account social inequality. For the evidence, 35 studies were selected for review if they were published in the period 2000-2016 and assessed for the association between work participation with ASD applying descriptive survey or quasi-experimental design.Methods: Studies were examined for use of any theory, including four predetermined theory types: social liminality, psychosocial, behavioral, and structural-infrastructural. They were also content-analyzed to determine if they cited any evidence of social inequality influences on employment outcomes with ASD.Findings: Results indicated that none of the studies explicitly applied and tested a theory on work participation with ASD. Rather, the majority of the studies were implicitly framed on predominantly behavioral type theory with minor elements of workplace psychosocial support theory-oriented interventions. Regard of structural-infrastructural type theory addressing social inequality is incidentally addressed by a few of the studies (n = 3) that examined family income status influences.Conclusion: In conclusion, extant studies on the association between employment outcomes and ASD are seriously limited in their explanatory value by a lack of theoretical grounding. They also neglect influences of antecedent social inequality in employment outcomes with ASD. Future studies should apply specific theory to questions on employment outcomes with ASD to provide usable evidence to inform employment support policy instruments and interventions for people with ASD.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mu2022,
  title = {The {{Changing Patterns}} and {{Determinants}} of {{Stay-at-Home Motherhood}} in {{Urban China}}, 1982 to 2015},
  author = {Mu, Zheng and Tian, Felicia F.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--75},
  issn = {0047-2328},
  doi = {10.3138/jcfs-2021-0065},
  abstract = {This paper documents trends in and examines determinants of stay-at-home motherhood in urban China from 1982 to 2015. China once had the world's leading female labor force participation rate. Since the economic reforms starting from the early 1980s, however, some mothers have been withdrawing from the labor force due to diminished state support, a rise in intensive parenting, and heightened work-family conflicts. Based on data from the 1982, 1990, and 2000 Chinese censuses, the 2005 mini-census, and the 2006-2015 Chinese General Social Survey, we find mothers' non-employment increased for every educational group and grew at a much faster rate among mothers than it did among fathers, particularly those with small children. Moreover, the negative relationships between mothers' education and non-employment, and between mothers' family income and non-employment weakened overtime. This possibly due to women with more established resources can better \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveafford\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace the single-earner arrangement and also more emphasize the importance of intensive parenting, than their less resourced counterparts. These findings signal the resurgence of a gendered division of labor in urban China.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childbearing,China,female labor force participation,intensive mothering,stay-at-home mothers,work-family conflict}
}

@article{Mudaranthakam2023,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{COVID-19 Pandemic Policy}} on {{Social Needs Across}} the {{State}} of {{Kansas}} and {{Western Missouri}}: {{Paired Survey Response Testing}}},
  author = {Mudaranthakam, Dinesh Pal and Pepper, Sam and Fortney, Tanner and Alsup, Alexander and Woodward, Jennifer and Sykes, Kevin and Calhoun, Elizabeth},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {JMIR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SURVEILLANCE},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {2369-2960},
  doi = {10.2196/41369},
  abstract = {Background: Studying patients' social needs is critical to the understanding of health conditions and disparities, and to inform strategies for improving health outcomes. Studies have shown that people of color, low-income families, and those with lower educational attainment experience greater hardships related to social needs. The COVID-19 pandemic represents an event that severely impacted people's social needs. This pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, and contributed to food and housing insecurity, while highlighting weaknesses in the health care system surrounding access to care. To combat these issues, legislators implemented unique policies and procedures to help alleviate worsening social needs throughout the pandemic, which had not previously been exerted to this degree. We believe that improvements related to COVID-19 legislature and policy have positively impacted people's social needs in Kansas and Missouri, United States. In particular, Wyandotte County is of interest as it suffers greatly from issues related to social needs that many of these COVID-19-related policies aimed to improve.Objective: The research objective of this study was to evaluate the change in social needs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration based on responses to a survey from The University of Kansas Health System (TUKHS). We further aimed to compare the social needs of respondents from Wyandotte County from those of respondents in other counties in the Kansas City metropolitan area.Methods: Social needs survey data from 2016 to 2022 were collected from a 12-question patient-administered survey distributed by TUKHS during a patient visit. This provided a longitudinal data set with 248,582 observations, which was narrowed down into a paired-response data set for 50,441 individuals who had provided at least one response before and after March 11, 2020. These data were then bucketed by county into Cass (Missouri), Clay (Missouri), Jackson (Missouri), Johnson (Kansas), Leavenworth (Kansas), Platte (Missouri), Wyandotte (Kansas), and Other counties, creating groupings with at least 1000 responses in each category. A pre-post composite score was calculated for each individual by adding their coded responses (yes=1, no=0) across the 12 questions. The Stuart-Maxwell marginal homogeneity test was used to compare the pre and post composite scores across all counties. Additionally, McNemar tests were performed to compare responses before and after March 11, 2020, for each of the 12 questions across all counties. Finally, McNemar tests were performed for questions 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 for each of the bucketed counties. Significance was assessed at P{$<$}.05 for all tests.Results: The Stuart-Maxwell test for marginal homogeneity was significant (P{$<$}.001), indicating that respondents were overall less likely to identify an unmet social need after the COVID-19 pandemic. McNemar tests for individual questions indicated that after the COVID-19 pandemic, respondents across all counties were less likely to identify unmet social needs related to food availability (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR]=0.4073, P{$<$}.001), home utilities (OR=0.4538, P{$<$}.001), housing (OR=0.7143, P{$<$}.001), safety among cohabitants (OR=0.6148, P{$<$}.001), safety in their residential location (OR=0.6172, P{$<$}.001), child care (OR=0.7410, P{$<$}0.01), health care access (OR=0.3895, P{$<$}.001), medication adherence (OR=0.5449, P{$<$}.001), health care adherence (OR=0.6378, P{$<$}.001), and health care literacy (0.8729, P=. 02), and were also less likely to request help with these unmet needs (OR=0.7368, P{$<$}.001) compared with prepandemic responses. Responses from individual counties were consistent with the overall results for the most part. Notably, no individual county demonstrated a significant reduction in social needs relating to a lack of companionship.Conclusions: Post-COVID-19 responses showed improvement across almost all social needs-related questions, indicating that the federal policy response possibly had a positive impact on social needs across the populations of Kansas and western Missouri. Some counties were impacted more than others and positive outcomes were not limited to urban counties. The availability of resources, safety net services, access to health care, and educational opportunities could play a role in this change. Future research should focus on improving survey response rates from rural counties to increase their sample size, and to evaluate other explanatory variables such as food pantry access, educational status, employment opportunities, and access to community resources. Government policies should be an area of focused research as they may affect the social needs and health of the individuals considered in this analysis.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mudiriza2021,
  title = {The Persistence of Apartheid Regional Wage Disparities in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Mudiriza, Gibson and Edwards, Lawrence},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {21},
  number = {6},
  pages = {807--839},
  issn = {1468-2702},
  doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbaa036},
  abstract = {In this article, we use a new economic geography (NEG) model to estimate the extent to which the persistence in apartheid regional wage disparities in South Africa is an outcome of economic forces such as market access. We estimate a structural wage equation derived directly from the NEG theory for 354 regions over the period 1996 to 2011. We find support for an augmented NEG model in explaining regional wage disparities across regions in South Africa, although the market access effects are highly localised in view of high distance coefficients. We also find, even after controlling for NEG and other region-specific characteristics, a persistent wage deficit in the former homelands, where under apartheid black South Africans were forcefully relocated according to their ethnic groups. Average wages of workers in homelands remained approximately 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower than predicted between 1996 and 2011, despite the reintegration of these regions into South Africa and the implementation of regional policies after the end of apartheid.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic geography,labour market,regional economic activity,wage differentials}
}

@article{Mueller2020,
  title = {Structural {{Change}} and {{Women}}'s {{Employment Potential}} in {{Myanmar}}},
  author = {Mueller, Valerie and Schmidt, Emily and Kirkleeng, Dylan},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW},
  volume = {43},
  number = {5},
  pages = {450--476},
  issn = {0160-0176},
  doi = {10.1177/0160017620925139},
  abstract = {We use the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey to evaluate the extent women are included in Myanmar's dynamic transformation process and the relative barriers that prohibit their inclusion between 2005 and 2010. Women play an active role in the labor force during a period of massive structural change. Their growing importance is substantiated by their increasing placement in manufacturing jobs near and away from home. Despite their increasing labor force participation, women's engagement in manufacturing is negatively associated with household welfare. This may be a function of a gender pay gap or reflect households' inability to substitute the labor of women to complete specific tasks related to household production. Future investments in surveys in Myanmar will improve our ability to identify which factors systematically provide an enabling environment for female labor participation, mobility, and improvements in well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,gender,migration,Myanmar,structural change}
}

@article{Mueller2020a,
  title = {Does Subsidized Care for Toddlers Increase Maternal Labor Supply? {{Evidence}} from a Large-Scale Expansion of Early Childcare},
  author = {Mueller, Kai-Uwe and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {62},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101776},
  abstract = {Expanding public or publicly subsidized childcare has been a top social policy priority in many industrialized countries. It is supposed to increase fertility, promote children's development and enhance mothers' labor market attachment. In this paper, we analyze the causal effect of one of the largest expansions of subsidized childcare for children up to three years among industrialized countries on the employment of mothers in Germany. Identification is based on spatial and temporal variation in the expansion of publicly subsidized childcare triggered by two comprehensive childcare policy reforms. The empirical analysis is based on the German Microcensus that is matched to county level data on childcare availability. Based on our preferred specification which includes time and county fixed effects we find that an increase in childcare slots by one percentage point increases mothers' labor market participation rate by 0.2 percentage points. The overall increase in employment is explained by the rise in part-time employment with relatively long hours (20-35 h per week). We do not find a change in full-time employment or lower part-time employment that is causally related to the childcare expansion. The effect is almost entirely driven by mothers with medium-level qualifications. Mothers with low education levels do not profit from this reform calling for a stronger policy focus on particularly disadvantaged groups in coming years.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare provision,Generalized difference-in-difference,Mother's labor supply}
}

@article{Mueller2021,
  title = {An {{Accessible Laparoscope}} for {{Surgery}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle- Income Countries}}},
  author = {Mueller, Jenna L. and Rozman, Natalie and Sunassee, Enakshi D. and Gupta, Aryaman and Schuval, Cayla and Biswas, Arushi and Knight, Bailey and Kulkarni, Shreyas and Brown, Meredith and Ramanujam, Nimmi and Fitzgerald, Tamara N.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING},
  volume = {49},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1657--1669},
  issn = {0090-6964},
  doi = {10.1007/s10439-020-02707-6},
  abstract = {Laparoscopic surgery is the standard of care in high-income countries for many procedures in the chest and abdomen. It avoids large incisions by using a tiny camera and fine instruments manipulated through keyhole incisions, but it is generally unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to the high cost of installment, lack of qualified maintenance personnel, unreliable electricity, and shortage of consumable items. Patients in LMICs would benefit from laparoscopic surgery, as advantages include decreased pain, improved recovery time, fewer wound infections, and shorter hospital stays. To address this need, we developed an accessible laparoscopic system, called the ReadyView laparoscope for use in LMICs. The device includes an integrated camera and LED light source that can be displayed on any monitor. The ReadyView laparoscope was evaluated with standard optical imaging targets to determine its performance against a state-of-the-art commercial laparoscope. The ReadyView laparoscope has a comparable resolving power, lens distortion, field of view, depth of field, and color reproduction accuracy to a commercially available endoscope, particularly at shorter, commonly-used working distances (3-5 cm). Additionally, the ReadyView has a cooler temperature profile, decreasing the risk for tissue injury and operating room fires. The ReadyView features a waterproof design, enabling sterilization by submersion, as commonly performed in LMICs. A custom desktop software was developed to view the video on a laptop computer with a frame rate greater than 30 frames per second and to white balance the image, which is critical for clinical use. The ReadyView laparoscope is capable of providing the image quality and overall performance needed for laparoscopic surgery. This portable low-cost system is well suited to increase access to laparoscopic surgery in LMICs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biomedical devices,Global surgery,Laparoscopic surgery}
}

@article{Muennig2023,
  title = {Futureproofing {{Social Support Policies}} for {{Population Health}}},
  author = {Muennig, Peter},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {MILBANK QUARTERLY},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1},
  pages = {176--195},
  issn = {0887-378X},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0009.12630},
  abstract = {Policy PointsIn America, wages appear to be growing relative to purchasing power over time. However, while the ability to purchase consumer goods has indeed improved, the cost of basic survival needs such as health care and education has increased faster than wages have grown.America's weakening social policy landscape has led to a massive socioeconomic rupture in which the middle class is disappearing, such that most Americans now cannot afford basic survival needs, such as education and health insurance.Social policies strive to rebalance societal resources from socioeconomically advantaged groups to those in need. Education and health insurance benefits have been experimentally proven to also improve health and longevity. The biological pathways through which they work are also understood.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Muinga2015,
  title = {Access to and Value of Information to Support Good Practice for Staff in {{Kenyan}} Hospitals},
  author = {Muinga, Naomi and Sen, Barbara and Ayieko, Philip and Todd, Jim and English, Mike},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1654-9880},
  doi = {10.3402/gha.v8.26559},
  abstract = {Background: Studies have sought to define information needs of health workers within very specific settings or projects. Lacking in the literature is how hospitals in low-income settings are able to meet the information needs of their staff and the use of information communication technologies (ICT) in day-to-day information searching. Objective: The study aimed to explore where professionals in Kenyan hospitals turn to for work-related information in their day-to-day work. Additionally, it examined what existing solutions are provided by hospitals with regard to provision of best practice care. Lastly, the study explored the use of ICT in information searching. Design: Data for this study were collected in July 2012. Self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) were distributed across 22 study hospitals with an aim to get a response from 34 health workers per hospital. Results: SAQs were collected from 657 health workers. The most popular sources of information to guide work were fellow health workers and printed guidelines while the least popular were scientific journals. Of value to health workers were: national treatment policies, new research findings, regular reports from surveillance data, information on costs of services and information on their performance of routine clinical tasks; however, hospitals only partially met these needs. Barriers to accessing information sources included: \textbackslash textasciigravenot available/difficult to get' and \textbackslash textasciigravedifficult to understand'. ICT use for information seeking was reported and with demographic specific differences noted from the multivariate logistic regression model; nurses compared to medical doctors and older workers were less likely to use ICT for health information searching. Barriers to accessing Internet were identified as: high costs and the lack of the service at home or at work. Conclusions: Hospitals need to provide appropriate information by improving information dissemination efforts and providing an enabling environment that allows health workers find the information they need for best practice.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health information,ICT,information needs of health workers,information seeking,information sources}
}

@article{Mukherjee2015,
  title = {More Educated and More Equal? {{A}} Comparative Analysis of Female Education and Employment in {{Japan}}, {{China}} and {{India}}},
  author = {Mukherjee, Sucharita Sinha},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {GENDER AND EDUCATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {7, SI},
  pages = {846--870},
  issn = {0954-0253},
  doi = {10.1080/09540253.2015.1103367},
  abstract = {This paper attempts to explore the connections between expanding female education and the participation of women in paid employment in Japan, China and India, three of Asia's largest economies. Analysis based on existing data and literature shows that despite the large expansion in educational access in these countries in the last half century, women have lacked egalitarian labour market opportunities. A combination of social discouragement and individual choice largely explains the withdrawal, non-participation or intermittent female presence in the labour force, notwithstanding increased educational access. In taking stock of these issues and debates across these countries, it is argued that the parallel experiences of women in these countries can be traced back to persistent gender norms which, amongst other things, imply the centrality of marriage and non-market unpaid labour for women. The paper argues that there is a need for gender-sensitive public policy in order for increased education to translate to labour market gains for women, leading to sustainable development outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {education and development,female education,female employment,gender inequality in Asia}
}

@article{Mun2017,
  title = {Revisiting the Welfare State Paradox: {{A}} Firm-Level Analysis from {{Japan}}},
  author = {Mun, Eunmi and Brinton, Mary C.},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {47},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {33--43},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2016.03.004},
  abstract = {Many cross-national studies of welfare states and gender inequality report adverse effects of work-family policies on women's labor market outcomes. Countries with generous work-family policies tend to have a lower proportion of women in positions of authority and greater occupational sex segregation than countries without such policies. In order to explain this paradox, scholars have argued that work-family policies may create incentives for employers to exclude women from well-paying jobs. This argument, however, has been left untested due to the absence of firm-level data on promotions. This paper seeks to make both a theoretical and an empirical contribution to this literature. At the theoretical level, we argue that the effect of work-family policies is contingent upon labor market context and organizational practices, which shape employers' incentives or disincentives to implement work-family policies to more fully utilize female workers. Empirically, we use over-time firm-level data to test how government policy interventions in Japan to increase work-family benefits have affected female promotion rates in private companies. Analyzing changes in women's promotion rates across 1000 large companies from 1987 to 2009, we find evidence that employers have tended to promote more, not fewer, women subsequent to policy interventions. Additionally, employers who provided more generous work family benefits promoted more women. Our findings point to the importance of labor market context in structuring employers' incentives to leverage work-family policy reforms to utilize skilled female labor. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Japan,Labor market institutions,Organizations and inequality,Work-family policies}
}

@article{Mun2018,
  title = {Policy {{Generosity}}, {{Employer Heterogeneity}}, and {{Women}}'s {{Employment Opportunities}}: {{The Welfare State Paradox Reexamined}}},
  author = {Mun, Eunmi and Jung, Jiwook},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {83},
  number = {3},
  pages = {508--535},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.1177/0003122418772857},
  abstract = {Scholars of comparative family policy research have raised concerns about potential negative outcomes of generous family policies, an issue known as the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewelfare state paradox.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace They suspect that such policies will make employers reluctant to hire or promote women into high-authority jobs, because women are more likely than men to use those policies and take time off. Few studies, however, have directly tested this employer-side mechanism. In this article, we argue that due to employer heterogeneity, as well as different modes of policy intervention such as mandate-based and incentive-based approaches, generous family policies may not always lead to employer discrimination. Adopting a quasi-experimental research design that classifies employers based on their differential receptivity to family policy changes, we compare their hiring and promotion of women before and after two major family policy reforms in Japan, one in 1992 and another in 2005. Our analysis using panel data of large Japanese firms finds little evidence of policy-induced discrimination against women. Instead, we find that employers who voluntarily provided generous leave benefits prior to government mandates or incentives actually hired and promoted more women after the legal changes, and employers who provided generous benefits in response to government incentives also increased opportunities for women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employers,gender inequality,Japan,parental leave policy,welfare state paradox}
}

@article{Muniz2019,
  title = {{Differences in Labour Force Participation and Wage Gaps by Gender and Income Classes: an Investigation of the Motherhood Penalty in Brazil Inequalities}},
  author = {Muniz, Jeronimo Oliveira and Veneroso, Carmelita Zilah},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {DADOS-REVISTA DE CIENCIAS SOCIAIS},
  volume = {62},
  number = {1},
  issn = {0011-5258},
  doi = {10.1590/001152582019169},
  abstract = {Inequalities along the income distribution, as well as the influence of the number of children over men and women's labour force participation, are scarcely explored themes in Brazil. This article investigates the influence of children on women's labour force participation and quantifies the gender gap by income classes. Our estimates controls for selection biases into the labour force, and takes into account baseline differences in human capital and the number of children in the household. We conclude that there is a severe motherhood penalty for poor women's participation in the labour market, but maternity is not the main factor influencing the gender gap. We also conclude that income inequalities favor men in the lowest and middle classes, but not among the richest.},
  langid = {portuguese},
  keywords = {income inequalities,motherhood penalty,quantile regressions}
}

@article{Muntaner2004,
  title = {Work Organization, Area Labor-Market Characteristics, and Depression among {{US}} Nursing Home Workers: {{A}} Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis},
  author = {Muntaner, C and Li, Y and Xue, {\relax XN} and O'Campo, P and Chung, {\relax HJ} and Eaton, {\relax WW}},
  year = {2004},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {392--400},
  issn = {1077-3525},
  doi = {10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.392},
  abstract = {Associations between forms of work organization that follow globalization and depression were examined in U.S. nursing home assistants. A cross-sectional study of 539 nurse assistants in 49 nursing homes in three states in 2000 assessed nursing home ownership type, managerial style, wage policy, nurse assistants' emotional stresses, and area labor-market characteristics (count), income inequality, median household income, and social capital) in relation to the prevalence of depression among the nurse assistants. A cross-classified multilevel analysis was used. For-profit ownership, emotional strain, managerial pressure, and lack of seniority pay increases were associated with depression. Labor,market characteristics were not associated with depression once work organization was taken into account. The deregulation of the nursing home industry that accompanies globalization is likely to adversely affect the mental health of nursing home assistants.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {depression,labor market,multilevel analysis,nurse assistants,nursing homes,work organization}
}

@article{Murray2019,
  title = {Linking Local Labour Market Conditions across the Life Course to Retirement Age: {{Pathways}} of Health, Employment Status, Occupational Class and Educational Achievement, Using 60 Years of the 1946 {{British Birth Cohort}}},
  author = {Murray, Emily T. and Zaninotto, Paola and Fleischmann, Maria and Stafford, Mai and Carr, Ewan and Shelton, Nicola and Stansfeld, Stephen and Kuh, Diana and Head, Jenny},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {226},
  pages = {113--122},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.038},
  abstract = {Several studies have documented that older workers who live in areas with higher unemployment rates are more likely to leave work for health and non-health reasons. Due to tracking of area disadvantage over the life course, and because negative individual health and socioeconomic factors are more likely to develop in individuals from disadvantaged areas, we do not know at what specific ages, and through which specific pathways, area unemployment may be influencing retirement age. Using data from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, we use structural equation modelling to investigate pathways linking local authority unemployment at three ages (4y, 26y and 53y) to age of retirement (right-censored). We explored five hypothesized pathways: (1) residential tracking, (2) health, (3) employment status, (4) occupational class, and (5) education. Initially, pathways between life course area unemployment, each pathway and retirement age were assessed individually. Mediation pathways were tested in the full model. Our results showed that area unemployment tracked across the life course. Higher area unemployment at ages 4 and 53 were independently associated with earlier retirement age \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase = mean -0.64 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.12, -0.16) and -0.25 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.43, -0.06) years]. Both were explained by adjustment for individual employment status at ages 26 and 53 years. Higher area unemployment at age 26 was associated with poorer health and lower likelihood of employment at aged 53; and these 2 individual pathways were identified as the key mediators between area unemployment and retirement age. In conclusion, these results suggest that interventions designed to create local employment opportunities for young adults should lead to extended working through improved employment and health at mid-life.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cohort,Employment,Health inequality,Life,Neighbourhood/place,Retirement,Socioeconomic factors,UK}
}

@article{Musick2020,
  title = {His and {{Her Earnings Following Parenthood}} in the {{United States}}, {{Germany}}, and the {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Musick, Kelly and Bea, Megan Doherty and {Gonalons-Pons}, Pilar},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {85},
  number = {4},
  pages = {639--674},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.1177/0003122420934430},
  abstract = {This article advances a couple-level framework to examine how parenthood shapes within-family gender inequality by education in three countries that vary in their normative and policy context: the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We trace mothers' share of couple earnings and variation by her education in the 10-year window around first birth, using long-running harmonized panel surveys from the 1990s and 2000s (N= 4,117 couples and 28,488 couple-years) and an event study methodology that leverages within-couple variation in earnings pre- and post-birth. Our results show steep declines in her share of couple earnings following first birth across the three countries that persist over several years of follow-up. Declines are smallest in the United States, due to U.S. mothers' higher employment and longer work hours. Declines are also smaller among female partners without a college degree in the United States, where mothers have less work-family support and fewer options to manage work and family on one income. Results shed light on how parenthood plays into gender inequality within couples, and how country context shapes couple dynamics and inequality across households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,Europe,gender,inequalities,parenthood}
}

@article{Musick2022,
  title = {Change and {{Variation}} in {{US Couples}}' {{Earnings Equality Following Parenthood}}},
  author = {Musick, Kelly and {Gonalons-Pons}, Pilar and Schwartz, Christine R.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {413--443},
  issn = {0098-7921},
  doi = {10.1111/padr.12481},
  abstract = {In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within-family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high-quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before and up to 10 years following first births from the 1980s to the 2000s in the United States (Survey of Income and Program Participation Synthetic Beta files; N = 21,300 couples and 194,100 couple-years). Accounting for time-invariant couple characteristics and year and age fixed effects, we find that wives' share of total couple earnings declines substantially after parenthood and remains lower over the observation window, irrespective of cohort and education. Cohort changes in within-family earnings equality are modest and concentrated among the earliest cohort of parents, and data provide little evidence of differential change by education. These findings have implications for women's economic vulnerability, particularly in the United States where divorce remains common and public support for families is weak.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mussida2021,
  title = {Women's {{Family Care Responsibilities}}, {{Employment}} and {{Health}}: {{A Tale}} of {{Two Countries}}},
  author = {Mussida, Chiara and Patimo, Raffaella},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES},
  volume = {42},
  number = {3},
  pages = {489--507},
  issn = {1058-0476},
  doi = {10.1007/s10834-020-09742-4},
  abstract = {Persistently low employment of women in some countries can still be ascribed to a traditional perception of women's role in society. According to observed data and prevailing social and cultural norms, women have been bearing the primary burdens of housework, childcare, and other family responsibilities. The unequal share of care responsibilities between women and men further worsens the disadvantages of women in balancing public and private life, with an impact on their employment and health outcomes. In this paper we investigate the role of family responsibilities in shaping employment and health outcomes by gender, in Italy and France, during and after the economic downturn. We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the time windows of 2007-2010 and 2011-2014. Our results support that gender differences in the share of responsibilities roles in the public and private sphere influence the employability and health perception of women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Family care,Gender,Health}
}

@article{Mussino2023,
  title = {Childcare in {{Italy}} among Migrants and Natives: Who Uses Which Type and Why?},
  author = {Mussino, Eleonora and Ortensi, Livia Elisa},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {GENUS},
  volume = {79},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s41118-023-00197-7},
  abstract = {The Italian welfare state is characterised by a preference for income transfers over transfers in kind and the marginal role of policies aimed directly at supporting the family. Despite the growing participation of women in the labour market, the Italian welfare system still assumes the family, with its unbalanced gender division of housework and its intergenerational solidarity, to be the primary provider of protection and support. As a result, in Italy in 2019 only 26.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children under 3 years of age were enrolled in formal childcare, which is below the European average. In this context, births from at least one foreign parent had increased over time, and foreign national children accounted for 14.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all children aged 0-3 in 2019. Despite this, migrants are still seen as \textbackslash textasciigravesuppliers' rather than citizens who, as parents, are potential consumers of childcare services. Aspects related to the use of childcare by migrants and differences compared to natives in Italy are currently understudied. We use the 2012 Birth Sample Survey by the Italian National Institute of Statistics to fill this gap. Mothers were interviewed about 18-21 months after having given birth: information on sociodemographic characteristics of both parents was collected, including their use of childcare services, their reasons for not using them, their unmet need for childcare services, and the lack of access to the job market due to care work. Our study aims to understand childcare patterns among migrants and the differences between them and those of the native-born population. We found that Italian mothers use informal care more than migrants. Unlike the evidence from other international studies, our results show that migrant mothers use daycare for children aged 0-3 more than native-born mothers. However, we found that the migrants who had arrived as children show patterns more similar to natives. This finding might be associated with a better knowledge of the system and a more extensive network (including grandparents) in Italy. Similarly, we found that migrant mothers who co-parent with an Italian father use more informal care and experience lower logistical barriers to accessing daycare. In addition, we observed that obstacles to children's enrolment resulting in an unmet need for daycare are also related to migrant background.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Mustafa2021,
  title = {Early {{Childhood Education}} and {{Care}} in {{Kosovo}}: {{A Targeted Educational Approach Producing}} and {{Maintaining Social}} and {{Gender Inequalities}}},
  author = {Mustafa, Artan},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {REVIJA ZA SOCIJALNU POLITIKU},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {367--390},
  issn = {1330-2965},
  doi = {10.3935/rsp.v28i3.1808},
  abstract = {This article examines participation in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in Kosovo based on a recent survey and administrative data. Kosovo's ECEC policy aims to provide education and care for children aged 0 to 6 through an approach consisting of highly targeted public services for more vulnerable social groups, while expecting the rest to rely on the market or the family. It also provides a universal, public (2.5 hours a day) school preparatory programme for children aged 5-6 years. Availability of ECEC services has been rising, but remains well below the levels of the countries in the region. New services are increasingly coming through a market-based provision which leaves large social groups such as low-income families, rural families, parents with lower educational status and other socio-economically disadvantaged parents worse off. Since ECEC is considered highly relevant for children's personal development and success in school, as well as for female participation in the labour market, the findings suggest that the current policy contributes towards cementing and furthering social and gender inequalities in the long run. In the absence of more comprehensive public services and other supportive family policy measures, Kosovo maintains a strong implicit familialistic policy with a weak potential to contribute to women's employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {defamilialisation,ECEC,familialism,Kosovo,privatisation}
}

@article{Naeemah2023,
  title = {Selection Methods of Lean Management Tools: A Review},
  author = {Naeemah, Ali Jaber and Wong, Kuan Yew},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {72},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1077--1110},
  issn = {1741-0401},
  doi = {10.1108/IJPPM-04-2021-0198},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is (1) to review, analyze and assess the existing literature on lean tools selection studies published from 2005 to 2021; (2) to identify the limitations faced by previous studies; and (3) to suggest future works that are necessary to facilitate the selection of lean tools. Design/methodology/approach A systematic approach was used in order to identify, collect and select the articles. Several keywords related to the selection of lean tools were used to collect articles from different Scopus indexed journals. Next, the study systematically reviewed and analyzed the selected papers to identify the lean tools' selection method and discussed its features and limitations. Findings An analysis of the results showed that previous studies have adopted two types of methods for selecting lean tools. First, there are various traditional methods being used. Second, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods were commonly used in previous studies, such as the multi-objective decision-making method (MODM), single multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods and hybrid (MCDM). Moreover, the study revealed that the lean tools' selection methods in previous studies were based on evaluating the relationship between either lean tools and performance metrics or lean tools and waste, or both. Research limitations/implications In terms of its theoretical value, the study is considered as an extension of the previous researches performed on this topic by determining and analyzing the features of the most selection methods of lean tools. Unlike previous review papers, this review had considered discussing and analyzing the characteristics and limitations of these methods. Section 2.2 of this paper reviewed some of the categories of MCDM methods as well as some of the traditional methods used in the selected previous studies. Section 2.1 of this paper explained the concept of lean management and its application benefits. Further, only three sectors were covered by the previous studies in this review paper. This study also provided recommendations for future research. Therefore, it provided researchers with a good conception of how to conduct the studies on lean tools selection. Besides, knowing the methods used in previous studies can help researchers develop new methods to select the best set of lean tools. That is, this study provided and advanced the existing knowledge base for researchers concerning lean tools selection, especially there is limited availability of review papers on this topic. Moreover, the study showed researchers the importance of the relationship between lean tools and indicators or/and performance indicators to determine the appropriate set of lean tools so that the results of future studies will be more realistic and acceptable. Practical implications Practically, manufacturers face a significant challenge when selecting proper lean tools. This study may enhance managers, manufacturers and company's knowledge to identify most of the methods used to choose the best set of lean tools and what are the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of these methods as well as the latest studies that have been adopted in this topic. That means this study can direct companies to prioritize the application of lean tools depending on either the manufacturing performance metrics or/and manufacturing wastes so that they avoid incorrect application of lean tools, which will add more non-value added activities to operations. Therefore companies can decrease the time and cost losses and enhancing the quality and efficiency of the performance. Correctly implementing the best set of lean tools in companies will lead in general to correctly applying lean management in corporations. Therefore, these lean tools can boost the economic aspect of companies and society through reducing waste, improving performance indicators, preserving time and cost, achieving quality, efficiency, competitiveness, boosting employee income and improving the gross domestic product. The correct lean tool selection reduces customer complaints and employee stress and improves work conditions, health, safety and labor wellbeing. Besides, the correct lean tools selection improves materials usage, energy usage, water usage and decreases liquid wastes, solid wastes and air emissions. As a result, the right selection of lean tools will have positive effects on both the environment and society. The study may also encourage manufacturers and researchers to adopt studies on lean tools selection in small- and medium-sized companies because the study referred to the importance and participation of these kinds of companies in a large proportion of the economy of developing countries. Further, the study may encourage some countries that have not previously adopted this type of study, academically and industrially to conduct lean tools selection studies. Social implications As mentioned previously, the correct lean tool selection reduces customer complaints and employee stress and improves work conditions, health, safety and labor wellbeing. The proper lean tools selection improves materials usage, energy usage, water usage and decreases liquid wastes, solid wastes and air emissions. As a result, the right choice of lean tools will positively affect both the environment and society. Originality/value The study expanded the efforts of previous studies concerning lean management features. It provided an accurate review of most lean tools selection studies published from 2005 to 2021 and was not limited to the manufacturing sector. It further identified and briefly described the selection methods concerning lean tools adopted in each paper.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Naher2020,
  title = {The Influence of Corruption and Governance in the Delivery of Frontline Health Care Services in the Public Sector: A Scoping Review of Current and Future Prospects in Low and Middle-Income Countries of South and South-East {{Asia}}},
  author = {Naher, Nahitun and Hoque, Roksana and Hassan, Muhammad Shaikh and Balabanova, Dina and Adams, Alayne M. and Ahmed, Syed Masud},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08975-0},
  abstract = {Background The dynamic intersection of a pluralistic health system, large informal sector, and poor regulatory environment have provided conditions favourable for \textbackslash textasciigravecorruption' in the LMICs of south and south-east Asia region. \textbackslash textasciigraveCorruption' works to undermine the UHC goals of achieving equity, quality, and responsiveness including financial protection, especially while delivering frontline health care services. This scoping review examines current situation regarding health sector corruption at frontlines of service delivery in this region, related policy perspectives, and alternative strategies currently being tested to address this pervasive phenomenon. Methods A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was conducted, using three search engines i.e., PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. A total of 15 articles and documents on corruption and 18 on governance were selected for analysis. A PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was filled-in to complete this report. Data were extracted using a pre-designed template and analysed by \textbackslash textasciigravemixed studies review' method. Results Common types of corruption like informal payments, bribery and absenteeism identified in the review have largely financial factors as the underlying cause. Poor salary and benefits, poor incentives and motivation, and poor governance have a damaging impact on health outcomes and the quality of health care services. These result in high out-of-pocket expenditure, erosion of trust in the system, and reduced service utilization. Implementing regulations remain constrained not only due to lack of institutional capacity but also political commitment. Lack of good governance encourage frontline health care providers to bend the rules of law and make centrally designed anti-corruption measures largely in-effective. Alternatively, a few bottom-up community-engaged interventions have been tested showing promising results. The challenge is to scale up the successful ones for measurable impact. Conclusions Corruption and lack of good governance in these countries undermine the delivery of quality essential health care services in an equitable manner, make it costly for the poor and disadvantaged, and results in poor health outcomes. Traditional measures to combat corruption have largely been ineffective, necessitating the need for innovative thinking if UHC is to be achieved by 2030.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Frontline health care providers,Frontline health care services,Good governance,Health-sector corruption,LMICs,UHC}
}

@article{Naik2019,
  title = {Going Upstream - an Umbrella Review of the Macroeconomic Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities},
  author = {Naik, Yannish and Baker, Peter and Ismail, Sharif A. and Tillmann, Taavi and Bash, Kristin and Quantz, Darryl and {Hillier-Brown}, Frances and Jayatunga, Wikum and Kelly, Gill and Black, Michelle and Gopfert, Anya and Roderick, Peter and Barr, Ben and Bambra, Clare},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-7895-6},
  abstract = {Background: The social determinants of health have been widely recognised yet there remains a lack of clarity regarding what constitute the macro-economic determinants of health and what can be done to address them. An umbrella review of systematic reviews was conducted to identify the evidence for the health and health inequalities impact of population level macroeconomic factors, strategies, policies and interventions. Methods: Nine databases were searched for systematic reviews meeting the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) criteria using a novel conceptual framework. Studies were assessed for quality using a standardised instrument and a narrative overview of the findings is presented. Results: The review found a large (n = 62) but low quality systematic review-level evidence base. The results indicated that action to promote employment and improve working conditions can help improve health and reduce gender-based health inequalities. Evidence suggests that market regulation of tobacco, alcohol and food is likely to be effective at improving health and reducing inequalities in health including strong taxation, or restriction of advertising and availability. Privatisation of utilities and alcohol sectors, income inequality, and economic crises are likely to increase health inequalities. Left of centre governments and welfare state generosity may have a positive health impact, but evidence on specific welfare interventions is mixed. Trade and trade policies were found to have a mixed effect. There were no systematic reviews of the health impact of monetary policy or of large economic institutions such as central banks and regulatory organisations. Conclusions: The results of this study provide a simple yet comprehensive framework to support policy-makers and practitioners in addressing the macroeconomic determinants of health. Further research is needed in low and middle income countries and further reviews are needed to summarise evidence in key gaps identified by this review.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic policy,Economy,Health inequalities,Macroeconomy,Population health,Public health,Regulation,Social determinants of health}
}

@article{Nakamura2013,
  title = {Globalization and {{Sustainability}} of {{Japan}}'s {{Internal Labor Markets}}: {{Foreign Direct Investment}} ({{FDI}}) and {{Wages}} at {{Japanese Manufacturing Firms}}},
  author = {Nakamura, Masao},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES},
  volume = {48},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {396--412},
  issn = {0021-9096},
  doi = {10.1177/0021909613493601},
  abstract = {Both inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) have implications for the wage rates of home-country workers. Such implications have been particularly noteworthy in Japan where the traditional internal labor-market practices, which value long-term sustainability of employment and wages, collide with the pressure for change in the globalizing Japanese economy on many fronts. In this paper we estimate the impacts of FDI on workers' wages in Japanese manufacturing industries. We find that Japanese employees benefit, in the form of wage gains, from their employers' association with both inward and outward FDI operations. These wage effects differ systematically depending on gender and worker ranks within their employer firms and are likely to weaken the mechanisms underlying the sustainability of Japanese firms' traditional internal labor markets. The presence of FDI effects on worker wages also implies an increasing disparity between the incomes of workers who work for successfully globalizing firms and workers who do not, jeopardizing Japan's traditional policy objective to sustain harmonious economic growth across all economic sectors. This would also deepen the structural divide including the wage gap of the Japanese economy that exists between large firms and small-and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) since firms which get involved in FDIs are mostly large firms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {foreign direct investment,Internal labor market,Japan,sustainability of employment and wages}
}

@article{Nakray2022,
  title = {Gender and Social Policy in Middle-Income Countries: Comparative Welfare Regime Analysis of Fiscal Policies},
  author = {Nakray, Keerty},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GENDER STUDIES},
  issn = {0958-9236},
  doi = {10.1080/09589236.2022.2100750},
  abstract = {Gosta Esping-Andersen (1990), in his ground-breaking book, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, created a decommodification index to classify advanced capitalist countries into the liberal, conservative-corporatist, and social-democratic welfare regimes. One of the most common criticisms of Esping-Andersen's typology by feminists such as Jane Lewis (1992) is that it is \textbackslash textasciigravemale-centric' and did not address women's unpaid work with families. Ann Shola Orloff (1993) has gone a step further in the criticism of Esping-Andersen's typology by addressing women's opportunity to paid employment and the capability to establish and run an independent households. I originally used the framework to analyse the socio-legal dimensions of expenditure in MICs; in this paper, the decommodification index has focused on variables that are on the fiscal side. Theoretically, this paper contributes to gender and social policy discussions on women's access to employment and related entitlements. Empirically, it creates clusters of MICs into three based on latent class analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of economic, social, and legal variables, such as availability of non-tax benefits to private child-care centres, provision of child-care services by the government; tax-deductible payments for child-care; provision of legal-aid for family and criminal issues.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decommodification,gender,legal aid,maternity policies,social provisions,welfare}
}

@article{Namara2010,
  title = {Agricultural Water Management and Poverty Linkages},
  author = {Namara, Regassa E. and Hanjra, Munir A. and Castillo, Gina E. and Ravnborg, Helle Munk and Smith, Lawrence and Van Koppen, Barbara},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {97},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {520--527},
  issn = {0378-3774},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agwat.2009.05.007},
  abstract = {Water is critically important to the livelihoods of more than I billion people living on less than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1 a day, particularly for the 850 million rural poor primarily engaged in agriculture. In many developing countries, water is a major factor constraining agricultural output, and income of the world's rural poor. Improved agricultural water management can contribute to poverty reduction through several pathways. First, access to reliable water improves production and productivity, enhances employment opportunities and stabilizes income and consumption. Secondly, it encourages the utilization of other yield-enhancing inputs and allows diversification into high-value products, enhances nonfarm outputs and employment, and fulfils multiple needs of households. Third, it may contribute either negatively or positively to nutritional status, health, societal equity and environment. The net impact of agricultural water management interventions on poverty may depend individually and/or synergistically on the working of these pathways. Improved access to water is essential, but not sufficient for sustained poverty reduction. Investments are needed in agricultural science and technology, policies and institutions, economic reform, addressing global agricultural trade inequities, etc. But how best to match the agricultural water management technologies, institutions and policies to the needs of the heterogeneous poor living in diverse agro-ecological settings remains unclear. This article provides a menu of promising pathways through which agricultural water management can contribute to sustained poverty reduction. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Investments,Irrigation,Livelihoods,Multiple uses,Water rights}
}

@article{Nandi2016,
  title = {The Effect of an Affordable Daycare Program on Health and Economic Well-Being in {{Rajasthan}}, {{India}}: Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Impact Evaluation Study},
  author = {Nandi, Arijit and Maloney, Shannon and Agarwal, Parul and Chandrashekar, Anoushaka and Harper, Sam},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-016-3176-9},
  abstract = {Background: The provision of affordable and reliable daycare services is a potentially important policy lever for empowering Indian women. Access to daycare might reduce barriers to labor force entry and generate economic opportunities for women, improve education for girls caring for younger siblings, and promote nutrition and learning among children. However, empirical evidence concerning the effects of daycare programs in low-and-middle-income countries is scarce. This cluster-randomized trial will estimate the effect of a community-based daycare program on health and economic well-being over the life-course among women and children living in rural Rajasthan, India. Methods: This three-year study takes place in rural communities from five blocks in the Udaipur District of rural Rajasthan. The intervention is the introduction of a full-time, affordable, community-based daycare program. At baseline, 3177 mothers with age eligible children living in 160 village hamlets were surveyed. After the baseline, these hamlets were randomized to the intervention or control groups and respondents will be interviewed on two more occasions. Primary social and economic outcomes include women's economic status and economic opportunity, women's empowerment, and children's educational attainment. Primary health outcomes include women's mental health, as well as children's nutritional status. Discussion: This interdisciplinary research initiative will provide rigorous evidence concerning the effects of daycare in lower-income settings. In doing so it will address an important research gap and has the potential to inform policies for improving the daycare system in India in ways that promote health and economic well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child day care centers,Childcare,Cluster randomized controlled trial,Health,India,Nurseries,Socioeconomic status,Women's empowerment}
}

@article{Nandy2021,
  title = {India's {{Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme}} - {{How}} Does It Influence Seasonal Rural out-Migration Decisions?},
  author = {Nandy, Amarendu and Tiwari, Chhavi and Kundu, Sayantan},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING},
  volume = {43},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1181--1203},
  issn = {0161-8938},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.09.001},
  abstract = {India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is the largest public-works based rural livelihood programme in the world. One of the important policy objectives of the Scheme is to curb rural out-migration by guaranteeing demand-driven employment opportunities for 100 days in a year in rural areas. This paper uses a large sample survey-based nationally representative data set and different probability models to investigate how MGNREGS influences individuals' seasonal rural out-migration decisions. The results reveal that contrary to the policy objective, participation, the extent of participation and earnings from the Scheme increases an individual's propensity to out-migrate. However, the Scheme serves broader and equally critical socio-economic goals of empowerment through income security and positive network effects. MGNREGS, on the one hand, significantly drives the decisions of aspirational migration of rural individuals, particularly females and the relatively advantaged. On the other, it curbs distress migration of the relatively disadvantaged by providing them with basic livelihood opportunities within the rural areas. Based on the findings, the paper draws several policy implications and discusses key policy imperatives towards expanding the scale and scope of the public-works Scheme. (c) 2021 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment guarantee,Government policy,India,MGNREGS,Rural out-migration}
}

@article{Nankinga2022,
  title = {Childcare {{Arrangements}} and {{Wellbeing}} of {{Children}} of {{Employed Women}} in {{Central Uganda}}},
  author = {Nankinga, Olivia and Kwagala, Betty and Misinde, Cyprian and Walakira, Eddy J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {179--197},
  issn = {1874-897X},
  doi = {10.1007/s12187-021-09861-w},
  abstract = {Childcare has an influence on child morbidity and survival. It has an effect on children's development potential, especially during the first five years of life. This study examined the relationship between child care arrangements and the wellbeing of children under five years whose mothers worked away from home, using survey data collected from 804 households in Wakiso District of Central Uganda. Chi-squared tests and regression analysis were used to examine the association between child wellbeing and other explanatory variables, including child care arrangements. Results showed that 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children were under the care of relatives and 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% were in multiple child care arrangements. Concerning caregivers, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female, 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% were resident caregivers and only 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% had no formal education. Results further show that 17\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children of the urban working women were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. Child wellbeing varied significantly by sex of the caregiver, religion of the mother and household wealth. Children that had female caregivers, in the middle and rich wealth quantiles and those with Pentecostal or Seventh-day Adventist mothers had better health outcomes than other children. Interventions aimed at improving the health of children of employed women should enhance the socioeconomic status of households, especially those in the poorest category. The study highlights a need to provide childcare training for men, as well as the importance of overcoming barriers that deter men's participation in childcare work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child wellbeing,Childcare arrangements,Maternal employment,Urban Uganda}
}

@article{Narea2020,
  title = {Center-{{Based Care}} in {{Toddlerhood}} and {{Child Cognitive Outcomes}} in {{Chile}}: {{The Moderating Role}} of {{Family Socio-Economic Status}}},
  author = {Narea, Marigen and Allel, Kasim and Arriagada, Veronica},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EARLY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {218--233},
  issn = {1040-9289},
  doi = {10.1080/10409289.2019.1626191},
  abstract = {There is little evidence regarding the benefits of early center-based care attendance (before three years old) for child development and most studies have focused on developed countries. Addressing this gap, this study examines the relationship between center-based care attendance during toddler years and children's cognitive outcomes. Research Findings: Data used for this study came from the first and second wave of the Longitudinal Survey of Early Childhood (ELPI, 2010 and 2012). The nationally representative sample was 1,544 children aged 12 to 24 months in 2010, who received full-time home care during this period. Propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences techniques were used in the study. Compared to those in full-time home care, children who attended center-based care from the age of 24 months had higher cognitive scores in the endline (they were measured at some point between 36 and 48 months old). Children in center-based care scored higher on cognitive skills compared to children who were in full-time home care, according to the Child Development and Cognitive Evaluation Test (Test de Aprendizaje y Desarrollo Infantil, TADI) and the Battelle test (d = .21 p p {$<$} .01, respectively). However, we observed that children in low-income households benefited less from early center-based care attendance. Practice or Policy: These findings suggest that Chilean national policies supporting increased center-based care coverage in early years are a step in the right direction, but more work focused on helping disadvantaged children is needed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Narla2021,
  title = {Paediatric to Adult Healthcare Transition in Resource-Limited Settings: A Narrative Review},
  author = {Narla, Nirmala Priya and Ratner, Leah and Bastos, Fernanda Viera and Owusu, Sheila Agyeiwaa and {Osei-Bonsu}, Angela and Russ, Christiana M.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {BMJ PAEDIATRICS OPEN},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001059},
  abstract = {Background Ageing into adulthood is challenging at baseline, and doing so with a chronic disease can add increased stress and vulnerability. Worldwide, a substantial care gap exists as children transition from care in a paediatric to adult setting. There is no current consensus on safe and equitable healthcare transition (HCT) for patients with chronic disease in resource-denied settings. Much of the existing literature is specific to HIV care. The objective of this narrative review was to summarise current literature related to adolescent HCT not associated with HIV, in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other resource-denied settings, in order to inform equitable health policy strategies. Methods A literature search was performed using defined search terms in PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases to identify all peer-reviewed studies published until January 2020, pertaining to paediatric to adult HCT for adolescents and young adults with chronic disease in resource-denied settings. Following deduplication, 1111 studies were screened and reviewed by two independent reviewers, of which 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Resulting studies were included in thematic analysis and narrative synthesis. Results Twelve subthemes emerged, leading to recommendations which support equitable and age-appropriate adolescent care. Recommendations include (1) improvement of community health education and resilience tools for puberty, reproductive health and mental health comorbidities; (2) strengthening of health systems to create individualised adolescent-responsive policy; (3) incorporation of social and financial resources in the healthcare setting; and (4) formalisation of institution-wide procedures to address community-identified barriers to successful transition. Conclusion Limitations of existing evidence relate to the paucity of formal policy for paediatric to adult transition in LMICs for patients with childhood-onset conditions, in the absence of a diagnosis of HIV. With a rise in successful treatments for paediatric-onset chronic disease, adolescent health and transition programmes are needed to guide effective health policy and risk reduction for adolescents in resource-denied settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescent health,health services research,social work}
}

@article{Naseem2019,
  title = {Being a Second Generation {{Muslim}} Woman in the {{French}} Labour Market {{Understanding}} the Dynamics of (Visibility of) Religion and Gender in Labour Market Access, Outcomes and Experiences},
  author = {Naseem, Jawiria and Adnan, Wifag},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {79--93},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2019.02.003},
  abstract = {This mixed-method article focuses on Muslim women who are second generation - children of immigrants, born and bred in France - by bringing to the fore the intersection of (visibility of) religion and gender in the production of labour market access, outcomes and experiences. The quantitative analysis uses the Trajectories and Origins Survey 2009 and the European Social Survey (2006-2016) to explore how religious affiliation impacts labour market outcomes and how discriminatory practices are perceived. The qualitative analysis builds on semi-structured interviews which bring together, for the first time, women from a well-established minority ethnic group in France - Algerians - and women from a newly-settled group - Pakistanis. In doing so, the analysis offers a conceptual understanding of the ways in which gendered and religious displays shape labour market experiences. We find that ethnicity (based on parental country of birth) is by far the most commonly cited form of experienced and/or perceived discrimination in labour market access. In terms of outcomes, Muslim women are the least likely to gain employment, work the least number of hours and earn the lowest salaries; those who display their religion (through headscarf wearing practice for example) have an even reduced labour market participation rate. Drawing on the interviews analysis, we suggest that certain professional roles and sectors are believed to be accessible for those who are perceived to be French and white only. This racialised understanding of Frenchness produces inequality in the workplace and blocks professional progression for Muslim women, who are French by birth and educated in France. However, despite experiencing a similar racialisation process, the ways in which the women dealt with unequal treatment at work differed according to their ethnicity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Ethnicity,French labour market,Gender,Islam,Racialisation,Racism,Second generation women}
}

@article{Navajas-Romero2017,
  title = {{Dependent self-employed workers in Europe}},
  author = {{Navajas-Romero}, Virginia and {Carmen Lopez-Martin}, Ma and {Ariza-Montes}, Antonio},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {167--198},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.89.10008},
  abstract = {Recent years have shown rapid and profound changes in work organization and job content, materialized in new schemes of economic and labor nature, such as the increasingly common outsourcing or subcontracting of workforce. This trend has contributed to the emergence of dependent self-employed workers, who perform their work responsibilities in a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegray area\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace between paid and self-employment. The concept of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedependent self-employed\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has also been used to label several labor practices or new forms of precarious freelance or professional activities, and although the terminology may vary, it is a clear and well-known reality in Europe. Despite this fact, there seems to be little empirical evidence about its specific characteristics and nuances. The present work aims to study the main labor characteristics of dependent self-employed workers-individuals with civil or commercial contracts who perform their economic activities depending on or integrated into the company they work for-in the current context of the European Union; to this end, a comparative analysis is conducted to differentiate or associate the profiles of three collectives: salaried employees, and dependent and traditional self-employed workers. Additionally, working conditions of the three groups considered are examined in order to show the specific particularities between them. The initial premise is intended to face the two groups of self-employed workers to elucidate whether such advantages remain or disappear for dependent self-employed subjects. After an initial bivariate analysis, the working conditions of the three groups under investigation have been compared in pairs: salaried employees, and dependents (false) self-employed and and non-dependent (traditional) self-employed workers. The statistical approach used to fulfill the objectives of this work is based on the binary logistic regression model, a particular regression models with dichotomous response. This statistical technique allows the development of a logit model to study the probability of the occurrence of an investigated event -e.g. being part of the autonomous collective-versus the probability of occurrence of the opposite event -e.g. being hire as a salaried employee-, according to a set of variables that bibliographic review has identified as related to the phenomenon under analysis: individual characteristics, organizational factors, and attitudinal variables. It had been used a sample of 2409 subjects has been obtained from the fifth European Survey on Working Conditions and broken down into three groups: dependent self-employed, independent self-employed, and salaried workers. The results point out that there is a common core in terms of those factors that discriminate between self-employed workers and jobholders; however, there are some nuances that distinguish and define each group of self-employed individuals with regard to salaried employees. In comparison to wage employment, self-employment presents more precarious extrinsic working conditions - kind of working day, type of economic activity, level of income, etc.- which are compensated, to some extent, by certain elements of intrinsic reward such as greater flexibility or the content of work itself. Three logistic regression models are proposed to identify the profile of self-employed subjects both false and traditional-from salaried employees, as well as to compare the working conditions of self-employed workers with each other. So first, we confront the two types of self-employed workers with salaried employees. When comparing both, it is observed that there is a common core with regard to the factors that differentiate between the self-employed workers and salaried employees: among the former, part-time occupations are more frequent, which does not prevent them from working more hours a week, even at weekend, although they enjoy more flexibility in deciding their working schedule; they are also less likely to work in shifts and have greater autonomy over the content of their economic activities compared to salaried employees. Finally, agricultural work is more common among self-employed people, as well as receiving lower remunerations. The weekly work hours of false self-employed subjects are higher than those of the salaried job-holders, while they are more likely to be forced to work on the weekend and less to do shift works. In addition, the probability for a false self-employed subject to earn below average income is almost triple than that of a salaried employee. This vulnerable position is partly amended by the presence of other elements of intrinsic compensation that dependent self-employed workers - in contrast to wage jobholders-enjoy, such as more flexibility in deciding their working hours or a greater autonomy over the content of their occupational activity. These workers provide their services more frequently in the construction and, above all, agricultural sector. Finally, despite the precariousness of their working conditions, false self-employed people are much more involved with their occupations than those employed by others. All these results are significant at the 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% level; for this level of significance, the logistic regression model indicates that the rest of the variables, that have independently showed a significant relationship with the type of work, no longer bear it when it comes to evaluating its overall impact. Besides that, we compare non-dependent self-employed subjects with salaried employees, incorporates two personal variables so that the former are more likely to be older men than the latter. As regards working conditions, non-dependent self-employed people work more part-time, as well as many more hours a week and even at weekends, which is associated with lower monthly incomes than those paid to salaried employees. Model 3 establishes a comparison between the two types of self-employed workers. The profile of a false self-employed subject happens to be a woman who performs a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblue-collar\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace job for a smaller number of hours per week than that completed by the non-dependent self-employed ones, and with a lower income as well. What is more, the component of time flexibility and autonomy over the occupational activities disappears among the false self-employed people when comparing to the rest of self-employed workers. Similarly, the probability for a dependent self-employed subject to work in the agriculture sector is more than double than that of a non-dependent self-employed one. Despite the situation, the only actitudinal variable that differentiates both groups is the lower degree of job stress shown by false self-employed people. False self-employed workers constitute a collective of great interest to the labor market. Many companies began to resort to this figure in the hardest years of the crisis, justifying it as a lesser evil. However, some of these firms have ended up implementing this kind of external recruitement as a regular practice; a labor strategy oriented towards saving costs. More often than desirable, false self-employed workers perform the same activity as their peers with contracts, but lack the rights stated in the labor law for salaried employees. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective. On the one hand, problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject. On the other hand, the very situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased information. Nonetheless, it is less common for non-dependent self-employed to work shift or night shift. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective. Problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject and the very situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased information. Managerial changes have to be focused on the individuals and the values that might help them progress to a new organizational culture where the delegation of authority, open communication systems, participation, collaboration, and continuous learning - among others-prevail. This ideal scenario is clouded by the use of outsourcing, sometimes even fraudulent, as an instrument to circumvent conventional and legal employment contracts. The paradox is that other forces could unbalance the alleged savings attributable to the use of these new forms of work organization. By incorporating new rules to the occupational arena, which smear the organizational board where labor relations within the company are settled, the virus of distrust is inoculated among workers, both those who are subjected to the coercion of dependent self-employment and those who remain in the company being suspicious that they can be selected and reorganized as well at any time. This process irreversibly contaminates the values on which workers sustain their daily behavior, affecting in one way or another the business competitiveness.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {binary logistic regression,dependent self-employed worker,salaried workers,Self-employed worker,working conditions}
}

@article{Navarro-Rosenblatt2018,
  title = {Maternity {{Leave}} and {{Its Impact}} on {{Breastfeeding}}: {{A Review}} of the {{Literature}}},
  author = {{Navarro-Rosenblatt}, Deborah and Garmendia, Maria-Luisa},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {9},
  pages = {589--597},
  issn = {1556-8253},
  doi = {10.1089/bfm.2018.0132},
  abstract = {Background: Breastfeeding is known to be the best source of nutrition for infants. The World Health Organization recommends to exclusively breastfeed up to the sixth month of life and to breastfeed with complementary foods until the age of 2. It is reported that maternity leave (ML) is one of the most important interventions for an extended breastfeeding duration. The aim of this review is to synthesize the available data worldwide on the association of ML and breastfeeding duration. We also intend to provide an overview of whether this association is differential by socioeconomic status. Materials and Methods: Relevant primary studies relating ML and breastfeeding were included by searching several databases, including PubMed, SCielo, Health Systems Evidence, Health Evidence, Cochrane Reviews, and Epistemonikos. Articles were included up to May 2018. Results: A total of 239 relevant articles were identified, of them 21 were included in the review based on exposure, outcome, and study design. These studies reported that an extended ML might be related to breastfeeding duration. In addition, studies reporting data on work type, race, and education showed that black women, women in less privileged position, and women with less education have less breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: This review showed a positive relationship between ML length and breastfeeding duration. These results have a homogeneous trend; however, this was different when studies reported results on ML and breastfeeding stratified by socioeconomic status. Public health policies should ensure that all women, especially the most vulnerable, have equal access to the benefits that ML provides.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breastfeeding,literature review,maternity leave,socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Navarro2001,
  title = {The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health},
  author = {Navarro, V and Shi, {\relax LY}},
  year = {2001},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {481--491},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00197-0},
  abstract = {This analysis reflects on the importance of political parties, and the policies they implement when in government, in determining the level of equalities/inequalities in a society, the extent of the welfare state (including the level of health care coverage by the state), the employment/unemployment rate, and the level of population health. The study looks at the impact of the major political traditions in the advanced OECD countries during the golden years of capitalism (1945-1980) - social democratic, Christian democratic, liberal, and ex-fascist - in four areas: (1) the main determinants of income inequalities, such as the overall distribution of income derived from capital versus labor, wage dispersion in the labor force, the redistributive effect of the welfare state, and the levels and types of employment/unemployment; (2) levels of public expenditures and health care benefits coverage; (3) public support of services to families, such as child care and domiciliary care; and (4) the level of population health as measured by infant mortality rates. The results indicate that political traditions more committed to redistributive policies (both economic and social) and full-employment policies, such as the social democratic parties, were generally more successful in improving the health of populations, such as reducing infant mortality. The erroneous assumption of a conflict between social equity and economic efficiency, as in the liberal tradition, is also discussed. The study aims at filling a void in the growing health and social inequalities literature, which rarely touches on the importance of political forces in influencing inequalities. The data used in the study are largely from OECD health data for 1997 and 1998; the OECD statistical services; the comparative welfare state data set assembled by Huber, Ragin and Stephens; and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health,social inequalities,welfare state}
}

@article{Nayyar2014,
  title = {Why Employment Matters: {{Reviving}} Growth and Reducing Inequality},
  author = {Nayyar, Deepak},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
  volume = {153},
  number = {3},
  pages = {351--364},
  issn = {0020-7780},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00208.x},
  abstract = {The global economic crisis has led to a sharp slowdown in growth and an even greater slowdown in employment creation. The resulting deterioration in the quality of employment has exacerbated the longer-term trend of rising inequality. Jobless growth has dampened output growth through a worsening income distribution. Wages are costs on the supply side but are also incomes on the demand side, so that profit-led growth and wage-led growth are complements, not substitutes. Thus, growth can create jobs, while added jobs can drive growth. More employment and better jobs can also mitigate rising inequality. If macroeconomic policies focus on fostering employment creation and supporting economic growth, rather than on price stability and balanced budgets, employment would revive growth and reduce inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {decent work,economic growth,economic recession,employment,poverty alleviation}
}

@article{Ndimbii2021,
  title = {Qualitative {{Analysis}} of {{Community Support}} to {{Methadone Access}} in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Ndimbii, James and Guise, Andy and Igonya, Emmy Kageha and Owiti, Frederick and Strathdee, Steffanie and Rhodes, Tim},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SUBSTANCE USE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MISUSE},
  volume = {56},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1312--1319},
  issn = {1082-6084},
  doi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1922450},
  abstract = {Background Methadone, as part of Medically Assisted Therapy (MAT) for treatment of opioid dependence and supporting HIV prevention and treatment, has been recently introduced in Kenya. Few low income settings have implemented methadone, so there is little evidence to guide ongoing scale-up across the region. We specifically consider the role of community level access barriers and support. Objectives To inform ongoing MAT implementation we implemented a qualitative study to understand access barriers and enablers at a community level. Methods We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs accessing MAT, supplemented by interviews with 2 stakeholders, linked to participant observation in a community drop in center within one urban area in Kenya. We used thematic analysis. Results We developed five themes to express experiences of factors enabling and disabling MAT access and how community support can address these: 1) time, travel and economic hardship; 2) managing methadone and contingencies of life, 3) peer support among MAT clients as treatment ambassadors, 4) family relations, and 5)outreach project contributions. Crosscutting themes address managing socioeconomic constraints and gender inequities. Conclusions People who use drugs experience and manage socio-economic constraints and gender inequities in accessing MAT with the support of local communities. We discuss how these access barriers could be addressed through strengthening the participation of networks of people who use drugs in drug treatment and supporting community projects working with people who use drugs. We also explore potential for how socio-economic constraints could be managed within an integrated health and social care response.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Negi2022,
  title = {Social {{Service Providers Navigating}} the {{Rapid Transition}} to {{Telehealth With Latinx Immigrants During}} the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
  author = {Negi, Nalini Junko and Siegel, Jennifer L.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {92},
  number = {4},
  pages = {463--473},
  issn = {0002-9432},
  doi = {10.1037/ort0000626},
  abstract = {Public Policy Relevance Statement In the wake of COVID-19 and shift to remote platforms, little is known about the telehealth implementation experiences of social service providers who work with Latinx immigrants, an underserved group with limited accessibility to reliable internet or computers. Findings suggest that the lack of a clear and coordinated federal, local, or organizational response led social service providers to work beyond the scope of their routine duties to navigate unreliable remote platforms to meet the rising needs of their Latinx immigrant clients, which impacted work-related stress and satisfaction. The urgent development of more equitable and accessible models of telehealth is critical in the face of exacerbating disparities in the health and social consequences of COVID-19 among Latinx immigrants. The COVID-19 pandemic radically altered social service provision with significant public health implications as social services often target society's most vulnerable with preventative health services addressing social determinants of health. Social service providers serve as crucial linkages to services for low-income Latinx immigrants who face substantial barriers to health and social care. However, little is known regarding how social service providers working with Latinx immigrants navigated service delivery and the rapid transition to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. This mixed-methods (QUAL-quant; capitalization denotes primacy) study used survey data collected from April 2020 to October 2020 with Latinx immigrant serving as social service providers in the Maryland-Washington, DC, region. Social ecological theory guided the analysis of narrative data and the integration of quantitative data with qualitative themes. Participants (N = 41) were majority women (85.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), identified as Latinx (48.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and elucidated themes related to their transition to telehealth, including adjusting from in-person to telehealth, barriers to telehealth implementation, impact on quality of services, working to prevent clients' disconnection to social services, and work-related stress and satisfaction. Through the firsthand experiences of frontline social service providers, results reveal conditions of scarcity endemic in social services for Latinx immigrants that preexisted the pandemic and became further constrained during a time of heightened health and social need. Further, critical insights regarding the use of remote modalities with vulnerable populations (language minorities and immigrants) can be instructive in the development of improved and accessible telehealth and remote programming and services for Latinx immigrants.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,immigrants,Latinx,social services,telehealth}
}

@article{Nemetchek2019,
  title = {Exploring Healthcare Providers' Perspectives of the Paediatric Discharge Process in {{Uganda}}: A Qualitative Exploratory Study},
  author = {Nemetchek, Brooklyn and Khowaja, Asif and Kavuma, Anthony and Kabajaasi, Olive and Owilli, Alex Olirus and Ansermino, J. Mark and {Fowler-Kerry}, Susan and Jacob, Shevin T. and {Kenya-Mugisha}, Nathan and Kabakyenga, Jerome and Wiens, Matthew O.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {9},
  number = {9},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029526},
  abstract = {Introduction The burden of childhood mortality continues to be born largely by low-income and middle-income countries. The critical postdischarge period has been largely neglected despite evidence that mortality rates during this period can exceed inpatient mortality rates. However, there is a paucity of data on the paediatric discharge process from the perspective of the healthcare provider. Provider perspectives may be important in the development of an improved understanding of the barriers and facilitators to improving the transition from hospital to home. Objectives To explore healthcare providers' and facility administrators' perspectives of the paediatric discharge process with respect to: (1) current procedures, (2) barriers and challenges, (3) ideas for change, (4) facilitators for change and (5) the importance of discharge planning. Design A qualitative exploratory approach using focus groups (14) and in-depth interviews (7). Setting This study was conducted at seven hospitals providing paediatric care in Uganda. Results Current discharge procedures are largely based on hospital-specific protocols or clinician opinion, as opposed to national guidelines. Some key barriers to an improved discharge process included caregiver resources and education, critical communication gaps, traditional practices, and a lack of human and physical resources. Teamwork and motivation to see improved paediatric transitions to home were identified as facilitators to implementing the ideas for change proposed by participants. The need for a standardised national policy guiding paediatric discharges, implemented through education at many levels and coupled with appropriate community referral and follow-up, was broadly perceived as essential to improving outcomes for children. Conclusions Although significant challenges and gaps were identified within the current health system, participants' ideas and the identified facilitators provide a significant basis from which change may occur. This work can facilitate the development of sustainable and effective interventions to improve postdischarge outcomes in Uganda and other similar settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Patient Discharge,Pediatrics,Qualitative Research,Uganda}
}

@article{Netto2016,
  title = {Facilitators and Barriers to Employment for People with Mental Illness: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Netto, Julie Ann and Yeung, Polly and Cocks, Errol and McNamara, Beverley},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {61--72},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-150780},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Employment often has a defining role that shapes a person's identity. The aim of this study was to generate a rich description of the meaning of employment for people with mental illness and identify the facilitators and barriers they experience in gaining and sustaining employment. Low workforce participation rates exist for people with mental illness despite their ability to both benefit from, and contribute through, employment. OBJECTIVE: Individual in-depth interviews were used to gather information about participants' lived experiences of mental illness, what employment meant to them, their vocational aspirations, and the facilitators and barriers encountered while engaging in employment activities. METHODS: Focus groups (N = 3) and individual in-depth interviews (N = 9) were used to gather information about participants' lived experiences of mental illness, what vocation meant to them, their vocational aspirations, and the facilitators and barriers encountered while engaging in or pursuing employment. An inclusive research approach was employed in conducting interpretive phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Four themes and nine subthemes described the meaning of employment, aspirations, and personal choices. Personal barriers to vocation included loss of valued roles, challenges of the vocational environment, and restrictions in opportunities. Examples of facilitators of employment were mental health services providers, family, and friends. Participants pursued paid employment because they wanted outcomes that would lead to work satisfaction such as making money, having financial security, socialising, and having a sense of achievement. CONCLUSION: Engaging in meaningful vocation allowed people with mental illness to establish and re-establish their identities and valued life roles.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,interpretive phenomenological analysis,Mental illness,vocation}
}

@book{Neumark2015,
  title = {Increasing {{Jobs}} and {{Income}} from {{Work}}: {{The Role}} and {{Limitations}} of {{Public Policy}}},
  author = {Neumark, David},
  editor = {Orrenius, {\relax PM} and Canas, J and Weiss, M},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {TEN-GALLON ECONOMY: SIZING UP ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TEXAS},
  abstract = {I provide an overview of research findings spanning many dimensions of policies intended to increase jobs or increase income from work. Among job creation policies, there is some evidence that well-designed hiring credits or steep wage subsidies can increase the number of jobs, and business-friendly tax policies may spur job growth although also increasing income inequality. Evidence on enterprise zones generally does not establish job creation effects. The earned income tax credit successfully raises income from work, whereas a higher minimum wage entails some job loss and does not do a good job at delivering benefits to poor families.},
  isbn = {978-1-137-53017-2 978-1-137-53016-5},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Dallas Fed's Regional Centennial Conference, Dallas, TX, NOV 07, 2014}
}

@article{Neumark2019,
  title = {The {{Causal Effects}} of the {{Minimum Wage Introduction}} in {{Germany}} - {{An Overview}}},
  author = {Neumark, David},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {GERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {293--329},
  issn = {1465-6485},
  doi = {10.1111/geer.12184},
  abstract = {In 2015, Germany introduced a statutory hourly minimum wage that was not only universally binding but also set at a relatively high level. We discuss the short-run effects of this new minimum wage on a wide set of socioeconomic outcomes, such as employment and working hours, earnings and wage inequality, dependent and self-employment, as well as reservation wages and satisfaction. We also discuss difficulties in the implementation of the minimum wage and the measurement of its effects related to non-compliance and suitability of data sources. Two years after the minimum wage introduction, the following conclusions can be drawn: while hourly wages increased for low-wage earners, some small negative employment effects are also identifiable. The effects on aspired goals, such as poverty and inequality reduction, have not materialised in the short run. Instead, a tendency to reduce working hours is found, which alleviates the desired positive impact on monthly income. Additionally, the level of non-compliance was substantial in the short run, thus drawing attention to problems when implementing such a wide reaching policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,employment,evaluation,Minimum wage,working hours}
}

@article{Neumark2020,
  title = {{{LONGER-RUN EFFECTS OF ANTI-POVERTY POLICIES ON DISADVANTAGED NEIGHBORHOODS}}},
  author = {Neumark, David and Asquith, Brian and Bass, Brittany},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {409--434},
  issn = {1074-3529},
  doi = {10.1111/coep.12445},
  abstract = {We assess evidence on the longer-run effects of minimum wages, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and welfare on key economic indicators of economic self-sufficiency in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The evidence suggests that the longer-run effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit are to increase employment and to reduce poverty and public assistance. We also find some evidence consistent with higher welfare benefits having longer-run adverse effects, and stronger evidence that tighter welfare time limits reduce poverty and public assistance in the longer-run. The evidence on the longer-run effects of the minimum wage on poverty and public assistance is not robust. (JEL J22, J23, J38)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Neuner2023,
  title = {Medication Delivery Factors and Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy Adherence in Breast Cancer},
  author = {Neuner, Joan M. and Fergestrom, Nicole and Pezzin, Liliana E. and Laud, Purushottam W. and Ruddy, Kathryn J. and Winn, Aaron N.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT},
  volume = {197},
  number = {1},
  pages = {223--233},
  issn = {0167-6806},
  doi = {10.1007/s10549-022-06704-2},
  abstract = {Purpose Over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of breast cancer patients prescribed a 5-year course of daily oral adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) are nonadherent. We investigated the role of costs and cancer medication delivery mode and other medication delivery factors on adherence. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of commercially insured and Medicare advantage patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in 2007-2015 who initiated ET. We examined the association between 12-month ET adherence (proportion of days covered by fills {$>$}= 0.80) and ET copayments, 90-day prescription refill use, mail order pharmacy use, number of pharmacies, and synchronization of medications. We used regression models to estimate nonadherence risk ratios adjusted for demographics (age, income, race, urbanicity), comorbidities, total medications, primary cancer treatments, and generic AI availability. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using alternative specifications for independent variables. Results Mail order users had higher adherence in both commercial and Medicare-insured cohorts. Commercially insured patients who used mail order were more likely to be adherent if they had low copayments ({$<$} \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5) and 90-day prescription refills. For commercially insured patients who used local pharmacies, use of one pharmacy and better synchronized refills were also associated with adherence. Among Medicare patients who used mail order pharmacies, only low copayments were associated with adherence, while among Medicare patients using local pharmacies both low copayments and 90-day prescriptions were associated with ET adherence. Conclusion Out-of-pocket costs, medication delivery mode, and other pharmacy-related medication delivery factors are associated with adherence to breast cancer ET. Future work should investigate whether interventions aimed at streamlining medication delivery could improve adherence for breast cancer patients.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nevala2015,
  title = {Workplace {{Accommodation Among Persons}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{A Systematic Review}} of {{Its Effectiveness}} and {{Barriers}} or {{Facilitators}}},
  author = {Nevala, Nina and Pehkonen, Irmeli and Koskela, Inka and Ruusuvuori, Johanna and Anttila, Heidi},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {432--448},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-014-9548-z},
  abstract = {Purpose A systematic review was conducted to review the effectiveness of workplace accommodation (WA) regarding employment, work ability, and cost-benefit among disabled people. It also describes the evidence gained on the barriers and facilitators of WA process to sustain employment. Methods We reviewed systematically current scientific evidence about effectiveness of WA among disabled persons. The outcomes were employment, work ability, and cost-benefit. Qualitative studies of employment facilitators and barriers were also included. The population comprised people with physical disability, visual impairment, hearing impairment, cognitive disability, or mental disability, aged 18-68 years. CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medic, OTseeker, PEDro, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1990 to November 2012. Results Three quantitative (one randomized controlled, one concurrently controlled, and one cohort) and eight qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. There was moderate evidence that specific types of WA (vocational counselling and guidance, education and self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, and special transportation) promote employment among physically disabled persons and reduce costs. There was low evidence that WA (liaison, education, work aids, and work techniques) coordinated by case managers increases return to work and is cost-effective when compared with the usual care of persons with physical and cognitive disabilities. The key facilitators and barriers of employment were self-advocacy, support of the employer and community, amount of training and counselling, and flexibility of work schedules and work organization. Conclusions More high-quality studies using validated measures of the work ability and functioning of disabled persons are needed. The identified barriers and facilitators found in the qualitative studies should be used to develop quantitative study designs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/V3KT5P2Z/Nevala et al_2015_Workplace Accommodation Among Persons with Disabilities.pdf}
}

@article{Newman2023,
  title = {Systemic Structural Gender Discrimination and Inequality in the Health Workforce: Theoretical Lenses for Gender Analysis, Multi-Country Evidence and Implications for Implementation and {{HRH}} Policy},
  author = {Newman, Constance and Nayebare, Alice and Gacko, Ndeye Mingue Ndiate Ndiaye and Okello, Patrick and Gueye, Abdou and Bijou, Sujata and Ba, Selly and Gaye, Sokhna and Coumba, N'deye and Gueye, Babacar and Dial, Yankouba and N'doye, Maimouna},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12960-023-00813-9},
  abstract = {This commentary brings together theory, evidence and lessons from 15 years of gender and HRH analyses conducted in health systems in six WHO regions to address selected data-related aspects of WHO's 2016 Global HRH Strategy and 2022 Working for Health Action Plan. It considers useful theoretical lenses, multi-country evidence and implications for implementation and HRH policy. Systemic, structural gender discrimination and inequality encompass widespread but often masked or invisible patterns of gendered practices, interactions, relations and the social, economic or cultural background conditions that are entrenched in the processes and structures of health systems (such as health education and employment institutions) that can create or perpetuate disadvantage for some members of a marginalized group relative to other groups in society or organizations. Context-specific sex- and age-disaggregated and gender-descriptive data on HRH systems' dysfunctions are needed to enable HRH policy planners and managers to anticipate bottlenecks to health workforce entry, flows and exit or retention. Multi-method approaches using ethnographic techniques reveal rich contextual detail. Accountability requires that gender and HRH analyses measure SDGs 3, 4, 5 and 8 targets and indicators. To achieve gender equality in paid work, women also need to achieve equality in unpaid work, underscoring the importance of SDG target 5.4. HRH policies based on principles of substantive equality and nondiscrimination are effective in countering gender discrimination and inequality. HRH leaders and managers can make the use of gender and HRH evidence a priority in developing transformational policy that changes the actual conditions and terms of health workers' lives and work for the better. Knowledge translation and intersectoral coalition-building are also critical to effectiveness and accountability. These will contribute to social progress, equity and the realization of human rights, and expand the health care workforce. Global HRH strategy objectives and UHC and SDG goals will more likely be realized.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ng2015,
  title = {{{BEING POOR IN A RICH}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveNANNY STATE}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{DEVELOPMENTS IN SINGAPORE SOCIAL WELFARE}}},
  author = {Ng, Irene Y. H.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SINGAPORE ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3, SI},
  issn = {0217-5908},
  doi = {10.1142/S0217590815500381},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the trends in poverty and inequality in Singapore since independence, as well as policy recommendations adopted through the years, and their results. Poverty is discussed not only in terms of wage earnings, but also in relation to employment conditions, social challenges that pile up together with income poverty, and intergenerational mobility. The paper finds that notwithstanding improvements in early decades, after fifty years, the problems of a social divide and poverty have come full circle. Social policy in Singapore retains its fundamentally productivist philosophical orientation, but the recent deterioration in poverty, inequality and mobility trends is leading to adoption of more welfare-oriented and universalist policy solutions. Social inclusion is now a national priority, and policy redirection for the future needs to take place in wide-ranging policy domains, including the labor market and economic growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality,Poverty,Singapore,social welfare}
}

@article{Ng2015a,
  title = {Welfare Generosity and Population Health among {{Canadian}} Provinces: A Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis, 1989-2009},
  author = {Ng, Edwin and Muntaner, Carles},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {69},
  number = {10},
  pages = {970--977},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech-2014-205385},
  abstract = {Background Recent work in comparative social epidemiology uses an expenditures approach to examine the link between welfare states and population health. More work is needed that examines the impact of disaggregated expenditures within nations. This study takes advantage of provincial differences within Canada to examine the effects of subnational expenditures and a provincial welfare generosity index on population health. Methods Time-series cross-sectional data are retrieved from the Canadian Socio-Economic Information Management System II Tables for 1989-2009 (10 provinces and 21 years=210 cases). Expenditures are measured using 20 disaggregated indicators, total expenditures and a provincial welfare generosity index, a ombined measure of significant predictors. Health is measured as total, male and female age-standardised mortality rates per 1000 deaths. Estimation techniques include the Prais-Winsten regressions with panel-corrected SEs, a first-order autocorrelation correction model, and fixed-unit effects, adjusted for alternative factors. Results Analyses reveal that four expenditures effectively reduce mortality rates: medical care, preventive care, other social services and postsecondary education. The provincial welfare generosity index has even larger effects. For an SD increase in the provincial welfare generosity index, total mortality rates are expected to decline by 0.44 SDs. Standardised effects are larger for women (beta=-0.57, z(19)=-5.70, p{$<$}0.01) than for men (beta=-0.38, z(19)=-5.59, p{$<$}0.01). Conclusions Findings show that the expenditures approach can be effectively applied within the context of Canadian provinces, and that targeted spending on health, social services and education has salutary effects.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ngai2017,
  title = {Gender {{Gaps}} and the {{Rise}} of the {{Service Economy}}},
  author = {Ngai, L. Rachel and Petrongolo, Barbara},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL-MACROECONOMICS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--44},
  issn = {1945-7707},
  doi = {10.1257/mac.20150253},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the role of the rise in services in the narrowing of gender gaps in hours and wages in recent decades. We highlight the between-industry component of differential gender trends for the United States and propose a model economy with goods, services, and home production, in which women have a comparative advantage in producing services. The rise of services, driven by structural transformation and marketization of home production, raises women's relative wages and market hours. Quantitatively, the model accounts for an important share of the observed trends in women's hours and relative wages.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nguyen2019,
  title = {Stakeholder Perspectives on Integration of Mental Health Services into Primary Care: A Mixed Methods Study in {{Northern Iraq}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Amanda J. and Rykiel, Natalie and Murray, Laura and Amin, Ahmed and Haroz, Emily and Lee, Catherine and Bolton, Paul},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1752-4458},
  doi = {10.1186/s13033-019-0330-7},
  abstract = {BackgroundIntegrating evidence-based mental health services into primary care has been identified as one strategy for overcoming the treatment gap in low and middle-income countries, yet their uptake into standard practice remains poor. The purpose of this study was to understand stakeholder perspectives regarding barriers and facilitators to integration of mental health services into primary care settings in Northern Iraq.MethodsUsing a convergent mixed methods study design, quantitative and qualitative questionnaires assessed respondent perceptions of implementation factors under the domains of Autonomy, Acceptability, Appropriateness, Feasibility, Penetration/Accessibility, Sustainability, and Organizational Climate. We interviewed four types of stakeholders: clients, providers of mental health services, non-mental health (MH) staff working at the centers, and center directors. Interviews were conducted with clients at the completion of services, and with all other stakeholder groups in the latter half of the first year of program implementation, by Kurdish-speaking interviewer pairs. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed separately and merged using qualitative data transformation to quantify frequency of theme and integrate with quantitative findings through woven narrative.Results123 clients, 26 providers, 40 non-MH staff, and 12 directors provided data. Positive perceptions of the program's acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and positive impacts were reported across all stakeholder levels. Providers reported that the program length (8-12 sessions) was a challenge. Clients described logistical challenges (e.g.: transportation, childcare, home duties); support from family and friends appeared to be critical. Lack of private space, insufficient staffing, and need for greater government support were also important issues.ConclusionsThis mixed methods study is unique in its inclusion of non-MH staff and director perspectives on integration of mental health services in primary care clinics. Their inclusion proved vital since they included critical human resource barriers to feasibility. Providers reported generally positive integration experiences but that some colleagues (clinic staff not involved in mental health services) were unsupportive. Most non-MH staff were supportive, but some did report negative impacts on their working environment. Future studies of integration of mental health services into other service platforms should include the perspectives of stakeholders not involved in provision of mental health services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Implementation,Iraq,Mental health,Primary care}
}

@article{Nguyen2021,
  title = {Gender Equality and Economic Complexity},
  author = {Nguyen, Canh Phuc},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ECONOMIC SYSTEMS},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0939-3625},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100921},
  abstract = {This study is the first attempt to examine the influence of gender equality on economic complexity. Specifically, we investigate the effects of four aspects (employment, health, educa-tion, rights) of gender equality with 20 variables in an economic complexity index. To deal with potential endogeneity, we used the two-step system-generalized method of moments approach with an unbalanced panel of data on 119 economies from 1991 to 2017. First, labor participation in industry or service sectors as well as wage and salaried employment by women appears to improve economic complexity, while women's employment in agriculture, contributions to family workers, self-employment, and vulnerable employment have a negative impact. Second, better health conditions for women increase economic complexity. Third, gender equality in education has a positive impact on economic complexity. Fourth, the empowerment of women in terms of socioeconomic-political rights is a positive factor for economic complexity. Overall, gender equality has great benefits for economic complexity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic complexity,Education,Employment,Gender equality,Health,Rights}
}

@article{Nguyen2022,
  title = {Uncertainty and Gender Inequality: {{A}} Global Investigation},
  author = {Nguyen, Canh Phuc},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {QUARTERLY REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {31--47},
  issn = {1062-9769},
  doi = {10.1016/j.qref.2022.06.003},
  abstract = {There is increasing interest in the consequences of uncertainty, yet research on its effects on gender equality is scarce. This study investigates the impact of uncertainty on gender inequality using a sample of 100 countries over the period 1991-2017. The analysis is carried out for 22 indicators of gender inequality in four dimensions (employment, health, education, rights) and five uncertainties (domestic uncertainty, world uncertainty, world trade uncertainty, global economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk). First, uncertainty appears to increase gender inequality in employment by affecting vulnerable employment, unemployment, and self-employment; and by reducing waged and salaried employment, numbers of contributing family workers, labour force participation, and employment in industry and services. Second, uncertainty is found to be very harmful in its effect on gender equality in health, as it decreases life expectancy and survival to age 65, and increases the mortality of women. Third, uncertainty improves gender equality in education, as it increases school enrolment at primary and tertiary levels. Fourth, uncertainty improves the Women, Business and the Law Index, but has mixed effects on women's economic, political, and social rights.(c) 2022 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Equality,Men,Uncertainty,Women}
}

@article{Nguyen2022a,
  title = {Assuring {{Social Equity}} and {{Improving Income}} from an {{Assessment}} of {{Government}}'s {{Supports}} in a {{Pandemic}} and {{Migrant Workers}}' {{Integration}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Nga Hong and Nguyen, Trang Thi Thu},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECONOMIES},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  doi = {10.3390/economies10040094},
  abstract = {Income improvement is the primary expectation when deciding to migrate. However, due to the limited resources and urban facilities, informal sector work leads to an increasing income gap with local workers, migrant workers in big cities are considered the most vulnerable population. When there is no social policy, migrants are even more susceptible to the negative impacts of COVID-19. To identify necessary bases for short-term and long-term intervention to attract workers to return and quickly adapt to the urban life in the economic recovery process, the study surveyed to clarify the assessment of COVID-19 support packages from which the most beneficial are electricity and water exemption and reduction, food support, loan interest reduction, and loan for salary payment. The study also used survey results from two pandemic centers in the southern region to estimate factors and impacts on the workers' income in terms of integration, the results show that the major significant factors are education, housing, work sector, self-employment, and social insurance. We take notices to enhance workers' integration to help retain workers by short-term measurements from the support package's assessments and long-term measurements from the income and integration estimates to attract workers after the pandemic.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {covid,equity,income,integration,migrants,package,vulnerability,workers}
}

@article{Nguyen2023,
  title = {Do {{Co-Ethnic Neighbourhoods Affect}} the {{Labour Market Outcomes}} of {{Immigrants}}? {{Longitudinal Evidence}} from {{Australia}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Toan and Bernard, Aude and Lee, Rennie and Wilson, Tom and Argent, Neil},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {APPLIED SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {831--850},
  issn = {1874-463X},
  doi = {10.1007/s12061-023-09505-2},
  abstract = {Unlike the situation in other immigrant-receiving countries, the impact of co-ethnic neighbourhoods on immigrants' life outcomes has been understudied in Australia. In addition, because of reliance on cross-sectional and sample survey data, existing Australian studies have not taken advantage of recent methodological progress that addresses selection bias. In that context, this paper estimates the impact of the size of co-ethnic neighbourhoods on labour force participation, employment, hours worked and income of immigrants using microdata from the 2006-16 Australian Census Longitudinal Dataset that spans three censuses. Drawing on this unique dataset, the paper applies a series of OLS regression models that address issues of individual and location sorting by applying individual-fixed effects, controlling for residential mobility, duration of residence and using an exogenous measure of co-ethnic neighbourhood size. We find a small significant negative effect on labour participation and wage, particularly for the non-tertiary educated and immigrants with low English proficiency. However, when we control for residential mobility, residence in co-ethnic neighbourhoods is no longer statistically significant, which highlights the importance of stringent methodological choices that control for settlement trajectories, while revealing that movement toward smaller co-ethnic neighbourhoods is associated with increased labour force participation. Our findings suggest that efforts by the Australian government to settle immigrants in regional areas with a limited migrant population should not affect the labour market outcomes of immigrants given that ethnic enclaves do not facilitate labour market integration in Australia.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nicholson2012,
  title = {How Parents' Income, Time and Job Quality Affect Children's Health and Development},
  author = {Nicholson, Jan M. and Strazdins, Lyndall and Brown, Judith E. and Bittman, Michael},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {47},
  number = {4},
  pages = {505--525},
  issn = {0157-6321},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.2012.tb00263.x},
  abstract = {The advent of the Global Financial Crisis reminds us that modern epidemiological research has consistently demonstrated links between the socio-economic circumstances of families and children's health and development. Drawing on data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, this article firstly examines the evidence for intergenerational transmission of socio-economic disadvantage from parents to young children. It then examines parents' jobs as another source of social inequality. Results confirm that children's healthy development is affected by family income, by parents' hours of work and by the quality of parents' jobs. Job combinations that include long work hours of mothers and fathers and poorer quality jobs are associated with elevated rates of parental mental health problems, less time spent in developmentally important activities with children, and socio-emotional developmental difficulties for children. The evidence suggests that these effects are greater within low income families. These findings highlight the need for social and economic policies to move beyond simplistic notions of promoting parental workforce participation as a way of reducing the adverse effects of social disadvantage. A more nuanced approach is required that considers the additional impacts of the quality and characteristics of jobs, especially for the parents of young children.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {effects of parent's job on children's health,health effects of recession,intergenerational transmission of disadvantage,parents' combined job status,social determination of health}
}

@article{Niedzielski2015,
  title = {Synthesizing Spatial Interaction Data for Social Science Research: {{Validation}} and an Investigation of Spatial Mismatch in {{Wichita}}, {{Kansas}}},
  author = {Niedzielski, Michael A. and O'Kelly, Morton E. and Boschmann, E. Eric},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {204--218},
  issn = {0198-9715},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.004},
  abstract = {Rising economic segregation suggests a need to examine constraints to job access by race/ethnicity and economic inequality simultaneously. This often requires detailed socio-spatial interaction data to make progress on theoretical and modeling development, empirical studies and policy insights. Commuting data are commonly used because of its wide availability. Despite excellent work trip datasets from the U.S. Census such as the Census Transportation Planning Package and the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) data, there are often gaps between the data that are available and ideal detailed commuting data suited to models and data analysis. This is because commuting data are available for a limited set of socio-economic dimensions and this coarseness limits researchers in their ability to uncover nuances of place-based generalizations about commuting, either socially or spatially. In one promising approach, an information minimizing technique was proposed as a workable practical method to synthesize disaggregated work trip flows. Because the strength of fit between predicted and observed trips is unknown, this paper validates this method using real commutes disaggregated by income and then synthesizes race-income work trips using LEHD data for the Wichita, Kansas metropolitan statistical area. We find that low-income Whites travel longer distances and have more dispersed travel patterns than all African-American and Asian income groups and that both low- and middle-income groups of all race groups have spatially constrained flows. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessibility,Commuting,Disaggregated,Income,Race,Spatial interaction}
}

@article{Niembro2018,
  title = {Globalization, Productive Re-Location and Territorial Inequalities: {{A}} Comprehensive Review of the Approaches of Global Value Chains and Global Production Networks},
  author = {Niembro, Andres},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {112},
  pages = {15--40},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {Socioeconomic inequalities can take different forms. Sometimes they appear simply as disparities between individuals or households, or between groups that differ on the basis of factors such as social class, gender, age, ethnicity, among many others. Likewise, social and economic inequalities can be perceived in different geographical scales of analysis, between countries or groups of countries, as well as between regions, provinces, cities or neighborhoods. Although this paper focuses on territorial inequalities, there is no doubt that both levels are deeply interrelated. At this point, there is no longer any doubt that globalization has gone hand in hand with increasing inequality in general and, in particular, growing regional disparities in developing countries throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa or Eastern Europe, as well as the continuity of regional inequalities in developed countries such as Spain, for example. This context poses new challenges for the academic investigation of inequality, because to explain the phenomenon of unequal regional development in a globalized world it is necessary to put the actors of this process and their roots in the territory in the center of the scene, along with issues such as their position in the economic system and the generation and reproduction of power asymmetries. Although for some authors globalization acts as an asymmetric process that tends to deepen the inequalities between countries and regions, for others the problem is not strictly the process of globalization, but the way in which countries, regions and firms are inserted and positioned in global economy. What is clear is that, being in some way an inevitable scenario, globalization contains both opportunities and challenges for regional development, while it generates winners and losers among the actors and regions involved. We believe that the approaches of Global Value Chains (GVC) and Global Production Networks (GPN) can be useful tools for understanding the relationships between globalization and unequal regional development, and for analyzing how actors and regions participate in the global economy, how the power and income are distributed among them and what possibilities exist for repositioning, among other issues. If we look at, for example, the literature on developing countries in Latin America, the tendency in recent decades to adopt the conceptual framework of GVC is evident, but the contributions from GPN have been largely unnoticed so far, which has tended to limit its specific application to the analysis of territorial inequalities. On the other hand, several authors have highlighted the need to compatibilize, enrich and eclectically integrate the analytical frameworks of GVC and GPN. The article aims to cover these research niches with a comprehensive review of the approaches of global value chains and global production networks, hoping that it can be used as a theoretical and methodological contribution to the analysis of regional inequalities. This review is structured on the basis of a contrast between the respective strengths and weaknesses of each approach, showing those points where they can complement and enrich each other. Throughout the literature there is an old interest in understanding the changing forms of organization of production and trade at global level, its evolution and its repercussions over territorial inequalities, starting for example with dependence theories, center-periphery, world system and commodity chains, passing through global commodity chains (GCC) and arriving at the further development of GVC. While there are some differences in terminology and emphases between the origins of GVC and GPN, over the years they have tended to shrink and converge, since these approaches are interrelated and share a common agenda of problems. Another central aspect is that, despite theoretical discussions (and, in particular, criticisms of GPN towards GVC), studies under one tradition or another tend to be largely similar, since there are not great methodological differences between them. This is directly related to the balance of strengths and weaknesses of each approach. On the one hand, authors that support the GPN framework value their greater analytical-conceptual breadth (covering topics supposedly relegated by GVC tradition), but it has the counterpart of making its implementation more complex. In contrast, GVC analysis is best understood as a methodological approach that can be mobilized within various theoretical perspectives, although this greater operational versatility comes with the cost of some degree of theoretical eclecticism. It should be noted that, although these approaches have been developed, such as their own names indicate, over the basis of the internationalization and relocation of different circuits of production and trade at a global level, their methodological contributions can also be applied to domestic chains or networks, making a broad interpretation of trade and exports of a particular region to analyze the interaction between the local dimension and the extra-regional scale (national or international factors). As a closure, we can conclude that the GVC approach is applicable to regional analysis (avoiding some analytical complexities of GPN) but it needs to be strengthened with some elements of GPN tradition. In particular, it is necessary to reinforce the territoriality of chains of networks, to widen the spectrum of institutions taken into account and to analyze their relations from a multidimensional (vertical, horizontal, diagonal) and multiscalar perspective (regional, national, international, global). At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind the existence of different types of networks, power relations and possibilities of upgrading. At this point we should also point out some possible restrictions or weaknesses for the application of the approaches of GVC and GPN to the analysis of uneven regional development. On the one hand, the idea of inequality necessarily relates with economic processes that, by their own nature, can adopt asymmetric and divergent characteristics. But unlike the analytical (often critical) perspectives we present in this paper, the use of the concept of global value chains has become popular in recent years and has entered into the agendas of international organizations and multilateral forums that tend to adopt a highly optimistic (or uncritical) view towards globalization and its possible impacts on the progress of underdeveloped countries and regions. By circumventing or minimizing the potentially negative and inequitable factors discussed in the article, this can strongly change public policy recommendations and strategies. On the other hand, a weakness of GVC and GPN literatures is the limited recognition that innovation, knowledge and technology have usually received. In any case, these approaches recognize the importance of innovation as a basic input for upgrading processes, but little is said about the specific nature of the complex processes of learning and innovation, which represents an interesting line of work to be covered.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Global production networks,Global value chains,Regional development,Territorial inequalities}
}

@article{Niemi2018,
  title = {Retirement Timing in a Future Welfare State: A {{Finnish Delphi}} Study},
  author = {Niemi, Tuukka and Komp, Kathrin},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {38},
  number = {11-12},
  pages = {1071--1085},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-04-2018-0067},
  abstract = {Purpose European welfare states, including Finland, have recently introduced reforms that aim to delay the average timing of retirement. The degree of success of these reforms will depend on future institutional and societal developments that influence retirement timing. The purpose of this paper is to identify such scenarios in the Finnish context. Design/methodology/approach The study employs the Delphi method by interviewing anonymous experts from a variety of relevant organisations and fields in Finland, then sending them a scaled on-line questionnaire from the initial findings to elicit views on the likelihood of different scenarios influencing retirement timing over the next 20 years. Findings While the experts perceived that a raised state pension age and a removal of early retirement options will inevitably delay retirement on average, multiple scenarios were believe to hinder this trend. These included domestic elderly care becoming more common, technology-induced restructuring of labour markets and shortening working weeks, all of which were associated with widening socioeconomic inequalities in retirement timing. The predicted inequalities were attributed to a polarisation concerning older workers' abilities to extend their careers and to plan their retirement. The planned mass privatisation of health and social services in Finland was perceived to accelerate this outcome. Practical implications The study suggests that a significant policy challenge in face of upcoming societal trends is to make delayed retirement a more equally viable option. Originality/value This paper demonstrates the usefulness of scenario building for anticipating possible developments that may influence the success of policies aimed at delaying retirement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ageing,Pension reform,Retirement age,Scenarios,Social change}
}

@article{Nieto2021,
  title = {Native-Immigrant Differences in the Effect of Children on the Gender Pay Gap},
  author = {Nieto, Adrian},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {183},
  pages = {654--680},
  issn = {0167-2681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.015},
  abstract = {This paper explores gender differences in the career paths of immigrant and native parents before and after childbirth using Spanish administrative data and an event study specification. I find an important gender pay gap emerging after childbirth for both immigrants and natives, and that the drivers of these gender pay gaps strongly differ between natives and immigrants: while children generate higher gender gaps in labour participation and part-time work for natives, the gender gaps in employment and permanent employment are greater for immigrants. I investigate whether the deterioration of mothers' careers originates from workers' or employers' decisions, and show that the main reason for native mothers is to temporarily stop working, while for immigrant mothers is being dismissed. Finally, I show that the educational background of parents is an important determinant of the native-immigrant differences I find in the effect of children on the gender pay gap, while the cultural background is not. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children,Gender gap,Immigrant,Inequality,Native}
}

@article{Nieuwenhuis2017,
  title = {Women's Earnings and Household Inequality in {{OECD}} Countries, 1973-2013},
  author = {Nieuwenhuis, Rense and {van der Kolk}, Henk and Need, Ariana},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ACTA SOCIOLOGICA},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--20},
  issn = {0001-6993},
  doi = {10.1177/0001699316654528},
  abstract = {This article shows that women's rising earnings contributed to reducing inequality in household earnings, with respect to couples. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) on 1,148,762 coupled households, covering 18 OECD countries and the period from 1973 to 2013. In this period, women's share of household earnings grew, spouses' earnings became more strongly and positively correlated in various countries, and inequality in women's earnings was reduced. Inequality in household earnings increased due to the rising correlation between spouses' earnings, but was reduced more by the decline of inequality in women's earnings. Had women's earnings remained unchanged since the 1970s and 1980s, inequality in household earnings would have been higher around 2010 in all observed OECD countries. Household inequality was reduced least by trends in women's earnings in countries with a long history of high female labor-force participation, such as Finland (3\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction) and Sweden (5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and most in countries that observed a stronger increase in female labor-force participation in recent decades such as Spain (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and the Netherlands (41\textbackslash textbackslash\%). As more countries are reaching a plateau in the growth of women's employment and earnings, the potential for further stimulating women's employment and earnings to counter both women's and household inequality seems to be increasingly limited.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {female labor-force participation,homogamy,household,incomplete revolution,inequality,Women's earnings}
}

@article{Nieuwenhuis2019,
  title = {Family Policy as an Institutional Context of Economic Inequality},
  author = {Nieuwenhuis, Rense and Need, Ariana and {van der Kolk}, Henk},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ACTA SOCIOLOGICA},
  volume = {62},
  number = {1},
  pages = {64--80},
  issn = {0001-6993},
  doi = {10.1177/0001699318760125},
  abstract = {It is demonstrated that family policies are an important aspect of the institutional context of earnings inequality among coupled households. Although seldom integrated into prominent analyses of economic inequality, women's earnings are consistently found to reduce relative inequality among households. This means that family policies, as well-known determinants of women's employment and earnings, are important contextual determinants of economic inequality. Using Luxembourg Income Study data from 18 OECD countries in the period 1981-2008, this study demonstrates that women have higher earnings, and that their earnings reduce inequality among coupled households more in institutional contexts with generous paid leave and public childcare. We found no sizeable association between financial support policies, such as family allowances and tax benefits to families with children, and the degree to which women's earnings contribute to inequality among coupled households. Family policy arrangements that facilitate women's employment and earnings are associated with less economic inequality among coupled households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Childcare,family policy,gender inequality,income inequality,paid leave,women's earnings}
}

@article{Nieuwenhuis2022,
  title = {No Activation without Reconciliation? {{The}} Interplay between {{ALMP}} and {{ECEC}} in Relation to Women's Employment, Unemployment and Inactivity in 30 {{OECD}} Countries, 1985-2018},
  author = {Nieuwenhuis, Rense},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {56},
  number = {5},
  pages = {808--826},
  issn = {0144-5596},
  doi = {10.1111/spol.12806},
  abstract = {Comparative welfare state research as examined the outcomes of active labour market policies (ALMP) and work-family reconciliation policies by and large been separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in ALMP and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are complementary to each other in promoting women's employment rates and reducing women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorises about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. These findings provide support for the notion of welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP achieve this through reducing women's unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also achieve lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {active labour market policy (ALMP),early childhood education and care (ECEC),international comparison of welfare regimes,public policy,women's employment}
}

@article{Nind2009,
  title = {Concepts of Access for People with Learning Difficulties: Towards a Shared Understanding},
  author = {Nind, Melanie and Seale, Jane},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  pages = {273--287},
  issn = {0968-7599},
  doi = {10.1080/09687590902789446},
  abstract = {This article explores both the process and outcomes of a seminar series on the concept of access for people with learning difficulties. The seminar topics chosen to foster dialogue across professional and disciplinary boundaries included access to information, education, employment, the law, health, leisure, community, past histories and future plans. The seminars brought together people with learning difficulties and their support workers, researchers and professionals, to examine the expert knowledge of people with learning difficulties in negotiating access, the role of practitioners in mediating access and the contribution of research to understanding access. The aim was to develop a rich, shared understanding of the concept of access for people with learning difficulties. However, a huge amount of \textbackslash textasciigraveaccess work' had to be done to achieve this. The article discusses that access work and proposes a multidimensional model of access and ways of promoting it.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access,barriers,inclusion,learning difficulties,participation}
}

@article{Nino-Zarazua2017,
  title = {Global {{Inequality}}: {{Relatively Lower}}, {{Absolutely Higher}}},
  author = {{Ni{\~n}o-Zaraz{\'u}a}, Miguel and Roope, Laurence and Tarp, Finn},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Review of Income and Wealth},
  volume = {63},
  number = {4},
  pages = {661--684},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  doi = {10.1111/roiw.12240},
  abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975\textendash 2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CP9LILE2/Niño-Zarazúa et al_2017_Global Inequality.pdf}
}

@article{Nisic2017,
  title = {Smaller {{Differences}} in {{Bigger Cities}}? {{Assessing}} the {{Regional Dimension}} of the {{Gender Wage Gap}}},
  author = {Nisic, Natascha},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {292--304},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcx037},
  abstract = {Although structural determinants have been emphasized for explaining wage differences between men and women, the role of regional opportunity structures still warrants research. This investigation focuses on the relevance of urban labour markets and agglomeration effects for the spatial variation in the gender wage gap and provides comprehensive insights into the underlying mechanisms by combining sociological, economic, and geographical approaches. It is argued that partnership ties impose severe restrictions on women's labour mobility, confining them to the labour markets of their partners and the local conditions of their residential area. According to labour market theory, women's lower responsiveness to better job offers will translate into lower earnings. However, the size of the wage penalty varies with urban size and will be considerably lower in large labour markets. Empirical evidence is provided using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (1992-2012). Methodologically, the study adds to the literature by estimating hybrid, within- and between-effect wage regressions that also take into account dynamic selection into employment. Results indicate that male-female wage differentials narrow with urban size up to 9 per cent, thereby prompting the increasingly discussed importance of agglomeration effects for women's employment outcomes. Moreover, the study reveals and discusses pitfalls in interpreting results from fixed-effects models.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nizame2021,
  title = {Barriers and Facilitators to Adherence to National Drug Policies on Antibiotic Prescribing and Dispensing in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Nizame, Fosiul Alam and Shoaib, Dewan Muhammad and Rousham, Emily K. and Akter, Salma and Islam, Mohammad Aminul and Khan, Afsana Alamgir and Rahman, Mahbubur and Unicomb, Leanne},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL POLICY AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {SUPPL 1, 1, SI},
  doi = {10.1186/s40545-021-00342-7},
  abstract = {Background The National Drug Policy in Bangladesh prohibits the sale and distribution of antibiotics without prescription from a registered physician. Compliance with this policy is poor; prescribing antibiotics by unqualified practitioners is common and over-the-counter dispensing widespread. In Bangladesh, unqualified practitioners such as drug shop operators are a major source of healthcare for the poor and disadvantaged. This paper reports on policy awareness among drug shop operators and their customers and identifies current dispensing practices, barriers and facilitators to policy adherence. Methods We conducted a qualitative study in rural and urban Bangladesh from June 2019 to August 2020. This included co-design workshops (n = 4) and in-depth interviews (n = 24) with drug shop operators and customers/household members, key informant interviews (n = 12) with key personnel involved in aspects of the antibiotic supply chain including pharmaceutical company representatives, and model drug shop operators; and a group discussion with stakeholders representing key actors in informal market systems namely: representatives from the government, private sector, not-for-profit sector and membership organizations. Results Barriers to policy compliance among drug shop operators included limited knowledge of government drug policies, or the government-led Bangladesh Pharmacy Model Initiative (BPMI), a national guideline piloted to regulate drug sales. Drug shop operators had no clear knowledge of different antibiotic generations, how and for what diseases antibiotics work contributing to inappropriate antibiotic dispensing. Nonetheless, drug shop operators wanted the right to prescribe antibiotics based on having completed related training. Drug shop customers cited poor healthcare facilities and inadequate numbers of attending physician as a barrier to obtaining prescriptions and they described difficulties differentiating between qualified and unqualified providers. Conclusion Awareness of the National Drug Policy and the BPMI was limited among urban and rural drug shop operators. Poor antibiotic prescribing practice is additionally hampered by a shortage of qualified physicians; cultural and economic barriers to accessing qualified physicians, and poor implementation of regulations. Increasing qualified physician access and increasing training and certification of drug shop operators could improve the alignment of practices with national policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR),Drug policy,Irrational antibiotic use,Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs),Quack,Qualified physicians,village doctor}
}

@article{Njagi2023,
  title = {Financial Costs of Assisted Reproductive Technology for Patients in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review},
  author = {Njagi, Purity and Groot, Wim and Arsenijevic, Jelena and Dyer, Silke and Mburu, Gitau and Kiarie, James},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {HUMAN REPRODUCTION OPEN},
  volume = {2023},
  number = {2},
  doi = {10.1093/hropen/hoad007},
  abstract = {STUDY QUESTION What are the direct costs of assisted reproductive technology (ART), and how affordable is it for patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Direct medical costs paid by patients for infertility treatment are significantly higher than annual average income and GDP per capita, pointing to unaffordability and the risk of catastrophic expenditure for those in need. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Infertility treatment is largely inaccessible to many people in LMICs. Our analysis shows that no study in LMICs has previously compared ART medical costs across countries in international dollar terms (US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollarPPP) or correlated the medical costs with economic indicators, financing mechanisms, and policy regulations. Previous systematic reviews on costs have been limited to high-income countries while those in LMICs have only focussed on descriptive analyses of these costs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EconLit, PsycINFO, Latin American \textbackslash textbackslash\& Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and grey literature for studies published in all languages from LMICs between 2001 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The primary outcome of interest was direct medical costs paid by patients for one ART cycle. To gauge ART affordability, direct medical costs were correlated with the GDP per capita or average income of respective countries. ART regulations and public financing mechanisms were analyzed to provide information on the healthcare contexts in the countries. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Integrated Quality Criteria for Review of Multiple Study designs. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of the 4062 studies identified, 26 studies from 17 countries met the inclusion criteria. There were wide disparities across countries in the direct medical costs paid by patients for ART ranging from USD2109 to USD18 592. Relative ART costs and GDP per capita showed a negative correlation, with the costs in Africa and South-East Asia being on average up to 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the GDP per capita. Lower relative costs in the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean regions were associated with the presence of ART regulations and government financing mechanisms. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Several included studies were not primarily designed to examine the cost of ART and thus lacked comprehensive details of the costs. However, a sensitivity analysis showed that exclusion of studies with below the minimum quality score did not change the conclusions on the outcome of interest. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Governments in LMICs should devise appropriate ART regulatory policies and implement effective mechanisms for public financing of fertility care to improve equity in access. The findings of this review should inform advocacy for ART regulatory frameworks in LMICs and the integration of infertility treatment as an essential service under universal health coverage. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work received funding from the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a cosponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors declare no competing interests.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Noble2023,
  title = {Does {{Access}} to {{Point-of-Care Medical Information Improve Trauma}} and {{General Surgeons}}' {{Clinical Knowledge}} in a {{Middle-Income Country}}? {{A Mixed-Methods Study}} with {{Random Assignment}}},
  author = {Noble, Helen and Ordonez, Willy Jesus Neumann and Wong, Gabriela Zavala and Rodriguez, Manuel J. and Checa, David Ortega and Warne, Maria and Senturia, Kirsten and Jin, Ying and Peterson, Ryan and LaGrone, Lacey Nicole},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS},
  volume = {236},
  number = {3},
  pages = {484--494},
  issn = {1072-7515},
  doi = {10.1097/XCS.0000000000000530},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Investing in continued medical education strengthens surgical systems. This study assessed the effectiveness of an evidence-based practice (EBP) tutorial and access to UpToDate (UTD) to improve EBP and understand how and why providers practice using evidence.STUDY DESIGN: This is a mixed-methods, implementation study at 9 public hospitals in Peru consisting of a didactic session for surgeons on EBP and Google Translate and support of applications for UTD access. Change in clinical knowledge scores (CKS), access and use of UTD, and impact of language pre-and postintervention were measured. Qualitative interviews uncovered rea-sons for these changes.RESULTS: Intervention participants had lower CKS at follow-up compared with baseline (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR] of higher score 0.41 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.18,0.98]; p = 0.044), and this effect was modified (p = 0.003) to the extent that the reverse was true for control participants (OR 2.30 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.13,4.71]; p = 0.022). Participants with 1 to 20 years of experience had significantly improved CKS compared with students/residents (1 to 10 years: OR 4.5 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.1,18]; 11 to 20 years: OR 4.9 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.4,17]); there was no evidence of a different CKS between providers with {$>$} 20 years of experience compared with students/residents (OR 1.3 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.5,3.7]). Administrative disconnect, usability, motivation, edu-cation, time, resources, and age influenced point-of-care medical information systems impact on knowledge and EBP. Participants reporting low English proficiency translated medical literature mostly used Google Translate. Those with low/no English reading proficiency had higher odds of reporting a negative impact on research than those with working (p = 0.007) or professional (p {$<$} 0.001) proficiency.CONCLUSIONS: Providing education on EBP, free UTD access, and translation solutions did not correlate with increased CKS due to complex barriers to using point-of-care medical information systems. (J Am Coll Surg 2023;236:484-494. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Surgeons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCCBY-NC-ND], where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commer-cially without permission from the journal.)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nomura2015,
  title = {The Difficulty of Professional Continuation among Female Doctors in {{Japan}}: A Qualitative Study of Alumnae of 13 Medical Schools in {{Japan}}},
  author = {Nomura, Kyoko and Yamazaki, Yuka and Gruppen, Larry D. and Horie, Saki and Takeuchi, Masumi and Illing, Jan},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005845},
  abstract = {Objectives: To investigate the difficulties Japanese female doctors face in continuing professional practice. Design: A qualitative study using the Kawakita Jiro method. Setting: A survey conducted in 2011 of 13 private Japanese medical school alumni associations. Participants: 359 female doctors. Primary outcome measures: Barriers of balancing work and gender role. Results: The female doctors reported that professional practice was a struggle with long working hours due to a current shortage of doctors in Japan. There was also a severe shortage of childcare facilities in the workplace. Some women appeared to have low confidence in balancing the physician's job and personal life, resulting in low levels of professional pursuit. There appeared to be two types of stereotypical gender roles, including one expected from society, stating that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechild rearing is a woman's job\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, and the other perceived by the women themselves, that some women had a very strong desire to raise their own children. Male doctors and some female doctors who were single or older were perceived to be less enthusiastic about supporting women who worked while raising children because these coworkers feared that they would have to perform additional work as a result of the women taking long periods of leave. Conclusions: Important factors identified for promoting the continuation of professional practice among female doctors in Japan were the need to improve working conditions, including cutting back on long working hours, a solution to the shortage of nurseries, a need for the introduction of educational interventions to clarify professional responsibilities, and redefinition of the gender division of labour for male and female doctors. In addition, we identified a need to modernise current employment practices by introducing temporary posts to cover maternity leave and introducing flexible working hours during specialist training, thus supporting and encouraging more women to continue their medical careers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nonzee2012,
  title = {Design of a Prostate Cancer Patient Navigation Intervention for a {{Veterans Affairs}} Hospital},
  author = {Nonzee, Narissa J. and McKoy, June M. and Rademaker, Alfred W. and Byer, Peter and Luu, Thanh Ha and Liu, Dachao and Richey, Elizabeth A. and Samaras, Athena T. and Panucci, Genna and Dong, XinQi and Simon, Melissa A.},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-12-340},
  abstract = {Background: Patient navigation programs have been launched nationwide in an attempt to reduce racial/ethnic and socio-demographic disparities in cancer care, but few have evaluated outcomes in the prostate cancer setting. The National Cancer Institute-funded Chicago Patient Navigation Research Program (C-PNRP) aims to implement and evaluate the efficacy of a patient navigation intervention for predominantly low-income minority patients with an abnormal prostate cancer screening test at a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital in Chicago. Methods/Design: From 2006 through 2010, C-PNRP implemented a quasi-experimental intervention whereby trained social worker and lay health navigators worked with veterans with an abnormal prostate screen to proactively identify and resolve personal and systems barriers to care. Men were enrolled at a VA urology clinic and were selected to receive navigated versus usual care based on clinic day. Patient navigators performed activities to facilitate timely follow-up such as appointment reminders, transportation coordination, cancer education, scheduling assistance, and social support as needed. Primary outcome measures included time (days) from abnormal screening to diagnosis and time from diagnosis to treatment initiation. Secondary outcomes included psychosocial and demographic predictors of non-compliance and patient satisfaction. Dates of screening, follow-up visits, and treatment were obtained through chart audit, and questionnaires were administered at baseline, after diagnosis, and after treatment initiation. At the VA, 546 patients were enrolled in the study (245 in the navigated arm, 245 in the records-based control arm, and 56 in a subsample of surveyed control subjects). Discussion: Given increasing concerns about balancing better health outcomes with lower costs, careful examination of interventions aimed at reducing healthcare disparities attain critical importance. While analysis of the C-PNRP data is underway, the design of this patient navigation intervention will inform other patient navigation programs addressing strategies to improve prostate cancer outcomes among vulnerable populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer health disparities,Patient navigation,Prostate cancer,Veterans}
}

@article{Nordberg2000,
  title = {Injuries as a Public Health Problem in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: {{Epidemiology}} and Prospects for Control},
  author = {Nordberg, E},
  year = {2000},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL},
  volume = {77},
  number = {12, S},
  pages = {S1-S43},
  issn = {0012-835X},
  abstract = {Injuries are common and on increase in most developing countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. A large proportion of the injuries are caused by road traffic accidents, falls, burns, assaults, bites, stings and other animal-related injuries, poisonings, drownings/near-drownings and suicide. Globally, injuries are responsible for about five per cent of the total mortality, and the overall global annual costs were estimated in the late 1980s at around US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar500 billion. The burden and pattern of injuries in Africa and other developing areas are poorly known and not well studied. The incidence is on the increase, partly due to rapid growth of motorised transport and to expansion of industrial production without adequate safety precautions. This is a review of data on various kinds of injuries in developing countries with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. A computerised search of the relevant literature published between 1985 and 1998 was conducted and a manual search of journals publishing texts on health in low-income countries and in tropical environments was also done. A few studies on injury prevention policy and on research related to injury epidemiology and prevention have also been identified and included. Bt is concluded that in a relatively typical East African area with a total mortality rate of 1,300/130,000/year, injuries are likely to cause around 100 of these deaths. The corresponding total rate of significant injuries is estimated at 40,000/100,000/year with a breakdown as tabulated below. Estimated incidence of injuries and injury-related deaths in East Africa \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceGRAPHICS] Although a few surveys and other investigations of injuries have been conducted over the years, injury epidemiology and control remain under-researched and relatively neglected subject areas. Much needs to be done. Collection and analysis of injury data need to be standardised, for example regarding age groups, gender disaggregation and severity. Injuries and accidents should be subdivided in at least road traffic injury, fall, burn, assault, poisoning, drowning, suicide, homicide and others, and details regarding time and place, victim and main cause should be noted. Morbidity survey field staff should be informed that injuries are part of the illness concept and that questions should be asked accordingly. Details regarding the circumstances surrounding different injuries must be known to those who develop preventive programmes. Injury is a public health problem affecting some people more than others. Our ordinary environment - the home, the work-site, the street or road - represents various kinds of risk, and some of these are difficult to eliminate. Not only do we have to accept much of our environment with its existing houses, equipment, vehicles, transport systems, energy supply, toxic substances etcetera, many also suffer from various inherited or acquired conditions that increase the risk. We therefore need to develop safer and more \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveforgiving\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace living environments where ordinary people can live and move around safely. Injury control activities may focus on different categories of injury. Road safety measures often include information and education campaigns, improved driver training, road design and maintenance, regular vehicle safety checks, separation of pedestrians from vehicle traffic, speed limits, safety belt, air-bag and helmet use, special training and control of public service vehicle drivers, bicycle lane separation, road lighting, reflectorised materials on clothing, review of the road traffic related legislation and law enforcement, and emergency medical services improvement. Domestic injuries can be prevented for example with window guards, child barriers at stairs, smoke detectors, clothes and furniture in less flammable materials, replacement of open stoves, stabilising of open lamps, fire-fighting equipment and practice, child-proof poison packaging and storage, safe disposal of toxic waste, home safety education of parents, and strict building code enforcement. Occupational injuries can largely be prevented if well adapted to the work environment. Research is required in several areas. An improved facility-based injury recording and reporting system needs to be developed and tested. There is need to combine data collection methods, such as interview surveys, hospital records, police records, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The outcome of emergency medical care and of different forms of transport and referral needs to be determined. Different combinations of preventive interventions needs to be evaluated. This review is intended as guidance for those who need a broad overview of the subject of injury occurrence and prevention in Africa, for example in preparation for the development of injury control programmes or to help identify issues requiring further research in this field.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Nordh2017,
  title = {Walking as Urban Outdoor Recreation: {{Public}} Health for Everyone},
  author = {Nordh, Helena and Vistad, Odd Inge and Skar, Margrete and Wold, Line C. and Baerum, Kim Magnus},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM-RESEARCH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {60--66},
  issn = {2213-0780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2017.09.005},
  abstract = {This study aims to investigate whether the frequency of neighbourhood walks (both for recreation and for transport) is associated with various indicators of demographic and socio-economic position, indicators of self-reported physical activity and perceived health status. We compare the findings with participation (yes/no) in physical exercise/workouts. A survey (N = 780) was conducted in the Norwegian town Moss. We used linear regression models to assess the potential links between the frequency of walks from home and the following self-reported indicators: income, education, housing type, employment, age, gender, raised in Norway or not, years of residence in Moss, number of financial household providers, household with/without children, exerciser or not, activity level at work, perceived health status, sedentary minutes per week, and dog ownership. The study reveals that neighbourhood walking appeals to all adults regardless of demographic situation or socio-economic position. Furthermore, owning a dog seems to be a successful factor for getting people to walk. Our results show a higher frequency of walks from home for transport than for the walk itself (usually called recreational walks). Given the global political health goal of encouraging people to be more physically active, this study demonstrates the potential of walking from a public health perspective. The study argues for the importance of health promoting urban planning, with attractive and walkable friendly urban environments. Furthermore, the study acknowledges the importance of promoting a broader understanding of outdoor recreation in urban settings, where neighbourhood walking, both for recreation and for transport, should be regarded as an activity within the frame of urban recreation. Management implications: Neighbourhood walking appeals to all adults regardless of demographic situation or socio-economic position. Young adults and people who are better economically situated favour physical exercise more than other adults do. In a world dominated by inactive adults, a moderate physical activity such as neighbourhood walking has great potential to improve public health. Public health policy and management should facilitate efficient measures to stimulate neighbourhood walking. Neighbourhood walking, both for recreation and for transport, should be regarded as an activity within the frame of urban recreation; both types are mostly performed in people's leisure time. It is important to base urban planning on the principle of developing a walkable city.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Neighbourhood walking,Physical activity,Physical exercise,Socio-economic position,Urban planning,Urban recreation}
}

@article{Nortcliffe2022,
  title = {Statistically, {{Does}} Peer Assisted Learning Make a Difference on a {{UK}} Engineering Degree Programme? {{HETL Scotland}} 2017},
  author = {Nortcliffe, Anne Louise and Parveen, Sajhda and {Pink-Keech}, Cathy},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {489--506},
  issn = {2050-7003},
  doi = {10.1108/JARHE-04-2017-0047},
  abstract = {Purpose - Black British minority ethnics (BME) students are nationally underachieving in comparison to their Ethnic Chinese and White peers, showing typically a 16 per cent graduate attainment gap in the UK. Previous research has suggested that the attainment gap could be explained by BME student disengagement, as the students typically commute from family home to University, and they work part time. However, peer-assisted learning (PAL) has been shown to have a positive impact on addressing and resolving student alienation and disengagement. However, a question still remains regarding whether student perceptions hold up to statistical analysis when scrutinised in comparison to similar cohorts without PAL interventions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - This paper presents the results of a statistical study for two cohorts of students on engineering courses with a disproportionately high representation of BME students. The research method involved a statistical analysis of student records for the two cohorts to ascertain any effect of correlation between: PAL; student ethnicity; and student parental employment on student academic performance and placement attainment. Findings - The results indicate that PAL has no significant impact on the academic performance; however, PAL has a positive impact on the placement/internship attainment for BME students and students from parental households with parents in non-managerial/professional employment. Research limitations/implications - The research limitations are that the cohorts are small, but more equal diverse mix of different social categories than any other courses. However, as the cohorts are less than 30 students, comparing social categories the data sets are small to have absolute confidence in the statistical results of academic performance. Even the t-test has its limitations as the subjects are human, and there are multiple personal factors that can impact an individual academic performance; therefore, the data sets are heterostatic. Practical implications - The results highlight that there is need for pedagogy interventions to support: ideally all BME students from all social categery to secure placements; BME students who are unable to go on placement to gain supplementary learning that has the same impact on their personal development and learning as placement/internship experience; and White students from managerial/professional family households to engage more in their studies. Social implications - Not addressing and providing appropriate pedagogy interventions, in the wider context not addressing/resolving the BME academic and placement attainment gap, a set of students are being disadvantaged to their peers through no fault of their own, and compounding their academic attainment. As academics we have a duty to provide every opportunity to develop our student attainment, and as student entry is generally homogeneous, all students should attain it. Originality/value - Previous research evaluation of PAL programmes has focused on quantitative students surveys and qualitative semi-structured research interviews with students on their student engagement and learning experience. On the other hand, this paper evaluates the intervention through conducting a quantitative statistical analysis of the student records to evaluate the impact of PAL on a cohort's performance on different social categories (classifications) and compares the results to a cohort of another group with a similar student profile, but without PAL intervention implementation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {BME attainment gap,Peer-assisted learning,Placement attainment,Social economic background of students}
}

@article{Norton2020,
  title = {Harnessing Employment-Based Social Assistance Programmes to Scale up Nature-Based Climate Action},
  author = {Norton, Andrew and Seddon, Nathalie and Agrawal, Arun and Shakya, Clare and Kaur, Nanki and Porras, Ina},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {375},
  number = {1794, SI},
  issn = {0962-8436},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0127},
  abstract = {As the severity of the triple challenges of global inequality, climate change and biodiversity loss becomes clearer, governments and international development institutions must find effective policy instruments to respond. We examine the potential of social assistance policies in this context. Social assistance refers to transfers to poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups to reduce their vulnerability and livelihood risks, and to enhance their rights and status. Substantial public funds support social assistance programmes globally. Collectively, lower- and middle-income countries spend approximately 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their GDP on social assistance annually. We focus on the potential of paid employment schemes to promote effective ecosystem stewardship. Available evidence suggests such programmes can offer multiple benefits in terms of improvements in local ecosystems and natural capital, carbon sequestration and local biodiversity conservation. We review evidence from three key case studies: in India (the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), Ethiopia (the Productive Safety Nets Programme) and Mexico (the Temporary Employment Programme). We conclude that, to realize the potential of employment-based social assistance for ecosystem benefits it will be necessary to address two challenges: first, the weak design and maintenance of local public works outputs in many schemes, and second, the concern that social protection schemes may become less effective if they are overburdened with additional objectives. Overcoming these challenges requires an evolution of institutional systems for delivering social assistance to enable a more effective combination of social and environmental objectives. This article is part of the theme issue \textbackslash textasciigraveClimate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,ecosystem stewardship,social protection}
}

@article{Nosratnejad2016,
  title = {Factors {{Influencing Basic}} and {{Complementary Health Insurance Purchasing Decisions}} in {{Iran}}: {{Analysis}} of {{Data From}} a {{National Survey}}},
  author = {Nosratnejad, Shirin and Rashidian, Arash and Mehrara, Mohsen and Jafari, Nahid and Moeeni, Maryam and Babamohamadi, Hassan},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {179--196},
  issn = {1948-4682},
  doi = {10.1002/wmh3.187},
  abstract = {Expanding the coverage of health-care insurance is a tool toward achieving universal health coverage and reducing financial barriers to care. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect the expansion of health insurance is important for policymakers. The study aimed at assessing the variables that affected the decisions to purchase health insurance in Iran. We analyzed data gathered from a national survey of health-care utilization in Iran that covered over 23,000 households. We identified subsets of the data that represented purchasing decisions. Increase in age, education, income, wealth, and the opportunity of working in the governmental sector increased the probability of purchasing BHI and CHI coverage. Past utilization of inpatient and outpatient care increased the probability of purchasing BHI and CHI, respectively. Evidence of adverse selection and wide socioeconomic differences in insurance purchase decisions were observed throughout the study. However, most significant factors were not easily influenced by policy decisions. The findings suggest that it might be very difficult to achieve universal insurance coverage unless nation-wide nonvoluntary policies are implemented.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {basic health insurance,complementary health insurance,Iran,national survey}
}

@article{Nover2013,
  title = {Mental {{Health}} in {{Primary Care}}: {{Perceptions}} of {{Augmented Care}} for {{Individuals With Serious Mental Illness}}},
  author = {Nover, Cynthia Helen},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE},
  volume = {52},
  number = {7},
  pages = {656--668},
  issn = {0098-1389},
  doi = {10.1080/00981389.2013.797537},
  abstract = {Individuals with serious mental illness are at increased risk of developing secondary physical illnesses because of lifestyle and psychiatric treatment-related factors. Many individuals with mental illness participate in primary care clinics, such as Placer County Community Clinic (PCCC), which provides primary care and medication-only psychiatric services to low-income county residents. This qualitative study describes an augmented care program provided to this population at PCCC and explores participant experiences with that program. The augmented program consisted of a full-time social worker and part-time registered nurse working as a team to coordinate care between providers, and provide psychosocial education and illness management support. Previous studies have demonstrated that similar programs result in improved clinical outcomes for people with mental illness but have largely not included perspectives of participants in these pilot programs. This article includes participant reports about medical service needs, barriers, and beneficial elements of the augmented program. Medical service needs included the need to provide input in treatment and to be personally valued. Barriers ranged from doubts about provider qualifications to concerns about medication. Elements of the augmented care program that participants found beneficial were those involving care coordination, social support, and weight management support.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care coordination,integrated care,mental health,primary care,qualitative,serious mental health}
}

@article{Novikova2019,
  title = {{{SOCIAL JUSTICE AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE MODERN LABOUR MARKET}}},
  author = {Novikova, Olga and Ostafiichuk, Yaroslav and Khandii, Olena},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {BALTIC JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {145--151},
  issn = {2256-0742},
  doi = {10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-145-151},
  abstract = {The purpose of the paper is to identify contradictions in the social and economic field in the process of achieving social justice and economic efficiency. Methodology. Methods of induction and deduction are used to determine the causal relationships; a systematic approach is applied to study research objects; abstract and logical methods of analysis, comparison and generalization allowed us to characterize the existing level of social injustice peculiar to the Ukrainian labour market. The results of the study are identified: manifestations of social injustice in Ukraine related to gender inequality in wages and different employment opportunities, income disparities in various sectors and regions, an increase in the gap between the income of rich and poor people, inconsistency between compensations for adverse working conditions and necessary expenses for labour rehabilitation, legal insecurity in informal, incomplete, and flexible forms of employment. Conclusions are made about their influence on the general situation on the labour market. Practical implications. To eliminate social inequality and injustice, ensure observance of labour rights and privileges, and create high social standards it is recommended to develop youth entrepreneurship programs; to provide free legal and informational support at the stage of opening own businesses and preferential lending and taxation in order to minimize youth unemployment; to develop a social unified agreement binding upon the execution of any work or provision of services to protect all participants in the social dialogue of the flexible and informal labour markets; to develop gender-sensitive personnel policies at all enterprises and organizations, to eliminate pay disparities, to develop state programs of promoting gender equality among legislators and senior officials to achieve gender equality; to attract the unemployed and economically inactive population for the growth of the labour potential of the country, which requires providing decent living conditions and remuneration to internally displaced persons, necessary working space for people with disabilities, creating a system of quality social care services for the elderly, sick and children with decent conditions and affordable services to people who receive social benefits in order to release the able-bodied population engaged in caring for relatives. Value/originality. The value of the research is the established facts of violations of human dignity and social injustice on the modern labour market and suggested recommendations for the elimination or minimization of them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic efficiency,gender inequality,income differentiation,informal employment,labour market,social justice}
}

@article{Nunez2021,
  title = {The {{Escape}} from {{Malnutrition}} of {{Chilean Boys}} and {{Girls}}: {{Height-for-Age Z Scores}} in {{Late XIX}} and {{XX Centuries}}},
  author = {Nunez, Javier and Perez, Graciela},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  number = {19},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph181910436},
  abstract = {We studied the trends of height-for-age (HAZ) Z scores by socioeconomic status (SES) groups of Chilean boys and girls aged 5-18 born between 1877 and 2001, by performing a meta-analysis of 53 studies reporting height-for-age sample data from which 1258 HAZ score datapoints were calculated using the 2000 reference growth charts for the US of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We found stagnant mean and median HAZ scores of about -1.55 to -1.75 for the general population, and -2.2 to -2.55 for lower SES groups up to cohorts born in the 1940s. However, we found an upwards structural change in cohorts born after the 1940s, a period in which HAZ scores grew at a pace of about 0.25 to 0.30 HAZ per decade. Since this change happened in a context of moderate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, high and persistent income inequality, and stagnant wages of the working class, we discuss the extent to which our findings are associated with the increase in public social spending and the implementation and expansion of a variety of social policies since the 1940s and early 1950s.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anthropometry,Chile,height,secular trends,stunting}
}

@article{Nurymova2019,
  title = {{{KAZAKHSTANI FINANCIAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE FEATURES UNDER CURRENT CONDITIONS}}},
  author = {Nurymova, S. and Yessentay, A. and Khalitova, M. and Jumabayev, Y. and Zainal, Mohd-Pisal},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN},
  number = {1},
  pages = {130--144},
  issn = {1991-3494},
  doi = {10.32014/2019.2518-1467.16},
  abstract = {The financial sector is one of the most, if not the most significant economic sector in modern societies. In advanced countries, it employs more people than major manufacturing industries combined and accounts for a high percentage of the Gross Domestic Product. But the financial services sector also plays a large indirect role in national economies. The financial sector mobilizes savings and allocates credit across space and time, and enables firms and households to cope with uncertainties by hedging, pooling, sharing and pricing risks. This ultimately improves the quantity and quality of real investments and increases income per capita and raises standards of living. Today financial institutions are experiencing unprecedented change in a competitive global environment. The existing model of the financial system of Kazakhstan requires modernization in order to increase the possibilities to finance strategically important areas in the economy and society. In turn, the state should change its policy of active financing to the policy of active stimulation. The purpose of writing this article and making research was to justify a model of an investment and financial system with a financial center, capable for the formation of a knowledge-based economy and the creation of an infrastructure of intellectual modernization of society. We highlighted the existing conceptual approaches to the financial support of a knowledge-based economy and social and intellectual modernization of society in the article. The analysis of the banking and insurance sectors of the economy, the insurance market and the stock market was carried out, and the positive aspects and advantages of creating a financial center - AIFC were highlighted. In addition, the work revealed the peculiarities of the participation of the financial system of Kazakhstan in the development of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy and the intellectual renewal of society, and also highlighted the factors and conditions for restarting the financial system of Kazakhstan and determining the model of investment and financial system. The world experience in the use of tools and methods for financing high-tech industries has been studied, which made it possible to determine the general principles for financing a knowledge-intensive economy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economy,Financing,Intellectual and Spiritual modernization,Kazakhstan,Knowledge-based economy,Knowledge-intensive industry}
}

@article{Nutz2021,
  title = {Gendered Employment Trajectories and Individual Wealth at Older Ages in {{Eastern}} and {{Western Germany}}},
  author = {Nutz, Theresa and Lersch, Philipp M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH},
  volume = {47},
  issn = {1040-2608},
  doi = {10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100374},
  abstract = {This study examines the association between employment trajectories and retired men's and women's individual wealth at older ages in the two distinct welfare state contexts of Eastern and Western Germany. Because of the increasing re-marketization of retirement provisions, wealth is becoming increasingly important for retirees' economic well-being. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017), we conduct sequence and cluster analyses to identify groups of typical employment trajectories of men and women in Eastern and Western Germany. For men, we find that continuous full-time employment is positively associated with net wealth at older ages, whereas early retirement and long-term unemployment are negatively associated with wealth. These associations are similar for housing and non-housing wealth in both contexts. For women in Western Germany, a low labour market participation is associated with higher levels of housing wealth and lower levels of non-housing wealth compared with female full-time employees. The results point to gendered wealth accumulation due to differences in men's and women's labour market participation in gender-unequal welfare state contexts. The associations between employment and wealth are slightly weaker in Eastern Germany, indicating that the socialist regime of the GDR restricted the ability to accumulate wealth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Gender,Retirement,Sequence analysis,Wealth accumulation,Welfare states}
}

@article{Nwoke2021,
  title = {Historical {{Antecedents}} and {{Challenges}} of {{Racialized Immigrant Women}} in {{Access}} to {{Healthcare Services}} in {{Canada}}: An {{Exploratory Review}} of the {{Literature}}},
  author = {Nwoke, Chinenye Nmanma and Leung, Brenda M. Y.},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1447--1455},
  issn = {2197-3792},
  doi = {10.1007/s40615-020-00907-3},
  abstract = {Examining the historical antecedents of racialized immigrant women are important precursors to understanding the challenges they face in access to quality and timely healthcare in Canada. Changes to immigration policies, structural and systemic racial discrimination perpetuate the feminization of migration in Canada, create structural barriers in labour market integration, increase social exclusion and ultimately create unequal access to healthcare services. Despite their high levels of education, racialized immigrant women in Canada are over-represented in low-paid, low-skill precarious jobs. They also face powerful structural barriers to decent professional employment due to the lack of acceptance of foreign educational and licencing credentials. Ultimately, these challenges negatively impact how they interact with healthcare services. Utilizing an intersectional and socio-ecology framework, this review aims to highlight the historical antecedents of racialized immigrant women in access to healthcare services in Canada and examine the challenges racialized immigrant women face in access to healthcare services in Canada. Findings from this review can be used to open dialogues on possible changes to immigration and social policies in Canada, including changes to labour market practices, and initiatives to address structural and systemic barriers, to enable racialized immigrant women overcome the challenges they face in accessing quality healthcare services in a timely manner.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to healthcare,Healthcare provision,Historical antecedents,Racialized immigrants,Social exclusion}
}

@article{Nzinga2009,
  title = {Documenting the Experiences of Health Workers Expected to Implement Guidelines during an Intervention Study in {{Kenyan}} Hospitals},
  author = {Nzinga, Jacinta and Mbindyo, Patrick and Mbaabu, Lairumbi and Warira, Ann and English, Mike},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {1748-5908},
  doi = {10.1186/1748-5908-4-44},
  abstract = {Background: Although considerable efforts are directed at developing international guidelines to improve clinical management in low-income settings they appear to influence practice rarely. This study aimed to explore barriers to guideline implementation in the early phase of an intervention study in four district hospitals in Kenya. Methods: We developed a simple interview guide based on a simple characterisation of the intervention informed by review of major theories on barriers to uptake of guidelines. In-depth interviews, non-participatory observation, and informal discussions were then used to explore perceived barriers to guideline introduction and general improvements in paediatric and newborn care. Data were collected four to five months after in-service training in the hospitals. Data were transcribed, themes explored, and revised in two rounds of coding and analysis using NVivo 7 software, subjected to a layered analysis, reviewed, and revised after discussion with four hospital staff who acted as within-hospital facilitators. Results: A total of 29 health workers were interviewed. Ten major themes preventing guideline uptake were identified: incomplete training coverage; inadequacies in local standard setting and leadership; lack of recognition and appreciation of good work; poor communication and teamwork; organizational constraints and limited resources; counterproductive health worker norms; absence of perceived benefits linked to adoption of new practices; difficulties accepting change; lack of motivation; and conflicting attitudes and beliefs. Conclusion: While the barriers identified are broadly similar in theme to those reported from high-income settings, their specific nature often differs. For example, at an institutional level there is an almost complete lack of systems to introduce or reinforce guidelines, poor teamwork across different cadres of health worker, and failure to confront poor practice. At an individual level, lack of interest in the evidence supporting guidelines, feelings that they erode professionalism, and expectations that people should be paid to change practice threaten successful implementation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Obayelu2020,
  title = {Gender Gaps and Female Labour Participation in Agriculture in {{Nigeria}}},
  author = {Obayelu, Abiodun Elijah and Ogbe, Agatha Osivweneta and Edewor, Sarah E.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {285--300},
  issn = {2040-0705},
  doi = {10.1108/AJEMS-03-2019-0128},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: to assess the gender gaps and the patterns of female workforce in agriculture; to examine the level of household decision making among the principal males and females in the household; and to estimate the time spent by the principal males and females in the household by activities in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study made use of secondary data obtained from various sources such as published articles, research reports, unpublished discussion paper, policy documents, national and international databases (World Bank World Development Indicators, United Nations Development Programme and the ECOWAS-RAAF-PASANAO survey conducted in Nigeria in 2017), and position papers. The information gathered covers a range of empirical and conceptual issues relating to labour, share of women contributing to agriculture and other gender-related issues. The study covered 1,747 maize and/or rice producing households spread across 141 farming communities in 16 states in Nigeria using a multi-stage sampling technique. Findings It was interesting to note that an average male was older and had more educational qualification than their female counterparts. In the same vein, he owned more assets (virgin lands, other plots and buildings) when compared with their female counterparts and earned higher incomes from farming and other labour activities with the exception of trading. Furthermore, the result revealed females spent more time taking care of children, cooking and schooling than their male counterparts. It can therefore be concluded that a gender gap exists in agricultural labour participation with the males playing dominant roles as compared with their female counterparts. Analysis of women's agricultural should not neglect the structural bases of their inequality. Research limitations/implications The study is limited by lack of enough data base on women's and men's engagement in labour force and on agricultural activities which can be analysed for policy formulation and implementation. Social implications The paper elucidates some of the possible social, economic and biological implications of changes in women's work and their participation in agriculture in Nigeria. Originality/value The paper is original in nature and will add value to the integration of women into the development process in Nigeria.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Female labour,Gender,Migration,Paid workforce,Primary female,Primary male,Unemployment}
}

@article{Oberholzer2023,
  title = {Post-Growth Transition, Working Time Reduction, and the Question of Profits},
  author = {Oberholzer, Basil},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {206},
  issn = {0921-8009},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107748},
  abstract = {The ecological macroeconomics literature has developed models, which outline the transition from today's growth-dependent economies to post-growth systems where output can be stabilized to limit resource con-sumption while good living conditions and high employment are ensured. Working time reduction plays a pivotal role in those transitional strategies to relax the trade-off between economic growth and unemployment. This analysis contributes to the research by developing a macroeconomic model where, in contrast to the existing models, a sufficient profit rate is the precondition of any private-sector economic activity. It is shown that under such assumptions working time reduction is not enough to stabilize output but is a threat to macroeconomic stability. To make the post-growth transition successful, working time reduction must go along with supporting economic policies and macroeconomic governance including public investment, which controls the private -sector profit rate to avoid instability and unemployment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Obol2021,
  title = {Provision of Cervical Cancer Prevention Services in {{Northern Uganda}}: A Survey of Health Workers from Rural Health Centres},
  author = {Obol, James Henry and Lin, Sophia and Obwolo, Mark James and Harrison, Reema and Richmond, Robyn},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-021-06795-5},
  abstract = {Background Cervical cancer is the leading cancer among Ugandan women, contributing to 40 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of all cancer cases recorded in the cancer registry. Having identified the substantial impact of cervical cancer among Ugandan women, the Ministry of Health in 2010 launched a Strategic Plan for Cervical Cancer prevention and control. This study was conducted to determine if health workers working in rural health centres (HCs) III and IV in Northern Uganda provide cervical cancer screening services as recommended in the Strategic Plan. Methods A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted among nurses, midwives and clinical officers working in rural HC III and IV in Northern Uganda. Data were entered in Epidata 3.1 and analysed using Stata 16 statistical software. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Any factor with p-value {$<$}= 0.05 was considered a significant predictor of outcome. Results We surveyed 286 health workers. Fifty-one (18 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) health workers were screening women for cervical cancer. Fifty-eight (21 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) health workers have guideline for cervical cancer screening in their HCs, 93 (33 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants were trained to screen women for cervical cancer. Two hundred sixty-two (92 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants provided HPV vaccination. Two hundred forty-six (87 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants were conducting health education about cervical cancer in their HCs. Factors associated with screening women for cervical cancer include: being a staff member from HCs III (AOR = 0.30, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.13-0.68, p = 0.00), being staff of HCs that have organization to support cervical cancer screening services (AOR = 4.38, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.99-9.63, p-=0.00), being a health worker who had been trained to screen for cervical cancer (AOR = 2.21, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.00-4.90, p = 0.05) and staff from HCs that has guideline for cervical cancer screening (AOR = 2.89, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.22-6.86, p = 0.02). Conclusions This study shows an overall structural problem related to the delivery of cervical cancer screening services in HC III and IV in Northern Uganda which the Strategic Plan has not addressed. These structural problems need urgent attention if the Uganda government and other sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are to achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) 90-70-90 targets by 2030 to be on track for cervical cancer elimination.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cervical cancer,Health worker,Northern Uganda,Prevention services}
}

@article{Ocal2018,
  title = {{HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMUM WAGE APPLICATIONS AND A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR TURKEY AND EU COUNTRIES}},
  author = {Ocal, Mehmet and {Karaalp-Orhan}, Hacer Simay},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MEHMET AKIF ERSOY UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES FACULTY},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {645--664},
  issn = {2149-1658},
  doi = {10.30798/makuiibf.437207},
  abstract = {The wage, which first emerged with the industrial revolution and is defined as the amount paid by the employer or the third person in return for labor, is among the most important and most controversial issues of working life today. While the wage constitutes a significant cost item for employers from one side, it forms the sole source of income for dependent workers from the other side. The minimum wage, which means the lowest wage that can be given to the employees, is a basic social policy instrument applied to ensure socio - economic well - being of the society Minimum wage application; an income level of a society, national income share, level of employment, economic growth status, and practices that are designed to increase social welfare. In recent years, many countries have emphasized and strengthened the practice of minimum wages in the fight against poverty and inequality. The \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave2030 Sustainable Development Agenda\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace adopted at the United Nations in 2015 is aimed at providing equality for all women and men in all aspects of the working environment and developing work / salaries that are worthy of humanity. In this study, the European Union and Turkey in the EU process of try developing recommendations for the social side of one of the most important issues of working life in our country, comparing the minimum wage in Turkey is presented.},
  langid = {turkish},
  keywords = {European Union,Minimum Wage,Turkey,Wage}
}

@article{OCampo2004,
  title = {Labor Market Experience, Work Organization, Gender Inequalities and Health Status: Results from a Prospective Analysis of {{US}} Employed Women},
  author = {O'Campo, P and Eaton, {\relax WW} and Muntaner, C},
  year = {2004},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {585--594},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00230-2},
  abstract = {Women's labor force participation has increased dramatically over the past several decades. Although previous research has documented that a wide array of labor market characteristics affect health, more work is needed to understand how women are impacted by gender-specific employment patterns and exposures. We examine a cohort of 659 employed women from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study in the USA. Baseline and follow-up data collected 13 years apart are used to identify associations between demographic, labor market, work organization, and occupational gender inequality with four health outcomes: generalized distress, depressive syndrome, anxiety and fair or poor health. We also use gender-specific data on the workplace to create indicators of occupational gender inequality. We found wide gender inequalities in terms of pay and power in this sample of employed women. Financial strain was associated with all of our mental health outcomes with those reporting financial strain having increased odds of distress, depressive syndrome and anxiety for the 13 years prior to the interview. Workplace factors that were found to be associated with the four outcomes included experiencing a promotion or demotion in the 13 years prior to the interview; working at a large firm; and being a professional. Occupations where women compared to men had lower levels of job strain-domestic workers in private households, machine operator and transportation-showed increased risk for anxiety or fair/poor health. Our findings suggest that measuring the complexities of employment including promotion or demotion history, firm characteristics and even occupational gender inequality can yield important information about associations with health among women. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender inequality,general health,mental health,USA,women's health,work organization}
}

@article{Ochako2016,
  title = {Contraceptive Method Choice among Women in Slum and Non-Slum Communities in {{Nairobi}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Ochako, Rhoune and Izugbara, Chimaraoke and Okal, Jerry and Askew, Ian and Temmerman, Marleen},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.1186/s12905-016-0314-6},
  abstract = {Background: Understanding women's contraceptive method choices is key to enhancing family planning services provision and programming. Currently however, very little research has addressed inter and intra-regional disparities II in women's contraceptive method choice. Using data from slum and non-slum contexts in Nairobi, Kenya, the current study investigates the prevalence of and factors associated with contraceptive method choice among women. Methods: Data were from a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted among a random sample of 1,873 women (aged 15-49 years) in two non-slum and two slum settlement areas in Nairobi, Kenya. The study locations were purposively sampled by virtue of being part of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association between the outcome variable, contraceptive method choice, and explanatory variables. Results: The prevalence of contraceptive method choice was relatively similar across slum and non-slum settlements. 34.3 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of women in slum communities and 28.1 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of women in non-slum communities reported using short-term methods. Slightly more women living in the non-slum settlements repotted use of long-term methods, 9.2 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, compared to 3.6 \textbackslash textbackslash\% in slum communities. Older women were less likely to use short-term methods than their younger counterparts but more likely to use long-term methods. Currently married women were more likely than never married women to use short-term and long-term methods. Compared to those with no children, women with three or more children were more likely to report using long term methods. Women working outside the home or those in formal employment also used modern methods of contraception more than those in self-employment or unemployed. Conclusion: Use of short-term and long-term methods is generally low among women living in slum and non-slum contexts in Nairobi. Investments in increasing women's access to various contraceptive options are urgently needed to help increase contraceptive prevalence rate. Thus, interventions that focus on more disadvantaged segments of the population will accelerate contraceptive uptake and improve maternal and child health in Kenya.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Contraceptive method choice,Contraceptive use,Nairobi,Non-slum,Slum,Urban poor}
}

@article{ODay1998,
  title = {Barriers for People with Multiple Sclerosis Who Want to Work: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {O'Day, B},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGIC REHABILITATION},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {139--146},
  issn = {0888-4390},
  abstract = {Despite advances in treatment, the availability of assistive technology, and passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), unemployment is a significant problem for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Some researchers have attributed this problem to personal factors, including fatigue or other impairments caused by MS or lack of education and training. Other writers focus on societal barriers, including negative public attitudes or lack of physical access. This article uses qualitative methods to explore another hypothesis: policies contained within federal programs themselves, such as income maintenance, health care, and vocational rehabilitation, constitute a third set of barriers to employment for people with MS.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,health care,multiple sclerosis,Social Security disability,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{ODonoghue2022,
  title = {Strategies to Improve the Recruitment and Retention of Underserved Children and Families in Clinical Trials: {{A}} Case Example of a School-Supervised Asthma Therapy Pilot},
  author = {O'Donoghue, Julia and Luther, Janki and Hoque, Shushmita and Mizrahi, Raphael and Spano, Michelle and Frisard, Christine and Garg, Arvin and Crawford, Sybil and Byatt, Nancy and Lemon, Stephenie C. and Rosal, Milagros and Pbert, Lori and Trivedi, Michelle},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS},
  volume = {120},
  issn = {1551-7144},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2022.106884},
  abstract = {Background: Due to underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minority and low-income groups in clinical studies, there is a call to improve the recruitment and retention of these populations in research. Pilot studies can test recruitment and retention practices for better inclusion of medically underserved children and families in sub-sequent clinical trials. We examined this using a school-based asthma intervention, in preparation for a larger clinical trial in which our goal is to include an underserved study population.Methods: We recruited children with poorly controlled asthma in a two-site pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of school-supervised asthma therapy versus enhanced usual care (receipt of an educational asthma work-book). We sought a study population with a high percentage of children and families from racial/ethnic minority and low-income groups. The primary outcome of the pilot trial was recruitment/retention over 12 months. Strategies used to facilitate recruitment/retention of this study population included engaging pre-trial multi-level stakeholders, selecting trial sites with high percentages of underserved children and families, training diverse medical providers to recruit participants, conducting remote trial assessments, and providing multi-lingual study materials.Results: Twenty-six children \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace42.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% female, 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% Black, 30.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% Multiracial (Black \textbackslash textbackslash\& other), 76.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% Hispanic, and 92.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% with family income below \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar40,000] and their caregivers were enrolled in the study, which represents 55.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those initially referred by their provider, with 96.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 92.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 96.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% retention at 3-, 6-, and 12 -month follow-up, respectively.Conclusion: Targeted strategies facilitated the inclusion of a medically underserved population of children and families in our pilot study, prior to expanding to a larger trial.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asthma,Clinical trials,Pilot test,Recruitment,Retention,Underserved}
}

@article{Oetzel2019,
  title = {Correlates of {{Health-Related Quality}} of {{Life}} for {{Maori Elders Involved}} in a {{Peer Education Intervention}}},
  author = {Oetzel, John G. and Hokowhitu, Brendan and Simpson, Mary and Reddy, Rangimahora and Cameron, Michael P. and Meha, Pare and Johnston, Kirsten and Nock, Sophie and Greensill, Hineitimoana and Harding, Truely and Shelford, Pita and Smith, Linda Tuhiwai},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  pages = {559--569},
  issn = {1081-0730},
  doi = {10.1080/10810730.2019.1637483},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study was to identify social determinant and communication correlates of health-related quality of life for kaumatua (Maori elders) in New Zealand. A total of 209 kaumatua completed a self-report survey of self-rated health, physical/mental quality of life, spirituality, and a series of questions about social determinants (e.g., factors related to income) and communication variables (e.g., loneliness, social support, cultural identity, and perceived burden/benefit). The survey was baseline data for a peer education intervention to help kaumatua work through life transitions in older age. The main findings of this study were that social determinants, particularly difficulty paying bills, accounted for a small amount of variance in physical/mental quality of life and self-rated health. Further, the communication correlates of loneliness, perceived burden, and desired support accounted for about three times as much variance in these two outcomes all with negative associations. Strength of tribal identity, importance of whanau (extended family), and knowledge of tikanga (customs and protocols) accounted for a moderate amount variance in spirituality with positive associations. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications for positive aging.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Oezay2015,
  title = {Is Capital Deepening Process Male-Biased? {{The}} Case of {{Turkish}} Manufacturing Sector},
  author = {Oezay, Oezge},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {26--37},
  issn = {0954-349X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.strueco.2015.09.002},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes the effects of technological change, capital intensity and increased trade activity on the gender- and skill-differentiated employment in the Turkish manufacturing industry subsectors during the 1990-2001 period. The primary objective is to find out the changes in relative employment opportunities for women workers as industries respond to increased international competition by pursuing the high road of increasing productivity. I use the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method to examine the determinants of skill- and female-intensity of employment. I find evidence for capital deepening having gender biased employment effects for the period 1990-2001. Specifically, I find that for the manufacturing industry as a whole capital had a preference for skilled males over skilled females controlling for the effects of trade. When I focus on the individual sectors, I find that some sectors had skilled-male labor complementarity with capital as well. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Capital deepening,Embodied technological change,Gender inequalities,Trade policy}
}

@article{Oh2020,
  title = {A Longitudinal Evaluation of Government-Sponsored Job Skills Training and Basic Employment Services among {{US}} Baby Boomers with Economic Disadvantages},
  author = {Oh, Sehun and DiNitto, Diana M. and Powers, Daniel A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING},
  volume = {82},
  issn = {0149-7189},
  doi = {10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101845},
  abstract = {Job skills training is a cost-effective strategy for improving employment among individuals who have low income and employment barriers, but few U.S. government-sponsored employment program participants have received such training. To better understand long-term gains from job skills training, this study compared employment and earnings trajectories between program participants who received job skills training and those who received basic services only. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimated 33-year employment and earnings trajectories among U.S. baby-boomer cohorts while accounting for baseline group heterogeneity using inverse propensity score weighting. We found increases in employment rates over the life course, especially among Black women. Job skills training also increased earnings by up to 69.6 \textbackslash textbackslash\% compared to basic services only. Despite the long-term gains in employment and earnings, job skills training participation is not sufficient to address gender as well as racial and ethnic gaps in full-time employment. Findings reinforce the importance of incorporating job skills training as an essential service element of government-sponsored employment programs to improve long-term labor market outcomes among Americans with economic disadvantages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Baby boomers,Earnings,Employment,Government-sponsored employment programs,Job skills training,Life course perspective}
}

@article{Oh2021,
  title = {Exiting Poverty: A Systematic Review of {{US}} Postsecondary Education and Job Skills Training Programs in the Post-Welfare Reform Era},
  author = {Oh, Sehun and DiNitto, Diana M. and Kim, Yeonwoo},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {41},
  number = {11-12},
  pages = {1210--1226},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-09-2020-0429},
  abstract = {Purpose-This study aimed to (1) systematically identify evaluation studies of U.S. active labor market programs (ALMPs) focusing on postsecondary education and job skills training for low-income individuals with employment barriers (hereinafter, Human Capital Development \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceHCD] programs) since the U.S. federal welfare reform of 1996, and (2) provide a synthesis of common strategies used by programs that reported post-program earnings higher than poverty thresholds. Design/methodology/approach-Using Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) criteria endorsed by the Cochrane Collaboration, we identified evaluation studies of HCD programs from seven electronic databases and experts' suggestions. Using data (e.g., post-program earnings, main types of services) extracted from the included studies, we describe common strategies used by the programs reporting earnings above the poverty level. Findings-Of 877 studies identified from an initial search, 10 studies met our inclusion/exclusion criteria and thus were included in the final sample. Findings showed that HCD programs reporting earnings above the poverty level for a family of three were characterized by (1) curriculums targeting specific job sectors and occupations, (2) local employers' involvement in developing curriulums and providing work opportunities and (3) post-program job retention and career advancement services. Originality/value-The present study used a systematic review approach to fill gaps in research regarding HCD-focused ALMPs in the U.S. post-welfare reform era by identifying common strategies the effective programs used to help participants obtain employment and exit poverty. Findings may inform the design and implementation of employment programs that will help low-income individuals with employment barriers acquire marketable knowledge and job skills, and thus increase their economic self-sufficiency via improved employment outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review}
}

@article{OHiggins2010,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveIt}}'s Not That {{I}}'m a Racist, It's That They Are {{Roma}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Roma}} Discrimination and Returns to Education in {{South Eastern Europe}}},
  author = {O'Higgins, Niall},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {163--187},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/01437721011042250},
  abstract = {Purpose - This paper uses a unique survey of Roma and non-Roma in South Eastern Europe with the aim of evaluating competing explanations for the poor performance of Roma in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach - Following a descriptive analysis, econometric models are employed to identify the determinants of educational achievement, employment and wages for Roma and non-Roma. Limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) methods are employed to control for endogenous schooling and two sources of sample selection bias in the estimates. Non-linear and linear decomposition techniques are applied in order to identify the extent of discrimination. Findings - The key results are that: the employment returns to education are lower for Roma than for non-Roma whilst the wage returns are broadly similar for the two groups; the similar wage gains translate into a smaller absolute wage gain for Roma than for non-Roma given their lower average wages; the marginal absolute gains from education for Roma are only a little over one-third of the marginal absolute gains to education for majority populations; and, there is evidence to support the idea that a substantial part of the differential in labour market outcomes is due to discrimination. Research limitations/implications - The survey data employed do not include information on hours worked. In order to partially control for this, the analysis of wages is limited to employee wages excluding the self-employed. Practical implications - Explanations of why Roma fare so badly tend to fall into one of two camps: the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelow education\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravediscrimination\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace schools. The analysis suggests that both of these explanations have some basis in fact. Moreover, a direct implication of the lower absolute returns to education accruing to Roma is that their lower educational participation is, at least in part, due to rational economic calculus. Consequently, policy needs to address both low educational participation and labour market discrimination contemporaneously. Originality/value - This is the first paper to attempt to econometrically distinguish between discrimination and educational explanations of Roma disadvantage in the labour market in Central and Eastern Europe. The survey data employed are unique and appropriate for the task. Unusually for analyses dealing with returns to education, the LIML econometric approach employed controls for both endogenous schooling and two sources of sample selection bias.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Education,Ethnic minorities,Europe,Labour market},
  note = {22nd Conference of the Italian-Association-of-Labour-Economists, Univ Parthenope, Naples, ITALY, SEP, 2007}
}

@article{Okamoto2023,
  title = {The {{Retirement-Health Puzzle}}: {{A Sigh}} of {{Relief}} at {{Retirement}}?},
  author = {Okamoto, Shohei and Kobayashi, Erika and Komamura, Kohei},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {78},
  number = {1},
  pages = {167--178},
  issn = {1079-5014},
  doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbac127},
  abstract = {Objectives While the health effects of retirement have been well studied, existing findings remain inconclusive, and the mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health are unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of retirement on health and its potential mediators. Methods Using a national household survey conducted annually from 2004 to 2019 in Japan (the Japan Household Panel Survey), we evaluated the effects of retirement among Japanese men aged 50 or older on their health, in addition to other outcomes that could be attributed to health changes associated with retirement (i.e., health behaviors, psychological well-being, time use for unpaid activities, and leisure activities). As outcomes are not measured every year, we analyzed 5,794-10,682 person-year observations for 975-1,469 unique individuals. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we adopted an instrumental variable fixed-effects approach based on policy changes in eligibility ages for employee pensions. Results We found that retirement improved psychological well-being, exercise habits, and time spent on unpaid work. The psychological benefits of retirement were no longer observed for longer durations after retirement, whereas healthy habits and unpaid activities continued. Moreover, health-related improvements after retirement occurred mostly in the higher-income group. Discussion Enhancement in personal quality of life owing to increased leisure time and stress reduction from work in addition to lifestyle changes may be key to understanding the health benefits of retirement. Considering the mechanisms behind retirement-health relationships and potential heterogeneous effects is essential for healthy postretirement lives when increasing the retirement age.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Okelo2022,
  title = {Evaluating the Effectiveness of the {{Kidogo}} Model in Empowering Women and Strengthening Their Capacities to Engage in Paid Labor Opportunities through the Provision of Quality Childcare: A Study Protocol for an Exploratory Study in {{Nakuru County}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Okelo, Kenneth and Nampijja, Margaret and Ilboudo, Patrick and Muendo, Ruth and Oloo, Linda and Muyingo, Sylvia and Mwaniki, Elizabeth and Langat, Nelson and Onyango, Silas and Sipalla, Florence and {Kitsao-Wekulo}, Patricia},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {HUMANITIES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1057/s41599-022-01260-y},
  abstract = {Worldwide, there is a wide gap between what women can contribute to the economy and what they actually contribute. One of the main barriers to women's engagement in the labor market and productivity at work is the societal expectation that they should take care of their children in addition to meeting the demands of employment. Furthermore, those in informal employment face difficulties due to long working hours and environments that are not appropriate for childcare. To address this, Kidogo runs an innovative \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveHub \textbackslash textbackslash\& Spoke\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model for low-income communities. Here, we present a study protocol aimed at evaluating whether the provision of quality childcare opportunities for working women through the Kidogo model is feasible and acceptable and whether it contributes to improvements in their incomes and productivity at work. The study reported in this protocol which is currently ongoing, employed a quasi-experimental design with two study arms: primary caregivers who use childcare services were recruited into the intervention (n = 170) and comparison groups (n = 170). Both groups are being followed up for one year. We are using a mixed-methods approach. Appropriate statistical methods including a difference-in-differences (DID) estimator will be used to analyze the effects of the intervention. We expect that the intervention will improve the quality of childcare services which in turn will improve the incomes of the center providers. We expect that providing improved childcare services will enhance women's economic empowerment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Okere2021,
  title = {Patient-Incurred Costs in a Differentiated Service Delivery Club Intervention Compared to Standard Clinical Care in {{Northwest Tanzania}}},
  author = {Okere, Nwanneka E. and Corball, Lucia and Kereto, Dunia and Hermans, Sabine and Naniche, Denise and {de Wit}, Tobias F. Rinke and Gomez, Gabriela B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {6},
  doi = {10.1002/jia2.25760},
  abstract = {Introduction Placing all clients with a positive diagnosis for HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has cost implications both for patients and health systems, which could, in turn, affect feasibility, sustainability and uptake of new services. Patient-incurred costs are recognized barriers to healthcare access. Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models in general and community-based care in particular, could reduce these costs. We aimed to assess patient-incurred costs of a community-based DSD intervention (clubs) compared to clinic-based care in the Shinyanga region, Tanzania. Methods Cross-sectional survey among stable ART patients (n = 390, clinic-based; n = 251, club-based). For each group, we collected socio-demographic, income and expenditure data between May and August 2019. We estimated direct and indirect patient-incurred costs. Direct costs included out-of-pocket expenditures. Indirect costs included income loss due to time spent during transport, accessing services and off work during illness. Cost drivers were assessed in multivariate regression models. Results Overall, costs were significantly higher among clinic participants. Costs (USD) per year for clinic versus club were as follows: 11.7 versus 4.17 (p {$<$} 0.001) for direct costs, 20.9 versus 8.23 (p {$<$} 0.001) for indirect costs and 32.2 versus 12.4 (p {$<$} 0.001) for total costs. Time spent accessing care and time spent in illness (hours/year) were 38.3 versus 13.8 (p {$<$} 0.001) and 16.0 versus 6.69 (p {$<$} 0.001) respectively. The main cost drivers included transportation (clinic vs. club: 67.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 44.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) for direct costs and income loss due to time spent accessing care (clinic vs. club: 60.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 56.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) for indirect costs. Factors associated with higher total costs among patients attending clinic services were higher education level (coefficient \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval]) 20.9 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace5.47 to 36.3]) and formal employment (44.2 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace20.0 to 68.5). Differences in mean total costs remained significantly higher with formal employment, rural residence, in addition to more frequent visits among clinic participants. The percentage of households classified as having had catastrophic expenditures in the last year was low but significantly higher among clinic participants (10.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 5.18\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p = 0.014). Conclusions Costs incurred by patients accessing DSD in the community are significantly lower compared to those accessing standard clinic-based care. DSD models could improve access, especially in resource-limited settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antiretroviral treatment,catastrophic costs,costs,differentiated service delivery,patient-incurred costs,Tanzania}
}

@article{Okoro2017,
  title = {Surveillance for {{Health Care Access}} and {{Health Services Use}}, {{Adults Aged}} 18-64 {{Years-Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System}}, {{United States}}, 2014},
  author = {Okoro, Catherine A. and Zhao, Guixiang and Fox, Jared B. and Eke, Paul I. and Greenland, Kurt J. and Town, Machell},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {MMWR SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES},
  volume = {66},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1--41},
  issn = {1545-8636},
  abstract = {Problem/Condition: As a result of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, millions of U.S. adults attained health insurance coverage. However, millions of adults remain uninsured or underinsured. Compared with adults without barriers to health care, adults who lack health insurance coverage, have coverage gaps, or skip or delay care because of limited personal finances might face increased risk for poor physical and mental health and premature mortality. Period Covered: 2014. Description of System: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing, state-based, landline- and cellular-telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years residing in the United States. Data are collected from states, the District of Columbia, and participating U.S. territories on health risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, health care access, and use of clinical preventive services (CPS). An optional Health Care Access module was included in the 2014 BRFSS. This report summarizes 2014 BRFSS data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia on health care access and use of selected CPS recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force or the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices among working-aged adults (aged 18-64 years), by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and federal poverty level (FPL). This report also provides analysis of primary type of health insurance coverage at the time of interview, continuity of health insurance coverage during the preceding 12 months, and other health care access measures (i.e., unmet health care need because of cost, unmet prescription need because of cost, medical debt \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracemedical bills being paid off over time], number of health care visits during the preceding year, and satisfaction with received health care) from 43 states that included questions from the optional BRFSS Health Care Access module. Results: In 2014, health insurance coverage and other health care access measures varied substantially by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region (i.e., states categorized geographically into nine regions), and FPL category. The following proportions refer to the range of estimated prevalence for health insurance and other health care access measures by examined geographical unit (unless otherwise specified), as reported by respondents. Among adults with health insurance coverage, the range was 70.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-94.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 78.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-94.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 70.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-89.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 73.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-91.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 64.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-95.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who had a usual source of health care, the range was 57.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-86.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 57.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-86.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 61.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-83.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 64.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%-83.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 61.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-81.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who received a routine checkup, the range was 52.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%-75.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 56.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-75.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 52.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%-71.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 56.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-70.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 59.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%-69.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who had unmet health care need because of cost, the range was 8.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 8.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-21.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 11.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%-23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 11.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-20.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 5.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Estimated prevalence of cancer screenings, influenza vaccination, and having ever been tested for human immunodeficiency virus also varied by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and FPL category. The prevalence of insurance coverage varied by approximately 25 percentage points among racial/ethnic groups (range: 63.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% among Hispanics to 88.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% among non-Hispanic Asians) and by approximately 32 percentage points by FPL category (range: 64.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$<$}100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL to 95.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$>$}400\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL). The prevalence of unmet health care need because of cost varied by nearly 14 percentage points among racial/ethnic groups (range: 11.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% among non-Hispanic Asians to 25.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% among Hispanics), by approximately 17 percentage points among adults with and without disabilities (30.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 13.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and by approximately 28 percentage points by FPL category (range: 5.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$>$}400\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL to 32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$<$}100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL). Among the 43 states that included questions from the optional module, a majority of adults reported private health insurance coverage (63.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by public health plan coverage (19.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and no primary source of insurance (17.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Financial barriers to health care (unmet health care need because of cost, unmet prescribed medication need because of cost, and medical bills being paid off over time \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracemedical debt]) were typically lower among adults in Medicaid expansion states than those in nonexpansion states regardless of source of insurance. Approximately 75.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of adults reported being continuously insured during the preceding 12 months, 12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported a gap in coverage, and 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported being uninsured during the preceding 12 months. The largest proportion of adults reported {$>$}= 3 visits to a health care professional during the preceding 12 months (47.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by 1-2 visits (37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and no health care visits (15.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Adults in expansion and nonexpansion states reported similar levels of satisfaction with received health care by primary source of health insurance coverage and by continuity of health insurance coverage during the preceding 12 months. Interpretation: This report presents for the first time estimates of population-based health care access and use of CPS among adults aged 18-64 years. The findings in this report indicate substantial variations in health insurance coverage; other health care access measures; and use of CPS by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and FPL category. In 2014, health insurance coverage, having a usual source of care, having a routine checkup, and not experiencing unmet health care need because of cost were higher among adults living below the poverty level (i.e., household income {$<$}100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL) in states that expanded Medicaid than in states that did not. Similarly, estimates of breast and cervical cancer screening and influenza vaccination were higher among adults living below the poverty level in states that expanded Medicaid than in states that did not. These disparities might be due to larger differences to begin with, decreased disparities in Medicaid expansion states versus nonexpansion states, or increased disparities in nonexpansion states. Public Health Action: BRFSS data from 2014 can be used as a baseline by which to assess and monitor changes that might occur after 2014 resulting from programs and policies designed to increase access to health care, reduce health disparities, and improve the health of the adult population. Post-2014 changes in health care access, such as source of health insurance coverage, attainment and continuity of coverage, financial barriers, preventive care services, and health outcomes, can be monitored using these baseline estimates.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Okuga2015,
  title = {Engaging Community Health Workers in Maternal and Newborn Care in Eastern {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Okuga, Monica and Kemigisa, Margaret and Namutamba, Sarah and Namazzi, Gertrude and Waiswa, Peter},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1654-9880},
  doi = {10.3402/gha.v8.23968},
  abstract = {Background: Community health workers (CHWs) have been employed in a number of low-and middle-income countries as part of primary health care strategies, but the packages vary across and even within countries. The experiences and motivations of a multipurpose CHW in providing maternal and newborn health have not been well described. Objective: This study examined the perceptions of community members and experiences of CHWs around promoting maternal and newborn care practices, and the self-identified factors that influence the performance of CHWs so as to inform future study design and programme implementation. Design: Data were collected using in-depth interviews with six local council leaders, ten health workers/CHW supervisors, and eight mothers. We conducted four focus group discussions with CHWs. Respondents included 14 urban and 18 rural CHWs. Key themes explored included the experience of CHWs according to their various roles, and the facilitators and barriers they encounter in their work particular to provision of maternal and newborn care. Qualitative data were analysed using manifest content analysis methods. Results: CHWs were highly appreciated in the community and seen as important contributors to maternal and newborn health at grassroots level. Factors that positively influence CHWs included being selected by and trained in the community; being trained in problem-solving skills; being deployed immediately after training with participation of local leaders; frequent supervision; and having a strengthened and responsive supply of services to which families can be referred. CHWs made use of social networks to identify pregnant and newly delivered women, and were able to target men and the wider family during health education activities. Intrinsic motivators (e.g. community appreciation and the prestige of being \textbackslash textasciigravea doctor'), monetary (such as a small transport allowance), and material incentives (e.g. bicycles, bags) were also important to varying degrees. Conclusions: There is a continued role for CHWs in improving maternal and newborn care and linking families with health services. However, the process for building CHW programmes needs to be adapted to the local setting, including the process of training, deployment, supervision, and motivation within the context of a responsive and available health system.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community health worker,newborn health,postnatal care,pregnancy,Uganda}
}

@article{Olesen2013,
  title = {Mental Health Affects Future Employment as Job Loss Affects Mental Health: Findings from a Longitudinal Population Study},
  author = {Olesen, Sarah C. and Butterworth, Peter and Leach, Liana S. and Kelaher, Margaret and Pirkis, Jane},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMC PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-244X-13-144},
  abstract = {Background: Workforce participation is a key feature of public mental health and social inclusion policies across the globe, and often a therapeutic goal in treatment settings. Understanding the reciprocal relationship between participation and mental health has been limited by inadequate research methods. This is the first study to simultaneously examine and contrast the relative effects of unemployment on mental health and mental health on employment status in a single general population sample. Method: Data were from working-age respondents (20 to 55 years at baseline) who completed nine waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey (N = 7176). Cross-lagged path analyses were used to test the lagged and concurrent associations between unemployment and mental health over time, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Mental health was shown to be both a consequence of and risk factor for unemployment. Thus, the poorer mental health observed amongst people who are not working is attributable to both the impact of unemployment and existing mental health problems. While the strength of these two effects was similar for women, the results for men suggested that the effect of unemployment on subsequent mental health was weaker than the effect of mental health on subsequent risk of unemployment. Conclusion: Disentangling the reciprocal links between mental health and workforce participation is central to the development and success of clinical goals and health and social policies that aim to promote either aspect. This study demonstrates that both effects are important and supports concurrent responses to prevent a cycle of disadvantage and entrenched social exclusion.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Inclusion,Longitudinal,Mental health,Social policy,Unemployment}
}

@article{Olilingo2020,
  title = {How {{Indonesia Economics Works}}: {{Correlation Analysis}} of {{Macroeconomics}} in 2010 - 2019},
  author = {Olilingo, Fahruddin Zain and Putra, Aditya Halim Perdana Kusuma},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ASIAN FINANCE ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS},
  volume = {7},
  number = {8},
  pages = {117--130},
  issn = {2288-4637},
  doi = {10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no8.117},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study is to provide benefits and ethically-rooted managerial implications based on theoretical underpinnings through an empirical study using correlation between wages, bank credit, government expenditure on economic growth, and employment via a case study in Indonesia. Besides that, managerial implications strive to provide benefits to the government regarding the importance of establishing effective and pro-development regulations to realize economic growth and employment through the efficient role of wages, bank credit, and government spending. This study uses secondary macroeconomic data from the period 2010-2019 with analysis using the correlation test with the Pearson correlation method. Out of eight hypotheses tested, two hypotheses do not have a significant correlation. The details of the statistical results obtained the following correlations: the correlation between bank credit and wages has a significant, but indirect (negative) correlation. However, the correlation between bank credit and economic growth has a direct and significant (positive) correlation. Government expenditure correlates positively with wages, but correlates negatively with bank credit. Wages are positively correlated with economic growth, but have no significant effect on employment. Finally, economic growth has a positive correlation with government expenditure, but does not have a significant correlation with employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bank Credit,Economics Growth,Employment,Government Expenditure,Wages}
}

@article{Oliva2020,
  title = {{Impact of Great Recession on mental health in Spain. SESPAS Report 2020}},
  author = {Oliva, Juan and {Gonzalez Lopez-Varcarcel}, Beatriz and Barber Perez, Patricia and {Maria Pena-Longobardo}, Luz and Urbanos Garrido, Rosa M. and Zozaya Gonzalez, Neboa},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {GACETA SANITARIA},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--53},
  issn = {0213-9111},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.05.009},
  abstract = {The objective of this article is to identify the effects of the Great Recession on the mental health of people residing in Spain. After presenting a conceptual framework on the mechanisms through which economic crises affect mental health, we describe the main results of 45 papers identified in our search. Studies indicate a worsening of mental health in Spain in the years of economic crisis, especially in men. Working conditions (unemployment, low wages, instability, precariousness) emerge as one of the main channels through which mental health is put at risk or deteriorates. This deterioration occurs with intensity in particularly vulnerable groups, such as immigrant population and families with economic burdens. In the case of suicides, the results were inconclusive. Regarding the use of health care services, an increase in the consumption of certain drugs seems to be identified, although the conclusions of all the studies are not coincidental. Social inequalities in mental health do not seem to have remitted. We conclude that Spain needs to improve information systems to a better understanding of the health effects of economic crises. In terms of public policies, together with the reinforcement of health services aimed at addressing mental health problems, an income guarantee network for people in vulnerable situations should be promoted, as well as the development of policies aimed at the labour market. (C) 2020 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Economic crisis,Great Recession,Mental health,Spain}
}

@article{Olivieri2021,
  title = {Shoring up Economic Refugees: {{Venezuelan}} Migrants in the {{Ecuadoran}} Labor Market},
  author = {Olivieri, Sergio and Ortega, Francesc and Rivadeneira, Ana and Carranza, Eliana},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {MIGRATION STUDIES},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1590--1625},
  issn = {2049-5838},
  doi = {10.1093/migration/mnab037},
  abstract = {Ecuador became the third largest receiver of the 4.3 million Venezuelans who left their country in the last five years, hosting around 10 per cent of them. Little is known about the characteristics of these migrants and their labor market outcomes. This article fills this gap by analyzing a new large survey (EPEC). On average, Venezuelan workers are highly skilled and have high rates of employment, compared with Ecuadorans. However, their employment is of much lower quality, characterized by low wages, and high rates of informality and temporality. Venezuelans have experienced significant occupational downgrading, relative to their employment prior to emigration. As a result, despite their high educational attainment, Venezuelans primarily compete for jobs with the least skilled and more economically vulnerable Ecuadoran workers. Our simulations suggest that measures that allow Venezuelans to obtain employment that matches their skills, such as facilitating the conversion of education credentials, would increase Ecuador's GDP between 1.6 and 1.9 per cent and alleviate the pressure on disadvantaged native workers. We also show that providing work permits to Venezuelan workers would substantially reduce their rates of informality and increase their average earnings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economics,forced migration,sociology}
}

@article{OLoughlin2017,
  title = {Carer {{Characteristics}} and {{Health}}, {{Wellbeing}} and {{Employment Outcomes}} of {{Older Australian Baby Boomers}}},
  author = {O'Loughlin, Kate and Loh, Vanessa and Kendig, Hal},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL GERONTOLOGY},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {339--356},
  issn = {0169-3816},
  doi = {10.1007/s10823-017-9321-9},
  abstract = {Supporting caregivers and enabling continued workforce participation are central strategies in Australia's response to an ageing population, however these strategies have potential disadvantages for carers, particularly women, including reduced workforce participation and retirement income, and poorer health status. This paper explores the nexus between paid work and caregiving for Australia's baby boomer cohort as this group faces unprecedented pressures to manage paid work alongside caring longer and more intensively for family members, including grandchildren. A sample of 1261 men and women aged 60 to 64 completed the 2011-12 Life Histories and Health survey, a sub-study of the New South Wales 45 and Up Study. The survey collected data on sociodemographic, psychosocial, life history and health-related variables including caregiving and employment status. Around a third (32.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the sample (52.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) were involved in some type of caregiving at the time. Compared to non-carers, carers reported lower workforce participation (45.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 54.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% for non-carers) as well as poorer health, more mobility difficulties, lower quality of life and lower self-rated SES. Carers who also cared for grandchildren were more likely to be in part-time or no paid work compared to other carers. Working carers tended to be more highly educated, have fewer mobility difficulties, better self-rated health and higher SES than non-working carers. Male carers were more likely than female carers to be in full-time or no paid work. Results indicate that reduced workforce participation and health status of caregivers varies by gender and type of caregiving. Policy reforms are recommended to mitigate these adverse consequences on those providing care, their families, employers and the community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Baby boomers,Caregiving,Carers,Employment,Health and wellbeing}
}

@article{Onaran2016,
  title = {Wage- versus Profit-Led Growth in the Context of Globalization and Public Spending: The Political Aspects of Wage-Led Recovery},
  author = {Onaran, Ozlem},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {REVIEW OF KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {458--474},
  issn = {2049-5323},
  doi = {10.4337/roke.2016.04.07},
  abstract = {This paper presents the empirical evidence about the impact of the simultaneous race to the bottom in labour's share on growth after taking global interactions into account based on the post-Kaleckian theoretical framework developed by Bhaduri and Marglin (1990). The world economy and large economic areas are likely to be wage-led; and parameter shifts in different periods are unlikely to make a difference in this finding. The effects that can come from a wage-led recovery on growth and hence employment are positive, however they are also modest in magnitude. We then present an alternative scenario based on a policy mix of wage increases and public investment. A coordinated mix of polices in the G20 targeted to increase the share of wages in GDP by 1-5 per cent in the next 5 years and to raise public investment in social and physical infrastructure by 1 per cent of GDP in each country can create up to 5.84 per cent more growth in G20 countries. The final section addresses the political aspects and barriers to a wage-led recovery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {globalization,public investment,wage share,wage-led growth}
}

@article{Onega2014,
  title = {Geographic {{Access}} to {{Breast Imaging}} for {{US Women}}},
  author = {Onega, Tracy and Hubbard, Rebecca and Hill, Deirdre and Lee, Christoph I. and Haas, Jennifer S. and Carlos, Heather A. and {Alford-Teaster}, Jennifer and Bogart, Andy and DeMartini, Wendy B. and Kerlikowske, Karla and Virnig, Beth A. and Buist, Diana S. M. and Henderson, Louise and Tosteson, Anna N. A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGY},
  volume = {11},
  number = {9},
  pages = {874--882},
  issn = {1546-1440},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jacr.2014.03.022},
  abstract = {Purpose: The breast imaging modalities of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI are widely used for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of breast cancer. Geographic access to breast imaging services in various modalities is not known at a national level overall or for population subgroups. Methods: A retrospective study of 2004-2008 Medicare claims data was conducted to identify ZIP codes in which breast imaging occurred, and data were mapped. Estimated travel times were made for each modality for 215,798 census block groups in the contiguous United States. Using Census 2010 data, travel times were characterized by sociodemographic factors for 92,788,909 women aged {$>$}= 30 years, overall, and by subgroups of age, race/ethnicity, rurality, education, and median income. Results: Overall, 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women had travel times of {$<$}= 20 minutes to nearest mammography or ultrasound services, and 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% had travel times of {$<$}= 20 minutes for MRI with little variation by age. Native American women had median travel times 2-3 times longer for all 3 modalities, compared to women of other racial/ethnic groups. For rural women, median travel times to breast imaging service's were 4-8-fold longer than they were for urban women. Black and Asian women had the shortest median travel times to services for all 3 modalities. Conclusions: Travel times to mammography and ultrasound breast imaging facilities are short for most women, but for breast MRI, travel times are notably longer. Native American and rural women are disadvantaged in geographic access based on travel times to breast imaging services. This work informs potential interventions to reduce inequities in access and utilization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access,breast imaging,disparities,mammography,Travel time}
}

@article{ONeill2020,
  title = {Employment {{After Spinal Cord Injury}}},
  author = {O'Neill, John and {Dyson-Hudson}, Trevor A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {141--148},
  doi = {10.1007/s40141-020-00266-4},
  abstract = {Purpose of ReviewThis review focuses on employment after spinal cord injury (SCI) and highlights recent evidence-based models of vocational rehabilitation.Recent FindingsEmployment rates among people with SCI remain much lower than the general population. Benefits of employment for persons with SCI include improved quality of life, enhanced independence, reduced depression, improved social integration, greater life satisfaction, better health, and longevity. When striving to work after SCI, there are facilitators to be exploited (e.g., education, transportation, assistive technology) and barriers that need management (e.g., secondary medical complications).SummaryIndividualized placement and support (IPS) and vocational resource facilitation (VRF) are examples of new evidence-based models of vocational rehabilitation that integrate vocational services with clinical care in order to better help persons with SCI find competitive employment in the community. If people with SCI do not return to work soon after their injury, then it may take more time for them to reach their full vocational potential.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Rehabilitation,Return-to-work,Spinal cord injuries,Supported employment,Vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Ones2013,
  title = {Poverty and Intra-Household Distribution of Work Time in {{Turkey}}: {{Analysis}} and Some Policy Implications},
  author = {Ones, Umut and Memis, Emel and Kizilirmak, Burca},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {55--64},
  issn = {0277-5395},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.004},
  abstract = {Inequalities in work time might provide important insights on how poverty is experienced by people. Despite the growing body of literature on poverty and intra-household allocation of resources in Turkey, the linkages between poverty and inequalities in time use have not been studied empirically using nationwide data. We look at how distribution of paid and unpaid work burden differs between households of different income levels using the first and the single national time use survey in Turkey. Our results reveal one hidden dimension of poverty; a time deficit alongside the more obvious income deficit. We also find that the effects of time poverty are felt more severely by women, given the already uneven distribution of unpaid work within the Turkish household. We conclude that social policies targeting not only income but also time poverty, like provision of public care services for children and elderly, may have a double effect by relieving unpaid time burden of women and increasing female labor market participation, and therefore, increasing household income further. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Onozuka2016,
  title = {The Gender Wage Gap and Sample Selection in {{Japan}}},
  author = {Onozuka, Yuki},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {53--72},
  issn = {0889-1583},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jjie.2016.01.002},
  abstract = {This paper examines how much the observed convergence in the gender wage gap in Japan from 1992 to 2002 is affected by changes in female labor participation behavior. The existing literature focuses on full-time workers, but the replacement of low-paid regular full-time workers by non-regular workers and the introduction of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law may have changed the selection of females in full-time work force. I consider a three choice framework for a woman based on the Roy model: a woman chooses either no work, non-regular work, or regular work. This framework shows that large (potential) wage inequality within a gender can draw high-earning people into the workforce and push low-earning people out. I apply Lee's (1983) method to the micro data from the Employment Social Surveys 1992 and 2002. The results show that female selection in regular workers became stricter in 2002 and women with low-earning ability tended to be pushed out from regular work force. The wage structure for female regular workers has become more ability based. This change in the female selection explains 63.27\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the observed convergence in the mean log wage gap between female regular workers and male workers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Equal Employment Opportunity Law,Gender wage gap,Japan,Non-regular workers,Regular workers,Selection}
}

@article{Onyango2022,
  title = {Evaluating the Feasibility of the {{Community Score Card}} and Subsequent Contraceptive Behavior in {{Kisumu}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Onyango, Dickens Otieno and Tumlinson, Katherine and Chung, Stephanie and Bullington, Brooke W. and Gakii, Catherine and Senderowicz, Leigh},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-14388-y},
  abstract = {Background Women seeking family planning services from public-sector facilities in low- and middle-income countries sometimes face provider-imposed barriers to care. Social accountability is an approach that could address provider-imposed barriers by empowering communities to hold their service providers to account for service quality. Yet little is known about the feasibility and potential impact of such efforts in the context of contraceptive care. We piloted a social accountability intervention-the Community Score Card (CSC)-in three public healthcare facilities in western Kenya and use a mix of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to describe the feasibility and impact on family planning service provision. Methods We implemented and evaluated the CSC in a convenience sample of three public-sector facility-community dyads in Kisumu County, Kenya. Within each dyad, communities met to identify and prioritize needs, develop corresponding indicators, and used a score card to rate the quality of family planning service provision and monitor improvement. To ensure young, unmarried people had a voice in identifying the unique challenges they face, youth working groups (YWG) led all CSC activities. The feasibility and impact of CSC activities were evaluated using mystery client visits, unannounced visits, focus group discussions with YWG members and providers, repeated assessment of score card indicators, and service delivery statistics. Results The involvement of community health volunteers and supportive community members - as well as the willingness of some providers to consider changes to their own behaviors-were key score card facilitators. Conversely, community bias against family planning was a barrier to wider participation in score card activities and the intractability of some provider behaviors led to only small shifts in quality improvement. Service statistics did not reveal an increase in the percent of women receiving family planning services. Conclusion Successful and impactful implementation of the CSC in the Kenyan context requires intensive community and provider sensitization, and pandemic conditions may have muted the impact on contraceptive uptake in this small pilot effort. Further investigation is needed to understand whether the CSC - or other social accountability efforts - can result in improved contraceptive access.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Contraception,Mystery clients,Provider bias,Quality of care,Social accountability,Sub-Saharan Africa}
}

@article{Ooms2019,
  title = {The Integration of the Global {{HIV}}/{{AIDS}} Response into Universal Health Coverage: Desirable, Perhaps Possible, but Far from Easy},
  author = {Ooms, Gorik and Kruja, Krista},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  doi = {10.1186/s12992-019-0487-5},
  abstract = {BackgroundThe international community's health focus is shifting from achieving disease-specific targets towards aiming for universal health coverage. Integrating the global HIV/AIDS response into universal health coverage may be inevitable to secure its achievements in the long run, and for expanding these achievements beyond addressing a single disease. However, this integration comes at a time when international financial support for the global HIV/AIDS response is declining, while political support for universal health coverage is not translated into financial support. To assess the risks, challenges and opportunities of the integration of the global HIV/AIDS response into national universal health coverage plans, we carried out assessments in Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda and Ukraine, based on key informant interviews with civil society, policy-makers and development partners, as well as on a review of grey and academic literature.ResultsIn the absence of international financial support, governments are turning towards national health insurance schemes to finance universal health coverage, making access to healthcare contingent on regular financial contributions. It is not clear how AIDS treatment will be fit in. While the global HIV/AIDS response accords special attention to exclusion due to sexual orientation and gender identity, sex work or drug use, efforts to achieve universal health coverage focus on exclusion due to poverty, gender and geographical inequalities. Policies aiming for universal health coverage try to include private healthcare providers in the health system, which could create a sustainable framework for civil society organisations providing HIV/AIDS-related services. While the global HIV/AIDS response insisted on the inclusion of civil society in decision-making policies, that is not (yet) the case for policies aiming for universal health coverage.DiscussionWhile there are many obstacles to successful integration of the global HIV/AIDS response into universal health coverage policies, integration seems inevitable and is happening. Successful integration will require expanding the principle of shared responsibility' which emerged with the global HIV/AIDS response to universal health coverage, rather than relying solely on domestic efforts for universal health coverage. The preference for national health insurance as the best way to achieve universal health coverage should be reconsidered. An alliance between HIV/AIDS advocates and proponents of universal health coverage requires mutual condemnation of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, sex work or drug use, as well as addressing of exclusion based on poverty and other factors. The fulfilment of the promise to include civil society in decision-making processes about universal health coverage is long overdue.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {AIDS response,Global HIV,Integration,Universal health coverage}
}

@article{Opara2019,
  title = {For Love or Money: Human Resource Management in the Performing Arts},
  author = {Opara, Stanley Chibuzo and Stanton, Pauline and Wahed, Waheduzzaman},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {EMPLOYEE RELATIONS},
  volume = {41},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1451--1466},
  issn = {0142-5455},
  doi = {10.1108/ER-05-2018-0128},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the perceptions of key stakeholders of the human resource management (HRM) practices and challenges in performing arts organisations in Victoria, Australia. Challenges include the precarious nature of employment in the industry; poor wages and conditions leading to financial insecurity and the domination of the industry by small- and medium-sized organisations. The passion and commitment of the performing arts workforce are both a strength and a weakness in that they \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebuy in\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to the expectations of long hours and unpaid work. These challenges impact on managers and administrators as well as performers and raise many challenges for the HRM function and places constraints on even basic HRM practices. Despite the claims of the stakeholders that the large companies have sophisticated HRM practices the early evidence suggests otherwise. Furthermore, many of these problems cannot be solved at the organisational level and need an industry and government response. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach is used to guide this study as it allows contextual evaluation of the data. Eight key stakeholders interviewed for this study included one official specialising in industrial relations from Live Performance Australia, one official from the Media and Entertainment and Arts Alliance, two government officials from the State government, one with responsibility for working with Performing Arts companies in relation to funding and resources, and the other with responsibility for government arts policy development; two chief executive officers - one from a small arts company and the other from a large arts company; one HR director from a large arts company; and one manager from a small-to-medium-size company. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were undertaken to provide an information-rich inquiry. Findings The study suggests that there are considerable barriers to the effective adoption and implementation of HRM in the performing arts. In particular, the research identified four major features that impact on HRM practices in the arts sector. These are: first, the precarious nature of employment, due to the short-term and project focussed work. Second, the reliance on often limited government funding, supplemented by philanthropy, sponsorship and box office takings, leading to short-term and long-term financial insecurity and limited capacity for long-term planning. Third, limited resources and high levels of casualisation which leads to low income, poor working conditions, lack of training and few opportunities for career development. Fourth, despite these difficult conditions, the sector appears to attract a highly motivated and committed workforce including not just performers but also managers and administrators and the sector appears to rely on their passion, commitment and shared endeavour. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of HRM systems and practices in the performing arts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {HRM and creative industry and performing arts,Industrial relations and creative industries and performing arts}
}

@article{Orazem2000,
  title = {Male-Female Differences in Labor Market Outcomes during the Early Transition to Market: {{The}} Cases of {{Estonia}} and {{Slovenia}}},
  author = {Orazem, {\relax PF} and Vodopivec, M},
  year = {2000},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {283--303},
  issn = {0933-1433},
  doi = {10.1007/s001480050139},
  abstract = {Changes in women's relative wages and employment are analyzed, using social security data from Slovenia (1987-1992) and a retrospective labor force survey in Estonia (1989-1994). Estonia adopted liberal labor market policies. Slovenia took an interventionist approach. Nevertheless, relative wages for women rose in both countries. Factors favoring women included: returns to human capital rose in transition, benefiting women; relative labor demand shifted toward predominantly female sectors; low-wage women had a disproportionate incentive to exit the labor market, especially in Estonia. However, women were less mobile across jobs in both countries, so men disproportionately filled new jobs in expanding sectors. JEL classification: J21, J31.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,employment,gender,labor policy,transition}
}

@book{Ortiz-Santacruz2017,
  title = {{{EDUCATION AND POVERTY}}: {{A SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ON THE EDUCATION OF THE ECUADORIAN POPULATION BETWEEN}} 5-75 {{YEARS OLD SEGMENTED BY POVERTY CONDITION}}},
  author = {{Ortiz-Santacruz}, Saul and {Guevara-Segarra}, Gabriela},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (ICERI2017)},
  series = {{{ICERI Proceedings}}},
  issn = {2340-1095},
  abstract = {Formal education represents one of the main determining factors in poverty reduction. Different authors remark the relationship between knowledge, incomes increase, and living standards. It represents a crucial factor in an individual socioeconomic situation at present and in the future. The main characteristics of development include: education, health and economy, which are important factors in the achievement of sustainable social development. In this line, the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (UNMDG-2000) and the Sustainable Development Objectives agenda highlights the need of promoting universal education not only as an objective, but also as a means to reduce poverty since it is considered as an investment that contributes to the economic growth, social development and reduction of inequality. In Ecuador, these objectives have been developed under the National Plan for Well-being. According to its executors, it has achieved remarkable results in the majority of its objectives and goals, including the increase of the basic education coverage. This descriptive and correlational research is aimed at determining the Ecuadorian (5-75 years old) perception of education and poverty. Socio-demographic characteristics marked by its condition of being or not are analyzed in order to identify the peculiarities and differences between these two groups and relate them to the development objectives set by the government. The Employment, Underemployment, and Unemployment Survey (ENEMDU 2015) - INEC has been taken as a reference in the study, and it is important to mention that it uses standardized variables of the ILO International Labour Organization, thus making the results comparable internationally. The analyzed variables are: age, racial group, language, educational attainment, attendance, school day, educational establishment, activity and inactivity condition, computer and technological Access, natural region, state assistance, among others. The most important results obtained in the research include the gap between the attendance and the achievements according to the educational attainment. The poor show a major percentage of attendance and better results regarding the culmination of their study period in basic and primary school. However, in middle and higher education, this percentage is higher among non-poor people. The former situation can be influenced by the state assistance and public policies implemented such as the free distribution of school uniforms and lunch, as well as other benefits given by the public institutions. The second major result is the fact that most of these poor people belong to certain ethnic groups such as: indigenous, afro-ecuadorian, black, mulatto, and montubio. Based on these results, it seems that public policies which focused on improving access to education of the poor population show encouraging results in basic and primary education. However, they also show the existing inequity in higher levels of education between mestizos and white and other ethnic minority groups.},
  isbn = {978-84-697-6957-7},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ecuador,Education,poverty condition,socio-demographic profile},
  note = {10th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 16-18, 2017}
}

@article{Osberg2013,
  title = {Instability Implications of Increasing Inequality: {{Evidence}} from {{North America}}},
  author = {Osberg, Lars},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ECONOMIC MODELLING},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {918--930},
  issn = {0264-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.039},
  abstract = {Increasing inequality cannot be a long-run steady state i.e. a trend that can continue indefinitely. Because the bottom 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% and top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the U.S. and Canada have had very different rates of growth of market income since the 1980s, consumption and savings flows have necessarily changed. If aggregate expenditure is to equal aggregate income, the added savings of the increasingly affluent must be loaned to balance total current expenditure but increasing indebtedness implies financial fragility, periodic financial crises, greater volatility of aggregate income and, as governments respond to mass unemployment with counter-cyclical fiscal policies, a compounding instability of public finances. In Canada and the United States, increasing economic instability is thus an implication of increasing inequality. Either an acceleration of the income growth rate of the bottom 99\textbackslash textbackslash\%, or a decline in income growth of the top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, could equalize income growth rates, and thereby stabilize market income shares and macro-economic flows. However, there is no evidence that purely economic forces will produce either outcome anytime soon in Canada or the U.S. any return to stability depends on political economy. The establishment of social transfer programs, rural out-migration, expansion of school enrolment, increased female employment and declining birth rates are large \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveone-time\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace social changes with big income impacts for working families. In Canada and the U.S. such trends helped stabilize inequality from 1940 to 1975, while in Mexico they have reduced inequality (albeit from a high level) in recent years. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic inequality,Economic instability,Financial fragility,Structural change,Unbalanced growth}
}

@article{Otsu2022,
  title = {Health, Crime, and the Labor Market: {{Theory}} and Policy Analysis},
  author = {Otsu, Yuki and Yuen, C. Y. Kelvin},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CONTROL},
  volume = {144},
  issn = {0165-1889},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jedc.2022.104529},
  abstract = {Better health improves labor market outcomes, and better labor market outcomes discourage individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. Therefore, health insurance policies would affect labor market outcomes and criminal behavior. To explain the mechanism and the impact, we build an equilibrium search model of health, crime, and the labor market. We then use the model to conduct policy experiments and quantify their impacts on the economy. The calibrated model shows that the Medicare-for-all and the Employer Mandate under the Affordable Care Act would increase the aggregate output by more than 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% . However, while Medicare-for-all reduces the crime rate and inequality, the Employer Mandate increases both. Furthermore, policy effects vary by individual's skill and health status. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Crime,Crime policy,Health,Health insurance,Labor search}
}

@article{Ottomanelli2023,
  title = {Achieving Competitive, Customized Employment through Specialized Services for {{Veterans}} with Spinal Cord Injuries ({{ACCESS-Vets}}): {{A}} Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol},
  author = {Ottomanelli, Lisa and Smith, Tammy Jorgensen and Cotner, Bridget A. and Toyinbo, Peter A. and Venkatachalam, Hari H. and McDonald, Scott and Goetz, Lance and {Cessna-Palas}, Julie and Mendelson, Samantha and {Dillahunt-Aspillaga}, Christina J. and Cruz, Areana and McCauley, Liron and Pierce, Bradford S.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {279--292},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-230016},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: To date, the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model is the only vocational intervention that has been rigorously studied and shown to be effective with Veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI). Customized Employment (CE) is an innovative vocational intervention with promising results among people with disabilities which has yet to be tested in persons with SCI. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a Customized Employment (CE) intervention adapted for SCI rehabilitation is more effective than the standard care (IPS) for helping Veterans with SCI obtain and maintain employment. METHODS: A 4-year, 2-site randomized clinical trial (RCT) with concurrent mixed methods using an intent-to-treat (ITT) approach. The primary outcome is competitive integrated employment as defined by the Work Innovation and Opportunity Act. Secondary outcomes are employment indicators, quality of life (QOL), and participation. RESULTS: This is a methods paper so there are no results to present at this time. CONCLUSION: The proportion of Veterans who attain employment will be greater for the CE group than the IPS group and they will outperform the IPS group on other employment-related metrics (e.g., higher job satisfaction, wages, and retention). Employed Veterans will demonstrate significant improvements in self-sufficiency, QOL, and participation. Qualitative data obtained from interviews will assist with adaptation strategies and will identify barriers to implementing CE.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ouko2019,
  title = {Geographic Information System-Based Evaluation of Spatial Accessibility to Maternal Health Facilities in {{Siaya County}}, {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Ouko, Jacob Joseph Ochieng and Gachari, Moses Karoki and Sichangi, Arthur Wafula and Alegana, Victor},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3},
  pages = {286--298},
  issn = {1745-5863},
  doi = {10.1111/1745-5871.12339},
  abstract = {Maternal mortality is a major problem in middle-income and low-income countries, and the availability and accessibility of healthcare facilities offering safe delivery is important in averting maternal deaths. Siaya County, in Kenya, has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the country-far more than the national average. This study aimed to evaluate geographic access to health facilities offering delivery services in Siaya County. A mixed-methods approach incorporating geographic information system analysis and individual data from semi-structured interviews was used to derive travel time maps to facilities using different travel scenarios: AccessMod5 and ArcGIS were used for these tasks. The derived maps were then linked to georeferenced household survey data in a multilevel logistic regression model in R to predict the probability of expectant women delivering in a health facility. Based on the derived travel times, 26 per cent (13,140) and 67 per cent (32,074) of the estimated 46,332 pregnant women could reach any facility within one and two hours, respectively, while walking with the percentage falling to seven per cent (3,415) and 20 per cent (8,845) when considering referral facilities. Motorised transport significantly increased coverage. The findings revealed that the predicted probability of a pregnant woman delivering in a health facility ranged between 0.14 and 0.86. Significant differences existed in access levels with transportation-based interventions significantly increasing coverage. The derived maps can help health policy planners identify underserved areas and monitor future reductions in inequalities. This work has theoretical implications for conceptualising healthcare accessibility besides advancing the literature on mixed methodologies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {geographic information systems,healthcare access,multilevel modelling,travel times}
}

@article{Overman2002,
  title = {Unemployment Clusters across {{Europe}}'s Regions and Countries},
  author = {Overman, {\relax HG} and Puga, D and Vandenbussche, H},
  year = {2002},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECONOMIC POLICY},
  number = {34},
  pages = {115--147},
  issn = {0266-4658},
  abstract = {High unemployment and regional inequalities are major concerns for European policy makers. but so far connections between policies dealing with unemployment and regional inequalities have been few and weak. We think that this should change. This paper documents a regional and transnational dimension to unemployment - i.e.. geographical unemployment clusters that do not respect national boundaries. Since the Mid 1980s, regions with high or low initial unemployment rates saw little change, while regions with intermediate unemployment moved towards extreme values. During,, this polarization, nearby regions tended to share similar outcomes due, we argue, to spatially related changes in labour demand. These spatially correlated demand shifts were due in part to initial clustering of low-skilled regions and badly performing industries but a significant neighbour effect remains even after controlling for these, and the effect is as strong within as it is between nations. We believe this reflects agglomeration effects of economic integration. The new economic geography literature shows how integration fosters employment clusters that need not respect national borders. If regional labour forces do not adjust, regional unemployment polarization with neighbour effects can result. To account for these \textbackslash textasciigraveneighbour efficiency a cross-regional and transnational dimension should be added to national policies. actions should consider policies that encourage regional wage setting, and short distance mobility, and the EU should consider including transnational considerations in its regional policy, since neighbour effects on unemployment mean that an anti-unemployment policy paid for by one region will benefit neighbouring regions. Since local politicians gain no votes or tax revenues from these \textbackslash textasciigravespillozeis', they are likely to underestimate the true benefit of the policy and thus tend to undertake too little of it.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ovretveit2016,
  title = {Building a Learning Health System Using Clinical Registers: A Non-Technical Introduction},
  author = {Ovretveit, John and Nelson, Eugene and James, Brent},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {30},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1105--1118},
  issn = {1477-7266},
  doi = {10.1108/JHOM-06-2016-0110},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to describe how clinical registers were designed and used to serve multiple purposes in three health systems, in order to contribute practical experience for building learning healthcare systems. Design/methodology/approach - Case description and comparison of the development and use of clinical registries, drawing on participants' experience and published and unpublished research. Findings - Clinical registers and new software systems enable fact-based decisions by patients, clinicians, and managers about better care, as well as new and more economical research. Designing systems to present the data for users' daily work appears to be the key to effective use of the potential afforded by digital data. Research limitations/implications - The case descriptions draw on the experience of the authors who were involved in the development of the registers, as well as on published and unpublished research. There is limited data about outcomes for patients or cost-effectiveness. Practical implications - The cases show the significant investments which are needed to make effective use of clinical register data. There are limited skills to design and apply the digital systems to make the best use of the systems and to reduce their disadvantages. More use can be made of digital data for quality improvement, patient empowerment and support, and for research. Social implications - Patients can use their data combined with other data to self-manage their chronic conditions. There are challenges in designing and using systems so that those with lower health and computer literacy and incomes also benefit from these systems, otherwise the digital revolution may increase health inequalities. Originality/value - The paper shows three real examples of clinical registers which have been developed as part of their host health systems' strategies to develop learning healthcare systems. The paper gives a simple non-technical introduction and overview for clinicians, managers, policy-advisors and improvers of what is possible and the challenges, and highlights the need to shape the design and implementation of digital infrastructures in healthcare services to serve users.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Clinical registers,Health information technology,Healthcare,Information technology,Learning health system,Quality improvement,Safety}
}

@article{Owoo2022,
  title = {Couple's {{Decision-Making Power}}, {{Women}}'s {{Labour Market Outcomes}}, and {{Asset Ownership}}},
  author = {Owoo, Nkechi S.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {41},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2365--2391},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-022-09732-4},
  abstract = {This paper explores the causal link between couple's household decision-making power and women's labour market and economic outcomes. Autonomy refers to the condition of independence while decision-making power can be defined as one's ability to make important decisions within the household. Autonomy and decision-making power are used interchangeably in this paper. Using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and a series of probit, instrumental probit and multinomial logistic regression models, findings suggest that women who have lower autonomy in their households are less likely to be currently employed and even when they are employed, these women have higher odds of working in family businesses, which are typically associated with greater labour market vulnerability. These women are, however, more likely to own assets, a strategy likely aimed at improving their exit options. Interestingly, when men have relatively more power within the household, there are positive implications for women's labour market outcomes-women are more likely to be currently employed and less likely to be unpaid workers in family businesses. An explanation for this may be found in the country's high poverty levels and general economic hardships which necessitates the influx of additional resources into the household through women's paid employment. Greater absolute and relative autonomy of male partners, however, reduce women's asset ownership, likely because greater resource accumulation by women, beyond wage receipts, can be an indicator of dominance within the household, a position typically ascribed to men by cultural and patriarchal norms. These results suggest that relative perceptions of authority and autonomy in the household are important determinants of Nigerian women's labour market behaviours and asset ownership, and the influences of male partners cannot, and should not, be underestimated.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Assets ownership,Household Decision making,Labour market participation,Nigeria,Patriarchal culture}
}

@article{Oyelade2018,
  title = {Violence {{Management}} in a {{Nigerian Psychiatric Facility Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses}}' {{Current Practices}} and {{Their Effectiveness}}},
  author = {Oyelade, Oyeyemi Olajumoke and Ayandiran, Emmanuel Olufemi},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOCIAL NURSING AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {56},
  number = {11},
  pages = {37--45},
  issn = {0279-3695},
  doi = {10.3928/02793695-20180503-02},
  abstract = {Patient violence in mental health care settings is daunting and stressful, as well as increasingly burdensome for professionals in low/middle income countries, specifically Africa. Patient violence has contributed to increased work hazards for health care professionals and may lead to patients being sedated or restrained, potentially resulting in injury to either the patient or provider. The current study assessed Nigerian psychiatric-mental health nurses'current practices of violence management in a hospital in Southwest Nigeria. A qualitative approach, specifically focus group discussion, was used. Results of the study show that patients and providers are prone to maltreatment. Professionals desire involvement of armed military officials to combat acts of violence by psychiatric patients who take advantage of nurses' gender, inexperience, or being lonely on duty, as well as the time of day, to attack nurses. Professionals have reportedly died in the process of violence management. Intervention studies on violence management in African mental health care settings are a priority for future research.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Oyvat2016,
  title = {Agrarian {{Structures}}, {{Urbanization}}, and {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Oyvat, Cem},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {207--230},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.019},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of agrarian structures on income inequality over the long run. First, it exhibits the relationship between land and income distribution by developing a theoretical model based on Harris and Todaro (1970) and Lewis (1954). High land inequality increases income Gini coefficients in the urban sector as well as the rural sector, not only by creating congestion in the urban subsistence sector, but also by feeding the growth of the urban reserve army of labor, which pulls down the wages in the urban capitalist sector. Next, the study investigates the empirical relationship between land inequality, level of urbanization and income inequality using cross-country datasets. The estimation results support the theoretical model and indicate that the level of land inequality has a significant impact on determining the level of urbanization, and urban and overall income inequalities. Moreover, the analysis finds that overurbanization increases income inequality. The empirical analysis controls for institutional factors like education inequality and the level of democracy. The results present a stronger evidence on the land inequality's influence through urbanization than through education and democracy. These results suggest that policymakers should have a broader view as to the importance of agrarian policies. A progressive land reform or/and subsidies protecting small peasantry can also reduce urban income inequality and poverty over the long run. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {distribution,economic development,informality,urbanization}
}

@article{Oyvat2022,
  title = {The Effects of Social Infrastructure and Gender Equality on Output and Employment: {{The}} Case of {{South Korea}}},
  author = {Oyvat, Cem and Onaran, Ozlem},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {158},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105987},
  abstract = {This paper examines the short-run and medium-run impact of spending in social infrastructure, defined as expenditure in education, childcare, health and social care, wages and gender pay gap on output and employment of men and women for the case of South Korea. Based on a gendered post-Kaleckian feminist macroeconomic theoretical model, we estimate the macroeconomic effects of social expenditure, wages and gender pay gap using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) analysis for the period of 1970-2012. The results show that an increase in the public social infrastructure significantly increases the total nonagricultural output and employment in South Korea both in the short and medium run. Moreover, we find that higher social infrastructure expenditure increases female employment more than male employment in the short run and raises both male and female employment in the medium run due to increasing output. Finally, the results show that South Korean economy is gender equality-led in the medium run, although the effects are economically small in comparison to the strong effects of increases social infrastructure spending. The results indicate that sustainable equitable development and a substantial increase in employment requires a mix of both labour market and fiscal policies. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Feminist macroeconomic models,Fiscal policy,Gender wage and employment gap,Post-Keynesian economics,Social infrastructure,South Korea}
}

@article{Ozalp2021,
  title = {{Women's Labor Force Participation and Inequality in Turkey}},
  author = {Ozalp, Leyla Firzue Arda},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMY CULTURE AND SOCIETY},
  number = {64},
  pages = {91--104},
  issn = {2602-2656},
  doi = {10.26650/JECS2021-903123},
  abstract = {The increasing income inequalities in many societies since the 1980s are generally considered within the framework of concepts such as globalization, international trade, technological changes, or transformations in the distribution of income and wages. However, the significant increase in women's participation in the labor force represents another necessary social and economic transformation since the 1980s apart from the dramatic increases in inequalities. Some qualitative changes have also followed as women become a segment of waged labor in increasing numbers: for example, the feminization of the labor market The emergence of women as paid labor and the contribution of their earnings to family incomes have undoubtedly caused transformations in income and wage distribution in many societies. This paper begins with this stated perspective to explore the impact women's employment has exerted on income inequalities in Turkey. Two distinct inequality measures, the Gini coefficient and the Theil index, are used based on a literature study to observe in detail the effects of women's labor force participation on income inequalities. The ARDL Bounds Testing methodology is employed with the time-series data (1988-2015) to accomplish the stated purpose. The estimation results reveal that the labor participation of women has reduced income inequalities in Turkey In the long run.},
  langid = {turkish},
  keywords = {Feminization of labor,Gini,Inequality,Theil,Women's labor force participation}
}

@article{Ozawa2019,
  title = {Defining Hard-to-Reach Populations for Vaccination},
  author = {Ozawa, Sachiko and Yemeke, Tatenda T. and Evans, Daniel R. and Pallas, Sarah E. and Wallace, Aaron S. and Lee, Bruce Y.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {VACCINE},
  volume = {37},
  number = {37},
  pages = {5525--5534},
  issn = {0264-410X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.081},
  abstract = {Extending the benefits of vaccination to everyone who is eligible requires an understanding of which populations current vaccination efforts have struggled to reach. A clear definition of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehard-to-reach\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace populations - also known as high-risk or marginalized populations, or reaching the last mile - is essential for estimating the size of target groups, sharing lessons learned based on consistent definitions, and allocating resources appropriately. A literature review was conducted to determine what formal definitions of hard-to-reach populations exist and how they are being used, and to propose definitions to consider for future use. Overall, we found that (1) there is a need to distinguish populations that are hard to reach versus hard to vaccinate, and (2) the existing literature poorly defined these populations and clear criteria or thresholds for classifying them were missing. Based on this review, we propose that hard-to-reach populations be defined as those facing supply-side barriers to vaccination due to geography by distance or terrain, transient or nomadic movement, healthcare provider discrimination, lack of healthcare provider recommendations, inadequate vaccination systems, war and conflict, home births or other homebound mobility limitations, or legal restrictions. Although multiple mechanisms may apply to the same population, supply-side barriers should be distinguished from demand-side barriers. Hard-to-vaccinate populations are defined as those who are reachable but difficult to vaccinate due to distrust, religious beliefs, lack of awareness of vaccine benefits and recommendations, poverty or low socioeconomic status, lack of time to access available vaccination services, or gender-based discrimination. Further work is needed to better define hard-to-reach populations and delineate them from populations that may be hard to vaccinate due to complex refusal reasons, improve measurement of the size and importance of their impact, and examine interventions related to overcoming barriers for each mechanism. This will enable policy makers, governments, donors, and the vaccine community to better plan interventions and allocate necessary resources to remove existing barriers to vaccination. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Definition,Hard-to-reach,Immunization,Unvaccinated,Vaccination}
}

@article{Ozbilgin2004,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigravebelonging' and \textbackslash textasciigraveotherness': {{Sex}} Equality in Banking in {{Turkey}} and {{Britain}}},
  author = {Ozbilgin, {\relax MF} and Woodward, D},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {11},
  number = {6},
  pages = {668--688},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0432.2004.00254.x},
  abstract = {The struggle for sex equality at work has largely been achieved in the developed world, it is claimed. The number of well-qualified young women entering white-collar employment and achieving promotion to first-line and middle management positions now matches or exceeds their male peers. Many young women have high career aspirations and argue that sex discrimination no longer exists. However, this perception is over-optimistic. Major sex inequalities persist at senior management level in the salaries and benefits offered to female and male staff and in access to certain favoured occupations and sectors of employment. Questionnaires, interviews and documentary evidence from three Turkish and six British banks and high street financial organizations showed that their claimed commitment to equal opportunities by sex was not matched by their practices. Members of managerial elites (who were almost exclusively male) held firm views about the characteristics of \textbackslash textasciigravethe ideal worker', which informed organizational ideologies, including human resource policies and practices concerning recruitment and promotion. They also permeated organizational cultures, which affected employees' working practices and experiences. The outcome of these internal negotiation processes was to differentiate between a favoured group of staff seen as fully committed to the companies' values, who were promoted and rewarded, and an \textbackslash textasciigraveout' group, whose members were denied these privileges. This distinction between \textbackslash textasciigravebelonging' and \textbackslash textasciigraveotherness' is gendered not only along the traditional lines of class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross-cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women staff seeking career development in the industry was remarkably similar.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {banking,belonging and otherness,Britain,financial services sector,sex equality,Turkey}
}

@article{Ozdamar2021,
  title = {The Effect of the 2008 Employment Support Programme on Young Men's Labour Market Outcomes in {{Turkey}}: {{Evidence}} from a Regression Discontinuity Design},
  author = {Ozdamar, Oznur and Giovanis, Eleftherios and Daglioglu, Cansu and Gerede, Cemaleddin},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {MANCHESTER SCHOOL},
  volume = {89},
  number = {3},
  pages = {276--296},
  issn = {1463-6786},
  doi = {10.1111/manc.12362},
  abstract = {Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment support programmes,formal employment,labour outcomes,policy evaluation,regression discontinuity design,wages}
}

@article{Ozdamar2022,
  title = {The Effect of Female Employment on Saving-Investment Gap and the Role of Their Interaction in the Economic Growth},
  author = {Ozdamar, Oznur and Gunduz, Sibel and Giovanis, Eleftherios},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {241--262},
  issn = {1757-1170},
  abstract = {A large number of countries experience negative saving-investment (S-I) gaps, which can be detrimental to economic growth. Earlier literature indicates that women save more than their male counterparts. In this study, our preliminary aim is to understand, whether female employment rates increase domestic savings that could potentially contribute positively to the S-I gaps in the low and middle-income countries. Second, we aim to investigate whether the interaction of female employment rates and S-I gap matters for economic growth. The entire analysis relies on panel data from 74 low and middle-income countries over the period 2000-2017. Various panel data techniques are applied, and they reveal similar results. The main finding of the study shows that low levels of female employment rate, and therefore inferior female earnings, are obstacles to an adequate amount of savings accumulation, necessary to close the savings-investment gap and thus, to enhance economic growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {developing economies,economic growth,female employment rate,gender inequalities,gender roles,gender-wage gap,low and middle income countries,panel cross-section dependence test,panel data analysis,saving-investment gap,social norms,unit root tests}
}

@article{PabloBocarejo2012,
  title = {Transport Accessibility and Social Inequities: A Tool for Identification of Mobility Needs and Evaluation of Transport Investments},
  author = {Pablo Bocarejo, Juan S. and Ricardo Oviedo, Daniel H.},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {142--154},
  issn = {0966-6923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.004},
  abstract = {Although the concept of social equity seems to be ubiquitous in most mobility plans of major Latin American cities, when evaluating transport projects for financing and prioritisation there are no specific or solid indicators to measure how they can contribute to promoting better access to opportunities, particularly for the most vulnerable segments of the population. In response, we designed a methodology that uses the concepts of accessibility and affordability as a complementary means for evaluating public transport investment, and identifying transport disadvantages and priorities for project generation. This is based on the calculation of accessibility levels to the labour market for different zones of a given city, by introducing a function of impedance composed by travel time budget and the percentage of income spent on transportation. The characteristics of time and percentage of income spent for accessing work obtained from transportation surveys define the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereal accessibility\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to employment for all the zones of a city. Then, a stated preference survey was applied in order to determine the desired expenditure in both variables, and the accessibility to jobs in this new situation was subsequently calculated. We calculated a third type of accessibility, using \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestandard\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace values of travel time and expenditure budget. This methodology is therefore used to evaluate different policies in Bogota, corresponding to changes in the fare structure of the existing public transport system, by proposing the development of cross subsidies, and carrying out an appraised on the impact of the development of a new Bus Rapid Transit line. The results show that depending on the population, its location and purchasing power, the impact of a redistributive fare with respect to accessibility to the labour market can be greater than the expansion and improvement of the public transport network. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessibility,Developing countries,Social equity,Social exclusion,Urban transport}
}

@article{Pachaud2001,
  title = {Child Poverty in {{Britain}} and the New Labour Government},
  author = {Pachaud, D and Sutherland, H},
  year = {2001},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {95--118},
  issn = {0047-2794},
  abstract = {The new Labour government in Britain has made the reduction of child poverty one of its central objectives. This article analyses the circumstances of children in poverty and describes the specific initiatives involved in Labour's approach and weighs them up in terms of their potential impact. The impact on child poverty of policies designed to raise incomes directly is analysed using micro-simulation modelling, A major emphasis of current policy is on the promotion of paid work, and we explore the potential for poverty reduction of increasing the employment of parents. The policies that address long-term disadvantage are also discussed and finally the whole programme is assessed and future strategy is considered.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pachingerova2001,
  title = {{Small and medium enterprises in Slovakia focusing on tourism}},
  author = {Pachingerova, M},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {EKONOMICKY CASOPIS},
  volume = {49},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1173--1196},
  issn = {0013-3035},
  abstract = {The small and medium enterprise (SME) development is one of the assumes of favourable economic development in SR. It belongs, along with reclassification of the Slovak economy, to its main priorities. Despite favourable trends, the SME share of the most important indexes has been lower than in the EU countries. Due to barrier elimination on macro- and micro level, as well as, a significant state support and an effective support of the European Union and in context with other countries in the Middle and Eastern Europe, we can expect convergence towards the target values of SME in EU, considering this as a whole, as well as, within particular sector-branch segments of SME. Small and medium entrepreneurs achieve 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the GDP formation, over 62 employment share and 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% export share, however, SME in Slovakia have got many reserves despite the relatively good shares. The SME are worth in difficult conditions of a new economy too, supposing they are markedly active and the state creates adequate business environment for them. They cannot stagnate in the new economy. They can follow one of two strategies: offensive or defensive, where both of them have got their strengths. The SME support in the Slovak conditions is very actual. Revaluation of the present forms of the SME support leads to the need of redirection from the tools bringing only a short-term effect towards the use of long-term character tools with a striking motivational effect. We should consider SME in Slovakia from its perspective effect point of view within the united European market too. Identification of SME in Slovakia, as well as, in other countries, can be done by comparison with analogue SME partners in other countries which are interesting for us from a particular point of view. These are the countries of Middle and Eastern Europe and some developed countries (EU). But the simple fact faces big barriers related to the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesoft\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace market environment which is the result of present reform economic processes and their interpretation, as well as, with different objective index contents. The most of the legislative barriers within SME are represented by increased financial duties of the entrepreneurs which often have got a de-motivational character. It is necessary to support the creditor legal status, to apply the right of lien, to recover the capital market, to gain foreign investments, to support SME, to make the interest rates real and to reduce the tax duties of the entrepreneurs. The business environment problems mentioned above refer to tourism too, despite it has got its strengths, as follows: dynamics, low investment and import intensity (three times lower in tourism than in industry), a high share of direct labor there functions as the tool of unemployment reduction and the region development, minimized dead assets, exchange effect for the country etc. We can expect the principal changes after realization of the measures, as follows: working-out the Tourism Development Program for the sake of the region development, Tourism Fund formation, working-out and approval of the tourism legislative support, significant financial advertising support etc. The business success or failure reflects the financial situation of an enterprise in tourism. Thus the managers, as well as, the external subjects can discover many strengths or weaknesses of the enterprise, their causes and reasons by the analysis of the business financial situation,. of the company and, upon this, to make decisions or accept proper arrangements. We cannot be satisfied with the development results and trends of particular financial indexes in the analyzed tourism enterprises-travel agencies, hotels and restaurants in Slovakia. The failure of the financial health is seen in a low profitability, often negative, relatively low liquidity, high indebtedness and long liability maturity periods. The short-term resources of the net operating capital are missing and the long-term financial resources formation is complicated too. Prevention can be found by respecting the need of the financial planning, within the flow management of the company and by change of the approach of the financial managers towards the formation of the financial resources of the company capital.},
  langid = {slovak}
}

@article{Pagan2009,
  title = {Part-Time Work among Older Workers with Disabilities in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Pagan, R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {123},
  number = {5},
  pages = {378--383},
  issn = {0033-3506},
  doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2009.02.010},
  abstract = {Objective: To analyse the use of part-time work among older workers with disabilities compared with their non-disabled counterparts within a European context. Study design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2004 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The key advantage of this dataset is that it provides a harmonized cross-national dimension, and contains information for European individuals aged 50 years or over on a wide range of health indicators, disability, socio-economic situation, social relations, etc. Results: Older people with disabilities (aged 50-64 years) are more likely to have a part-time job compared with their non-disabled counterparts. Although there is an important employment gap between the two groups, many older workers with disabilities use part-time work to achieve a better balance between their health status and working life. The econometric analysis corroborated that being disabled has a positive effect on the probability of working on a part-time basis, although this effect varies by country. Conclusions: Policy makers must encourage part-time employment as a means of increasing employment opportunities for older workers with disabilities, and support gradual retirement opportunities with flexible and reduced working hours. It is crucial to change attitudes towards older people with disabilities in order to increase their labour participation and reduce their levels of poverty and marginalization. (C) 2009 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Employment,Europe,Older workers,Part-time}
}

@article{Pagan2015,
  title = {How {{Do Leisure Activities Impact}} on {{Life Satisfaction}}? {{Evidence}} for {{German People}} with {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Pagan, Ricardo},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {APPLIED RESEARCH IN QUALITY OF LIFE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {557--572},
  issn = {1871-2584},
  doi = {10.1007/s11482-014-9333-3},
  abstract = {This study analyses the effect of participating in leisure activities on the levels of life satisfaction reported by people with and without disabilities. Particular attention is paid to exploring how different types of leisure activities (e.g. social gatherings, cultural events, active sports, volunteer work, etc.) affect individuals' life satisfaction and which of them contribute most to improving it. Using longitudinal data at an individual level from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveProbit Adapted OLS (POLS)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model which allows us to identity the determinants of life satisfaction by disability status and to control for the unobserved heterogeneity and thus determine cause and effect between the key variables. Although participation in leisure activities increases the life satisfaction scores reported by people with disabilities (except for the participation in public initiatives), this effect is quite different by leisure activity. The participation in leisure activities such as holidays, going out, or attending cultural events and church has a significant positive effect on the life satisfaction of people with disabilities. Event organizers, destination managers, business owners, professionals, governments, and the leisure industry in general must promote and facilitate full access and participation of people with disabilities in all leisure activities, especially in those that contribute more intensely to increasing their life satisfaction scores. The elimination of all disabling barriers, the understanding of their differential needs and the existence of inclusive leisure environments are key elements for improving the life satisfaction of people with disabilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Germany,Leisure activities,Life Satisfaction}
}

@article{Paget2017,
  title = {Moving beyond \textbackslash textasciigravenot Enough Time': Factors Influencing Paediatric Clinicians' Participation in Research},
  author = {Paget, Simon P. and Caldwell, Patrina H. Y. and Murphy, Joyce and Lilischkis, Kimberley J. and Morrow, Angie M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL},
  volume = {47},
  number = {3},
  pages = {299--306},
  issn = {1444-0903},
  doi = {10.1111/imj.13351},
  abstract = {Background: Increasing the amount of clinical research that occurs in healthcare settings has been identified as an important mechanism to improve healthcare outcomes. While clinicians are key persons in achieving this aim, research participation amongst clinicians is generally limited. Aims: To identify the factors (barriers and facilitators) influencing clinician research participation and determine how professional culture impacts on these factors. Methods: Forty clinicians working at a tertiary children's hospital participated in six discipline-specific focus groups. Thematic analysis was performed using an inductive process based in grounded theory. Results: Four major themes (cultural factors, personal factors, resources and solutions) and 16 subthemes were identified. Participants described how the current health system discourages clinician research. They reported that their research participation requires personal sacrifice of their own time; income or career progression. Research participation was seen to compete with other priorities in clinicians' workload and is disadvantaged because of the primacy of clinical work and the lack of immediate tangible benefit from research projects. Solutions suggested by our participants included better alignment of clinical and research goals, improved availability of research mentors and collaborative opportunities. Nurses and allied health professionals reported a changing professional culture that values research. Only doctors identified research participation to be important for career progression. Conclusions: For clinician research participation to flourish, significant changes in healthcare structure and priorities will be required that result in research becoming more embedded in healthcare delivery. Initiatives to improve collaboration between clinicians and universities may also support these aims.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {allied health occupations,health personnel,medical staff,nursing staff,research}
}

@article{Palacios2021,
  title = {Constraints That Discourage Participation in the Labour Market by Female Carers of Older Relatives in {{Santiago}}, {{Chile}}},
  author = {Palacios, Josefa and Ramm, Alejandra and Olivi, Alessandra},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {29},
  number = {5},
  pages = {E107-E115},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.13250},
  abstract = {Providing care for older people who have support needs is mainly a familial and female responsibility in Chile. Despite Chile's development level, the participation of females in the workforce lags behind (at around 50\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female carers of an older relative are not in the labour force. This paper explores the reasons why in Latin America adult children remain out of the labour force while caring for an older parent or parent-in-law who has support needs. It draws on 30 in-depth interviews of family carers from low- to high-income households. The interviews were carried out in Chile in 2017, and were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis to identify core themes related to the subjects' reasons for remaining out of the labour force. Four factors hinder the combination of paid work and caring for a parent or parent-in-law with support needs: (a) externalised care was too expensive; (b) finding non-precarious, flexible work was difficult; (c) their perception of femininity or womanhood conflicted with the idea of combining care and paid work; and (d) they experienced a lack of public and/or social support.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chile,gender inequality,informal care,labour market participation,Latin America,long\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8208,qualitative methods,term care}
}

@book{Palenik2010,
  title = {Regional Income Stratification of the Population in {{Slovakia}} (Methodological Aspects)},
  author = {Palenik, Michal and Pauhofova, Iveta},
  editor = {Tiruneh, {\relax MW} and Radvansky, M},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THEORETICAL MODELS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSES},
  abstract = {Article describes income disparities in various regions and various social groups in Slovakia. The goal of such analysis is to fullfill the targets of social policy with limited budget, not only during the crisis. Data used for the analysis are individual data from administrative sources. They cover whole population of Slovakia. However number of explanatory variables is lower, which limits some of the methods. Various social groups are studied. They are mainly working population, retired population and unemployed/inactive people, including intersections among these groups. The income is understood as net income, either from employment or from social benefits. The income disparities were quantified by several measurements. They included Gini coefficient which described inequality of the income distribution. Later, pyramids of income distribution were studied. These showed objective development of income through time. Using individual data it is possible to identify income disparities and stratification on the level of regions and districts. This allows to put into practice effective social policy.},
  isbn = {978-80-7144-180-9},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income disparities,income distribution,regional income stratification},
  note = {International Conference on Regional Disparities in Central and Eastern Europe, Slovak Acad Sci, Congress Ctr, Smolenice, SLOVAKIA, NOV 17-19, 2010}
}

@article{Palic2019,
  title = {Personal {{Income Taxation Determinants}} in {{Federation}} of {{Bosnia}} and {{Herzegovina}}},
  author = {Palic, Irena and Hodzic, Sabina and Dumicic, Ksenija},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BUSINESS SYSTEMS RESEARCH JOURNAL},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {153--163},
  issn = {1847-8344},
  doi = {10.2478/bsrj-2019-0011},
  abstract = {Background: In recent years' income inequality has been an economic issue. The primary instrument for redistributing income is personal income tax. However, based on economic theory income inequality concerns indicators such as wages, transfer payments, taxes, social security contributions, and geographical mobility. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of certain labor market indicators on personal income taxation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB\textbackslash textbackslash\&H). Methods/Approach: Since personal income taxation consists of a very broad definition and for the purpose of this research only, income from dependent (employment) activity is observed. The econometric analysis is conducted using error correction modeling, as well as forecast errors variance decomposition. Results: The error correction model is estimated, and the cointegrating equation indicates that monthly wage and number of employees statistically significantly positively affect personal income taxes in FB\textbackslash textbackslash\&H in the long-run. After two years, the selected labor market indicators explain a considerable part of forecasting error variance of personal income tax revenues. Conclusions: The implementation of reforms in the labor market and tax policies of the FB\textbackslash textbackslash\&H is suggested. In order to achieve necessary reforms, efficient governance and general stable political environment are required.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {error correction model,Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,labor market indicators,personal income taxation}
}

@article{Palmer2022,
  title = {The Impact of Synchronous Hybrid Instruction on Students Engagement in a Pharmacotherapy Course},
  author = {Palmer, Russell H. and Moulton, Morgan K. and Stone, Rebecca H. and Lavender, Devin L. and Fulford, Michael and Phillips, Beth Bryles},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PHARMACY PRACTICE-GRANADA},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1885-642X},
  doi = {10.18549/PharmPract.2022.1.2611},
  abstract = {Background: Background: Synchronous hybrid instruction offers flexible learning opportunities by allowing a portion of students to attend class sessions on campus while simultaneously allowing the remaining students to attend remotely. Although such flexibility may offer a number of advantages for pharmacy students, one area of concern is whether online participation options within synchronous hybrid courses can promote similar levels of engagement as courses that are designed entirely for face-to-face (FTF) participation. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of synchronous hybrid instruction on pharmacy students' engagement in a pharmacotherapy course. An evaluation was completed to determine if students were more likely to actively engage in class when they were participating remotely via teleconferencing technology or when FTF. Additionally, students' perspectives were evaluated to determine their views of the benefits and challenges of the hybrid model for engagement in learning. Methods: The course utilizes team-based learning to apply critical thinking skills and develop a comprehensive care plan. A mixed methods approach was used to examine students' engagement in the hybrid learning environment by quantitatively analyzing students' responses to likert-scale survey items and qualitatively analyzing their responses to open-ended survey questions. Results: Students reported they were more likely to actively listen (p=0.004), avoid distractions (p=0.008), and react emotionally to a topic or instruction (p=0.045) when FTF. There were no significant differences found in student reported note taking, asking questions, responding to questions, or engaging in group work between the two modes of participation. Content analysis identified other benefits that supported student engagement, including perceived flexibility and enhanced ability to interact during class via the teleconferencing technology. For some students, challenges that negatively impacted engagement included difficulties with internet connectivity and a sense of dislocation or isolation in the course. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that when participating in a synchronous hybrid course, students participating remotely were less likely (compared to in-person attendance) to pay close attention and react emotionally, but were just as likely to take notes and communicate with teachers and groups. Key benefits of the hybrid approach were increased flexibility and the usefulness of online communication tools, while key challenges focused on technical and psychological isolation from others. The principles of flexible learning environments and self-regulated learning provide opportunities for pharmacy educators who are interested in improving hybrid instruction in the future.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Distance learning,Online learning,Pharmacy education,Pharmacy students,Self-Directed learning}
}

@article{Panou2013,
  title = {Modeling {{Transportation Affordability}} with {{Cumulative Density Function}} of {{Mathematical Beta Distribution}}},
  author = {Panou, Konstantinos and Proios, George},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD},
  number = {2397},
  pages = {53--60},
  issn = {0361-1981},
  doi = {10.3141/2397-07},
  abstract = {Transportation affordability refers to people's financial ability to access important goods and activities such as work, education, medical care, basic shopping, and socializing. Making transportation more affordable can produce considerable socioeconomic benefits by lowering the costs and boosting mobility for people who are more disadvantaged. More affordable transportation is equivalent to higher income. There are many factors to consider when evaluating transportation affordability, including housing affordability; land use factors that affect accessibility; the quantity, quality, and pricing of mobility options; and individuals' mobility needs and abilities. Traditional transportation planning takes hardly any transportation affordability considerations into account. Greater emphasis on this field would shed more light on affordability effects and help policy makers to identify more affordable transportation solutions. However, to take transportation affordability into account, there should be practical ways of evaluating it. This paper investigates the concept of transportation affordability and suggests a metric for its measurement. The metric calculates affordability on the basis of the trade-offs that households make between transportation and housing costs. The transportation costs considered include car ownership, car use, and public transport costs. The suggested approach can be applied to any spatial zone (e.g., neighborhood or other) to reflect the average expenditure that households are willing to make to satisfy their basic travel needs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Paraponaris2010,
  title = {Job Tenure and Self-Reported Workplace Discrimination for Cancer Survivors 2 Years after Diagnosis: {{Does}} Employment Legislation Matter?},
  author = {Paraponaris, Alain and Teyssier, Luis Sagaon and Ventelou, Bruno},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {98},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {144--155},
  issn = {0168-8510},
  doi = {10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.013},
  abstract = {Objectives: To assess the risk of leaving employment for cancer survivors 2 years after diagnosis and the role of workplace discrimination in this risk. Methods: A representative sample of 4270 French individuals older than 17 and younger than 58 years when diagnosed with cancer in 2002 were interviewed 2 years later. Their occupational status was analyzed with the help of Probit and IV-Probit models. Results: Overall, 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the cancer survivors who were working at the time of diagnosis were still employed 2 years later. Age, education level, income at diagnosis, work contract, professional status, affective support, relative prognosis at diagnosis, tumor site and treatment have contrasting impacts upon the probability of job loss across gender. Even after having controlled for these variables, self-reported workplace discrimination increases the probability of job loss by 15\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Conclusions: Despite protective labor law and favorable health insurance arrangements, French cancer survivors continue to experience problems to stay in or to return to the labor force. Measures targeting only the employment protection of cancer survivors do not seem to be sufficient to end prior social inequalities in job attainment. Intervention for specific populations particularly exposed to job-loss risks would also be needed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer survivors,Employability,Job loss,Job tenure,Workplace discrimination}
}

@article{Park2013,
  title = {Social {{Inequality}} in {{Birth Outcomes}} in {{Korea}}, 1995-2008},
  author = {Park, Mi-Jin and Son, Mia and Kim, Young-Ju and Paek, Domyung},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--35},
  issn = {1011-8934},
  doi = {10.3346/jkms.2013.28.1.25},
  abstract = {Social inequality in adverse birth outcomes has been demonstrated in several countries. The present study examined the separate and joint effects of parental education and work in order to investigate the causal pathways of social class effects on adverse birth outcomes in Korea. The occurrence of low birth weight, preterm births, and intrauterine growth retardation was examined among 7,766,065 births in Korea from 1995 to 2008. The effect of social inequality, as represented by parental education and work, was examined against adverse birth outcomes using multivariate logistic regression after controlling for other covariates. Parental education had the most significant and greatest effect on all three adverse outcomes, followed by parental work and employment, which had lesser effects. For adverse birth outcomes, the gap between educational levels increased steadily in Korea from 1995 to 2008. Throughout the analysis, the effect of maternal manual work on adverse birth outcomes was apparent in the study results. Given this evidence of social inequality in education and employment, social interventions should aim at more in-depth and distal determinants of health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Birth Outcome Effect,Intrauterine Growth Retardation,Low Birth Weight,Parental Education,Parental Occupation,Parental Work,Preterm Birth,Social Inequality}
}

@article{Park2016,
  title = {Poverty and Working Status in Changes of Unmet Health Care Need in Old Age},
  author = {Park, Sojung and Kim, BoRin and Kim, Soojung},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {120},
  number = {6},
  pages = {638--645},
  issn = {0168-8510},
  doi = {10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.03.004},
  abstract = {This study examined relationships between socioeconomic disadvantage and unmet health care needs among older adults in Korea adjusting for predisposing and health need factors. We examined how older adults' low-income status and working status affect unmet needs for healthcare over time, and how the association varies by reason for unmet needs (i.e. financial or non-financial). We used three waves of data (2009, 2011, 2012) from the Korea Health Panel (KHP) survey and a multinomial logistic mixed model to analyze how low socioeconomic disadvantages affects changes in unmet healthcare needs independently and in combination. Results showed that near-poor elders were more likely to experience increased risk of unmet need due to non-financial constraints over time. When working, near-poor elders risk of unmet healthcare needs due to financial and non-financial factors increases substantially over time. Across societies, different subgroups of older adults may be at risk of unmet healthcare needs, contingent on healthcare policies. Our finding suggests that in Korea, near-poor working elders are the vulnerable subgroup at highest risk of unmet healthcare needs. This finding provides much-needed evidence of heterogeneity of vulnerability in unmet healthcare needs and can be used to design more affordable and accessible programs and services for this group. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Old age,Poverty,Unmet health care needs,Working}
}

@article{Park2018,
  title = {A Structural Explanation of Recent Changes in Life-Cycle Labor Supply and Fertility Behavior of Married Women in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Park, Seonyoung},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {102},
  pages = {129--168},
  issn = {0014-2921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.11.006},
  abstract = {This study documents and explains important changes in the life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States from the 1950s to more recent cohorts. The younger cohorts, relative to the 1950s, supply more labor at earlier stages of the life-cycle, delay motherhood to later stages without reducing the fertility rate, and upon childbearing, show a greater tendency to stay out of the labor force. In a life-cycle model for married couples in which a household makes decisions on fertility as well as labor supply, consumption, and savings, all the behavioral changes are jointly and quantitatively explained by a combination of changes in various labor supply/fertility determinants, with the increased returns (penalties) to work (non-work) experience being the dominant contributor. The results survive a series of robustness tests, including endogenizing education choice and assortative marriage. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cohort,Fertility,Labor Supply,Recent Decline,Returns to Experience}
}

@article{Park2022,
  title = {Occupational {{Attainment Among Parents}} in {{Germany}} and the {{US}} 2000-2016: {{The Role}} of {{Gender}} and {{Immigration Status}}},
  author = {Park, Paige N.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {41},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2447--2492},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-022-09744-0},
  abstract = {In many OECD countries, women are underrepresented in high status, high paying occupations and overrepresented in lower status work. One reason for this inequity is the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemotherhood penalty,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace where women with children face more roadblocks in hiring and promotions than women without children or men with children. This research focuses on divergent occupational outcomes between men and women with children and analyzes whether parental gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using data from the Luxembourg Cross-National Data Center, I compare changes in gendered occupational segregation from 2000 to 2016 in Germany and the USA among immigrant and native-born parents. Multinomial logistic regression models and predicted probabilities show that despite instituting policies intended to reduce parental gender inequality in the workforce, Germany fares worse than the USA in gendered occupational outcomes overall. While the gap between mothers' and fathers' probabilities of employment in high status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany's gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. Likewise, gender gaps in elementary/labor work participation are also larger in Germany, with immigrant mothers having a much higher likelihood of working in labor/elementary occupations than any other group-including US immigrant women. These findings suggest that work-family policies-at least those implemented in Germany-are not cure-all solutions for entrenched gender inequality. Results also demonstrate the importance of considering the interaction between gender and other demographic characteristics-like immigrant status-when determining the potential effectiveness of proposed work-family policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,Immigrant,Occupational inequality,Occupational status,Policy}
}

@article{Park2022a,
  title = {Psychosocial and {{Vocational Impacts}} of {{COVID-19}} on {{People With}} and {{Without Disabilities}}},
  author = {Park, Jiyoon and Sung, Connie and Fisher, Marisa H. and Okyere, Christiana and Kammes, Rebecca R.},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {67},
  number = {3},
  pages = {381--390},
  issn = {0090-5550},
  doi = {10.1037/rep0000420},
  abstract = {Purpose/Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to devastating economic impacts and psychosocial changes for individuals around the world, including people with chronic illness and disabilities (CID). This study explored the impacts on employment and how it related to stress and satisfaction with life during COVID-19 between people with and without CID. Research Method/Design: A cross-sectional study design was used with 1,380 adults from 20 countries who were employed before the COVID-19 pandemic, including 318 people with CID. Statistical methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, two-way analysis of variances) were used to analyze the time, employment, group, and interaction effects. Results: There were three main findings. (1) Compared with those without CID, individuals with CID were more likely to have their employment impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and they were more often laid off or dismissed from their job. (2) Individuals with CID reported significantly higher stress and lower life satisfaction compared with those without CID during the COVID-19 pandemic regardless of its impacts on employment. (3) Individuals whose employment was impacted reported significantly lower life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic regardless of their CID status. Conclusion/Implications: Findings highlight the employment and psychosocial impacts of a global pandemic and provide implications for moving forward in regards to vocational and psychosocial intervention services and supports that will be needed, especially for those with CID. Impact and Implications This study extends existing literature by analyzing impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic across the globe on employment and psychosocial outcomes (i.e., stress and life satisfaction) for people with chronic illness and disability (CID) compared with those without CID and informs research and practices for supporting those who have been adversely impacted. Given the significant negative impacts of COVID-19 on employment for individuals with CID in comparison with those without CID, vocational rehabilitation agencies should provide vocational supports for individuals with CID and work to develop new employment options. Researchers and practitioners should develop effective vocational and psychosocial intervention strategies (e.g., through telehealth) to resolve global employment and mental health issues related to COVID-19 to minimize inequality between individuals with and without CID and improve their quality of life.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chronic illness,COVID-19,disabilities,employment,psychosocial}
}

@article{Park2022b,
  title = {Factors That {{Influence Co-production}} among {{Student Interns}}, {{Consumers}}, and {{Providers}} of {{Social}} and {{Public Health Services}}: {{Implications}} for {{Interprofessional Collaboration}} and {{Training}}},
  author = {Park, Sunggeun (Ethan) and Pinto, Rogerio Meireles},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--83},
  issn = {1937-1918},
  doi = {10.1080/19371918.2021.1974638},
  abstract = {Providers of public health and social services (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceproviders\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) develop and deliver services by engaging in interprofessional collaboration (IPC), from seeking external advice to making referrals and linkages to various social and public health services. Providers collaborate with consumers of social and public health services (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceconsumers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) and student interns (e.g., social work, public health) to explore, determine, and deliver relevant services through a process referred to as co-production. Both IPC and co-production are widespread strategies with the potential to improve service accessibility and quality. However, the intersection of co-production and IPC remains understudied. This study examines factors that influence co-production in IPC among service providers, consumers, and student interns. We used cross-sectional survey data from an NIMH-funded study, including 379 providers in 36 HIV-service organizations in New York City. We examined the relationships between providers' perspectives on co-production in IPC and multiple provider- and organization-level variables using random-effects logistic regression. Most respondents said that consumers and students in their agency participate in IPC on the issues that concern them. Providers who perceive greater flexibility in the IPC process were more likely to agree that their organizations' providers co-produced IPC. Organizational service offerings (i.e., multilingual services, a comprehensive range of services), job positions, and full-time employment status were strong predictors of co-production. Our findings indicate that intentional and inclusive models of flexible IPC are needed. Fostering co-production in the HIV service field requires more institutional support and incentives for organizations, providers, and student interns. Implications for research and practice are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {AIDS,Co-production,HIV,interprofessional collaboration,service consumer,social and health services,student intern}
}

@article{Parks2004,
  title = {Access to Work: {{The}} Effects of Spatial and Social Accessibility on Unemployment for Native-Born Black and Immigrant Women in {{Los Angeles}}},
  author = {Parks, V},
  year = {2004},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {80},
  number = {2},
  pages = {141--172},
  issn = {0013-0095},
  abstract = {This study contributes to the debates on both spatial mismatch and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial-network\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace mismatch by considering the independent effects of spatial and social accessibility on the unemployment of less-educated native-born black and immigrant women. These groups experience relatively high unemployment yet differ in the hypothesized capacities of their social networks. Using residential patterns and the by detailed geographic census data matched to travel data, I calculated an accessibility index to measure spatial job accessibility and used information on neighborhood characteristics and household composition to assess social accessibility. The results indicate that better spatial accessibility to jobs is associated with lower unemployment among native-born black and foreign-born Mexican and Vietnamese women; no association was detected among the remaining immigrant groups. The analysis yielded no empirical support for the advantages that residence in an enclave may provide female immigrant residents in the form of access to employment through social networks. In fact, the results point to detrimental effects of residence in an ethnic enclave for foreign-born Mexican and Vietnamese women. Finally, among all groups, living with other employed adults significantly and substantively decreased a woman's likelihood of unemployment, indicating the importance of household-based social accessibility for less-educated native-born black and immigrant women's employment outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment accessibility,female unemployment,immigrant labor markets,neighborhood effects,spatial mismatch}
}

@article{Parodi2008,
  title = {Disability in {{Italian}} Households: Income, Poverty and Labour Market Participation},
  author = {Parodi, Giuliana and Sciulli, Dario},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  volume = {40},
  number = {20},
  pages = {2615--2630},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036840600970211},
  abstract = {This article studies the economic effects of disabled members on Italian households, with the aim of identifying a suitable target group for welfare policies. Survey of Households Income and Wealth data for the year 2000 is used. Preliminary results show significant differences in levels of income and poverty diffusion to the detriment of households with disabled members. We propose an exogenous explanation: the replacement ratio between disability benefits and expected labour income shows that disability benefits do not compensate the potential incomes of the disabled person and of the possible carer, except in households with severe socioeconomic disadvantages. We also propose an endogenous explanation: applying a logit model we show that the labour market participation of the possible carer is reduced in households with disabled persons. In order to increase the income of the households with disabled members, policy recommendations include the provision of care services and structural policies to improve employment, income and educational opportunities for households at greatest disadvantage.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{ParreirasMartins2020,
  title = {Preparedness of Pharmacists to Respond to the Emergency of the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in {{Brazil}}: A Comprehensive Overview},
  author = {Parreiras Martins, Maria Auxiliadora and De Medeiros, Amanda Fonseca and {Carneiro de Almeida}, Claudmeire Dias and Moreira Reis, Adriano Max},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {DRUGS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& THERAPY PERSPECTIVES},
  volume = {36},
  number = {10},
  pages = {455--462},
  issn = {1172-0360},
  doi = {10.1007/s40267-020-00761-7},
  abstract = {The outbreak of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries is worrisome due to the social inequalities in these countries, their limited health budgets and the significant burden of other acute and chronic diseases. The leap in the number of cases in Brazil has imposed a huge strain on the healthcare system. We sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges encountered by pharmacy services in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic emergency in Brazil and discuss the role of clinical pharmacists in this context. Pharmaceutical services play a key role in the emergency response to the pandemic. The pharmacy workforce has been actively working to manage drug shortages, redesign workflow, and review drug formularies/protocols to improve safety for patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). COVID-19 patients may present high risk in the use of medications and clinical pharmacists can contribute substantially as part of a multidisciplinary team to improve outcomes in drug therapy in severe and critical illness. The participation of pharmacists as members of antimicrobial stewardship programs should be enhanced to ensure appropriate and safe use of antibiotics in this context. HCPs should be encouraged to seek improvements in the performance of pharmaceutical services and innovative practices to respond to the pandemic. Further studies are needed to generate knowledge on COVID-19 to improve patient care in vulnerable populations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Parsons2022,
  title = {Teenage Conduct Problems: A Lifetime of Disadvantage in the Labour Market?},
  author = {Parsons, Sam and Bryson, Alex and Sullivan, Alice},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS-NEW SERIES},
  issn = {0030-7653},
  doi = {10.1093/oep/gpac039},
  abstract = {Using data from British cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, we used quantile regression to investigate the impact of \textbackslash textasciigravemild' and \textbackslash textasciigravesevere' teenage conduct problems on months spent in paid employment or paid employment, education, and training (EET) between ages 17 and 42. Those with conduct problems spent significantly less time in employment or EET by age 42. The penalty grows in one's 20s and tends to persist thereafter. Among men, the participation gap was greatest among those with \textbackslash textasciigravesevere' teenage conduct problems and among those in the lower half of the participation distribution. There was no participation penalty arising from teenage conduct problems among the older generation of men in the top quartile of the participation distribution. Among women, conduct problems were associated with less time in employment and EET across the whole distribution of the participation distribution, and these penalties were greatest for women in the younger 1970 cohort.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {I12,J20,J64}
}

@article{Pastor2000,
  title = {Men n the Hood: {{Skill}}, Spatial, and Social Mismatch among Male Workers in {{Los Angeles County}}},
  author = {Pastor, M and Marcelli, {\relax EA}},
  year = {2000},
  month = sep,
  journal = {URBAN GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {21},
  number = {6},
  pages = {474--496},
  issn = {0272-3638},
  doi = {10.2747/0272-3638.21.6.474},
  abstract = {Using data from the Los Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality (LASUI)-part of a four-city,study that includes unique data on network connections as well as educational level, race/ethnicity, and English-language skills-we estimate how skill, spatial, and social mismatches influence labor market outcomes for employed male workers in Los Angeles County. We find that wage differences are impacted by both job growth in local areas and spatially based skill differences, as well as the quality of one's social network. Network quality matters most for Angles and recent Asian immigrants; spatially based skill mismatches are more important for African Americans, U.S.-born Latinos, U.S.-born Asians, and Angles; and job growth per se is most important for recent Asian immigrants. Results suggest that business-attraction strategies alone will not insure that local skill and network gaps will be overcome. Consequently, more innovative policies are needed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality,mismatch,networks,skill,spatial}
}

@article{Patel2010,
  title = {Mental Disorders: Equity and Social Determinants},
  author = {Patel, Vikram and Lund, Crick and Hatherill, Sean and Plagerson, Sophie and Corrigall, Joanne and Funk, Michelle and Flisher, Alan J.},
  editor = {Blas, E and Kurup, {\relax AS}},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {EQUITY, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES},
  pages = {115--134},
  abstract = {As with most nonconummicable diseases, the etiology of mental disorders is multifactorial, with risk determined by an interaction of genetic, other biological, psychological and social determinants. The large variation in the prevalence of most mental disorders between and within countries suggests that the social determinants have particular salience. This chapter focuses on social determinants with emphasis on evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and gives particular attention to two examples of mental disorders: depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These disorders were selected because they are each associated with a considerable burden, and there is a substantive evidence base that interventions for these disorders are effective and feasible. There are significantly increased rates of depression among low socioeconomic groups, and exposure to risk factors is disproportionately high in contexts characterized by social disadvantage where vulnerable groups are over represented. There is convincing evidence of an association between depression and stressful life events; exposure to violence and other crimes; chronic physical ill-health; low levels of educational attainment; conflict; disasters; stressful working environments; and female gender. Additionally, reasonable evidence implicates discrimination, income inequality, food insecurity, hunger, unemployment, toxins, urbanization, lack of housing, overcrowding, low social capital, poor sanitation and built environment, and minority ethnicity. Overall rates of mental health service use are generally lower amongst the disadvantaged. Low mental health literacy and stigma may reduce the ability of people with depression to use treatment services effectively. Further, depression is associated with negative physical health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, injuries, HIV/AIDS and various perinatal and reproductive conditions; consequences of these comorbidities may also show social gradients. While increased risk of ADHD is associated with lower socioeconomic status and lower parental education in high-income countries, research on ADHD from low- and middle-income countries is scarce and inconclusive. The expression of genetic susceptibility to ADHD appears to be moderated by environmental exposures. Fetal or neonatal hypoxia, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and antiepileptic medications, and HIV infection are all associated with ADHD, and these exposures all show social gradients. Also, male gender appears to confer additional risk. Children with ADHD experience adverse academic outcomes. Put simply, mental disorders are inequitably distributed, as people who are socially and economically disadvantaged bear a disproportionate burden of mental disorders and their adverse consequences. A vicious cycle of disadvantage and mental disorder is the result of the dynamic interrelationship between them. This chapter reviews a wealth of evidence on interventions that can break this cycle, by addressing both upstream social determinants and vulnerabilities, and downstream health outcomes and consequences through a combination of population- and individual-level actions. A key goal is for health care systems to be responsive to the mental health needs of the population. Efforts to increase coverage of cost-effective interventions must explicitly target disadvantaged populations and health impact assessments of macroeconomic policies must consider mental health outcomes. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains relatively scarce and more contextual research is required to inform mental health policy and practice. In particular, research is needed regarding the impacts of social and economic change on mental disorder, and the mechanisms through which protective factors strengthen resilience and promote mental health. Longitudinal monitoring of population mental health is crucial for this purpose.},
  isbn = {978-92-4-156397-0},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Patel2020,
  title = {How Might a National Minimum Wage Affect the Employment of Youth in {{South Africa}}?},
  author = {Patel, Leila and Khan, Zoheb and Englert, Thomas},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT SOUTHERN AFRICA},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {147--161},
  issn = {0376-835X},
  doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2018.1552556},
  abstract = {Labour market policies such as National Minimum Wages (NMW) are widely used in different countries to reduce poverty and inequality. Given the high and rising rate of youth unemployment in South Africa, we ask the question: how might a NMW affect the labour market outcomes of employed and unemployed youth? The perspectives of employed and unemployed youth aged 18-25 years were solicited through focus group discussions in five provinces. The findings suggest that a NMW could benefit youth engaged in formal employment, it could stimulate job-seeking for discouraged work seekers and is unlikely to crowd out investments in further education. However, the vast majority of unemployed youth will probably not benefit from a NMW. This is due to the multiple and complex needs of disadvantaged youth. Other social interventions are needed to address the youth unemployment crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {national minimum wages,South Africa,Youth employment,youth focused policies,youth minimum wages,youth perspectives,youth unemployment}
}

@article{Patterson2016,
  title = {Situational Judgement Tests in Medical Education and Training: {{Research}}, Theory and Practice: {{AMEE Guide No}}. 100},
  author = {Patterson, Fiona and Zibarras, Lara and Ashworth, Vicki},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {MEDICAL TEACHER},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--17},
  issn = {0142-159X},
  doi = {10.3109/0142159X.2015.1072619},
  abstract = {Why use SJTs? Traditionally, selection into medical education professions has focused primarily upon academic ability alone. This approach has been questioned more recently, as although academic attainment predicts performance early in training, research shows it has less predictive power for demonstrating competence in postgraduate clinical practice. Such evidence, coupled with an increasing focus on individuals working in healthcare roles displaying the core values of compassionate care, benevolence and respect, illustrates that individuals should be selected on attributes other than academic ability alone. Moreover, there are mounting calls to widen access to medicine, to ensure that selection methods do not unfairly disadvantage individuals from specific groups (e.g. regarding ethnicity or socio-economic status), so that the future workforce adequately represents society as a whole. These drivers necessitate a method of assessment that allows individuals to be selected on important non-academic attributes that are desirable in healthcare professionals, in a fair, reliable and valid way.What are SJTs? Situational judgement tests (SJTs) are tests used to assess individuals' reactions to a number of hypothetical role-relevant scenarios, which reflect situations candidates are likely to encounter in the target role. These scenarios are based on a detailed analysis of the role and should be developed in collaboration with subject matter experts, in order to accurately assess the key attributes that are associated with competent performance. From a theoretical perspective, SJTs are believed to measure prosocial Implicit Trait Policies (ITPs), which are shaped by socialisation processes that teach the utility of expressing certain traits in different settings such as agreeable expressions (e.g. helping others in need), or disagreeable actions (e.g. advancing ones own interest at others, expense).Are SJTs reliable, valid and fair? Several studies, including good quality meta-analytic and longitudinal research, consistently show that SJTs used in many different occupational groups are reliable and valid. Although there is over 40 years of research evidence available on SJTs, it is only within the past 10 years that SJTs have been used for recruitment into medicine. Specifically, evidence consistently shows that SJTs used in medical selection have good reliability, and predict performance across a range of medical professions, including performance in general practice, in early years (foundation training as a junior doctor) and for medical school admissions. In addition, SJTs have been found to have significant added value (incremental validity) over and above other selection methods such as knowledge tests, measures of cognitive ability, personality tests and application forms. Regarding differential attainment, generally SJTs have been found to have lower adverse impact compared to other selection methods, such as cognitive ability tests. SJTs have the benefit of being appropriate both for use in selection where candidates are novices (i.e. have no prior role experience or knowledge such as in medical school admissions) as well as settings where candidates have substantial job knowledge and specific experience (as in postgraduate recruitment for more senior roles). An SJT specification (e.g. scenario content, response instructions and format) may differ depending on the level of job knowledge required. Research consistently shows that SJTs are usually found to be positively received by candidates compared to other selection tests such as cognitive ability and personality tests. Practically, SJTs are difficult to design effectively, and significant expertise is required to build a reliable and valid SJT. Once designed however, SJTs are cost efficient to administer to large numbers of candidates compared to other tests of non-academic attributes (e.g. personal statements, structured interviews), as they are standardised and can be computer-delivered and machine-marked.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Patton2017,
  title = {Paid {{Parental Leave Policies}} and {{Infant Mortality Rates}} in {{OECD Countries}}: {{Policy Implications}} for the {{United States}}},
  author = {Patton, Dana and Costich, Julia F. and Lidstromer, Niklas},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--23},
  issn = {1948-4682},
  doi = {10.1002/wmh3.214},
  abstract = {Infant mortality is an important indicator of a nation's overall health and well-being because of its association with education, availability and accessibility of health services, and income inequality. In this paper, we examine the effect of job-protected paid parental leave on infant and post-neonatal mortality rates in 19 OECD countries from 1960 to 2012. We utilize a generalized least squares model controlling for a host of variables traditionally examined in studies of infant mortality rates, as well as year fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country time trends. We find a statistically significant association between job-protected paid parental leave and a reduction in both infant mortality rates and post-neonatal mortality rates. The findings are particularly relevant for policymakers in the United States, the only industrialized democracy in the world that does not provide job-protected paid parental leave to working women and men.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {infant mortality rate,OECD countries,paid parental leave}
}

@article{Paudel2021,
  title = {Exploration of {{Physical Activity Barriers}} and {{Facilitators Among Adults}} in {{Kathmandu}}, {{Nepal}}},
  author = {Paudel, Susan and Owen, Alice J. and Smith, Ben J.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH},
  volume = {31},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1183--1195},
  issn = {1049-7323},
  doi = {10.1177/1049732321993096},
  abstract = {Previous research suggests that a range of factors influence an individual's physical activity (PA) participation, but studies among Nepalese adults are limited. In this qualitative study, we aimed to explore the multilevel influences upon PA participation among community-dwelling adults aged 40 years and above living in an urban setting in Kathmandu, Nepal. Men (n = 21) and women (n = 30) were purposively sampled to participate in one of nine focus group discussions. Types of PA undertaken constituted activities related to housework, farm work, and active travel. Individual-level barriers included lack of knowledge, lack of motivation, perceptions of already being active, personal limitations, and lack of time. Interpersonal barriers included household responsibilities and lack of support. Broader environmental barriers included lack of infrastructure for active commuting, poor safety, rising use of motorized transport, lack of resting areas, weak social norms about PA, declining agricultural engagement, mechanization, and improved access to technology and facilities. Some differences were observed between the gender and disease groups. Health benefits, integration into domestic work, opportunities for social interaction, and social support were the facilitators. Interventions focusing on families, highlighting the short- and long-term benefits of PA, addressing gender roles, and ensuring women are better supported represent opportunities to promote PA. Community-based interventions will be essential to establish social norms around PA and improve social support.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adults,focus groups,Nepal,physical activity,qualitative,reflexive thematic analysis}
}

@article{Paudyal2020,
  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveIf I}} Die, {{I}} Die, {{I}} Don't Care about My Health': {{Perspectives}} on Self-Care of People Experiencing Homelessness},
  author = {Paudyal, Vibhu and MacLure, Katie and {Forbes-McKay}, Katrina and McKenzie, Myra and MacLeod, Joan and Smith, Ann and Stewart, Derek},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {160--172},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.12850},
  abstract = {Self-care, which refers to what people do to prevent disease and maintain good health, can alleviate negative health consequences of people experiencing homelessness. The aim of the study was to apply a theoretically informed approach in exploring engagement of people experiencing homelessness in self-care and to identify factors that can be targeted in future health and social care interventions. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 participants opportunistically recruited from a specialist homelessness healthcare centre of North East Scotland, the United Kingdom (UK). An interview schedule was developed based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Six aspects of self-care were explored, including (a) self-awareness of physical and mental health, (b) health literacy, including health seeking behaviour, (c) healthy eating, (d) risk avoidance or mitigation, (v) physical activity and sleep and (e) maintaining personal hygiene. Thematic analysis was conducted by two independent researchers following the Framework Approach. Participants described low engagement in self-care. Most of the barriers to engagement in self-care by participants were related to \textbackslash textasciigraveenvironmental context and resources' domain of TDF. Participants often resorted to stealing or begging for food. Many perceived having low health literacy to interpret health-related information. Visits to churches and charities to get a shower or to obtain free meals were commonplace. Participants expressed pessimism that there was \textbackslash textasciigravenothing' they could do to improve their health and described perceived barriers often too big for them to overcome. Alienation, lack of social support and the perception that they had done irreversible damage to their health prevented their involvement in self-care. The theme of \textbackslash textasciigravesocial circle' held examples of both enabler and barriers in participants' uptake of risky behaviours. Health and social services should work with persons experiencing homelessness in designing and delivering targeted interventions that address contextual barriers, multi-morbidity, health literacy and self-efficacy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health behaviours,homelessness,self-care}
}

@book{Pauhofova2010,
  title = {{Regional income stratification of the population in Slovakia}},
  author = {Pauhofova, Iveta},
  editor = {Pauhofova, I and Hudec, O and Zelinsky, T},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {SOCIALNY KAPITAL, LUDSKY KAPITAL A CHUDOBA V REGIONOCH SLOVENSKA: SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS},
  abstract = {Article describes income disparities in various regions and various social groups in Slovakia. The goal of such analysis is to fulfill the targets of social poky with limited budget, not only during the crisis. Data used for the analysis are individual data from administrative sources. They cover whole population of Slovakia. However number of explanatory variables is lower, which limits some of the methods. Various social groups are studied. They are mainly working population, retired population and unemployed/inactive people, including intersections among these groups. The income is understood as net income, either from employment or from social benefits. The income disparities were quantified by several measurments. They included Gini coefficient which described inequality of the income distribution. Later, pyramids of income distribution were studied. These showed objective development of income through time. Using individual data it is possible to identify income disparities and stratification on the level of regions and districts. This allows to put into practice effective social policy..},
  isbn = {978-80-553-0573-8},
  langid = {slovak},
  keywords = {income stratification,Incomes,Slovakia},
  note = {Conference on Social Capital, Human Capital and Poverty in the Regions of Slovakia, Herlany, SLOVAKIA, OCT 13, 2010}
}

@article{Paul2022,
  title = {Using Wireless Technology to Support Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Vocational Settings: {{A}} Focus Group Study},
  author = {Paul, Claire Donehower and Thomas, Erin Vinoski and Marelle, Chelsea and Hussain, Sharish Z. and Doulin, Allison M. and Jimenez, Eliseo},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3},
  pages = {303--312},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-221193},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: The benefits of successful integrated employment for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are immense. However, barriers contributing to high rates of unemployment among people with IDD, such as lack of appropriate training for employers and inadequate supports, are still widespread. Ensuring access to technology in the workplace is one method to support employees with IDD and mitigate those barriers. Furthermore, assistive technology may provide a simple and cost-effective intervention in the vocational setting. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we conducted a series of focus groups with adults with IDD and their family members to explore the use of technology by individuals with IDD in vocational contexts. METHODS: We used a qualitative descriptive approach to frame the study design. Data were analyzed using a multi-cycle thematic coding process. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged from the analysis: participants' wireless/wearable technology use, benefits and facilitators of technology use at work, barriers and challenges to technology use at work, and expectations for and outcomes associated with technology supports in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS: Findings have the potential to impact employer education and training on benefits of appropriate technology use for individuals with IDD at work, onboarding and training of individuals with IDD when using technology at work, and funding responsibility for technology in the workplace.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {developmental disabilities,Intellectual disabilities,vocational,wireless technology}
}

@article{PayaCastiblanque2020,
  title = {Inequalities and the {{Impact}} of {{Job Insecurity}} on {{Health Indicators}} in the {{Spanish Workforce}}},
  author = {Paya Castiblanque, Raul and Beneyto Calatayud, Pere J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {16},
  doi = {10.3390/su12166425},
  abstract = {In a context of high job insecurity resulting from social deregulation policies, this research aims to study health and substance abuse inequalities in the workplace from a gender perspective. To this end, a transversal study was carried out based on microdata from the National Health Survey in Spain-2017, selecting the active population and calculating the prevalence of the state of health and consumption, according to socio-occupational factors (work relationship, social occupational class, time and type of working day). Odds ratios adjusted by socio-demographic variables and their 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals were estimated by means of binary logistic regressions stratified by sex. The results obtained showed two differentiated patterns of health and consumption. On the one hand, unemployed people and those from more vulnerable social classes showed a higher prevalence of both chronic depression and anxiety and of hypnosedative and tobacco use. On the other hand, the better positioned social classes reported greater work stress and alcohol consumption. In addition, while unemployment affected men's health more intensely, women were more affected by the type of working day. The study can be used to design sustainable preventive occupational health policies, which should at least aim at improving the quantity and quality of employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender inequalities,health and consumption indicators,job insecurity,sustainable preventive policies}
}

@article{Peckham2022,
  title = {Do {{Different Patterns}} of {{Employment Quality Contribute}} to {{Gender Health Inequities}} in the {{US}}? {{A Cross-Sectional Mediation Analysis}}},
  author = {Peckham, Trevor and Seixas, Noah and {de Castro}, A. B. and Hajat, Anjum},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {18},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph191811237},
  abstract = {Compared to recent generations, workers today generally experience poorer quality employment across both contractual (e.g., wages, hours) and relational (e.g., participation in decision-making, power dynamics) dimensions within the worker-employer relationship. Recent research shows that women are more likely to experience poor-quality employment and that these conditions are associated with adverse health effects, suggesting employment relations may contribute to gender inequities in health. We analyzed data from the General Social Survey (2002-2018) to explore whether the multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ) mediates the relationship between gender and health among a representative, cross-sectional sample of U.S. wage earners. Using a counterfactually-based causal mediation framework, we found that EQ plays a meaningful role in a gender-health relationship, and that if the distribution of EQ among women was equal to that observed in men, the probability of reporting poor self-reported health and frequent mental distress among women would be lower by 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Confidence Interval: 0.5-2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and 2.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.6-4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), respectively. Our use of a multidimensional, typological measure of EQ allowed our analysis to better account for substantial heterogeneity in the configuration of contemporary employment arrangements. Additionally, this study is one of the first mediation analyses with a nominal mediator within the epidemiologic literature. Our results highlight EQ as a potential target for intervention to reduce gender inequities in health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment quality,gender inequities in health,latent class analysis,mediation analyses,precarious employment}
}

@article{Pedersen2022,
  title = {Differences in Work Participation between Incident Colon and Rectal Cancer Patients-a 10-Year Follow-up Study with Matched Controls},
  author = {Pedersen, Pernille and Laurberg, Soren and Andersen, Niels Trolle and Steenstra, Ivan and Nielsen, Claus Vinther and Maribo, Thomas and Juul, Therese},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CANCER SURVIVORSHIP},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {73--85},
  issn = {1932-2259},
  doi = {10.1007/s11764-021-01005-x},
  abstract = {Purpose Work-related issues have become increasingly relevant for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, since the cancer is detected at an earlier age due to screening. The aim was to evaluate work participation up to 10 years after colon or rectal cancer diagnosis compared between diagnosis and to a matched cancer-free population. Methods In this national register-based cohort study, all first-time CRC patients in the period 2000-2015 with no previous cancer, between 20 and 60 years, were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. A control group with no previous cancer was matched on gender, age, education, and income. For each year a mean Work Participation Score (WPS) was calculated (a percentage of weeks working) for individuals part of the labour market. Results A total of 5625 colon cancer patients and 3856 rectal cancer patients and 25,341 and 17,256 matched controls were included in the study, respectively. The WPS increased for colon cancer patients from 45.69\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 1 year to 83.94\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 4 years, while rectal cancer patients had a score of 38.07\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 1 year and 80.07\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 4 years. The WPS was lower for cancer patients compared with controls, but the difference decreased after 4 years. Conclusion CRC patients had a lower work participation up to 10 years after diagnosis compared with controls, while rectal cancer patients had a lower participation the first 7 years after diagnosis compared with colon cancer patients. Implications for cancer survivors Work-related issues should be considered in the early stage of rehabilitation to increase work participation and thereby improve quality of life.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Colon cancer,Employment,Matched controls,Rectal cancer,Rehabilitation}
}

@article{Pega2013,
  title = {In-Work Tax Credits for Families and Their Impact on Health Status in Adults},
  author = {Pega, Frank and Carter, Kristie and Blakely, Tony and Lucas, Patricia J.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1469-493X},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009963.pub2},
  abstract = {Background By improving two social determinants of health (poverty and unemployment) in low-and middle-income families on or at risk of welfare, in-work tax credit for families (IWTC) interventions could impact health status and outcomes in adults. Objectives To assess the effects of IWTCs on health outcomes in working-age adults (18 to 64 years). Search methods We searched 16 electronic academic databases, including the Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 7), MEDLINE and EMBASE, as well as six grey literature databases between July and September 2012 for records published between January 1980 and July 2012. We also searched key organisational websites, handsearched reference lists of included records and relevant journals, and contacted academic experts. Selection criteria We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials and cohort, controlled before-and-after (CBA) and interrupted time series (ITS) studies of IWTCs in working-age adults. Included primary outcomes were: self rated general health; mental health/psychological distress; mental illness; overweight/obesity; alcohol use and tobacco use. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in included studies. We contacted study authors to obtain missing information. Main results Five studies (one CBA and four ITS) comprising a total of 5,677,383 participants (all women) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were synthesised narratively. The in-work tax credit intervention assessed in all included studies is the permanent Earned Income Tax Credit in the United States, established in 1975. This intervention distributed nearly USD 62 billion to over 27 million individuals in 2011, and its administration costs were less than one per cent of its total costs. All included studies carried a high risk of bias (especially from confounding and insufficient control for underlying time trends). Due to the small number of (observational) studies and their high risk of bias, we judged this body of evidence to have very low overall quality. One study found that IWTC had no detectable effect on self rated general health and mental health/psychological distress five years after its implementation (i.e. a considerable change in the generosity of the permanent IWTC) and on overweight/obesity eight years after implementation. One study found no effect of IWTC on tobacco use five years after implementation, one a moderate reduction in tobacco use one year after implementation (odds ratio 0.95, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 0.96), and one differential effects, with no effect in African-Americans and a large reduction in European-Americans two years after implementation (risk difference -11.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -20.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% to -1.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). No evidence was available for the effect of IWTC on mental illness and alcohol use. No adverse effects of IWTC were identified. One study also found no detectable effect of IWTC on the number of bad physical health days and of risky biomarkers for inflammation, cardiovascular disease and metabolic conditions eight years after implementation. One study found that IWTC had a large, positive effect on income from wages or salaries one year after implementation. Two studies found no effect on employment two and five years after implementation, whereas two found a moderate increase five and eight years after implementation and one a large increase in employment due to IWTC one year after implementation. No differences in outcomes between groups with different educational status were found for self rated health and mental health/psychological distress. In one study European-American women with lower levels of education were more likely to reduce tobacco use, while tobacco use did not change among African-American women with lower levels of education. However, no differences in tobacco use by educational status were observed in a second study. Two studies found that the intervention may have reduced inequity with respect to employment, where women with less education were more likely to move into employment (although one did not establish whether this difference was statistically significant), while two studies found no such difference and no studies found differences by ethnic group on employment rates. Authors' conclusions In summary, the small and methodologically limited existing body of evidence with a high risk of bias provides no evidence for an effect of in-work tax credit for families interventions on health status (except for mixed evidence for tobacco smoking) in adults.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pei2023,
  title = {Urban {{On-Demand Delivery}} via {{Autonomous Aerial Mobility}}: {{Formulation}} and {{Exact Algorithm}}},
  author = {Pei, Zhi and Fang, Tao and Weng, Kebiao and Yi, Wenchao},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1675--1689},
  issn = {1545-5955},
  doi = {10.1109/TASE.2022.3184324},
  abstract = {The implementation of the autonomous unmanned aerial mobility is a game changer for the on-demand delivery service in the crowded urban setting. In this study, the first of its kind commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) urban delivery program in China is targeted. Different from the traditional ground pickup and delivery services, the aerial mode considers not only the time window constraints, but also the spatial conflicts incurred during the take-off and landing operations of UAVs. To obtain the optimal flying routes of the focused problem, a mixed integer programming model is formulated. Due to its inherent complexity, the optimal schedule cannot be attained within acceptable time via the off-the-shelf solvers. To help speed up the solving process, a branch-and-cut based exact algorithm is proposed, together with a series of customized valid inequalities. To further accelerate, a greedy insertion heuristic is designed to secure high-quality initial solutions. In the numerical section, it is observed that the algorithm proposed in this paper can help solve the real-life on-demand UAV delivery problem to near optimum (within 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% optimality gap) within reasonable computation time (in 5 minutes). Note to Practitioners-With the increase of labor cost, the distribution cost increases very rapidly. In the meantime, the employment of automated vehicles for logistics reshapes the landscape of the urban last-mile delivery. As an efficient courier carrier, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is trending the autonomous delivery endeavour. When integrating UAVs into the urban delivery program, practitioners need to pay special attention to the scheduling of UAVs at the operational level in addition to the hardware of the UAVs. To help solve the UAV dispatch problem, we propose an online scheduling scheme, considering the spatial conflict constraints in the actual UAV operations. And an exact algorithm is designed to accelerate the solving process. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve near optimal dispatch plan with 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% optimality gap in 5 minutes. Furthermore, it is discovered that the demand pooling is an essential decision to make for UAV-based delivery. Longer pooling time can increase the UAV efficiency with more realized demand information, but too much pooling could lead to prolonged customer waiting and a low service level.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Peluffo2013,
  title = {Assessing Labor Market Impacts of Trade Opening in {{Uruguay}}},
  author = {Peluffo, Adriana},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {SPRINGERPLUS},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {2193-1801},
  doi = {10.1186/2193-1801-2-219},
  abstract = {The analysis of the links between trade policy and labor market outcomes has developed in recent decades, prompt up by the concerns about the effects of the increasing globalization process in which trade plays a major role. In this work we analyze the impact of the increase in trade liberalization, as a consequence of Mercosur's creation on employment, income and wage dispersion at the individual level. To this aim we use data from the Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH) for the period 1988 and 1996 and apply impact evaluation techniques in order to isolate the effects of trade reforms from other policies at work during the period. One of the most robust findings that emerge using difference-in-difference regressions as well as double robust estimators and inverse probability weighting, is that in the period following Mercosur's creation there was an increase in monthly earnings and hourly labor earnings as well as a significant increase in the probability of unemployment and increased wage dispersion.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Labor markets,Trade,Trade and labor market interactions,Wages}
}

@article{PenaSanchez2022,
  title = {{Public spending in health and socio-economic development in the Spanish Regions: Evolution of disparities in last decades}},
  author = {Pena Sanchez, Antonio Rafael and Jimenez Garcia, Mercedes and Ruiz Chico, Jose},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {124},
  pages = {157--199},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {The general objective of this work is to study the level of socio-economic development of an economy as an explanatory factor for public health expenditure. To do so, this general objective will be broken down into three specific ones: firstly, the Spanish position in terms of health expenditure in the countries of the Economic and Monetary Union as a whole will be studied; secondly, the relationship between public health expenditure per capita and GDP per capita will be analysed; and thirdly, the level of convergence experienced by public health expenditure at a regional level in the Spanish economy will be studied. This analysis allows us to observe whether territorial public spending has evolved in a similar way in all Spanish regions, placing the country's inhabitants in the same situation in this respect, or if, on the contrary, the evolution of health spending has been more unequal in the period analysed. This would show whether disparities in health expenditure are occurring between people living in the same country, according to the region in which they reside, establishing a pattern which allows us to distinguish whether health expenditure is and has been greater in regions with a higher socio-economic level or the opposite. In this way, it will be possible to define the level of socio-economic development (measured by the GDP per capita) as a determining factor of health expenditure per capita in all the Spanish regions in the period analysed (in principle 2000-2018), since it covers the last two decades and there is sufficient data to carry out a serious and rigorous study. The availability of databases on health expenditure implies that several statistical sources can be used. The aim of this research was to have a variety of statistical sources to enable a sufficiently long period of time to be covered for the study to be focused on structural issues, and not just on purely conjunctural aspects. This undoubtedly favours the achievement of more rigorous and timely reflections in studies of this type. The statistical sources used in this paper are as follows: Satellite Accounts on Public Health Expenditure (Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of the Government of Spain); Satellite Accounts on Public Health Expenditure (Spanish Regional Accounts of the National Statistics Institute); Data on Health, Dependency and Pensions (Foundation for Applied Economic Studies); Public Health Expenditure (Valencian Institute of Economic Research); General State Budgets General Intervention of the State Administration (Ministry of Finance of the Government of Spain); and Health Accounts System (Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of the Government of Spain); and Macroeconomic Data (Expansion Edition). With regard to the methodology used to address the proposed objectives, in addition to the description of the data presented, based on a territorial approach, the evolution of these variables and the possible relationship between them will be analysed, based on the correlation between them. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to establish the link between territorial economic development and the level of regional health expenditure by means of an econometric estimate. Similarly, another attempt will be made to measure the evolution of existing territorial disparities on the basis of indicators such as sigma convergence, beta convergence, the Theil index, and other indices that will make it possible to examine whether regional differences have been reduced or, on the contrary, intensified in the period analysed. An analysis of the evolution of public health expenditure per inhabitant and its link with the level of socio-economic development of the Spanish regions shows that the levels of public health expenditure per capita and socio-economic development are closely linked in these regions. The conclusions drawn from the study are presented below. Public health expenditure is an aspect that has a relevant influence on the whole population, so it guarantees equal opportunities and its distribution undoubtedly allows for social and territorial cohesion. In general, the public administrations of the countries with the highest level of income in the Economic and Monetary Union tend to make a greater effort to invest in public health, which may reflect the fact that health expenditure is closely linked to the level of economic development of the countries. Public health expenditure in Spain has accounted for around 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of total public expenditure over the period analysed, and is, therefore, an element that can be used by territorial public administrations to try to stimulate the equalisation of opportunities for the population in each of the Autonomous Communities, as well as to promote the socio-economic cohesion of the Spanish regions. The distribution of public health expenditure among the Spanish geographical areas has been closely related to the territorial distribution of the population in the period analysed, but there are still strong regional differences in public health expenditure per inhabitant, which makes it somewhat difficult to achieve socio-economic equality among the Spanish Autonomous Communities. Furthermore, the growth of public health expenditure has been more positive than that of the Gross Domestic Product in the Spanish economy in the period studied, which has meant that public health expenditure per GDP has advanced positively not only at a national level, but also in all Spanish regions. However, it is necessary to point out that the intensity of growth at a regional level has not been equitable, but rather has been very uneven. It is also noted that the level of economic development is a determining factor in public health expenditure per capita. Logically, this has a fundamental impact on the process of territorial cohesion and equal opportunities that the Spanish economy is seeking. Regional disparities in public health expenditure per inhabitant have increased in the period 1995-2017 in the Spanish economy, as shown by the sigma convergence indicator, the Theil index and the applied inequality index. The breakdown of the Theil index shows how the increase in territorial differences in public health expenditure has been due to an increase of almost 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the regional investment effort in public health expenditure per GDP and almost 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the level of economic development of the Spanish regions. Moreover, according to the indicator of contribution to inequality, the regions with the highest share of inequality are Andalusia, the Basque Country and Madrid. The study shows that it would be desirable to reduce the range of dispersion between regions in the level of public health expenditure per inhabitant. Moreover, it is essential to identify the determinants of these interregional differences since they are a real obstacle to guarantee equal opportunities in the access to this type of services and to achieve higher levels of welfare in the population. Furthermore, it is crucial to establish a system that adequately protects the public health services provided by the territorial administrations in the face of the economic crisis and the fall in public revenue experienced in Spain over the last decade. Four key issues for the future are considered necessary: a) the sustainability of public health expenditure requires medium and long-term financial planning that is prudent and complemented by predictable funds provided in years of economic prosperity; b) the high territorial disparities in public health expenditure need to be carefully monitored and reviewed as they call into question equal opportunities policies; c) institutional loyalty must be adequately promoted so that territorial public administrations share the priority of these policies and can provide them with the corresponding funds; in this sense, a serious and rigorous debate on the level of sustainable public health expenditure must be addressed as soon as possible, taking into account the restrictions established by the high public deficit and the high public debt of the Spanish economy; and d) the regional financing systems must be adapted to the constitutional commitments to inter-territorial equity. In any case, it is suggested to maintain the economic growth that allows contracting the economic disparities of the Spanish regions, in order to reduce the current differences in the public health expenditure per inhabitant.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Level of economic development,Pubic health expenditure,Regional analysis,Sigma convergence,Theil index}
}

@article{Pensiero2017,
  title = {In-House or Outsourced Public Services? {{A}} Social and Economic Analysis of the Impact of Spending Policy on the Private Wage Share in {{OECD}} Countries},
  author = {Pensiero, Nicola},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {58},
  number = {4},
  pages = {333--351},
  issn = {0020-7152},
  doi = {10.1177/0020715217726837},
  abstract = {This article analyses the relationship between government spending and the distribution of private income between capital and labour. While most previous research assumes that government spending redistributes in favour of the less wealthy, I distinguish between types of expenditures that enhance the bargaining position of labour - that is, unemployment benefits, public sector employment and investment in new capital - and labour-saving and pro-business types of expenditures - that is, outsourcing to private firms. The results are derived from various panel regression techniques on a panel of 19 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in the period 1985-2010 and show that expenditures on public sector employment and, to a lesser extent, on new capital prevented the private wage share from declining further, even after controlling for labour market institutions, globalisation and technological change. Conversely, expenditures on outsourcing substantially contributed to reducing the private wage share. Unemployment benefits had a non-significant and negative effect on the private wage share because their increase was the consequence of higher levels of unemployment rather than policy. Implications for theory and policy are drawn, including the support for a public employment-led spending policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Government outsourcing,income inequality,power relations,public sector employment,spending policy,wage share}
}

@article{Peppercorn2017,
  title = {Impact of the {{Elimination}} of {{Cost Sharing}} for {{Mammographic Breast Cancer Screening Among Rural US Women}}: {{A Natural Experiment}}},
  author = {Peppercorn, Jeffrey and Horick, Nora and Houck, Kevin and Rabin, Julia and Villagra, Victor and Lyman, Gary H. and Wheeler, Stephanie B.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {CANCER},
  volume = {123},
  number = {13},
  pages = {2506--2515},
  issn = {0008-543X},
  doi = {10.1002/cncr.30629},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rural US women experience disparities in breast cancer screening and outcomes. In 2006, a national rural health insurance provider, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), eliminated out-of-pocket costs for screening mammography. METHODS: This study evaluated the elimination of cost sharing as a natural experiment: it compared trends in screening before and after the policy change. NRECA insurance claims data were used to identify all women aged 40 to 64 years who were eligible for breast cancer screening, and mammography utilization from 1998 through 2011 was evaluated. Repeated measures regression models were used to evaluate changes in utilization over time and the association between screening and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: The analysis was based on 45,738 women enrolled in the NRECA membership database for an average of 6.1 years and included 279,940 person-years of enrollment. Between 1998 and 2011, the annual screening rate increased from 35\textbackslash textbackslash\% to a peak of 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women aged 40 to 49 years and from 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 58\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women aged 50 to 64 years. The biennial screening rate increased from 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% for women aged 40 to 49 years and from 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% for women aged 50 to 64 years. Screening rates increased significantly (P {$<$} .0001) after the elimination of cost sharing and then declined slightly after changes to government screening guidelines in 2009. Younger women experienced greater increases in both annual screening (6.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and biennial screening (5.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) after the elimination of cost sharing in comparison with older women (3.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 2.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, rural residence, lower population income, and lower population education were associated with modestly lower screening. CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample of predominantly rural working-age women, the elimination of cost sharing correlated with increased breast cancer screening. (C) 2017 American Cancer Society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to care,breast cancer screening,disparities,health policy,rural health}
}

@article{Perales2015,
  title = {Looking {{Inwards}}: {{Towards}} a {{Geographically Sensitive Approach}} to {{Occupational Sex Segregation}}},
  author = {Perales, Francisco and Vidal, Sergi},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {REGIONAL STUDIES},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {582--598},
  issn = {0034-3404},
  doi = {10.1080/00343404.2013.786828},
  abstract = {Perales F. and Vidal S. Looking inwards: towards a geographically sensitive approach to occupational sex segregation, Regional Studies. This article questions implicit assumptions in the literature and explores the issue of occupational sex segregation from a geographical standpoint. Specifically, variation in the gender compositions of occupations, the degree of occupational sex dissimilarity, and the impact of occupational feminization on wages across local labour markets in England and Wales is uncovered and explained. These findings imply that occupational sex segregation and its outcomes are contingent on the local context, that policies aimed at achieving gender equality at work should be channelled through local authorities, and that further research should be devoted to exploring systematically the multiple intersections between geographical space and gender equality at work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Britain,Gender,J16,J24,J31,Local labour markets,Occupation,R12,Sex segregation,Wages}
}

@article{Pereira2022,
  title = {Impact of the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic on the Hours Lost by Self-Employed Racial Minorities: Evidence from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Pereira, Igor and Patel, Pankaj C.},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {769--805},
  issn = {0921-898X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-021-00529-x},
  abstract = {Drawing on minority enclave theory and resilience theory in entrepreneurship, we test whether, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the self-employed lost more hours than the employed and whether traditionally disadvantaged self-employed racial minorities faced harsher penalties in the form of reduced hours of work. Though spatially concentrated ethnic minority colocations could improve business outcomes in the non-crisis period, with the pandemic affecting all the members in the enclave, the very dependencies in minority enclaves could be a liability. Using a large-scale survey during the COVID-19 pandemic conducted by the Brazilian government, we draw on a one-to-one nearest neighbor matched pair sample of 19,626 employed (public or private sector) and self-employed individuals, and control for industry-sector-interview-location fixed effects. The results show that self-employed people, compared to employed, reported a greater loss of hours. At the sample level, black self-employed people on aggregate lost 9,051 hours per month, and mixed race self-employed people on aggregate lost 27,880 hours per month. The disproportionate loss of work hours by the self-employed from racial minority groups during the COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country context calls for a closer examination and assessment of the long-term impact of COVID-19 on racial minorities. Plain English Summary Large-scale evidence from Brazil: racial minorities lost more hours per month than other groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. Racial minorities face systemic discrimination in setting up and developing their businesses, especially in developing countries. We test whether during the COVID-19 pandemic self-employed racial minorities in Brazil lost more hours of work relative to employed racial minorities. We create a matched sample of employed and self-employed individuals based on age, sex, education categories, COVID-19 self-reported symptom index, income deciles, house ownership categories, week of the interview, state of the interview, and industry. We find that across racial minority groups, the hours lost by the self-employed were substantive during the pandemic, signaling that Brazilian policymakers should pay greater attention to the relief funds allocated to and policies geared towards self-employed racial minorities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brazil,COVID-19,Minority,Race,Self-employed}
}

@article{Perez-Eransus2020,
  title = {Understanding {{Social Exclusion}} through {{Minimum Income Recipients}}' {{Living Conditions}}: {{Proposals}} Fora {{New Institutional Social Inclusion Strategy}}},
  author = {{Perez-Eransus}, Begona and {Martinez-Virto}, Lucia},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {INTERSECTIONS-EAST EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND POLITICS},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {154--175},
  doi = {10.17356/ieejsp.v6i2.614},
  abstract = {There is a long academic and institutional trajectory that understands social exclusion as an accumulation of barriers that hinder social participation. However, stereotypes about misuse and dependency on social benefits continue to be widespread in society. Fighting poverty is the first objective of sustainable development and the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Commitment is needed from institutions to disseminate real information about people living in exclusion. This study of the living conditions of Minimum Income recipients in Navarre (Spain) shows that households that stay longer in the scheme encounter serious obstacles accessing employment, including unrecognized physical and mental illnesses, are required to care for dependents, or have weak job skills. The related study was conducted through a database analysis of 14,000 benefit recipients and in-depth interviews with 20 recipients.(1) The results show that inclusion through work continues to play a central role in the fight against social exclusion. However, this remains a difficult goal to achieve for many recipients, and employment does not always guarantee social inclusion due to harsh conditions and low salaries. This article recognizes the inclusive potential of economic benefits, since they prevent the deterioration of living conditions and favor social participation. Finally, it suggests a new institutional strategy based on two activities: designing inclusion-based activities around the real needs of poor people, and promoting the commitment of all actors and agents in society in the fight against poverty.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inclusion policy,institutional strategy,minimum income benefits,poverty,social exclusion,UN Sustainable Development Goals}
}

@article{Perez-SalameroGonzalez2021,
  title = {Differences in {{Life Expectancy Between Self-Employed Workers}} and {{Paid Employees}} When {{Retirement Pensioners}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Spanish Social Security Records}}},
  author = {{Perez-Salamero Gonzalez}, Juan Manuel and {Regulez-Castillo}, Marta and {Vidal-Melia}, Carlos},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {697--725},
  issn = {0168-6577},
  doi = {10.1007/s10680-021-09585-1},
  abstract = {The aim of this paper is to examine differences in life expectancy (LE) between self-employed (SE) and paid employee (PE) workers when they become retirement pensioners, looking at levels of pension income using administrative data from Spanish social security records. We draw on the Continuous Sample of Working Lives (CSWL) to quantify changes in total life expectancy at age 65 (LE65) among retired men over the longest possible period covered by this data source: 2005-2018. These changes are broken down by pension regime and initial pension income level for three periods. The literature presents mixed evidence, even for the same country-for Japan and Italy, for example-with some studies pointing to higher life expectancy for SE than for PE retirement pensioners while others argue the opposite. In Spain, LE65 is slightly higher for the SE than for PE workers when retirement pensioners. For 2005-2010, a gap in life expectancy of 0.23 years between SE and PE retirement pensioners is observed. This widens to 0.55 years for 2014-2018. A similar trend can be seen if pension income groups are considered. For 2005-2010, the gap in LE65 between pensioners in the lowest and highest income groups is 1.20 years. This widens over time and reaches 1.51 years for 2014-2018. Although these differences are relatively small, they are statistically significant. According to our research, the implications for policy on social security are evident: differences in life expectancy by socioeconomic status and pension regime should be taken into account for a variety of issues involving social security schemes. These include establishing the age of eligibility for retirement pensions and early access to benefits, computing the annuity factors used to determine initial retirement benefits and valuing the liabilities taken on for retirement pensioners.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Continuous sample of working lives,Life expectancy,Paid employees,Retirement,Self-employed,Spain}
}

@article{Perez2022,
  title = {The Changing Role of Employment and Alternative Income Sources among the Urban Poor: A Systematic Literature Review},
  author = {Perez, V and {Hernandez-Solano}, A. and Teruel, G. and Reyes, M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {124--143},
  issn = {1946-3138},
  doi = {10.1080/19463138.2022.2082444},
  abstract = {We perform a systematic review of the literature on the association between income, employment, and urban poverty from a multidisciplinary perspective. Our results, derived from the analysis of 243 articles, confirm the significant role of employment in the urban poor's lives, highlighting several factors that constrain their ability to improve their labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, among others. Furthermore, the paper finds different strategies used by the poor to promote their inclusion in their city's economy. We found a major bias towards research focused on advanced economies, stressing the need for development studies dealing with the specific challenges of developing economies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {relevant,review,snowball\_source},
  note = {summary: multi-disciplinary systematic review of association between income, employment, urban poverty. n=243 articles, academic focus on advanced economies; finds significant role of employment in life of urban poor;
\par
findings: most relevant barriers for improving labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, inadequate human capital
\par
\# Inequality
\par
[@Perez2022] identify a multitude of factors which ultimately affect income, employment and urban poverty.
\par
Among them:
\par
gender inequality, through traditional gender roles and lack of empowerment, a lack of childcare, or inequal domestic work;
\par
low human capital, which can originate through pre-existing inequalities,
\par
spatial inequality, through lack of access to transportation, residential segregation or discrimination, limited access to work,
\par
the inter-generational persistence of poverty as well as the impacts of pre-existing inequalities such as lower human capital or larger household sizes;
\par
and external factors such as extreme weather events or inflation.
\par
Strategies to reduce poverty/unemployment are:
\par
participation in informal sectors or illegal activities, 
\par
credit programs, 
\par
consumption from informal food sources,
\par
family and institutional support for childcare,
\par
guaranteed minimum income or universal basic income and/or living wage,
\par
income diversification,
\par
commuting subsidies,
\par
housing mobility programs, and
\par
migration.},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GN2BERMB/figure-factors-affecting-poverty.png;/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IR9S4BNR/Perez et al_2022_The changing role of employment and alternative income sources among the urban.pdf}
}

@article{Peric2021,
  title = {Foreign {{Direct Investments}} and {{Labour Force Indicators}} in {{Transition Economies}}: {{Linear Mixed-Effects Models Impact Analysis}}},
  author = {Peric, Milica and Filipovic, Sanja},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGIA},
  volume = {53},
  number = {3},
  pages = {238--265},
  issn = {0049-1225},
  doi = {10.31577/sociologia.2021.53.3.9},
  abstract = {Main objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investments (FDI) on labour force in transition economies, through monitoring and quantification of selected labour force market indicators. This research analyses and discusses the effects of FDI inward flow on labour force indicators in transition economies from the economic and social point of view (i.e. quality of life of labour force). The paper argues that FDI inward flow should have a positive effect on labour force, through the increase of employment growth rate, wages, and reduction of income inequality. Data processing was done by applying Linear Mixed-Effects Models on 17 transition countries during the period 2000 - 2017. The findings show a positive and significant impact of FDI inward flow on employment rate and on wages and salaries, while the impact of FDI inward flow on income inequality is uncertain. Finally, there are policy and future research recommendations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,Foreign direct investments,income inequality,transition economies,wages}
}

@article{Perreira2011,
  title = {The {{Physical}} and {{Psychological Well-Being}} of {{Immigrant Children}}},
  author = {Perreira, Krista M. and Ornelas, India J.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {195--218},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  abstract = {Poor childhood health contributes to lower socioeconomic status in adulthood. Subsequently, low socioeconomic status among parents contributes to poor childhood health outcomes in the next generation. This cycle can be particularly pernicious for vulnerable and low-income minority populations, including many children of immigrants. And because of the rapid growth in the numbers of immigrant children, this cycle also has implications for the nation as a whole. By promoting the physical well-being and emotional health of children of immigrants, health professionals and policy makers can ultimately improve the long-term economic prospects of the next generation. Despite their poorer socioeconomic circumstances and the stress associated with migration and acculturation, foreign-born children who immigrate to the United States typically have lower mortality and morbidity risks than U. S. children born to immigrant parents. Over time, however, and across generations, the health advantage of immigrant children fades. For example, researchers have found that the share of adolescents who are overweight or obese, a key indicator of physical health, is lowest for foreign-born youth, but these shares grow larger for each generation and increase rapidly as youth transition into adulthood. Access to health care substantially influences the physical and emotional health status of immigrant children. Less likely to have health insurance and regular access to medical care services than nonimmigrants, immigrant parents delay or forgo needed care for their children. When children finally receive care, it is often in the emergency room after an urgent condition has developed. To better promote the health of children of immigrants, health researchers and reformers must improve their understanding of the unique experiences of immigrant children; increase access to medical care and the capacity of providers to work with multilingual and multicultural populations; and continue to improve the availability and affordability of health insurance for all Americans.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Perrino2015,
  title = {Toward {{Scientific Equity}} for the {{Prevention}} of {{Depression}} and {{Depressive Symptoms}} in {{Vulnerable Youth}}},
  author = {Perrino, Tatiana and Beardslee, William and Bernal, Guillermo and Brincks, Ahnalee and Cruden, Gracelyn and Howe, George and Murry, Velma and Pantin, Hilda and Prado, Guillermo and Sandler, Irwin and Brown, C. Hendricks},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PREVENTION SCIENCE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {5},
  pages = {642--651},
  issn = {1389-4986},
  doi = {10.1007/s11121-014-0518-7},
  abstract = {Certain subgroups of youth are at high risk for depression and elevated depressive symptoms, and experience limited access to quality mental health care. Examples are socioeconomically disadvantaged, racial/ ethnic minority, and sexual minority youth. Research shows that there are efficacious interventions to prevent youth depression and depressive symptoms. These preventive interventions have the potential to play a key role in addressing these mental health disparities by reducing youth risk factors and enhancing protective factors. However, there are comparatively few preventive interventions directed specifically to these vulnerable subgroups, and sample sizes of diverse subgroups in general prevention trials are often too low to assess whether preventive interventions work equally well for vulnerable youth compared to other youth. In this paper, we describe the importance and need for \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravescientific equity,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace or equality and fairness in the amount of scientific knowledge produced to understand the potential solutions to such health disparities. We highlight possible strategies for promoting scientific equity, including the following: increasing the number of prevention research participants from vulnerable subgroups, conducting more data synthesis analyses and implementation science research, disseminating preventive interventions that are efficacious for vulnerable youth, and increasing the diversity of the prevention science research workforce. These strategies can increase the availability of research evidence to determine the degree to which preventive interventions can help address mental health disparities. Although this paper utilizes the prevention of youth depression as an illustrative case example, the concepts are applicable to other health outcomes for which there are disparities, such as substance use and obesity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescents,Collaborative data synthesis,Depression,Health disparities,Scientific equity}
}

@article{PERRONS1994,
  title = {{{MEASURING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES IN EUROPEAN EMPLOYMENT}}},
  author = {PERRONS, D},
  year = {1994},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A},
  volume = {26},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1195--1220},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1068/a261195},
  abstract = {The European Community has developed various social policies to compensate for the uneven effects of economic integration, and to bring about greater equality between women and men. In addition, the member states have their own policy traditions and institutional frameworks which likewise affect general employment conditions. In order to bring about greater economic and social cohesion in the European Community there have been moves to harmonise social policy. Clearly, if greater equality between women and men is a desired goal then it is important that the harmonisation should take place around those policies that are more progressive in this respect. Two ways of measuring gender inequality in paid work are proposed and applied to EC data. The results of this preliminary study indicate that those countries with more formal regulatory frameworks are more conducive to greater gender equality than those where market-based policies prevail.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Perrons2000,
  title = {Living with Risk: {{Labour}} Market Transformation, Employment Policies and Social Reproduction in the {{UK}}},
  author = {Perrons, D},
  year = {2000},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {283--310},
  issn = {0143-831X},
  doi = {10.1177/0143831X00213002},
  abstract = {In many ways, contemporary labour market changes in the UK, the problems and their proposed solutions encapsulate many aspects of Ulrich Beck's risk society. Inequality and insecurity are increasing, leading to one-third of children growing up in poverty. Current labour market, income support and childcare policies tend to reinforce rather than challenge adverse aspects of the new partial and insecure forms of work. Remedial policies reflect individualization and are centred on the belief that the route out of poverty lies with \textbackslash textasciigravemaking work pay' and by increasing the employability of those not in work. New forms of flexible working potentially provide the material foundation for a more equal distribution of paid and unpaid work, but to be effective need to be situated within a framework which prioritizes greater equality, including gender equity, in paid and unpaid work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care,flexible work,gender,individualization,risk},
  note = {Workshop on Labour Market and Social Policy - Gender Relations in transition, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, MAY 31-JUN 02, 1999}
}

@article{Perry-Jenkins2020,
  title = {Work and {{Family}} in the {{Second Decade}} of the 21st {{Century}}},
  author = {{Perry-Jenkins}, Maureen and Gerstel, Naomi},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {82},
  number = {1},
  pages = {420--453},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/jomf.12636},
  abstract = {In the second decade of the 21st century, research on work and family from multiple disciplines flourished. The goal of this review is to capture the scope of this work-family literature and to highlight both the valuable advances and problematic omissions. In synthesizing this literature, the authors show that numerous scholars conducted studies and refined theories that addressed gender, but far fewer examined racial and class heterogeneity. They argue that examining heterogeneity changes the understanding of work-family relations. After briefly introducing the broad social, political, and economic context in which diverse work-family connections developed, this review uses this context to address the following three main themes, each with subtopics: (a) unpaid work including housework, parenting as work, and kin work; (b) paid work including work timing and hours, money (i.e., motherhood penalty, fatherhood bonus, marriage bonus, kin care penalty), relationships (i.e., coworkers, supervisors), and work experiences (i.e., complexity, autonomy, urgency); and (c) work-family policies (i.e., scheduling and child care). Given the breadth of the work-family literature, this review is not exhaustive but, rather, the authors synthesize key findings on each topic followed by a critique, especially with regard to the analyses of differences and inequalities around gender, race, ethnicity, and social class.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Family Policy,Gender,Inequalities,Race,Social Class,Work-Family Issues}
}

@article{Perry2021,
  title = {Car {{Consumption Among Recent Immigrants And Refugees}} to {{Rural Nova Scotia}}: {{An Exploratory Study}}},
  author = {Perry, J. Adam and Scott, Diane},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {121--137},
  issn = {1712-8277},
  abstract = {The problem of attracting and retaining immigrants and refugees to rural parts of Canada has recently emerged as a policy response to declining population growth outside of urban areas, with particular policy attention focused on immigration to the Atlantic Provinces. While there has been increased scholarly attention paid to the integration outcomes of recent immigrants and refugees to Canada who settle outside of major cities, the bulk of this research has focused on the settlement experiences of newcomers to smaller cities and suburban regions. Little attention has been paid to the settlement experiences of immigrants and refugees to rural parts of the country. Given the dominance of private car ownership for getting around rural Canada, this article examines how car consumption arises as a crucial component of the rural settlement process, both from the point of view of accessing services and employment, but also from the point of view of forming an affective connection to rural places. Grounded in an analysis of interviews with immigrants and refugees to North-eastern Nova Scotia, the authors develop two key findings. First, the lack of public transportation options in rural areas pushes newcomers to prioritize car ownership as a means of accessing employment and other crucial services. Second, participant narratives of car consumption reveal rural newcomers' complex affective relationship to cars that highlight the importance of vehicles to developing a sense of independence and belonging, further underlining the role that cars play in rural Canada's evolving identity as an immigration destination.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {car consumption,Nova Scotia,privately sponsored refugees,rural immigration,transportation disadvantage}
}

@article{Petach2022,
  title = {Aggregate Demand Externalities, Income Distribution, and Wealth Inequality},
  author = {Petach, Luke and Tavani, Daniele},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {433--446},
  issn = {0954-349X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.strueco.2022.01.002},
  abstract = {We study a two-class model of growth and the distribution of income and wealth at the intersection of contemporary work in classical political economy and post-Keynesian economics. The key insight is that aggregate demand is an externality for individual firms: this generates a strategic complementarity in production and results in equilibrium underutilization of the economy's productive capacity, as well as hysteresis in real output. Underutilization also affects the functional distribution of income and the dis-tribution of wealth: both the wage share and the workers' wealth share would be higher at full capacity. Consequently, fiscal allocation policy that achieves full utilization also attains a higher labor share and a more equitable distribution of wealth; while demand shocks have permanent level effects. Extensions look at hysteresis in the employment rate and growth. These findings are useful as an organizing frame-work for thinking through the lackluster economic record of the so-called Neoliberal era, the sluggish recovery of most advanced economies following the Great Recession, and the importance of fiscal policy in countering large shocks such as the Covid-19 pandemic.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Capacity utilization,Externalities,Factor shares,Wealth inequality}
}

@article{Petersen2009,
  title = {Oral Cancer Prevention and Control - {{The}} Approach of the {{World Health Organization}}},
  author = {Petersen, Poul Erik},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {ORAL ONCOLOGY},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4-5},
  pages = {454--460},
  issn = {1368-8375},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.023},
  abstract = {Cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality today. It is estimated that around 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cancer deaths are due to tobacco use, unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, inactive lifestyles and infection. Low-income and disadvantaged groups are generally more exposed to avoidable risk factors such as environmental carcinogens, alcohol, infectious agents, and tobacco use. These groups also have less access to the health services and health education that would empower them to make decisions to protect and improve their own health. Oro-pharyngeal cancer is significant component of the global burden of cancer. Tobacco and alcohol are regarded as the major risk factors for oral cancer. The populationattributable risks of smoking and alcohol consumption have been estimated to 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% for males, 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% for females, and 74\textbackslash textbackslash\% overall. The evidence that smokeless tobacco causes oral cancer was confirmed recently by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Studies have shown that heavy intake of alcoholic beverages is associated with nutrient deficiency, which appears to contribute independently to oral carcinogenesis. Oral cancer is preventable through risk factors intervention. Prevention of HIV infection will also reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS-related cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma. The WHO Global Oral Health Programme is committed to work for country capacity building in oral cancer prevention, inter-country exchange of information and experiences from integrated approaches in prevention and health promotion, and the development of global surveillance systems for oral cancer and risk factors. The WHO Global Oral Health Programme has established a global surveillance system of oral cavity cancer in order to assess risk factors and to help the planning of effective national intervention programmes. Epidemiological data on oral cancer (ICD-10: C00-C08) incidence and mortality are stored in the Global Oral Health Data Bank. In 2007, the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution on oral health for the first time in 25 years, which also considers oral cancer prevention. The resolution WHA60 A16 URGES Member states-To take steps to ensure that prevention of oral cancer is an integral part of national cancer-control programmes, and to involve oral-health professionals or primary health care personnel with relevant training in oral health in detection, early diagnosis and treatment;The WHO Global Oral Health Programme will use this statement as the lead for its work for oral cancer control www.who.int/oral\textbackslash textbackslash\_health. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer epidemiology,Chronic disease risk factors,National cancer policy,Oral cancer intervention,Oral cancer surveillance,World Health Organization}
}

@article{Petitclerc2017,
  title = {Who Uses Early Childhood Education and Care Services? {{Comparing}} Socioeconomic Selection across Five Western Policy Contexts},
  author = {Petitclerc, Amelie and Cote, Sylvana and Doyle, Orla and Burchinal, Margaret and Herba, Catherine and Zachrisson, Henrik Daae and Boivin, Michel and Tremblay, Richard E. and Tiemeier, Henning and Jaddoe, Vincent and Raat, Hein},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION POLICY},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1976-5681},
  doi = {10.1186/s40723-017-0028-8},
  abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that children's participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC), especially center-based services, is associated with positive outcomes, particularly for children over one year of age and children of low socioeconomic backgrounds. This signals an important opportunity for reducing socioeconomic disparities in young children's development. Many western countries have adopted policies to encourage maternal employment, facilitate ECEC service use, or both, often focusing on disadvantaged families. Yet few studies to date have tested the impact of these policies for reducing socioeconomic selection into ECEC. This study integrates data from five cohorts of children living in different western, high-income countries (UK, USA, Netherlands, Canada, and Norway; total N = 21,437). We compare participation rates and socioeconomic selection into ECEC across the different policy contexts in infancy (5-9 months) and early childhood (36-41 months). Policy environments where parents had access to at least 6 months of paid maternity/parental leave had lower ECEC participation in infancy but higher participation in early childhood. Higher participation rates were also associated with universal ECEC subsidies (i.e., not targeted to low-income families). In general, low income, low maternal education and having more than one child were associated with reduced use of ECEC. Selection effects related to low income and number of children were reduced in countries with universal ECEC subsidies when out-of-pocket fees were income-adjusted or reduced for subsequent children, respectively. Most socioeconomic selection effects were reduced in Norway, the only country to invest more than 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of its GDP into early childhood. Nevertheless, low maternal education was consistently associated with reduced use of ECEC services across all countries. Among families using services however, there were few selection effects for the type of ECEC setting (center-based vs. non-center-based), particularly in early childhood. In sum, this comparative study suggests wide variations in ECEC participation that can be linked to the policy context, and highlights key policy elements which may reduce socioeconomic disparities in ECEC use.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Center-based child-care,Crosscountry analysis,Early childhood education and care,Family policies,Socioeconomic factors}
}

@article{Petner-Arrey2016,
  title = {Facilitating Employment Opportunities for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disability through Parents and Social Networks},
  author = {{Petner-Arrey}, Jami and {Howell-Moneta}, Angela and Lysaght, Rosemary},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {38},
  number = {8},
  pages = {789--795},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2015.1061605},
  abstract = {Purpose: People with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) have historically had high unemployment and underemployment rates and continue to face significant barriers to attaining and sustaining employment. The purpose of this research, conducted in Ontario, Canada was to better understand the experiences of people with IDD gaining and keeping productivity roles. Method: We used qualitative semi-structured interviews with 74 participants with IDD and their families or caregivers as proxies regarding the employment of a person with IDD. We selected a sample of persons from three different geographic regions in Ontario, Canada, and analyzed data through coding methods consistent with a grounded theory approach. Results: Our results demonstrate the importance of parents and other members of social and family networks relative to connecting with work options and sustaining work over time, especially through continued advocacy and investment. Parents helped individuals with IDD negotiate the right job fit, though they often encountered challenges as a result of their efforts. Conclusion: Practitioners must understand how to support parents to be effective advocates for their adult children with IDD, assist them to develop and maintain their social networks and help them to avoid caregiver burnout.Implications for RehabilitationPeople with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) face numerous challenges in indentifying work options and overcoming barriers to employment.Parents and other non-paid support members of social networks can be instrumental in ensuring that persons with IDD not only secure initial job placements, but also sustain employment and employment alternatives.Professionals that support persons with IDD can direct their efforts to helping persons with IDD develop strong social connections, as well as helping parents to prevent burnout.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Developmental disability,employment,intellectual disability,parents,social inclusion,social networks}
}

@article{Petrelli2017,
  title = {{Self-perceived health status among immigrants in Italy}},
  author = {Petrelli, Alessio and Di Napoli, Anteo and Rossi, Alessandra and Gargiulo, Lidia and Mirisola, Concetta and Costanzo, Gianfranco},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {EPIDEMIOLOGIA \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& PREVENZIONE},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3-4, 1},
  pages = {11--17},
  issn = {1120-9763},
  doi = {10.19191/EP17.3-4S1.P011.060},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVES: to evaluate self-perceived health status of immigrants in Italy. DESIGN: cross-sectional study based on the representative national samples of the multipurpose surveys \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveHealth conditions and use of health services\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace conducted in 2005 and 2013 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: the study was conducted on the age group of 18-64: No. 80,661 in 2005, among which 3.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% were immigrants, and No. 72,476 in 2013, among which 7.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% were immigrants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: prevalence rate ratios (PRR) calculated through log-binomial regression models, stratified by survey edition and gender, by evaluating the association between the Physical Component Score (PCS), the Mental Component Component Score (MCS), and the overall health index and citizenship. Adjustment for the following confounding factors was performed: age, educational level, working condition, perceived economic resources, body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: in 2005, immigrants had a lower probability of poor-perceived physical health, both among men (PRR: 0.79; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.70-0.89) and women (PRR: 0.89; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.820.97), compared to Italians. In 2013, the perceived health advantage of immigrants was reduced for both genders (PRR males: 0.87; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.80-0.95; PRR females: 0.94; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%Cl 0.88-0.99). In the considered period, the prevalence of people with worse mental health conditions increases, with lower PRR among immigrants, compared to Italians. Higher probability of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveNOT good\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace overall perceived health was also observed among immigrants residing in Italy for at least 10 years (PRR men: 1.24; PRR women: 1.15) and among immigrants men from America (PRR: 1.35). CONCLUSIONS: from 2005 to 2013, immigrants seemed to maintain a better perception of health status than Italians. Nevertheless, study results show a decrease in self-perceived health, particularly mental health, in the considered period - apart from demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors - as well as a worse overall self-perceived health status among immigrants who stayed in Italy longer. Such results lead to suppose that the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealthy migrant effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace tends to disappear over time, maybe due to the world financial crisis. Unemployment increases and lower income also made the access to medical care more difficult, particularly among the most fragile population groups, including migrants. In this context it is essential to promote health policies supporting equity of access to healthy lifestyles and effective health services, which are fundamental to reduce health inequalities.},
  langid = {italian},
  keywords = {immigrants,self-perceived health,socioeconomic status}
}

@article{Pettit2009,
  title = {{{EMPLOYMENT GAINS AND WAGE DECLINES}}: {{THE EROSION OF BLACK WOMEN}}'{{S RELATIVE WAGES SINCE}} 1980},
  author = {Pettit, Becky and Ewert, Stephanie},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHY},
  volume = {46},
  number = {3},
  pages = {469--492},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  abstract = {Public policy initiatives in the 1950s and 1960s, including Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity low, helped mitigate explicit discrimination in pay, and the expansion of higher education and training programs have advanced the employment fortunes of many American women. By the early 1980s, some scholars proclaimed near equity in pay between black and white women, particularly among young and highly skilled workers. More recent policy initiatives and labor market conditions have been arguably less progressive for black women's employment and earnings: through the 1980s, 1990s, and the first half of the 2000s, the wage gap between black and white women widened considerably. Using data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG), this article documents the racial wage gap among women in the United States from 1979 to 2005. We investigate how demographic and labor market conditions influence employment and wage inequality among black and white women over the period. Although shifts in labor supply influence the magnitude of the black-white wage gap among women, structural disadvantages faced by black women help explain the growth in the racial wage gap.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pettit2015,
  title = {Civil {{Rights Legislation}} and {{Legalized Exclusion}}: {{Mass Incarceration}} and the {{Masking}} of {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Pettit, Becky and Sykes, Bryan L.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL FORUM},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {589--611},
  issn = {0884-8971},
  doi = {10.1111/socf.12179},
  abstract = {Civil rights legislation in the 1960s promised greater racial equality in a variety of domains including education, economic opportunity, and voting. Yet those same laws were coupled with exclusions from surveys used to gauge their effects thereby affecting both statistical portraits of inequality and our understanding of the impact of civil rights legislation. This article begins with a review of the exclusionary criteria and some tools intended for its evaluation. Civil rights laws were designed at least in part to be assessed through data on the American population collected from samples of individuals living in households, which neglects people who are unstably housed, homeless, or institutionalized. Time series data from surveys of the civilian population and those in prisons and jails show that growth in the American criminal justice system since the early 1970s undermines landmark civil rights acts. As many as 1 in 10 black men age 20-34 are in prison or jail on any given day, and in the post-Great Recession era, young black men who have dropped out of high school are more likely to be incarcerated than working in the paid labor force. Our findings call into question assessments of equal opportunity more than half a century after the enactment of historic legislation meant to redress racial inequities in America.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {civil rights,incarceration,law,policy,racial inequality,survey methods}
}

@article{Petts2021,
  title = {A Gendered Pandemic: {{Childcare}}, Homeschooling, and Parents' Employment during {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Petts, Richard J. and Carlson, Daniel L. and Pepin, Joanna R.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {515--534},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12614},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected employment, particularly for mothers. Many believe that the loss of childcare and homeschooling requirements are key contributors to this trend, but previous work has been unable to test these hypotheses due to data limitations. This study uses novel data from 989 partnered, US parents to empirically examine whether the loss of childcare and new homeschooling demands are associated with employment outcomes early in the pandemic. We also consider whether the division of childcare prior to the pandemic is associated with parents' employment. For parents with young children, the loss of full-time childcare was associated with an increased risk of unemployment for mothers but not fathers. Yet, father involvement in childcare substantially buffered against negative employment outcomes for mothers of young children. For parents with school-age children, participation in homeschooling was associated with adverse employment outcomes for mothers but not fathers. Overall, this study provides empirical support for the current discourse on gender differences in employment during the pandemic and also highlights the role fathers can play in buffering against reduced labor force participation among mothers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childcare,COVID19,division of labor,employment,homeschooling}
}

@article{Pfeiffer2020,
  title = {Initial Evaluation of a Public Transportation Training Program for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: {{Short}} Report},
  author = {Pfeiffer, Beth and Sell, Annalisa and Bevans, Katherine B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {16},
  issn = {2214-1405},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jth.2019.100813},
  abstract = {Introduction: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) often face serious transportation challenges that impede healthcare access, community participation, and employment opportunities. Travel training, which makes use of one-on-one instruction, may help people with IDD overcome transportation barriers. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a comprehensive travel training program on the travel skills of individuals with IDD. Methods: Participants were a convenience sample of all individuals with IDD (n = 87) who received travel training from the Kennedy Center in 2016 and 2017. Pre- and post-test scores on the Progressive Evaluation of Travel Skills, as well as primary mode(s) of public transportation used, purpose of use, and number of training sessions were recorded in a secure database. Data was de-identified which involved a process of removing any personally identifiable information. A secondary analysis was completed to test the effect of travel training on transportation skill acquisition by using multilevel analyses. Specifically, the effects of condition (Intellectual Disability (ID) without ASD, ID and ASD, ASD without ID), time (pre-training, post-training), and condition x time interactions on transportation skill T-scores were analyzed. Results: Participants were 69 men and 18 women with IDD and/or ASD (mean age = 23.6). Trainees made statistically significant gains on the competencies needed for independent travel. A significant condition x time (training) interaction was observed. Prior to training, people with ID (with and without ASD) had less developed travel skills than those with ASD (and no ID). Upon completion of the training, those with ID made larger gains in travel skills than those with ASD/no ID in which both groups had comparable skill levels. Conclusions: The results of this study provide preliminary support for the use of a structured and comprehensive travel training program to improve overall travel skills needed for public transportation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Intellectual and developmental disabilities,Public transportation,Travel training}
}

@article{Pfeiffer2023,
  title = {Transportation {{Use}} and {{Barriers}} for {{Employed}} and {{Unemployed Autistic Adults}}},
  author = {Pfeiffer, Beth and Song, Wei and Davidson, Amber and Salzer, Mark and Feeley, Cecilia and Shea, Lindsey},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD},
  issn = {2573-9581},
  doi = {10.1089/aut.2022.0069},
  abstract = {Community brief Why is this an important issue?Employment is important for income, quality of life, and the ability to get the supports or services a person needs. Autistic adults are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed when compared with neurotypical adults and people with other disabilities. There are many environmental barriers to participating in adult activities in the community, but issues with transportation are a primary barrier. In previous research, a high number of autistic adults (72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported that they had missed some of their desired activities due to lack of transportation. It is important to understand the relationship between transportation and employment to know how to overcome barriers and improve employment options for autistic adults who want to work. What was the purpose of this research?The purpose of this research was to look at transportation and employment status (i.e., employed or unemployed). Specifically, this study compared types of transportation used and perceived barriers to transportation between autistic adults who were employed and those who were unemployed. What did the researchers do?Information was collected from 1120 autistic adults through a large statewide survey, which included questions about employment and transportation. Information from autistic adults who were employed and those who were not employed was compared. What were the results of the study?Results of this comparison showed that participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves and less likely to take rides from other people or to use service transportation. Those who were employed also reported fewer barriers to public transportation. Barriers such as crime, planning a trip, treatment by fellow passengers, cost, knowledge on how to use public transportation, and sensory overload were identified by more people who were unemployed than by people who were employed. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?The study identified specific barriers to transportation for autistic adults who are unemployed. This information can help to guide supports and policies to reduce barriers for travel needed for employment. In addition, results of this study can help guide future research to develop or identify the transportation skills needed for travel to work for autistic adults. Background: Autistic adults are significantly unemployed or underemployed even compared with other disability groups. Employment is a social determinant that, when satisfied, closely influences health-related quality of life. For autistic adults, environmental barriers to transportation can impact the ability to get to employment resulting in limited employment opportunities. This study provides a closer examination of the association between transportation use and employment status.Objective: To examine the use of different types of transportation and barriers to public transit by employed and unemployed autistic adults.Method: The data were from a large statewide study conducted between May 2017 and June 2018 using the Pennsylvania Autism Needs Assessment (PANA), in which information about employment and transportation use was obtained from autistic adults who were residents of Pennsylvania. The study sample included 1120 autistic adults (M-age = 28.03 years, standard deviation = 9.84; 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% men; 82\textbackslash textbackslash\% non-Hispanic White).Results: Participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves than those who were unemployed (45\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), while they were less likely to take rides from others (62\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 75\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001) or use service transportation (11\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 18\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p = 0.001). For barriers to public transit, the results identified that employed participants reported fewer barriers to public transportation than unemployed participants with a small effect size (1.98 vs. 2.54, d = 0.22).Conclusion: Employed autistic adults exercise more transportation independence. Unemployed autistic adults report more barriers to participation and lower ability to independently use public transportation. Future transportation and employment studies are necessary.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pham2014,
  title = {A Scoping Review of Scoping Reviews: Advancing the Approach and Enhancing the Consistency},
  shorttitle = {A Scoping Review of Scoping Reviews},
  author = {Pham, Mai T. and Raji{\'c}, Andrijana and Greig, Judy D. and Sargeant, Jan M. and Papadopoulos, Andrew and McEwen, Scott A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Research Synthesis Methods},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {371--385},
  issn = {1759-2879, 1759-2887},
  doi = {10/gdkzzn},
  urldate = {2023-09-29},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {scoping\_review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/R9X393M3/Pham et al_2014_A scoping review of scoping reviews.pdf}
}

@article{Phan2013,
  title = {Long-Run Costs of Piecemeal Reform: {{Wage}} Inequality and Returns to Education in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Phan, Diep and Coxhead, Ian},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {41},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1106--1122},
  issn = {0147-5967},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2013.04.001},
  abstract = {In this paper, we examine changes in wage structure and wage premia during Vietnam's transition from command to market economy. Relative to other work in this literature, our paper is unique in that we identify the policies that lead to such changes. By examining skill premium trends along the two dimensions of particular importance to the transition state or non-state firms, and traded or non-traded industries we are able to separate the contribution of external liberalization to wage growth and rising skill premia from that of domestic labor market reforms, and to examine potential interactions between the two types of reform. The results point to the high cost of incomplete reform in Vietnam. Capital market segmentation creates a two-track market for skills, in which state sector workers earn high salaries while non-state workers face lower demand and lower compensation. Growth is reduced directly by diminished allocative efficiency and reduced incentives to acquire education, and indirectly by higher wage inequality and rents for workers with access to state jobs. (C) 2013 Association for Comparative Economic Studies Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Returns to education,State sector policy,Transition economy,Vietnam,Wage inequality}
}

@article{Pharr2021,
  title = {Physical and {{Mental Disabilities}} among the {{Gender-Diverse Population Using}} the {{Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System}}, {{BRFSS}} (2017-2019): {{A Propensity-Matched Analysis}}},
  author = {Pharr, Jennifer R. and Batra, Kavita},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {HEALTHCARE},
  volume = {9},
  number = {10},
  doi = {10.3390/healthcare9101285},
  abstract = {This propensity-matched analysis utilized the publicly available Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2017-2019) data to compare the burden of disabilities among transgender/non-binary (TGNB) and cisgender groups. The groups were matched (1:1 ratio) on demographic variables using Nearest Neighborhood Matching. Categorical variables were compared among groups using a Chi-square analysis to test differences in the proportions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was fit to predict the likelihood of the physical and mental disabilities among the TGNB group compared with the cisgender group while controlling for healthcare access factors, income, and employment. Survey weights were included in the model to account for the complex survey design. In a weighted sample of 664,103 respondents, only 2827 (0.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) self-identified as TGNB. In the matched sample, a higher proportion of the TGNB group belonged to the low-income group (39.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 29.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), were unable to work (12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 8.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), and delayed care due to cost barriers (19.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 12.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001). Compared with the cisgender group, the odds of having difficulty making decisions were 1.94 times higher (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.67-2.27) and odds of difficulty walking were 1.38 times higher (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.19, 1.59) among the TGNB group. Additionally, the TGNB group had 59.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (aOR 1.598, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Confidence interval (CI): 1.256, 2.034) of experiencing difficulty dressing and 83.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher odds (aOR 1.833, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.533, 2.191) in having difficulty doing things alone. The findings of this study advocate for developing policies and interventions to deliver culturally competent care to the TGNB population with disabilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,mental disability,physical disability,propensity score matching,transgender}
}

@article{Philbin2018,
  title = {State-Level Immigration and Immigrant-Focused Policies as Drivers of {{Latino}} Health Disparities in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Philbin, Morgan M. and Flake, Morgan and Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. and Hirsch, Jennifer S.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {199},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {29--38},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.007},
  abstract = {There has been a great deal of state-level legislative activity focused on immigration and immigrants over the past decade in the United States. Some policies aim to improve access to education, transportation, benefits, and additional services while others constrain such access. From a social determinants of health perspective, social and economic policies are intrinsically health policies, but research on the relationship between state-level immigration-related policies and Latino health remains scarce. This paper summarizes the existing evidence about the range of state-level immigration policies that affect Latino health, indicates conceptually plausible but under-explored relationships between policy domains and Latino health, traces the mechanisms through which immigration policies might shape Latino health, and points to key areas for future research. We examined peer-reviewed publications from 1986 to 2016 and assessed 838 based on inclusion criteria; 40 were included for final review. These 40 articles identified four pathways through which state-level immigration policies may influence Latino health: through stress related to structural racism; by affecting access to beneficial social institutions, particularly education; by affecting access to healthcare and related services; and through constraining access to material conditions such as food, wages, working conditions, and housing. Our review demonstrates that the field of immigration policy and health is currently dominated by a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveone-policy, one-level, one-outcome\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace approach. We argue that pursuing multi-sectoral, multi-level, and multi-outcome research will strengthen and advance the existing evidence base on immigration policy and Latino health. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health and wellness,Health inequalities,Immigrant/immigration,Latino,Law and policy,Race/ethnicity,State-level policy,Structural racism,United States}
}

@article{Phyo2022,
  title = {Impact of Economic Factors, Social Health and Stressful Life Events on Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Trajectories in Older {{Australians}}},
  author = {Phyo, Aung Zaw Zaw and {Gonzalez-Chica}, David A. and Stocks, Nigel P. and Woods, Robyn L. and Fisher, Jane and Tran, Thach and Owen, Alice J. and Ward, Stephanie A. and Britt, Carlene J. and Ryan, Joanne and {Freak-Poli}, Rosanne and Grp, ASPREE Study},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1321--1333},
  issn = {0962-9343},
  doi = {10.1007/s11136-021-03021-x},
  abstract = {Purpose Physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is associated with adverse health outcomes, including hospitalizations and all-cause mortality. However, little is known about how physical HRQoL changes over time in older people and the predictors of this trajectory. This study (a) identified trajectories of physical HRQoL among older people and (b) explored whether economic factors, social health or stressful life events impact physical HRQoL trajectories. Method A cohort of 12,506 relatively \textbackslash textasciigravehealthy' community-dwelling Australians aged {$>$}= 70 years (54.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% females), enrolled in the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) study and was followed for six years. Economic factors, social health and life events in the last 12 months were assessed through a questionnaire at baseline. Physical HRQoL was measured by using the 12-item short form at baseline and annual follow-ups. Growth mixture and structural equation modelling were used to identify physical HRQoL trajectories and their predictors. Results Four physical HRQoL trajectories were identified-stable low (7.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), declining (9.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), stable intermediate (17.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and stable high (66.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Living in more disadvantaged areas, having a lower household income, no paid work, no voluntary work, loneliness and stressful life events (i.e. spousal illness, friend/family illness, financial problem) were associated with a 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%-152\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher likelihood of being in the stable low or declining physical HRQoL trajectory than the stable high group. Conclusion Specific stressful life events had a greater impact on adverse physical HRQoL trajectories in older people than other factors. Volunteering may prevent physical HRQoL decline and requires further investigation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic factors,Older people,Physical health-related quality of life,Social health,Stressful life events,Trajectories}
}

@article{Piasna2018,
  title = {Women's {{Job Quality Across Family Life Stages}}: {{An Analysis}} of {{Female Employees Across}} 27 {{European Countries}}},
  author = {Piasna, Agnieszka and Plagnol, Anke},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {139},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1065--1084},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-017-1743-9},
  abstract = {There is little empirical evidence on how working conditions affect women's employment and fertility choices, despite a number of studies on the impact of individual-level and institutional factors. The article addresses this gap by examining how family life stages are related to particular aspects of job quality among employed women in 27 European countries. The central argument of the analysis is that high-quality jobs are conducive to both transitions to motherhood and employment after childbirth as women select into these roles. Accordingly, mothers of young children, if employed, are expected to have relatively better quality jobs. Four dimensions of job quality are considered: job security, career progression, working time and intrinsic job quality. The results indicate that mothers with young children are more likely to hold high-quality jobs than women at other life stages with respect to working time quality and job security, but with some variation across countries for job security. The findings highlight the importance of high-quality jobs for women's fertility decisions and labour market attachment after childbirth, with implications for European employment policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,International comparisons,Job quality,Life course analysis,Maternal employment}
}

@article{Picchi2016,
  title = {The Elderly Care and Domestic Services Sector during the Recent Economic Crisis. {{The}} Case of {{Italy}}, {{Spain}} and {{France}}},
  author = {Picchi, Sara},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {INVESTIGACIONES FEMINISTAS},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {169--190},
  issn = {2171-6080},
  doi = {10.5209/rev\textbackslash_INFE.2016.v7.n1.52067},
  abstract = {Over the past ten years in Italy, Spain and France, the demographic pressure and the increasing women's participation in labour market have fuelled the expansion of the private provision of domestic and care services. In order to ensure the difficult balance between affordability, quality and job creation, each countries' response has been different. France has developed policies to sustain the demand side introducing instruments such as vouchers and fiscal schemes, since the mid of the 2000s. Massive public funding has contributed to foster a regular market of domestic and care services and France is often presented as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebest practices\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of those policies aimed at encouraging a regular private sector. Conversely in Italy and Spain, the development of a private domestic and care market has been mostly uncontrolled and without a coherent institutional design: the osmosis between a large informal market and the regular private care sector has been ensured on the supply side by migrant workers' regularizations or the introduction of new employment regulations. The analysis presented in this paper aims to describe the response of these different policies to the challenges imposed by the current economic crisis. In dealing with the retrenchment of public expenditure and the reduced households' purchasing power, Italy, Spain and France are experiencing greater difficulties in ensuring a regular private sector of domestic and care services. In light of that, the paper analyses the recent economic conjuncture presenting some assumptions about the future risk of deeper inequalities rising along with the increase of the process of marketization of domestic and care services in all the countries under analysis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {domestic and care services,France,Italy,Spain}
}

@article{Piketty1999,
  title = {Can Fiscal Redistribution Undo Skill-Biased Technical Change? {{Evidence}} from the {{French}} Experience},
  author = {Piketty, T},
  year = {1999},
  month = apr,
  journal = {EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4-6},
  pages = {839--851},
  issn = {0014-2921},
  doi = {10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00098-1},
  abstract = {The inequality of labor earnings among working-age individuals has gone up in all western countries during the past 25 years, either through rising wage inequality (US, UK) or through rising unemployment (Continental Europe). Policy regimes did matter a great deal, however, as far as the inequality of disposable income is concerned. In a country like France, transfers to the unemployed were sufficiently massive to prevent income inequality from rising. This paper argues that the way fiscal redistribution has managed to counteract skill-biased technical change in countries like France is somewhat paradoxical. The same distributive stability could have been obtained at a lower cost by following a job subsidies strategy rather than an income maintenance strategy, simply because it is always less costly to have people at work producing something. We explore several potential explanations for this paradox. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: E24; H21; I38.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income inequality,job subsidies,unemployment},
  note = {13th Annual Congress of the European-Economic-Association, BERLIN, GERMANY, SEP 02-05, 1998}
}

@article{Pinazo2021,
  title = {Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach for Strategy Scale-up with Application to {{Chagas}} Disease Management in {{Bolivia}}},
  author = {Pinazo, Maria-Jesus and Cidoncha, Ainize and Gopal, Gurram and Moriana, Silvia and Saravia, Ruth and Torrico, Faustino and Gascon, Joaquim},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1935-2735},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0009249},
  abstract = {Objective Design and build a strategy construction and evaluation software system to help stakeholders to develop viable strategies to expand (and adapt) the Chagas Platform healthcare model through the primary healthcare system in Bolivia. Methods The software was built based on a ranking of medical Interventions and Actions (needed to support Interventions' implementation) needed for comprehensive management of Chagas Disease in Bolivia. The ranking was performed using a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology adapted to the WHO's building blocks framework. Data regarding the criteria and the rankings was obtained through surveys and interviews with health care professionals working on Chagas disease. The Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to construct the decision criteria weights. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to identify the Interventions that lay on the efficiency frontier of outcomes and the complexity of associated Actions. These techniques were combined with integer programing tools using the open-source software R to build a decision-making tool to assess the outcomes and complexity of any combination of Interventions and Actions. This model and tool were applied to data concerning the care of Chagas disease in Bolivia collected through surveys of experts. The tool works by loading the data from each specific context. Results The initial set of Interventions and Actions recommended after analysis of the survey data was further refined through face-to-face interviews with field experts in Bolivia, resulting in a strategy of 18 Interventions and 15 Actions. Within the WHO model the Leadership and Governance building block came up as the one needing more support with Actions such as the inclusion of Chagas into Annual Municipal Operational Plans by appointing local and provincial coordinators. Conclusion This project established the suitability of the model for constructing healthcare strategies. The model could be developed further resulting in a decision-making tool for program managers in a wide range of healthcare related issues, including neglected and/ or prevalent diseases. The tool has the potential to be used at different stages of decision making by diverse stakeholders in order to coordinate activities needed to address a health problem. Author summary This manuscript presents a strategy construction tool to generate viable strategies to expand the Chagas platforms for healthcare pilot through the primary healthcare system in Bolivia. Relevance of this work resides in the need for performing a rational planification to address Neglected Diseases in low- and middle-income countries, by prioritizing Interventions and Actions. After gathering and loading the data from each specific context and problem, policy makers can use the tool for construction or evaluation of strategies using the WHO Building Block model. The main comparative advantage is that the model does not only include the identification and evaluation of Interventions for the comprehensive care of Chagas, but also includes the necessary activities in the health system to support the large-scale implementation of them. The tool has the potential to be used at different stages of decision making to coordinate activities to address a health problem. The tool could be adapted for its use in other neglected and/ or prevalent diseases or in other locations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Pinnington2016,
  title = {{{TALENT MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES}}: {{LOCAL AND EXPATRIATE PERSPECTIVES}}},
  author = {Pinnington, Ashly and Alshamsi, Abdullah and Ozbilgin, Mustafa and Tatli, Ahu and Vassilopoulou, Joana},
  editor = {Simberova, I and Milichovsky, F and Zizlavsky, O},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SMART AND EFFICIENT ECONOMY: PREPARATION FOR THE FUTURE INNOVATIVE ECONOMY},
  abstract = {Purpose of the article Academic debates on TM generally portray GCC countries as less advanced. This paper seeks to understand why TM is not so well-known and is less systematically implemented in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methodology/methods Individual interviews were conducted with 84 people to explore TM in public and private sector organisations in the UAE. 15-16 interviews were held in each of four case study organizations (total 63 interviews) and 21 interviews with a range of TM stakeholders, such as government officials and known TM opinion leaders. 30 of the transcripts were selected for open and selective coding. All of the 21 TM stakeholders were analyzed along with a further 9 transcripts selected from the four case studies. The transcripts were open coded by the first author using NVIVO 10. This paper reports an interpretation of the 455 open codes and research memos developed at what is an advanced stage of the open and selective coding phases. Scientific aim TM theories are predominantly concerned with how employees' talents can be deployed to the competitive advantage of the employing organization with positive outcomes for employees. This paper is concerned with broadening the debates on to other stakeholders in TM processes, especially, countries, governments, education, and families. Findings TM as it is conceptualized and practiced in the UAE is inextricably linked to issues of employment localization, often known in the UAE as nationalization or Emiratization. TM has been organized and implemented differently for two labour markets across all sectors of employment; the country's nationals and the expatriate workforce. Conclusions The extent that TM develops in the UAE similar to Western countries depends on how much the implementation of policies for Emiratization and expatriate workforce development are found to be compatible.},
  isbn = {978-80-214-5413-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Emiratization,Expatriate Labour,GCC,Stories,Talent Management,TM Policies,UAE},
  note = {21st International Scientific Conference on Smart and Efficient Economy - Preparation for the Future Innovative Economy, Brno Univ Technol, Fac Business \textbackslash textbackslash\& Management, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC, MAY 19-20, 2016}
}

@article{Pinto2015,
  title = {{{HIV}} Practitioners in {{Madrid}} and {{New York}} Improving Inclusion of Underrepresented Populations in Research},
  author = {Pinto, Rogerio M. and Gimenez, Silvia and Spector, {\relax Anyay}. and Choi, Jean and Martinez, Omar J. D. and Wall, Melanie},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {695--705},
  issn = {0957-4824},
  doi = {10.1093/heapro/dau015},
  abstract = {Practitioners have frequent contact with populations underrepresented in scientific research-ethnic/racial groups, sexual minorities and others at risk for poor health and whose low participation in research does not reflect their representation in the general population. Practitioners aspire to partner with researchers to conduct research that benefits underrepresented groups. However, practitioners are often overlooked as a work force that can help erase inclusion disparities. We recruited (n = 282) practitioners (e.g. physicians, social workers, health educators) to examine associations between their attitudes toward research purposes, risks, benefits and confidentiality and their involvement in recruitment, interviewing and intervention facilitation. Participants worked in community-based agencies in Madrid and New York City (NYC), two large and densely populated cities. We used cross-sectional data and two-sample tests to compare attitudes toward research and practitioner involvement in recruiting, interviewing and facilitating interventions. We fit logistic regression models to assess associations between practitioner attitudes toward ethical practices and recruitment, interviewing and facilitating interventions. The likelihood of recruiting, interviewing and facilitating was more pronounced among practitioners agreeing more strongly with ethical research practices. Though Madrid practitioners reported stronger agreement with ethical research practices, NYC practitioners were more involved in recruiting, interviewing and facilitating interventions. Practitioners can be trained to improve attitudes toward ethical practices and increase inclusion of underrepresented populations in research. Funders and researchers are encouraged to offer opportunities for practitioner involvement by supporting research infrastructure development in local agencies. Practices that promise to facilitate inclusion herein may be used in other countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ethical inclusion of underrepresented populations,health services research,HIV practitioners}
}

@article{Pinto2021,
  title = {Exploring Different Methods to Evaluate the Impact of Basic Income Interventions: A Systematic Review},
  author = {Pinto, Andrew D. and Perri, Melissa and Pedersen, Cheryl L. and Aratangy, Tatiana and Hapsari, Ayu Pinky and Hwang, Stephen W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2},
  abstract = {Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960-1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T2CM5X5B/Pinto et al_2021_Exploring different methods to evaluate the impact of basic income interventions.pdf}
}

@article{Pirttila2005,
  title = {Public versus Private Production Decisions: {{Redistribution}} and the Size of the Public Sector},
  author = {Pirttila, J and Tuomala, M},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {FINANZARCHIV},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {120--137},
  issn = {0015-2218},
  doi = {10.1628/0015221053722505},
  abstract = {We analyze the decision rules governing public employment policy, capital allocation between private and public sector, and the size of the public sector in a two-type and two-sector optimal nonlinear income-tax model with endogenous wages. The government can reduce wage inequality in the private sector by employing more unskilled workers and fewer skilled workers than is necessary to minimize cost at the prevailing gross wage rate and, if skilled labor and capital are complementary, by favoring public-sector capital accumulation. Therefore, production efficiency holds neither in public employment decision nor in capital allocation. The effects of public employment and investment on income inequality increase when the size of the public sector increases. The optimal size of the public sector is also shown to be relatively large when public employment and investments reduce wage inequality. These results help explain the growth in the public-sector size and why a larger government does not necessarily hamper growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {nonlinear taxation,production efficiency,public production,redistribution,the size of the government}
}

@article{Pisu2017,
  title = {Out-of-Pocket Costs and Burden among Rural Breast Cancer Survivors},
  author = {Pisu, Maria and Azuero, Andres and Benz, Rachel and McNees, Patrick and Meneses, Karen},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CANCER MEDICINE},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {572--581},
  issn = {2045-7634},
  doi = {10.1002/cam4.1017},
  abstract = {Little is known about out-of-pocket (OOP) costs incurred for medical and health needs by rural breast cancer survivors and what factors may be associated with higher OOP costs and the associated economic burden. Data were examined for 432 survivors participating in the Rural Breast Cancer Survivor Intervention trial. OOP costs were collected using the Work and Finances Inventory survey at baseline and four assessments every 3 months. Mean and median OOP costs and burden (percent of monthly income spent on OOP costs) were reported and factors associated with OOP costs and burden identified with generalized linear models fitted with over-dispersed gamma distributions and logarithmic links (OOP costs) and with beta distributions with logit link (OOP burden). OOP costs per month since the end of treatment were on average \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar232.7 (median \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar95.6), declined at the next assessment point to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar186.5 (median \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar89.1), and thereafter remained at that level. Mean OOP burden was 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% at baseline and between 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% at the next assessments. Factors suggestive of contributing to higher OOP costs and OOP burden were the following: younger age, lower income, time in survivorship from diagnosis, and use of supportive services. OOP costs burden rural breast cancer survivors, particularly those who are younger and low income. Research should investigate the impact of OOP costs and interventions to reduce economic burden.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Burden,Cancer,costs,economics,out-of-pocket costs,rural,survivorship}
}

@article{Pit2012,
  title = {The {{Association}} of {{Health}} and {{Employment}} in {{Mature Women}}: {{A Longitudinal Study}}},
  author = {Pit, Sabrina W. and Byles, Julie},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {273--280},
  issn = {1540-9996},
  doi = {10.1089/jwh.2011.2872},
  abstract = {Background: Despite a reduction in income inequalities between men and women, there is still a large gap between income and retirement savings of Australian men and women. This is especially true for women who have health or disability problems. Mature age women are closest to retirement and, therefore, have less chance than younger women to build up enough retirement savings and may need to continue working to fund their older age. Continued workforce participation may be particularly difficult for women who are less healthy. Understanding which health problems lead to a decrease in workforce participation among mature age women is crucial. Therefore, this longitudinal study sought to identify which health problems are associated with employment among midage women over time. Methods: Data were analyzed from the midage cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), which involved 14,200 midage women (aged 45-50 years in 1996). The women have been surveyed four additional times, in 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2007. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to conduct nested multivariate longitudinal analyses. Results: The percentages of women who were employed in the years 2001, 2004, and 2007 were 77\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 72\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 68\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Results were adjusted for sociodemographic variables. Being employed decreased as physical and mental health deteriorated and with self-reported conditions: diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions. Back pain, arthritis, cancer, obesity, and being a current smoker are associated with employment but not when quality of life is added to the model. Conclusions: There were significant associations between health and employment. Understanding these relationships could inform policies and guidelines for preventing declines in employment in mature age women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pivovarova2022,
  title = {Do Immigrants Experience Labor Market Mismatch? {{New}} Evidence from the {{US PIAAC}}},
  author = {Pivovarova, Margarita and Powers, Jeanne M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {LARGE-SCALE ASSESSMENTS IN EDUCATION},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s40536-022-00127-7},
  abstract = {Background: One way of evaluating immigrants' labor market outcomes is to assess the extent to which immigrants are able to enter into jobs that are commensurate with their education and experience. An imperfect alignment between workers' educational qualifications and these required for their current job, or education-job mismatch, has implications for both the broader economy and individual workers. In this study, we investigate the factors associated with education-job mismatches among US workers by immigrant generation. Methods: We analyzed the data from the US sample of the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2012/2014. Our analytic sample included 4022 employed (full and part-time) individuals between the ages of 20-65 years. We documented the distribution of education-job mismatches across selected independent variables and estimated the relationship between the individual characteristics of workers such as race, gender, presence of children, location, time in the country and knowledge of English for first-generation immigrant workers, and education-job mismatch using multinomial logistic regressions for the full sample and for the sample of first- and second-generation workers. Results: We found that on average, immigrant workers in the US labor market were more likely to hold jobs which required less education that they had (being overmatched for the job), with first-generation workers being overmatched more frequently than second-generation workers. The probability of being overmatched for immigrant workers declines with the length of stay, and workers who are proficient in English are less likely to be overmatched. Our results also suggest that there may be labor market disadvantages to immigrant status that persist beyond the first-generation. Conclusions: Previous research demonstrated that over-education depresses wages and lowers workers' standards of living and their abilities to accumulate wealth. Our findings confirm that this dynamic may be particularly acute for first- and second-generation workers who are finding it difficult to become fully integrated into US labor markets, even though the factors behind the mismatch differs between the two immigrant generations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education-job mismatch,Immigrant integration,Immigrants,Immigration policy,Labor markets,PIAAC}
}

@article{PizarroGomez2020,
  title = {{International Relations from the decolonial feminisms. A dialogic approach to a decolonial feminist economy}},
  author = {Pizarro Gomez, Selena},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES-MADRID},
  number = {44},
  pages = {147--164},
  issn = {1699-3950},
  doi = {10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.44.008},
  abstract = {Since the mid-twentieth century, the modern-colonial capitalist system has been consolidated by a Eurocentric logic that has aggravated the North-South gap. Thus the international economic relations that imposed the generation and racialization of labour were forged. In this sense, the assurance of the socio-economic rights of the working class of the Global North was the product of a process imbricated by the factors of modernity, (neo)colonialism and development. Therefore, the urgency of deconstructing the current ecocide and genocidal economic system is presented, for this new world order has profited from the overexploitation and death of thousands of women. This investigation implements a theoretical-methodological intersectional approach, that is to say, to understand the subordination of women there is a need to do so from a set of co-constitutional variables (gender, race, sexuality, spirituality, etc.) and from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesituated knowledges\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as Donna Haraway puts it.This perspective allows us to go beyond gender oppression, for which it will be essential to actively listen to the experiences of other women who have been marginalized and excluded by hegemonic and Eurocentric feminisms, only considered as objects of study never as political subjects. This work is implicated in the will to study and move towards an alternative reading of international relations. For this purpose, it is my proposal to begin in the feminist margins of decolonial feminisms, from the ideas of thinkers who are characterized by not seeking a consensus but a conversation from difference. Regarding the structure, the first part of the article will present a critique of mainstream international relations discourse from a decolonial perspective.Thus, the aim is to prove through a critique of the hegemonic paradigm that international relations serves the interests of the Global North as a consequence of Eurocentric thinking. Subsequently, the relegation of reproductive work to women linked to the colonial process will be studied. Furthermore, it will seek to demonstrate the effects of the international economic system on the subalternized, racialized, and colonized lives of workers, refugees, or migrants. In relation to this issue, the study and review of historical factors is fundamental because international relations cannot be understood without studying history; that is, the creation of the current international economic system as a consequence of the construction of the international and sexual division of labour and the processes of colonization and racialization. In turn, the above study has as an objective to demonstrate that the care economy is the backbone of the functioning of the international economic system. In other words, if women - traditionally responsible for maintaining lives - went on general strike, the world economy would come to a standstill. Likewise, the violence caused by the modern/colonial capitalist system on the bodies of the subalternized will be analyzed. In this sense, the epistemologies of the South become essential for the study of the neocolonial North-South economic relations where violence against women plays a key role. Examples of this are free-trade zones, extractivism, or in the worst of the cases: wars. Finally, a dialogue between decolonial feminisms and the feminist economy is presented to rethink and justify welfare as a path towards the protection of planetary life. In short, the global context is a system that has ceded the baton to a model that makes it impossible to guarantee the care of lives as a consequence of a nature that is Eurocentric, racist, colonial, heteropatriarchal, ecocidal and so forth.The proposal to urge an alternative is justified through a crisis of a systemic nature which, despite attempts to blur its permanence, is still present through political and socio-economic conflicts. Thus, the Global North is suffering from a process leading to areas that were once part of the centre are now peripheral - as a consequence of the globalised crisis and increased by austerity policies.This consolidates a political, economic, ecological and ethical crisis, which forces us to question the direction in which we are navigating and how we will manage this process, even if this seems inevitable with respect to environmental degradation and being immersed in a context of social hyper-segmentation, where growing inequalities seem to be naturalized and at the same time legitimized. For this reason, this article aims to establish a dialogue between descolonial feminisms and feminist economics to seek a consensus for the creation of a feminist, subversive and common agenda. For this sort of reflection and questioning the presence of international relations becomes indispensable. From the beginning, this discipline should go hand in hand with the transition phase aimed at replacing capital with the care economy and sustainability of life as the epicentre of the system. This research seeks to outline the nonconformity of accepting that history has already been written against those who prevent us from dreaming of the change we want and believe in. But why now? The present moment is decisive. In the face of the threat to planetary life from a destructive economic system, it is more necessary than ever to participate in the creation of another paradigm of international relations through other knowledges. Undoubtedly, the image of the Amazon in flames is further proof of the urgency of initiating a transformation of the global political and socio-economic system. From where and for what purpose is knowledge produced? What role does the economy play within international relations? Who benefits and who is harmed by the globalized capitalist model? Where do women stand within the economic system? Which lives are worth living? Is it possible to initiate an alternative to capitalism from Europe? These questions are not posed with the aim of giving a definitive answer, but with the intention of provoking dialogue and reflection.That is to say, against the logic of the ethics of war, it is manifested to promote the transition of the current international economic system towards a new model for which it will be essential to initiate an analysis of international relations from feminist genealogies and from decolonial thought.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {care,decolonial feminisms,International Relations,intersectionality,sustainability of life}
}

@book{Plaisir2018,
  title = {{{GARNERING SUPPORTS FOR MALE ROLE MODELS IN EARLY EDUCATION AND CARE SETTINGS}}},
  author = {Plaisir, Jean-Yves},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {12TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE (INTED)},
  series = {{{INTED Proceedings}}},
  issn = {2340-1079},
  abstract = {The lack of diversity in professions that have been dominated by one social group has created a crisis that calls for partnerships between government and civil society actors to create innovative models of workforce development and timely policy decisions to dismantle long-standing barriers of exclusion and income gaps based on race, gender, class, religion, sexual orientation, and other constructs. The field of early childhood education (ECE) has been impacted by long-run social problems such as gender-imbalance (Skelton, 2011; Rohrmann, 2012; Mottint, 2013), cultural barriers (Pruit, 2015; Drudy, 2008), stereotypes about male teachers' nurturing abilities (Sargent, 2004; Johnson, Middleton, Nicholson, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sandrick, 2010), homophobic reactions (Pruit, 2015; King, 1998) and low-paying jobs (Whitebook et al., 2016; Cooney \textbackslash textbackslash\& Bittner, 2001), which have collectively deterred men from working with young children. Empirical research can provide much-needed data to help practitioners and policymakers make sentient decisions to take on these social challenges. This paper shares findings from a place-based study that uses mixed methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, and on-site observations) to examine strategic efforts toward increasing men's engagement in the ECE workforce. One of the study's key research question is: How can empirical data inform governmental agencies and civil society to garner more supports for augmenting male participation in the ECE field? Over a twelve-month period, the study has gleaned and analyzed empirical data from more than 60 culturally and linguistically diverse male educators and program administrators (both male and female) who work in a variety of early education and care programs operating in low, moderate, and high-resource neighborhoods throughout New York City. The research uses SPSS, NVivo and SurveyMonkey in its analysis to triangulate demographic information and employment-related themes that emerge from the data. This methodology has helped to uncover recurrent patterns in the analysis of factors that influence men's engagement in the ECE field. The paper concludes that gender-flexible policy and equitable salary will reinforce institutional efforts that aim to enhance men's involvement in the early childhood education workforce.},
  isbn = {978-84-697-9480-7},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {diversity,early childhood education,gender,Men,policy,recruitment},
  note = {12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 05-07, 2018}
}

@article{Plotnick1982,
  title = {The Concept and Measurement of Horizontal Inequity},
  author = {Plotnick, Robert},
  year = {1982},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {373--391},
  publisher = {{Elsevier BV}},
  doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(82)90071-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MSECH9QC/Plotnick_1982_The concept and measurement of horizontal inequity.pdf}
}

@article{Plum2016,
  title = {Can {{Low-Wage Employment Help People Escape}} from the {{No-Pay}} - {{Low-Income Trap}}?},
  author = {Plum, Alexander},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1935-1682},
  doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2016-0078},
  abstract = {The experience of unemployment itself increases the risk of staying unemployed, and the unemployed face a high poverty risk. Moreover, experiencing poverty reduces the chances of reemployment. As wage inequality has expanded in recent decades, low-paid employment and in-work poverty have both risen. This study analyzes whether low-pay employment helps people escape the no-pay - low-income trap. Survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the period 1995-2012 are used to estimate correlated random-effects probit models on the labor-market and income dynamics. The findings suggest that low-paid employment is especially helpful to exit the no-pay - low-income trap for persons who are long-term unemployed, as well as for those over 40 who have been unemployed for a short period of time. No indications of a low-pay - low-income trap are found.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {low-pay dynamics,maximum simulated likelihood,poverty dynamics,random-effects probit models,unemployment dynamics}
}

@article{Poblete2008,
  title = {Social Capital and Mental Health in Low Income Urban Communities in {{Santiago}}, {{Chile}}},
  author = {Poblete, Fernando C. and Sapag, Jaime C. and Bossert, Thomas J.},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {REVISTA MEDICA DE CHILE},
  volume = {136},
  number = {2},
  pages = {230--239},
  issn = {0034-9887},
  abstract = {Background- Many studies suggest that social capital, defined as those intangible resources of a society or community (trust, participation and reciprocity), that might facilitate collective action, can be associated with positive health effects. Aim: To explore the relationship between social capital an the level of mental health, in urban communities of Santiago, Chile. Material and methods: In a qualitative-quantitative cross-sectional design, two low income neighborboods in the municipality of Puente Alto were selected. Interviews to key agents and focus groups, as well as surveys (407) to adults from a representative random sample of households, were conducted, measuring social capital using a locally devised questionnaire and mental health using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12 instrument). A qualitative analysis based on the grounded theory and a quantitative analysis through correlations and simple and logistic regression models were applied. Results. The quantitative analysis found an association between female gender education and having a chronic disease, with low levels of mental health. At the same time, the trust component of social capital might be associated with a better mental bealth status. Qualitatively all the components of social capital were identified as important for a better mental health. Conclusions. This study suggests the existence of a positive relationship between social capital and mental health. Developing trust in a community might be a useful tool to work in mental health at the community level.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mental health,population characteristics,socio economic factors}
}

@article{Poddar2019,
  title = {Gender {{Wage Gap}}: {{Some Recent Evidences}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Poddar, Somasree and Mukhopadhyay, Ishita},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE ECONOMICS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121--151},
  issn = {0971-1554},
  doi = {10.1007/s40953-018-0124-9},
  abstract = {Gender wage inequality is a chronic socioeconomic malice in developed as well as in developing countries. This paper describes the outcomes of our study on the estimation of gender wage gap in the Indian labour market, using the 68th Round NSSO employment-unemployment data. The study uses Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique and Heckman two-step methodology, for removal of selectivity bias in the sample data, to measure the components of total gender wage gap, viz. (1) occupational segregation (explained by economic rationale) and (2) direct discrimination (not explained by economic rationale). The analysis indicates that the maximum direct discrimination is for job-related factors, such as industry type which are controlled by employers. The majority of the Indian employers today are men, which may be the reason for the insensitivity to the chronic direct discrimination against women in workplaces. The study also indicates that most of the explained gender wage gap is due to lower skill and experience amongst women. The findings suggest that besides labour law reforms for ensuring gender neutrality in workplaces, focused government policies for promoting women entrepreneurship and skill development of women are urgently required for reducing the gender wage gap in India.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition,C13,Discrimination,Gender wage gap,India,J16,J31}
}

@article{Poenaru2014,
  title = {Burden, Need, or Backlog: {{A}} Call for Improved Metrics for the Global Burden of Surgical Disease},
  author = {Poenaru, Dan and Ozgediz, Doruk and Gosselin, Richard A.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY},
  volume = {12},
  number = {5},
  pages = {483--486},
  issn = {1743-9191},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.01.021},
  abstract = {The global burden of disease (GBD) has been measured primarily through the use of the DALY metric. Using this approach, preliminary estimates were that 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the GBD is surgical. However, prior work has questioned specific aspects of the GBD methodology as well as its practicality. This paper refines other conceptual approaches based on met and unmet population need for services by considering incident and prevalent need as well as backlogs for treatment that can inform effective coverage of services. Some of these methods are tested using the example of surgical repair of cleft lip and palate. Measurement of disability incurred by delays in care may also be estimated through these approaches and has not previously been estimated through a validated model. These concepts may provide more practical information for individuals and organizations to advocate for scaling up surgical programs. While many surgical conditions are unique, as a single intervention can lead to cure, these concepts may also prove useful for non-surgical diseases. Further exploration of these approaches is merited in resource-limited settings. (C) 2014 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to care,Backlog,Burden of disease,Disparities,Effective coverage,Health policy,Low and middle-income countries,Metrics,Surgery}
}

@article{Poerwanto2003,
  title = {Infant Mortality and Family Welfare: Policy Implications for {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Poerwanto, S and Stevenson, M and {de Klerk}, N},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {57},
  number = {7},
  pages = {493--498},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech.57.7.493},
  abstract = {Study objective: To examine the effect of family welfare index ( FWI) and maternal education on the probability of infant death. Design: A population based multistage stratified clustered survey. Setting: Women of reproductive age in Indonesia between 1983 - 1997. Data sources: The 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Main results: Infant mortality was associated with FWI and maternal education. Relative to families of high FWI, the risk of infant death was almost twice among families of low FWI ( aOR= 1.7, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 0.9 to 3.3), and three times for families of medium FWI ( aOR= 3.3,95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.7 to 6.5). Also, the risk of infant death was threefold higher ( aOR= 3.4, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.6 to 7.1) among mothers who had fewer than seven years of formal education compared with mothers with more than seven years of education. Fertility related indicators such as young maternal age, absence from contraception, birth intervals, and prenatal care, seem to exert significant effect on the increased probability of infant death. Conclusions: The increased probability of infant mortality attributable to family income inequality and low maternal education seems to work through pathways of material deprivation and chronic psychological stress that affect a person's health damaging behaviours. The policies that are likely to significantly reduce the family's socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality are implicated.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pogoda2018,
  title = {Supported {{Employment}} for {{Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury}}: {{Provider Perspectives}}},
  author = {Pogoda, Terri K. and Carlson, Kathleen F. and Gormley, Katelyn E. and Resnick, Sandra G.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {99},
  number = {2, 1},
  pages = {S14-S22},
  issn = {0003-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.029},
  abstract = {Objective: To identify any pilot and nonpilot site differences regarding current (1) provision of supported employment (SE) to veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI); (2) staffing and communication between the SE and polytrauma/TBI teams; and (3) provider perceptions on facilitators and barriers to providing, and suggestions for improving, SE. Design: Mixed methods cross-sectional survey study. Setting: Veterans Health Administration SE programs. Participants: Respondents (N=144) included 54 SE supervisors and 90 vocational rehabilitation specialists. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Web-based surveys of forced-choice and open-ended items included questions on SE team characteristics, communication with polytrauma/TBI teams, and experiences with providing SE to veterans with TBI history. Results: SE was provided to veterans with TBI at 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pilot and 59.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of nonpilot sites (P=.09). However, vocational rehabilitation specialists at pilot sites reported that communication with the polytrauma/TBI team about SE referrals was more frequent than at nonpilot sites (P=.003). In open-ended items, suggestions for improving SE were similar across pilot and nonpilot sites, and included increasing staffing for vocational rehabilitation specialists and case management, enhancing communication and education between SE and polytrauma/TBI teams, and expanding the scope of the SE program so that eligibility is based on employment support need, rather than diagnosis. Conclusions: These findings may contribute to an evidence base that informs SE research and clinical directions on service provision, resource allocation, team integration efforts, and outreach to veterans with TBI who have employment support needs. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brain injuries,Community integration,Employment,Rehabilitation,supported,traumatic,Veterans},
  note = {Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Summit, Falls Church, VA, SEP 13, 2016}
}

@article{Pohlig2022,
  title = {Does the Household Context Matter for Job Satisfaction among Low-Wage Workers?},
  author = {Pohlig, Matthias and Israel, Sabine and Dingeldey, Irene},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1028--1058},
  issn = {0143-831X},
  doi = {10.1177/0143831X20975865},
  abstract = {Previous research has established that low-wage earners have on average lower job satisfaction. However, several studies have found personal characteristics, such as gender, age and educational level, moderate this negative impact. This article demonstrates additional factors at the household level, which have not yet been empirically investigated, and which may exacerbate gender differences. The authors analyse the job satisfaction of low-wage earners depending on the contribution of individual earnings to the household income and on household deprivation using the 2013 special wave of the EU-SILC for 18 European countries. The study finds that single earners in low-wage employment report lower job satisfaction whereas low-wage employment does not seem to make a difference for secondary earners. Furthermore, low-wage earners' job satisfaction is linked with the ability of their household to make ends meet.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Earner position,household context,job satisfaction,low wage,poverty}
}

@article{Polaski2018,
  title = {The {{G20}}'s {{Promise}} to {{Create More}} and {{Better Jobs}}: {{Missed Opportunities}} and a {{Way Forward}}},
  author = {Polaski, S.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {VESTNIK MEZHDUNARODNYKH ORGANIZATSII-INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS RESEARCH JOURNAL},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--135},
  issn = {1996-7845},
  doi = {10.17323/1996-7845-2018-02-09},
  abstract = {The Group of 20 (G20) was launched as a leaders' forum in the midst of the 2008 financial crisis and quickly agreed to undertake coordinated economic stimulus efforts. While those early measures helped stabilize the global economy, the negative impacts of the crisis on employment continued to mount through 2009. The leaders turned their attention to labour market issues; labour and employment ministers met in 2010 and thereafter. However, the G20 and a number of other countries erroneously reversed the stimulus approach beginning in Toronto in 2010, leading to weak recovery, entrenchment of unemployment and stagnation of wages. Labour ministers increasingly advocated more robust labour market policies, but were resisted by finance ministers. The leaders themselves agreed to increasingly strong statements on wages, inequality and social issues but most G20 countries did not implement them. When the political backlash against globalization emerged in 2016 the G20 was seen by many as part of the out-of-touch elite that failed to address the difficulties and economic anxiety suffered by many G20 member households. The G20 should adjust course by implementing, in a coordinated manner, policies that can increase employment and incomes and reverse growing inequality. This paper lays out two practical examples of such policies. The first is a coordinated increase in minimum wages across the G20 to provide direct support to low-wage workers, restart overall wage growth and increase demand. If implemented by the entire G20 this would provide a serious stimulus to global demand, which still remains weak, and avoid competitive undercutting among G20 members. The second is a coordinated increase in financing for programmes to help those who have lost as a result of globalization. Losers often suffer very harsh economic effects and few G20 countries compensate them adequately. A well-advertised, coordinated effort including policies such as these could demonstrate the relevance of the G20 to populations that have benefited little from the group's efforts to date.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic impacts of globalization,G20,international policy coordination,international political economy,wages and incomes}
}

@article{Pollini2010,
  title = {High Prevalence of Abscesses and Self-Treatment among Injection Drug Users in {{Tijuana}}, {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Pollini, Robin A. and Gallardo, Manuel and Hasan, Samreen and Minuto, Joshua and Lozada, Remedios and Vera, Alicia and Zuniga, Maria Luisa and Strathdee, Steffanie A.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {E117-E122},
  issn = {1201-9712},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2238},
  abstract = {Background: Soft tissue infections are common among injection drug users (IDUs), but information on correlates and treatment in this highly marginalized population is lacking. Methods: Six hundred twenty-three community-recruited IDUs in Tijuana, Mexico, completed a detailed interview on abscess history and treatment. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify factors independently associated with having an abscess in the prior 6 months. Results: Overall, 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% had ever had an abscess and 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% had had an abscess in the past 6 months. Only 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% had sought medical care for their most recent abscess; 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% treated the abscess themselves. The most common self-treatment method was to apply heated (24\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or unheated (23\textbackslash textbackslash\%) Aloe vera leaf. Other methods included draining the wound with a syringe (19\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or knife (11\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Factors independently associated with recent abscess were having income from sex work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.56, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 2.08-10.00), smoking methamphetamine (aOR 1.65, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05-2.62), seeking someone to help with injection (aOR 2.06, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.18-3.61), and reporting that police affected where they used drugs (aOR 2.14, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.15-3.96). Conclusions: Abscesses are common among IDUs in this setting, but appropriate treatment is rare. Interventions to reduce barriers to medical care in this population are needed. Research on the effectiveness of Aloe vera application in this setting is also needed, as are interventions to provide IDU sex workers, methamphetamine smokers, and those who assist with injection with the information and equipment necessary to reduce abscess risk. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Abscess,Injection drug use,Soft tissue infection,Treatment seeking}
}

@article{Poma2023,
  title = {Mental Well-Being and Government Support in {{Europe}}. {{The}} Mediating Role of Trust in People and Institutions},
  author = {Poma, Erica and Pistoresi, Barbara and Giovinazzo, Chiara},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0306-8293},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSE-08-2022-0549},
  abstract = {Purpose - This paper investigates the determinants of subjective well-being in Europe using the European Living, Working and COVID-19 (ELWC) Survey carried out by Eurofound (2021). Socio-demographics characteristics, employment status, measures of economic distress, inequality and work life balance are considered. Particular attention is paid to how quality of government support (QGS), that considers the dimensions of good governance such as integrity, fairness, reliability, responsiveness and influences subjective mental well-being (WHO-5) through the mediation of trust in other people and in institutions. Design/methodology/approach - To this end, the authors estimate a moderated mediation model for analysing the indirect role of QGS on WHO-5 through institutional trust and trust in people. Findings - The results support the hypothesis that the reduction in WHO-5 in the European population during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly marked in the 18-34 age group, is related to the perceived inadequacy of government interventions in managing economic and social uncertainty through supportive measures. This outcome is also due to reduced trust in institutions and other people, as both are significant mediators that reinforce the impact of public support on WHO-5. Practical implications - Government should pay greater attention to this relationship amongst good governance, trust and mental health of citizens because a healthy human capital is a significant factor for the long-run economic growth, in a special way when the authors refer to the young workforce with a greater life expectancy. Originality/value - In the literature, the role of trust as a mediator has been analysed in the relationship between individual economic situations and subjective well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have examined the role of perceived QGS on subjective mental well-being using the mediating and backing effects of trust in people and institutions. Peer review - The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2022-0549.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Pontikakis2009,
  title = {The Occupational Domain and Initial Earnings of Recent {{Irish}} Graduates {{Is}} a Science and Technology Degree Good for You?},
  author = {Pontikakis, Dimitrios},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6},
  pages = {591--613},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/01437720910988993},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the hypothesis that those with a university qualification in science and technology (S\textbackslash textbackslash\&T) enjoy favourable labour market outcomes. Design/methodology/approach - Analysis is based on individual-level data detailing the labour market experiences of Irish university graduates upon entering employment. A Gini-Hirschman index is used to estimate the number of occupational options open to graduates of a particular educational background. Additionally, an ordered probit model of earnings is estimated, which is controlling other factors, measures the effect of S\textbackslash textbackslash\&T education on the distribution of earnings. Findings - S\textbackslash textbackslash\&T graduates have a wider occupational domain. Additionally, tabulations indicate that on the whole they tend to earn more. Application of an ordered probit model controlling for other factors suggests that engineering graduates enjoy a clear earnings advantage; however the opposite appears to be the case for science graduates. Originality/value - The paper presents original insights into the occupational outcomes of Irish technical graduates. The relatively lower earnings of science graduates bring into question the current preoccupation with the supply side and suggest that a closer look at the demand for such skills may be warranted. These findings may be interesting for policy seeking to influence skill structure and for further studies investigating the returns to components of skill.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Employment,Ireland,Pay differentials,Training}
}

@article{Posner2017,
  title = {Labour Market Flexibility, Employment and Inequality: Lessons from {{Chile}}},
  author = {Posner, Paul W.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {NEW POLITICAL ECONOMY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {237--256},
  issn = {1356-3467},
  doi = {10.1080/13563467.2016.1216534},
  abstract = {Flexibility proponents assert that rigid Latin American labour markets impede economic expansion and job growth; they advocate reforming labour codes through increased flexibility. Critics argue that heightened labour flexibility exacerbates inequality without expanding employment. From this perspective, precarious employment and inequality are remedied by strengthening labour's bargaining power. Chile's maintenance of flexible labour reforms adopted during the dictatorship make it appropriate for evaluating these competing perspectives. Based on flexibility proponents' predictions, we should expect increased formal sector employment over time, particularly among the least skilled Chilean workers, as well as reduced wage inequality. Yet, the rate of unemployment among least skilled workers in Chile remains essentially unchanged since the democratic transition as does income inequality. These conditions persist despite a high degree of labour market flexibility. Thus, Chile's continued adherence to a flexibilised labour market should be understood not in terms of its capacity to reduce inequality or generate employment. Rather, it should be understood as the product of several interrelated factors: (1) the business sector's ability to protect its interests; (2) the Concertacion's conscious limitation of threats to the business sector's interests and (3) the weakness of organised labour, resulting from the perpetuation of the Pinochet-era labour regime.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chile,employment,income inequality,labour flexibility,union bargaining power}
}

@article{Pothipala2021,
  title = {Alleviating Social and Economic Inequality? {{The}} Role of Social Enterprises in {{Thailand}}},
  author = {Pothipala, Varaporn and Keerasuntonpong, Prae and Cordery, Carolyn},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {50--70},
  issn = {1832-5912},
  doi = {10.1108/JAOC-09-2020-0127},
  abstract = {Purpose Thailand is a developing economy underpinned by high levels of wealth inequality and an ingrained patronage culture. This research aims to examine how social enterprises (SEs) have been encouraged in Thailand in recent years as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemicro-level challenges\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to capitalism and their potential impact in addressing inequality. Design/methodology/approach Through analysing policy documents and consultations, this paper traces the development of Thai policies intended to encourage SEs' development. Additionally, the paper uses case study interviews and documents to demonstrate how SEs tackle inequality. From these, a framework is developed, outlining SEs' roles and interventions to reduce inequality. Findings Thailand's new policy is in contrast to those countries where SEs face policy neglect. Nevertheless, government has been slow to embed processes to encourage new SEs. Despite SEs' \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechallenge\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to capitalism, listed companies are increasingly providing in-kind and financial support. The case study data shows SEs reduce inequality as they work with rural citizens to increase their employment and incomes. This work may also contribute to diminishing rural citizens' dependency on political patronage. Research limitations/implications While SEs can address inequality gaps, the research includes only existing SEs on specific lists. Nevertheless, the Thai experience will be useful to other developing countries, especially those beset by political patronage. Originality/value The research shows legislation is insufficient to support SE growth and inequality reduction. The framework highlights the need for both government policy attention and interventions from donors and companies to support SEs' efforts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inequality,Patronage governance,Social enterprise,Thai social class}
}

@article{Prakash2020,
  title = {The Impact of Employment Quotas on the Economic Lives of Disadvantaged Minorities in {{India}}},
  author = {Prakash, Nishith},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {180},
  pages = {494--509},
  issn = {0167-2681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.017},
  abstract = {India has the world's biggest and arguably most aggressive employment-based affirmative action policy for minorities. This paper exploits the institutional features of a federally mandated employment quota policy to examine its causal impact on the economic lives of the two distinct minority groups (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes). My main finding is that a 1-percentage point increase in the employment quota for Scheduled Castes increases the likelihood of obtaining a salaried job by 0.6-percentage points for male Scheduled Caste members residing in the rural sector. The employment quota policy has no impact for Scheduled Tribes. Contrary to popular notion, I do not find evidence of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveelite-capture\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace among the Scheduled Castes - the impact is concentrated among members who have completed less than secondary education. Consistent with the employment results, I find that the policy improved the well-being of Scheduled Castes members in rural areas who have completed less than secondary education. Finally, the impact of the employment quota policy varies by state characteristics. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Consumption expenditure,Employment quota,India,Public sector,Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes}
}

@article{Pratap2021,
  title = {Public {{Health Impacts}} of {{Underemployment}} and {{Unemployment}} in the {{United States}}: {{Exploring Perceptions}}, {{Gaps}} and {{Opportunities}}},
  author = {Pratap, Preethi and Dickson, Alison and Love, Marsha and Zanoni, Joe and Donato, Caitlin and Flynn, Michael A. and Schulte, Paul A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  number = {19},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph181910021},
  abstract = {Background: Unemployment, underemployment, and the quality of work are national occupational health risk factors that drive critical national problems; however, to date, there have been no systematic efforts to document the public health impact of this situation. Methods: An environmental scan was conducted to explore the root causes and health impacts of underemployment and unemployment and highlight multilevel perspectives and factors in the landscape of underemployment and unemployment. Methods: included a review of gray literature and research literature, followed by key informant interviews with nine organizational representatives in employment research and policy, workforce development, and industry to assess perceived needs and gaps in practice. Results: Evidence highlights the complex nature of underemployment and unemployment, with multiple macro-level underlying drivers, including the changing nature of work, a dynamic labor market, inadequate enforcement of labor protection standards, declining unions, wage depression, and weak political will interacting with multiple social determinants of health. Empirical literature on unemployment and physical, mental, and psychological well-being, substance abuse, depression in young adults, and suicides is quite extensive; however, there are limited data on the impacts of underemployment on worker health and well-being. Additionally, organizations do not routinely consider health outcomes as they relate to their work in workforce or policy development. Discussion and Conclusions: Several gaps in data and research will need to be addressed in order to assess the full magnitude of the public health burden of underemployment and unemployment. Public health needs to champion a research and practice agenda in partnership with multisector stakeholders to illuminate the role of employment quality and status in closing the gap on health inequities, and to integrate workforce health and well-being into labor and economic development agendas across government agencies and industry.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {decent work,health impacts,public health,underemployment,unemployment,United States}
}

@article{Price2010,
  title = {Women's {{Use}} of {{Multisector Mental Health Services}} in a {{Community-based Perinatal Depression Program}}},
  author = {Price, Sarah Kye},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {145--155},
  issn = {1070-5309},
  doi = {10.1093/swr/34.3.145},
  abstract = {Low-income and ethnic minority women have been described as at risk for experiencing depression during and around the time of pregnancy, a finding complicated by low levels of mental health service use within this population. This study retrospectively examined data from a community-based perinatal depression project targeting low-income women in which many barriers to care were removed and a range of services could be elected from social work, specialty mental health, primary care, and peer support. The study focused on 206 women who self-referred to the project after community-based screening. In this sample, the mean age was 25.49 years, with 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants identified as women of color, and 76\textbackslash textbackslash\% had income at or below 185\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the poverty level. The characteristics within this sample most strongly associated with service use varied among sectors of care. Women of color and women with elevated psychosocial risk were significantly more likely to use social work home visiting, whereas current depressive symptom level predicted specialty mental health sector treatment but not other sectors of care. Findings from this study compel future research to consider the complex factors influencing women's use of mental health services among multiple sectors of care.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Priest2020,
  title = {Working at the {{Interface Between Science}} and {{Culture}}: {{The Enablers}} and {{Barriers}} to {{Individual Placement}} and {{Support Implementation}} in {{Aotearoa}}/{{New Zealand}}},
  author = {Priest, Becki and Lockett, Helen},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION JOURNAL},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {40--52},
  issn = {1095-158X},
  doi = {10.1037/prj0000388},
  abstract = {Objective: To identify the factors that help and hinder the implementation of individual placement and support (IPS) practices in the Aotearoa/New Zealand (Aotearoa/NZ) context. Methods: An examination of the conceptual and empirical literature on IPS implementation in Aotearoa/NZ and a prospective cohort study of people with mental illnesses and/or methamphetamine addiction participating in a newly established IPS program. Results: IPS programs have been operating in Aotearoa/NZ for more than 10 years, but coverage across the country is patchy and access inequitable. Previous public policy, contracting, and funding systems limited the availability of IPS programs, and in some cases operated as a barrier to the provision of integrated health and employment services. There is an opportunity for change, with a greater focus in government policy on mental health and addiction and achieving equity, a plan for cross-government policy solutions, and a recently established technical assistance organization to support new and existing IPS implementation. Facilitating implementation conditions include technical assistance, service integration, supportive contracting, and attention to culture. In 1 program where these conditions were in place from the outset, IPS fidelity reached 107/125; 41.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had commenced employment; and the program was achieving equity of engagement and outcomes for indigenous Maori people within 15 months of program establishment. Conclusions and implications for practice: Although IPS programs have been successfully implemented in Aotearoa/NZ, availability and access to them remains limited. Identifying the enablers and barriers to IPS implementation specific to the Aotearoa/NZ context could inform future IPS implementation and national program scale-up.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {culture,evidence-based practices,implementation,individual placement and support,New Zealand}
}

@article{Prieto2023,
  title = {Risk Factors Associated with Adherence to Medical Oncology Treatment in Pediatrics},
  author = {Prieto, B. Cecilia and Ibarra, B. Gloria and Guzman, V. Pablo and Werth, C. Alejandra and Espinoza, O. Romina and Sepulveda, C. Roberto},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ANDES PEDIATRICA},
  volume = {94},
  number = {2},
  pages = {144--152},
  issn = {\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash textbackslash\_\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace},
  doi = {10.32641/andespediatr.v94i2.4041},
  abstract = {In Chile, between 450 and 500 cases of cancer are diagnosed annually in children and adolescents. Treatment is financed by the state, but there are non-financial elements that could condition ad-herence to treatment. Objective: to explore family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors that could affect adherence to medical treatment in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Patients and Method: Descriptive observational study in pediatric oncology hospitals of a national cancer program. Through a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveSocial Care Form\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace applied to 104 caregivers of children and adolescents, between August 2019 and March 2020, socioeconomic data of children diagnosed with cancer were recorded in four dimensions: i) Individual/family/health; ii) Work/education/so-cioeconomic; iii) Housing/environment; and iv) Participation/support networks. Results: 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children and adolescents were registered in the public health system; 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% belonged to the lowest income brackets. Care for children and adolescents was mainly provided by the mother (91\textbackslash textbackslash\%). 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported living in a house; 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% owned or were paying for their home. Housing quality was described as good (70\textbackslash textbackslash\%), with low levels of overcrowding. 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households had access to Wi-Fi internet con-nection, while 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported no access. The main support network reported was the family (84\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions: Family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors were observed in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer; socioeconomic and gender aspects highlight the social inequalities in these families. Descriptive baseline results were obtained, so it is suggested to re-observe its evolution and thus measure its impact on adherence to treatment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Prior2021,
  title = {Urban {{Neoliberal Debt Peonage}}: {{Prisoner Reentry}}, {{Work}}, and the {{New Jim Crow}}},
  author = {Prior, Francis B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL CURRENTS},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {446--462},
  issn = {2329-4965},
  doi = {10.1177/2329496521991578},
  abstract = {In this study, I analyze the experiences of people leaving prison and jail, using the concept of urban neoliberal debt peonage. I define urban neoliberal debt peonage as the push of race-class subjugated (RCS) formerly incarcerated people into the low-wage labor market. I argue that urban neoliberal debt peonage is a social process of economic extraction from and racial control of RCS groups structured by state bureaucracies and corporate employers. I provide evidence for this argument using participant observation and interview methods in a large northeastern U.S. city at an employment-oriented prisoner reentry organization that I call \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveAfterward.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace People came to Afterward seeking employment, but were forwarded to work that was often unstable and unable to support subsistence living. Unstable low-wage work did not alter people's social and economic situations enough to preclude them from engaging in income-producing criminal activity that comes with the risk of reincarceration. Meanwhile, the criminal justice system extracted money from the formerly incarcerated via debt collection, and corporate employers benefited from neoliberal policies that give them tax breaks for hiring Afterward clients. While not identical, the social process of urban neoliberal debt peonage echoes that of post-Civil War debt peonage and convict leasing.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and deviance,crime,inequality,labor and labor movements,law,Marxist sociology,poverty and mobility,racial and ethnic minorities}
}

@article{Purtell2013,
  title = {Parents' {{Participation}} in a {{Work-Based Anti-Poverty Program Can Enhance Their Children}}'s {{Future Orientation}}: {{Understanding Pathways}} of {{Influence}}},
  author = {Purtell, Kelly M. and McLoyd, Vonnie C.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE},
  volume = {42},
  number = {6},
  pages = {777--791},
  issn = {0047-2891},
  doi = {10.1007/s10964-012-9802-7},
  abstract = {Planning and preparing for life after high school is a central developmental task of American adolescents, and may be even more critical for low-income youth who are less likely to attend a four year college. This study investigates factors that led to the effects of the New Hope Project, a work-based, anti-poverty program directed at parents on youths' career-related thoughts and planning. The New Hope project was implemented in Milwaukee, WI, during the mid-1990s. 745 families participated (52 \textbackslash textbackslash\% male children; 56 \textbackslash textbackslash\% African American; 30 \textbackslash textbackslash\% Latino, and 15 \textbackslash textbackslash\% White non-Hispanic) and half were randomly selected to receive New Hope benefits, which included earnings supplements, job search assistance, and child and health care subsidies for 3 years. Importantly, effects on youths' future orientation were found 8 years after the program began (5 years after benefits ended). The present study investigates what factors sustained these positive impacts over time. Results indicate that parental perceptions of reading performance mediate the effects of New Hope on youths' cynicism about work. Additionally, parental perceptions of reading performance and youths' educational expectations mediate the effects of New Hope on boys' pessimism about future employment. These findings highlight the importance of youths' educational development to their career-related thoughts and planning.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescence,Future orientation,Poverty,Reading skills,Welfare}
}

@article{Qian2023,
  title = {{{COVID-19}} Job Loss and Re-Employment among Partnered Parents: {{Gender}} and Educational Variations},
  author = {Qian, Yue and Glauber, Rebecca and Yavorsky, Jill E.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/jomf.12927},
  abstract = {ObjectiveThis study examines the re-employment prospects and short-term career consequences for mothers and fathers who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic. BackgroundThe pandemic recession has been dubbed a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveshecession,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace but few studies have explored whether mothers paid a higher or lower price upon labor market re-entry than fathers. MethodThis study draws on March 2020-December 2022 Current Population Survey data and focuses on partnered parents with children under age 13 in the household. Exploiting four-month panels, we use multi-level discrete-time event history models to predict re-employment and linear regression models to predict job-level wage upon re-employment, while controlling for a wide array of factors. ResultsPartnered fathers were more likely than partnered mothers to find re-employment during the pandemic. The gender gap in re-employment was concentrated only among parents without a bachelor's degree and persisted when all controls were held constant. Moreover, upon re-employment, fathers had higher job-level wages than mothers, which was consistent across educational levels. Even with the same job-level wage before labor market exit, mothers were penalized on re-entry relative to fathers and this penalty was rooted in gendered job segregation. ConclusionThis study extends previous research by analyzing re-employment and a critical material outcome for parents (i.e., job-level wage upon re-employment) during the entire pandemic, including the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenew normal\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (late 2022). The results reveal the intersectional inequalities in family and work: Compared to fathers, mothers, particularly less-educated mothers, paid a higher price for their time out of work during the pandemic.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Qin2016,
  title = {Gender Inequalities in Employment and Wage-Earning among Internal Labour Migrants in {{Chinese}} Cities},
  author = {Qin, Min and Brown, James J. and Padmadas, Sabu S. and Li, Bohua and Qi, Jianan and Falkingham, Jane},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {175--202},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND Recent trends show an unprecedented feminisation of migration in China, triggered by the increasing demand for cheap labour in big cities and the availability of women in the labour market. These trends corroborate the evidence that non-agricultural work and remittance from urban labour migrants have become the major sources of rural household income. OBJECTIVE This paper investigates the extent of gender inequalities in job participation and wage earning among internal labour migrants in China. We hypothesize that female migrants in cities are economically more disadvantaged than male migrants in the job market. METHODS We use data from the 2010 National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey conducted in 106 cities representing all 31 provinces and geographic regions. The study applies the standard Heckman two-step Probit-OLS method to model job participation and wage-earning, separately for 59,225 males and 41,546 females aged 16-59 years, adjusting for demographic and social characteristics and potential selection effects. RESULTS Female migrants have much lower job-participation and wage-earning potential than male migrants. Male migrants earn 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher hourly wages than their female counterparts. Decomposition analysis confirms potential gender discrimination, suggesting that 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the gender difference in wages (or 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female migrant wage) is due to discriminatory treatment of female migrants in the Chinese job market. Migrants with rural hukou status have a smaller chance of participation in the job market and they earn lower wages than those with urban hukou, regardless of education advantage. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of significant female disadvantage among internal labour migrants in the job market in Chinese cities. Household registration by urban and rural areas, as controlled by the hukou status, partly explains the differing job participation and wage earning among female labour migrants in urban China.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{QUACK1994,
  title = {{{FROM STATE SOCIALISM TO MARKET-ECONOMY}} - {{WOMENS EMPLOYMENT IN EAST-GERMANY}}},
  author = {QUACK, S and MAIER, F},
  year = {1994},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A},
  volume = {26},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1257--1276},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1068/a261257},
  abstract = {The transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy involves a wide-ranging redistribution of paid employment, income, and individual opportunities. Men and women in the former East Germany (GDR)-who before reunification had equal roles of participation in paid labour-have been affected in different ways by the restructuring of the East German economy. Women are now more often unemployed, and for longer periods, and face greater difficulties in finding a job. In order to explain these differences between men and women, the authors investigate the economic, social, and political dimensions of the transformation process. The main argument is that economic and social disadvantages affecting East German women are not just related to the economic and political transformation as such. Rather, they are rooted in a traditional gender division of paid work in the former GDR which was reinforced by the paternalistic family and social policy developed by the East German state. At the same time, however, East German women's experiences of being fully integrated into employment, and enjoying greater economic independence, make it unlikely that they will easily accept the West German model of partial labour-market integration.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Quintal2019,
  title = {Evolution of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in a High Income Country: Incidence versus Inequalities},
  author = {Quintal, Carlota},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-019-1044-9},
  abstract = {Background Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is well established as an indicator of financial protection on which there is extensive literature. However, most works analyse mainly low to middle income countries and do not address the different distributional dimensions of CHE. We argue that, besides incidence, the latter are crucial to better grasp the scope and nature of financial protection problems. Our objectives are therefore to analyse the evolution of CHE in a high income country, considering both its incidence and distribution. Methods Data are taken from the last three waves of the Portuguese Household Budget Survey conducted in 2005/2006, 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. To identify CHE, the approach adopted is capacity to pay/normative food spending, at the 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% threshold. To analyse distribution, concentration curves and indices (CI) are used and adjusted odds ratios are calculated. Results The incidence of CHE was 2.57, 1.79 and 0.46\textbackslash textbackslash\%, in 2005, 2010 and 2015, respectively. CHE became highly concentrated among the poorest (the respective CI evolved from - 0.390 in 2005 to - 0.758 in 2015) and among families with elderly people (the absolute CI evolved from 0.520 in 2005 to 0.740 in 2015). Absolute CI in geographical context also increased over time (0.354 in 2015, 0.019 in 2005). Medicines represented by far the largest share of catastrophic payments, although, in this case concentration decreased (the median share of medicines diminished from 93 to 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% over the period analysed). Contrarily, the weight of expenses incurred with consultation fees has been growing (even for General Practitioners, despite the NHS coverage of primary care). Conclusions The incidence of CHE and inequality in its distribution might progress in the same direction or not, but most importantly policy makers should pay attention to the distributional dimensions of CHE as these might provide useful insight to target households at risk. Greater concentration of CHE can actually be regarded as an opportunity for policy making, because interventions to tackle CHE become more confined. Monitoring the distribution of payments across services can also contribute to early detection of emerging (and even, unexpected) drivers of catastrophic payments.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Catastrophic health expenditure,Financial protection,Inequality,Portugal}
}

@article{Quito2021,
  title = {Does the Elimination of Work Flexibility Contribute to Reducing Wage Inequality? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Ecuador}}},
  author = {Quito, Byron and Ponce, Pablo and {de la Cruz Del Rio-Rama}, Maria and {Alvarez-Garcia}, Jose},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--77},
  issn = {2070-5948},
  doi = {10.1285/i20705948v14n1p58},
  abstract = {From the empirical point of view, measures that promote work flexibility increase income inequalities and unemployment rates in the long-term, as well as promoting employment precariousness and the informality of the labor sector. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect on wage inequality of eliminating work flexibility, which was undertaken in Ecuador in 2008. A two-way effect econometric model was applied with panel data. Data from the 21 provinces of Ecuador covering the period of 2007 - 2018 were obtained from the National Employment, Unemployment and Under-Employment Survey (ENEMDU) of the National Statistical and Census Institute (INEC). The results suggest that the elimination of work flexibility had a significant and negative effect on inequality; the policy was effective in reducing inequality. This result is significant for all the years subsequent to the introduction of these measures, although with variations according to regional and economic characteristics. Policies aimed at reducing inequality should focus on improving workers' bargaining power and on generating an environment that favors increasing levels of formality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic Policy,Ecuador,Income inequality,Panel data,Work flexibility}
}

@article{Racine2012,
  title = {Putting the {{World}} as {{Classroom}}: {{An Application}} of the {{Inequalities Imagination Model}} in {{Nursing}} and {{Health Education}}},
  author = {Racine, Louise and Proctor, Peggy and Jewell, Lisa M.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {90--99},
  issn = {1043-6596},
  doi = {10.1177/1043659611423832},
  abstract = {This article focuses on the description of an educational initiative, the Interdisciplinary Population Health Project ( IPHP) conducted in the academic year of 2006-2007 with a group of nursing and health care students. Inspired by population health, community development, critical pedagogy, and the inequalities imagination model, students participated in diverse educational activities to become immersed in the everyday life of an underserved urban neighborhood. A sample of convenience composed of 158 students was recruited from 4 health disciplines in a Western Canadian university. Data were collected using a modified version of the Parsell and Bligh's Readiness of Health Care Students for Interprofessional Learning Scale. A one group pretest-posttest design was used to assess the outcomes of the IPHP. Paired t tests and one-way analyses of variance were used to compare the responses of students from different academic programs to determine if there were differences across disciplines. Findings suggest that students' readiness to work in interprofessional teams did not significantly change over the course of their participation in the IPHP. However, the inequalities imagination model may be useful to enhance the quality and the effectiveness of fieldwork learning activities as a means of educating culturally and socially conscious nurses and other health care professionals of the future.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {baccalaureate programs,Caucasians,community health,First Nations,marginalized,poverty,public health policy,quasi-experimental designs,transcultural health,underserved}
}

@article{Radford2020,
  title = {{{DESCRIBING RETURN TO WORK AFTER STROKE}}: {{A FEASIBILITY TRIAL OF}} 12-{{MONTH OUTCOMES}}},
  author = {Radford, Kathryn and Grant I, Mary and Sinclair, Emma J. and Kettlewell, Jade and Watkin, Connor},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE},
  volume = {52},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1650-1977},
  doi = {10.2340/16501977-2647},
  abstract = {Objective: Stroke is the greatest cause of disability in adults. A quarter of strokes in the UK affect people of working age, yet under half of them return to work after stroke. There has been little investigation into what constitutes \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereturn to work\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace following stroke. The aim of this study is to describe the work metrics of stroke survivor participants in a feasibility randomized controlled trial of an early stroke-specific vocational rehabilitation intervention. Methods: Retrospective analysis of trial data. Metrics on work status, working hours, workplace accommodations and costs were extracted from trial outcomes gathered by postal questionnaire at 3, 6, and 12 months' post-randomization for 46 stroke participants in a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to receive vocational rehabilitation (intervention) or usual care (control). Results: Two-thirds (n = 29; 63\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of participants returned to work at some point in the 12 months following stroke. Participants took a mean of 90 days to return to work. Most returned to the same role with an existing employer. Only one-third of participants who were employed full-time at stroke onset were working full-time at 12 months post-stroke. Most participants experienced a reduction in pre-stroke earnings. Workplace accommodations were more common among intervention group participants. More intervention participants than control participants reported satisfaction with work at both 6 and 12 months post-randomization. Conclusion: This study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of return to work and the dramatic impact of stroke on work status, working hours and income. Longitudinal research should explore the socioeconomic legacy of stroke and include clear definitions of work and accurate measures of working hours and income from all sources.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {brain injuries,rehabilitation,stroke,vocational rehabilitation,work}
}

@article{Rafizadeh2023,
  title = {Understanding {{How Community Health Workers Build Trust}} with {{Low-Income Women}} of {{Color At-Risk}} for {{Maternal Child Health Disparities}}: {{A Grounded Theory Study}}},
  author = {Rafizadeh, Elbina Batala and Rice, Elizabeth and Smith, James and Bell, Janice and Harvath, Theresa A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {219--231},
  issn = {0737-0016},
  doi = {10.1080/07370016.2023.2168124},
  abstract = {This article examines how Community Health Workers (CHWs) build trust with low-income women of color who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system, and are at risk for maternal-child health disparities. This qualitative study used a grounded theory methodology guided by Charmaz's inductive social constructivist approach. Data were collected using open-ended semi-structured interviews and focus groups with CHWs who worked in community-based and hospital-based programs in California, Oregon, Illinois, Texas, South Carolina, New York, and Maine. Thirty-two CHWs participated, with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants being of Latinx and African American ethnicity. They served women from Latinx, African American, and Migrant communities. The CHW communication strategies represent aspects of respect and client-centered care and are applied in the development of a theoretical framework. CHWs were able to build and sustain trust at the initial encounter through these specific strategies: 1) addressing immediate needs related to social determinants of health; 2) embodying mannerisms and dress; 3) speaking appropriately to the client's age, culture, and knowledge; 4) easing client's fears through locus of control, and 5) allowing for time flexibility. These findings have implications for practice through interventions to train healthcare providers to build trust with low-income women of color who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system and who are at risk for maternal-child health disparities. Future research is recommended to explore how the communication trust-building constructs also benefit all other groups at similar risk, including those with mental health disorders and infectious diseases. The findings indicate specific communication strategies through which trust can be built, beginning at the initial encounter with low-income women at risk for maternal-child health disparities and who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ragie2020,
  title = {A Portfolio Perspective of Rural Livelihoods in {{Bushbuckridge}}, {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Ragie, Fatima H. and Olivier, David W. and Hunter, Lori M. and Erasmus, Barend F. N. and Vogel, Coleen and Collinson, Mark and Twine, Wayne},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE},
  volume = {116},
  number = {9-10},
  pages = {98--105},
  issn = {0038-2353},
  doi = {10.17159/sajs.2020/7522},
  abstract = {Land-based income streams, which include the consumption and selling of crops, livestock and environmental products, are inherent in rural households' livelihoods. However, the off-farm cash income stream - primarily composed of migrant labour remittances, social grants, and savings and loans - is increasing in importance in many regions. This case study of 590 households from Bushbuckridge, South Africa, analyses the economic value of each of these income streams at three points: what enters the household, what is used and what is sold. Two important findings emerge. First, dependence on off-farm cash incomes is far higher than previously suggested by case studies in the area and the benefits of employment accrue to those already better educated and wealthier. This suggests that shifts in off-farm opportunities will exacerbate already deep inequalities. Second, while environmental products and crops are important for direct use, they generate insignificant cash incomes from sales. This suggests a weakening of the direct links between the local ecosystem and this society, challenging traditional notions of African rurality being intrinsically land based. Significance: Off-farm incomes such as wage labour, remittances and social grants are almost the sole source of cash for households in the study area. Even when including non-monetary incomes such as harvested produce, foraged goods and livestock products, off-farm incomes still represent the overwhelmingly largest proportion of overall household income value. This highlights the fact that South African rural economies are not consistently or primarily land based, and indicates the necessity of rural development strategies that facilitate participation in local cash economies. Otherwise, such efforts will be unable to yield broad benefits and will, instead, simply enrich those who are already better off.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income streams,land-based income,off-farm cash income,rural households,sustainable livelihoods}
}

@article{Rahman2020,
  title = {Disparities in the Appropriateness of Medication Use: {{Analysis}} of the {{REasons}} for {{Geographic And Racial Differences}} in {{Stroke}} ({{REGARDS}}) Population-Based Cohort Study},
  author = {Rahman, Motiur and Howard, George and Qian, Jingjing and Garza, Kimberly and Abebe, Ash and Hansen, Richard},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
  volume = {16},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1702--1710},
  issn = {1551-7411},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.008},
  abstract = {Background: Prior work has identified disparities in the quality and outcomes of healthcare across socioeconomic subgroups. Medication use may be subject to similar disparities. Objective: To assess the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors (gender, age, race, income, education, and rural or urban residence) and appropriateness of medication use. Methods: US adults aged {$>$}= 45 years (n = 26,798) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study were included in the analyses, of which 13,623 participants aged {$>$}= 65 years (recruited 2003-2007). Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were identified through 2015 Beers Criteria and clinically significant drug interactions list by Ament et al., respectively as measures of medication appropriateness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of disparity parameters with PIM use and DDIs. Interactions between race and other disparity variables were investigated. Results: Approximately 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the participants aged {$>$}= 65 years used at least one drug listed in the Beers Criteria, and 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all participants used two or more drugs with DDIs. Significant gender-race interaction across prescription-only drug users revealed that white females compared with white males (OR = 1.33, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.20-1.48) and black males compared with white males (OR = 1.60, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.41-1.82) were more likely to receive PIM. Individuals with lower income and education also were more likely to use PIM in this sub-group. Females were less likely than males (female vs. male: OR = 0.55, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.48-0.63) and individuals resided in small rural areas as opposed to urban areas (small rural vs. urban: OR = 1.37, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.07-1.76) were more likely to have DDIs. Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in PIM use and DDIs exist. Future studies should seek to better understand factors contributing to the disparities in order to guide development of interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Drug-drug interaction,Potentially inappropriate medication,REGARDS,Socioeconomic disparity}
}

@article{Rahut2012,
  title = {Non-Farm Employment and Incomes in Rural {{Cambodia}}},
  author = {Rahut, Dil Bahadur and Micevska Scharf, Maja},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ASIAN-PACIFIC ECONOMIC LITERATURE},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {54--71},
  issn = {0818-9935},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8411.2012.01345.x},
  abstract = {Rural households in Cambodia derive income from various sources. On average, non-farm income accounts for more than 60 per cent of total household income. However, the average masks the substantial heterogeneity of non-farm employment. We account for this heterogeneity and find significant differences in non-farm participation and incomes across segments of the income distribution. The poor and the less well-educated participate less in the non-farm sector, and when they do work in the non-farm sector, they work in low-paid jobs and earn lower incomes. Accounting for endogeneity and sample selection issues, we conduct an empirical enquiry of the determinants of participation in non-farm activities and of non-farm incomes. As expected, we find that education plays a major role in accessing more remunerative non-farm employment. Interestingly, we do not find evidence that women, ethnic minorities, or the land-poor are disadvantaged in access to the non-farm sector. Geographical location plays a role in access to and income from non-farm employment, indicating the importance of local context.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rajkhowa2022,
  title = {Mobile Phones, off-Farm Employment and Household Income in Rural {{India}}},
  author = {Rajkhowa, Pallavi and Qaim, Matin},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {73},
  number = {3},
  pages = {789--805},
  issn = {0021-857X},
  doi = {10.1111/1477-9552.12480},
  abstract = {Rural households in developing countries often depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, many also pursue off-farm economic activities either to complement their farm income or because they lack access to agricultural land. Rural off-farm employment is often informal and temporary. Searching for jobs can be associated with high transaction costs, which may be a constraint on some households' participation in off-farm employment. The increasing spread of mobile phones may help to reduce these transaction costs. Here, we test the hypothesis that mobile phone ownership increases rural households' participation in off-farm employment and-through this mechanism-also improves household income. We use nationally representative panel data from rural India and regression models with household fixed effects to control for confounding factors and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that mobile phone ownership is positively associated with the likelihood of participating in various types of off-farm employment, including casual wage labour, salaried employment and non-agricultural self-employment. This association is larger in female-headed than in male-headed households. The estimates also show that mobile phone ownership is positively associated with household income, partly channelled through the off-farm employment mechanism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {household income,ICT,India,mobile phones,off-farm employment}
}

@article{Rakipi2016,
  title = {Trends and {{Challenges}} of {{Female Unemployment}} in the {{Republic}} of {{Macedonia}}: {{A Regional Comparative Study}}},
  author = {Rakipi, Remzije and Syla, Shpresa},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDIES},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {57--78},
  issn = {1986-8499},
  doi = {10.14706/JECOSS16619},
  abstract = {The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county's aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment. The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,female unemployment,Labour market,unemployment}
}

@article{Ralph2021,
  title = {Travel Mode and Participation in Structured Activities among {{U}}.{{S}}. Teens},
  author = {Ralph, Kelcie M. and Iacobucci, Evan},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {164--173},
  issn = {2214-367X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2021.07.004},
  abstract = {In the United States, low-income and minority teens are less likely than their affluent and white peers to engage in structured activities like team sports, clubs, and paid work. This gap is problematic because teens who participate earn higher grades, are less likely to drop out of high school, and are more likely to enroll in college. While scholars in other fields focus on program availability and affordability, this paper asks: Could transportation barriers keep some teens from participating? To answer that question, we analyze data on the travel and time use of teens ages 15 to 18 from the American Time Use Survey (2004 to 2018). We find that teens who use a car are far more likely than otherwise similar teens who walk, bike, or ride public transit to participate in extramurals, athletics, and paid work. Because minority and low-income teens are less likely to have a car or a driver's license, they are less likely to use a car on the survey day. This restricts their ability to participate. What is worse, gaps in automobility have widened over time, particularly by income. While this cross-sectional data cannot definitively indicate causality, we draw on the modal mismatch and transportation disadvantage literatures to interpret these findings. Many teens, particularly low-income and minority teens-cannot reliably access structured activities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accessibility,Activity participation,Inequality,School travel,Travel mode}
}

@article{Ralph2022,
  title = {Childhood {{Car Access}}: {{Long-term Consequences}} for {{Education}}, {{Employment}}, and {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Ralph, Kelcie M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PLANNING EDUCATION AND RESEARCH},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36--46},
  issn = {0739-456X},
  doi = {10.1177/0739456X18798451},
  abstract = {Do children suffer long-term consequences when they grow up without a car? To answer that question, this article uses propensity score matching and longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Young adults who were carless as children completed less education, worked for pay less often, experienced more unemployment, and earned less than their matched peers with consistent car access. The matching process allows me to compare like to like; it accounts for differences in income, wealth, residential location, family composition, and race. These results suggest that transportation disadvantage contributes to the intergenerational transmission of economic standing.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescence,automobile access,inequality,transition to adulthood,transportation disadvantage}
}

@article{Ralph2022a,
  title = {Disability, Access to out-of-Home Activities, and Subjective Well-Being},
  author = {Ralph, Kelcie and Morris, Eric A. and Kwon, Jaekyeong},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {163},
  pages = {209--227},
  issn = {0965-8564},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.006},
  abstract = {People with disabilities tend to participate in fewer out-of-home activities, raising concerns about their well-being. This paper investigates travel and activity barriers faced by people with disabilities using data from the American Time Use Survey from 2008 to 2019. Our dependent variable of interest is a measure of realized accessibility known as a travel time price: that is, the number of travel minutes associated with each minute of out-of-home activity time. In using this measure, we first confirm that out-of-home activities are associated with greater subjective wellbeing, that travel is associated with relatively low well-being, and that travel time prices are negatively associated with life satisfaction. We next find that people with disabilities typically pay a travel time price premium 50 percent higher than those without disabilities for all out-of-home activities, and 11 percent higher for work trips. These premiums narrow but persist when accounting for personal characteristics and travel mode. We discuss the unique contributions of simple linear and multiple regression results, given that disability is so closely linked to personal characteristics like employment, income, and marital status. We then disaggregate the results by type of disability and close by presenting ideas for removing transportation and activity barriers for the heterogenous population of people with disabilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access,Disability,Out-of-home activities,Subjective well-being,Travel,Travel time price}
}

@article{Ralston2018,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Older Persons}}' {{Environment}} in {{Aging Well}}: {{Quality}} of {{Life}}, {{Illness}}, and {{Community Context}} in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Ralston, Margaret},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {GERONTOLOGIST},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {111--120},
  issn = {0016-9013},
  doi = {10.1093/geront/gnx091},
  abstract = {This article evaluates the influence of local district conditions on subjective quality of life of older South African adults. Policymakers increasingly recognize that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesuccessful\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace aging policies must not only address physical health needs but also factors that influence subjective well-being. To investigate the influence of area-level distribution of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepublic goods\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on well-being in a low- and middle-income setting, nationally representative WHO-Study of Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE) survey data is combined with district-level data that captures built resources and health system distribution. Multilevel regression modeling is utilized to explore how community context, including built resources and health infrastructure quality, influence older persons' quality of life and how chronic health conditions may moderate this relationship while controlling for important individual characteristics. While controlling for individual and district level factors, it is found community level provision of built resources of basic services (i.e., water, sanitation, electricity, housing) has a modest but significant impact on older persons' subjective well-being. Further, this effect on older persons' perceptions of quality of life is moderated by individual chronic health status; individuals with a chronic health condition do not receive an equivalent benefit from district built condition like those without an illness do. This work adds to the literature concerning the effect of environments in low- and middle-income countries on older adults' subjective well-being. It also adds to the growing literature on the complex relationship between subjective well-being and health in diverse contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community context,Health,South Africa,Subjective well-being}
}

@book{Raluca2017,
  title = {The {{What}}, {{Why}} and {{How}} of {{Performance-Driven Funding In Sports Industry}} - {{Economics}} and {{Management}} of {{Sports Industry}}'s {{Competitive Strategy}}},
  author = {Raluca, Popescu Gh. Cristina and Gheorghe, Popescu N. and Adriana, Popescu A. V. Veronica},
  editor = {Soliman, {\relax KS}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {VISION 2020: SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, AND GLOBAL GROWTH, VOLS I-IX, 2017},
  abstract = {The paper titled \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThe What, Why and How of Performance-Driven Funding in Sports Industry Economics and Management of Sports Industry's Competitive Strategy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace focuses on the economic and managerial opportunities, challenges and future perspectives of the spectacular ascension of the spurts industry. First of all, the work focuses on emphasising three key elements, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewhat\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewhy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehow\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace that defines and supports this industry's role, with a clear focus on performance-driven and performance enhancing factors that arise in today's society. Second of all, the work relies on the sports industry's economic and managerial attributes capable to generate competition, and to enable and enhance its benefits on the long run. Third of all, the work bases its structure on the idea that the sports industry focuses itself, like any other type of industry, on key triggers such as profit, net worth, growth, market quota, investments, recent results and potential opportunities, importance of brand, fierce fully competition, and sports marketing, being in essence a segmented market largely based on enhanced revenues, strongly dependent on governmental and investors' money infusions, eager to attract new customers and willing to attract more and more attention, even though its major trends and challenges come from the fact that it is an industry \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefull of passion\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In addition, the research paper stresses the connections that exist between elements such as, for example, gross domestic product (G.D.P.) and sports' investments, governmental influence and policy in sports, advertising and media and sports' investments, health and tourism sectors and sports industry. However, specialists believe that particularly due to the sports industry's diversity and segmentation, it was not sufficiently enough explored and not profoundly enough valued at its true capacity and potential in numerous countries, such as India, China and Turkey, for example, where the sports market represents a huge untapped opportunity. In general lines, the sports industry confronts itself with numerous moral and ethical issues, mainly because it is not an independent sector; on the contrary, being a mass market, the activities that take place in this industry closely affect other sectors of the society, such as marketing, health and tourism, being interesting and aggressive enough to constantly attract customers and investors.},
  isbn = {978-0-9860419-9-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {competitive advantage,competitive strategy,diversity,economic and managerial challenges,economic growth,equality competitiveness,gross domestic product (GDP),inclusion,leadership,performance-driven funding,potential,profit,sports industry,success,sustainable economic development},
  note = {30th International Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Madrid, SPAIN, NOV 08-09, 2017}
}

@article{Rama2003,
  title = {Globalization and the Labor Market},
  author = {Rama, M},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {WORLD BANK RESEARCH OBSERVER},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {159--186},
  issn = {0257-3032},
  doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkg010},
  abstract = {Does globalization affect labor market outcomes? Can labor market policies mitigate or offset the effects? Would these policies have important side effects on efficiency? This article addresses these questions through an analytical survey of the literature, including several studies under preparation. Some of the studies use new cross-country databases of wages and other labor market indicators. Although all the answers should be considered tentative, some patterns emerge. Different aspects of globalization have different consequences. In the short run wages fall with openness to trade and rise with foreign direct investment. But after a few years the effect of trade on wages becomes positive. Foreign direct investment also increases (substantially) the returns to education. Social protection programs are effective in reducing inequality. Minimum wages, public sector employment, and core labor standards are not. Between these two extremes, collective bargaining works mainly for the middle class. Social protection programs do not adversely affect efficiency, but high public sector employment and trade union membership are associated with weaker performance in the context of adjustment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ramirez2015,
  title = {Gender {{Systems}} and {{Women}}'s {{Labor Force Participation}} in the {{Salmon Industry}} in {{Chiloe}}, {{Chile}}},
  author = {Ramirez, Eduardo and Ruben, Ruerd},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {73},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {96--104},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.003},
  abstract = {This paper, which follows the emergence of the salmon industry in the 1990s in Chiloe, Chile, demonstrates that factors restricting women's participation in labor force and wage differences between women and men are related to the gender systems operating in Chiloe. Results indicate that these systems reflect the territory's demographic and agrarian history and that local gender systems have a positive influence on women's participation in the labor market, though this is not accompanied by decreased salary discrimination in the salmon industry. The implication is that territory-specific and gender factors must be considered in national employment policies. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chile,culture,female labor participation,gender systems,income differences,Latin America}
}

@article{Ramos2017,
  title = {Junior Doctors' Medical Specialty and Practice Location Choice: Simulating Policies to Overcome Regional Inequalities},
  author = {Ramos, Pedro and Alves, Helio and Guimaraes, Paulo and Ferreira, Maria A.},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS},
  volume = {18},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1013--1030},
  issn = {1618-7598},
  doi = {10.1007/s10198-016-0846-6},
  abstract = {There are nowadays over 1 million Portuguese who lack a primary care physician. By applying a discrete choice experiment to a large representative sample of Portuguese junior doctors (N = 503) in 2014, we provide an indication that this shortage may be addressed with a careful policy design that mixes pecuniary and non-pecuniary incentives for these junior physicians. According to our simulations, a policy that includes such incentives may increase uptake of general practitioners (GPs) in rural areas from 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 30\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Marginal wages estimated from our model are realistic and close to market prices: an extra hour of work would require an hourly wage of 16.5a,notsign; moving to an inland rural setting would involve an increase in monthly income of 1.150a,notsign (almost doubling residents' current income); a shift to a GP career would imply an 849a,notsign increase in monthly income. Additional opportunities to work outside the National Health Service overcome an income reduction of 433a,notsign. Our simulation predicts that an income increase of 350a,notsign would lead to a 3 percentage point increase in choice probability, which implies an income elasticity of 3.37, a higher estimation compared to previous studies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrete choice experiment,Location decision,Medical specialty choice,Portugal,Rural uptake policies}
}

@article{RamPrakash2021,
  title = {Why Is Women's Utilization of a Publicly Funded Health Insurance Low?: A Qualitative Study in {{Tamil Nadu}}, {{India}}},
  author = {RamPrakash, Rajalakshmi and Lingam, Lakshmi},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-10352-4},
  abstract = {BackgroundThe continuing impetus for universal health coverage has given rise to publicly funded health insurance schemes in lower-middle income countries. However, there is insufficient understanding of how universal health coverage schemes impact gender equality and equity. This paper attempts to understand why utilization of a publicly funded health insurance scheme has been found to be lower among women compared to men in a southern Indian state. It aims to identify the gender barriers across various social institutions that thwart the policy objectives of providing financial protection and improved access to inpatient care for women.MethodsA qualitative study on the Chief Minister's Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme was carried out in urban and rural impoverished localities in Tamil Nadu, a southern state in India. Thirty-three women and 16 men who had a recent history of hospitalization and 14 stakeholders were purposefully interviewed. Transcribed interviews were content analyzed based on Naila Kabeer's Social Relations Framework using gender as an analytical category.ResultsWhile unpacking the navigation pathways of women to utilize publicly funded health insurance to access inpatient care, gender barriers are found operating at the household, community, and programmatic levels. Unpaid care work, financial dependence, mobility constraints, and gender norms emerged as the major gender-specific barriers arising from the household. Exclusions from insurance enrollment activities at the community level were mediated by a variety of social inequities. Market ideologies in insurance and health, combined with poor governance by State, resulted in out-of-pocket health expenditures, acute information asymmetry, selective availability of care, and poor acceptability. These gender barriers were found to be mediated by all four institutions-household, community, market, and State-resulting in lower utilization of the scheme by women.ConclusionsHealth policies which aim to provide financial protection and improve access to healthcare services need to address gender as a crucial social determinant. A gender-blind health insurance can not only leave many pre-existing gender barriers unaddressed but also accentuate others. This paper stresses that universal health coverage policy and programs need to have an explicit focus on gender and other social determinants to promote access and equity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,Gender analysis,India,Publicly funded health insurance (PFHI),Social relations (SR) framework,Universal health coverage (UHC)}
}

@article{Randles2020,
  title = {The {{Means}} to and {{Meaning}} of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBeing There}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' in {{Responsible Fatherhood Programming}} with {{Low-Income Fathers}}},
  author = {Randles, Jennifer},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {FAMILY RELATIONS},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--20},
  issn = {0197-6664},
  doi = {10.1111/fare.12376},
  abstract = {Objective To understand how low-income men's views of paternal responsibility shape their engagement with fatherhood program messages and services. Background Research on the situated contexts of fathering has found that the social and symbolic dimensions of fathering spaces influence how men construct and enact fatherhood scripts. Qualitative studies of fatherhood programs have mostly investigated parenting education and job assistance programs, revealing how fathering interventions allow disadvantaged men to shape positive paternal identities. Method In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a nonrandom sample of 64 primarily Black and Latino low-income fathers who participated in a federally funded responsible fatherhood program. An inductive coding technique was used to identify reasons men enrolled, the alignment of program messages with fathers' views, and how the program allowed fathers to negotiate obstacles to sustained involvement. Results Fathers overwhelmingly found the program valuable because it offered the social and economic means they needed to enact varied meanings of paternal responsibility-or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebeing there.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Most fathers reported that the program allowed them to realize their involvement goals, thereby enabling them to better align their paternal identities and behaviors. Conclusion Fatherhood programming that promotes a broader idea of paternal provision to include money and care aligns with how disadvantaged fathers tailor their understandings of paternal involvement to account for socioeconomic constraints, including poverty and racism. Implications Fatherhood interventions can influence disadvantaged men's abilities to claim and enact responsible parent identities, but programs must address the importance of resources and opportunities, including and especially access to well-paid work, for shaping paternal involvement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic distress,family policy,fathers and fatherhood,qualitative}
}

@article{Ranjan2016,
  title = {Globalization and Risk Averse Workers: {{The}} Roles of Labor Market and Trade Policies},
  author = {Ranjan, Priya},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {64--79},
  issn = {0022-1996},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.08.005},
  abstract = {This paper studies the implications of globalization for aggregate output and welfare when risk averse workers face the risk of unemployment. The impact of globalization on the welfare of workers and aggregate output depends on the degree of substitutability between domestic workers and imported inputs. When the degree of substitutability is high (low), then globalization reduces (increases) wages and increases (reduces) unemployment. Irrespective of the substitutability, free trade doesn't maximize the aggregate output. A small tariff (import subsidy) increases aggregate output when the substitutability is low (high), however, it can exacerbate the distributional conflict. Domestic labor market policies such as unemployment benefits and severance payments can protect workers against labor income risk but the firing restrictions do not. Free trade is optimal when labor market policies provide insurance against unemployment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Endogenous job destruction,Offshoring,Severance payments,Unemployment,Unemployment benefits}
}

@article{Rankin2011,
  title = {Economic Crises and the Social Structuring of Economic Hardship: {{The}} Impact of the 2001 {{Turkish}} Crisis},
  author = {Rankin, Bruce H.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY},
  number = {44},
  pages = {11--40},
  issn = {0896-6346},
  abstract = {Drawing on a growing cross-national literature on the social impact of economic crises, this paper investigates the social structuring of economic hardship among urban households in Turkey following the 2001 economic crisis. My goal is to compare the Turkish crisis to other recent crises, particularly in Latin America and Asia, and to assess competing claims about the vulnerability of different social groups. Using data from the study entitled Turkish Family Life under Siege a nationally representative sample of urban households of work-aged married couples the results paint a picture of widespread social devastation as measured by key labor market outcomes: job loss, unemployment duration, earnings instability, and under-employment. The findings suggest that existing patterns of social inequality related to class and status education, age, ethnicity, and occupation were reinforced and exacerbated by the 2001 macro-economic crisis. In contrast to claims that the impact was skewed towards higher socio-economic groups, the brunt of the 2001 crisis was felt by disadvantaged social groups with few assets to buffer economic hardship. Economic hardship was higher among labor force participants who are younger, less educated, male, Kurdish-speakers, private-sector employees, and residents of non-central regions. I discuss the implications with respect to the previous research on economic crises, the role of Turkish contextual factors, and the need for social policy reform, particularly in the context of the current global economic crisis.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rao2018,
  title = {Sibling Gender and Wage Differences},
  author = {Rao, Neel and Chatterjee, Twisha},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  volume = {50},
  number = {15},
  pages = {1725--1745},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2017.1374537},
  abstract = {Family influences on economic performance are investigated. In particular, sibship sex composition is related to hourly wages using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The wages of men are increasing in the proportion of siblings who are brothers, but the wages of women are insensitive to sibling gender. Nonwage outcomes are generally unaffected. Contrasts by age structure and demographic group are also presented. The analysis addresses econometric challenges like the endogeneity of fertility and selection into the workforce. In addition, mechanisms such as labour market interactions, human capital investment and role model effects are documented. A questionnaire on job search indicates a same-gender bias in the use of brothers and sisters in obtaining employment. Developmental and psychological assessments suggest that brothers may be associated with worse childhood home environments and more traditional family attitudes among women. The findings are policy relevant and contribute to an understanding of gender differences and earnings inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family attitudes,gender differences,home environment,job search,Sibling effects,wage equation}
}

@article{Rasooly2022,
  title = {Quality and {{Performance Measurement}} in {{Primary Diabetes Care}}: {{A Qualitative Study}} in {{Urban China}}},
  author = {Rasooly, Alon and Pan, Yancen and Tang, Zhenqing and Jiangjiang, He and Ellen, Moriah E. and Manor, Orly and Hu, Shanlian and Davidovitch, Nadav},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6372},
  abstract = {Background: Quality measurements in primary healthcare (PHC) have become an essential component for improving diabetes outcomes in many high-income countries. However, little is known about their implementation within the Chinese health-system context and how they are perceived by patients, physicians, and policy-makers. We examined stakeholders??? perceptions of quality and performance measurements for primary diabetes care in Shanghai, China, and analyzed facilitators and barriers to implementation. Methods: In-depth interviews with 26 key stakeholders were conducted from 2018 to 2019. Participants were sampled from two hospitals, four community healthcare centers (CHCs), and four institutes involved in regulating CHCs. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided data analysis. Results: Existing quality measurements were uniformly implemented via a top-down process, with daily monitoring of family doctors??? work and pay-for-performance incentives. Barriers included excluding frontline clinicians from indicator planning, a lack of transparent reporting, and a rigid organizational culture with limited bottom-up feedback. Findings under the CFIR construct ???organizational incentives??? suggested that current pay-for-performance incentives function as a ???double-edged sword,??? increasing family doctors??? motivation to excel while creating pressures to ???game the system??? among some physicians. When considering the CFIR construct ???reflecting and evaluating,??? policy-makers perceived the online evaluation application ??? which provides daily reports on family doctors??? work ??? to be an essential tool for improving quality; however, this information was not visible to patients. Findings included under the ???network and communication??? construct showed that specialists support the work of family doctors by providing training and patient consultations in CHCs. Conclusion: The quality of healthcare could be considerably enhanced by involving patients and physicians in decisions on quality measurement. Strengthening hospital???community partnerships can improve the quality of primary care in hospital-centric systems. The case of Shanghai provides compelling policy lessons for other health systems faced with the challenge of improving PHC.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {CFIR,China,Diabetes Mellitus,Implementation Science,Primary Health Care,Quality Indicators}
}

@article{Raub2023,
  title = {Assessing National Action through Emergency Paid Leave to Mitigate the Impact of {{COVID-19-related}} School Closures on Working Families in 182 Countries},
  author = {Raub, Amy and Heymann, Jody},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {GLOBAL SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {247--267},
  issn = {1468-0181},
  doi = {10.1177/14680181221123800},
  abstract = {In April 2020, nearly 1.6 billion learners were out of school. While a growing body of literature has documented the detrimental impact of these closures on children, less attention has been devoted to the steps countries took to mitigate the impact of these closures on working families. Paid leave is recognized as an important policy tool to enable working parents the time they need to respond to family needs without risking job or income loss. This article uses a novel data set to assess whether countries had policies in place prior to the pandemic to respond to increased care needs and the extent to which policies were introduced or expanded during the pandemic to fill the gap. Only 48 countries had policies in place prior to the pandemic that could be used to respond to the care needs created by school and childcare center closures. In the vast majority of these countries, the duration of leave in these policies was too short to meet the care needs of the pandemic or relied on parents reserving extended parental leave options. Only 36 countries passed new legislation during the pandemic, but the majority of those that did covered the full duration of closures. As countries continue to face COVID-19 and consider how to better prepare for the next pandemic, emergency childcare paid leave policies should be part of pandemic preparedness frameworks to prevent further exacerbating inequalities. The policies introduced during the pandemic offer a wide range of approaches for countries to identify feasible solutions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ravallion2018,
  title = {Inequality and {{Globalization}}: {{A Review Essay}}},
  author = {Ravallion, Martin},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {620--642},
  publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20171419},
  abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books\textemdash that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/46HPABAW/Ravallion_2018_Inequality and Globalization.pdf}
}

@article{Ravinskaya2022,
  title = {Preferred {{Methods}} of {{Measuring Work Participation}}: {{An International Survey Among Trialists}} and {{Cochrane Systematic Reviewers}}},
  author = {Ravinskaya, Margarita and Verbeek, Jos H. and Langendam, Miranda W. and Madan, Ira and Verstappen, Suzanne M. M. and Kunz, Regina and Hulshof, Carel T. J. and Hoving, Jan L.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {620--628},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-022-10031-0},
  abstract = {Purpose Heterogeneity in work participation (WP) outcomes measurements hampers large scale evidence synthesis in systematic reviews of trials. In this survey we explore authors' reasons for choosing specific WP outcomes and their measurement methods, including employment status, absence from work, at-work productivity loss, and employability. Methods We contacted authors of 260 trials and 69 systematic reviews and asked closed and open-ended questions about previously used WP outcomes and measurement methods as well as their opinion on the best way to measure WP. Results In total, 91 authors from a wide range of professional backgrounds completed the survey. The majority of authors (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%) chose WP outcomes based on their use in previous similar studies. In most studies (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%), patients had not been involved in the process of selecting the WP outcome. Authors judged feasibility to be an important factor for choosing a measurement instrument (67\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Additionally, valid measurement tools should be available, easy to administer and not too time consuming. Although authors preferred registry data for long term follow-up, the availability and validity of registries was seen as a barrier. Most of the reviewers (72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) struggled to pool data because of variation in follow-up times and cut off points and varying definitions of work outcomes. Almost all (92\textbackslash textbackslash\%) respondents support the use of a Core Outcome Set for Work. Conclusions There is strong support from authors of trials and systematic reviews to develop a core outcome set on work participation outcomes for the evaluation of interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Outcome studies,Return-to-work,Survey,Vocational rehabilitation,Worker participation}
}

@article{Ravn2022,
  title = {{{NEETs}} and Disadvantaged Groups Not in Employment in {{Greenland A}} National and International Perspective},
  author = {Ravn, Rasmus Lind},
  editor = {Hogedahl, L},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {GREENLAND'S ECONOMY AND LABOUR MARKETS},
  series = {Routledge {{Research}} in {{Polar Regions}}},
  pages = {144--167},
  abstract = {Youth unemployment is a contentious subject in Greenland, and the Greenlandic government is particularly concerned with reducing the number of young Greenlanders who are not in employment or education. Using survey data from the Greenlandic Labour Force Survey (LFS), we turn our attention to NEETs (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) in Greenland and focus on young people aged 17-29. First, we take an international outlook to explore whether the NEET challenge is greater in Greenland than in other selected countries. Then, we explore how NEETs differ from their young counterparts in employment or in education. Furthermore, we compare NEETS to the older group who are also not in employment to explore potential differences between groups. We discuss educational opportunities in Greenland, geographic mobility, and poor health as significant barriers for labour market and educational participation. The chapter ends by outlining and discussing Greenlandic policy initiatives to increase employment and participation in education.},
  isbn = {978-0-367-51627-7; 978-1-003-05463-4; 978-0-367-51619-2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Raymo2023,
  title = {Full-Time Homemakers and Economic Disadvantage: {{The}} Case of {{Japan}}},
  author = {Raymo, James M. and Zhou, Yanfei},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12961},
  abstract = {A non-trivial number of mothers in Japan do not work despite being in poverty, a pattern of behavior that is inconsistent with both the predictions of conventional models of labor supply and the articulations of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegender revolution.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace This is particularly puzzling given that well-documented barriers to employment for low-income mothers in the United States and elsewhere appear to be of limited relevance in Japan. In this paper, we seek to better understand this pattern of behavior by describing the reasons that these mothers give for not working and by examining how the correlates of maternal employment differ for those whose husbands' employment income is above and below half of the median household income. We show that a majority of these mothers report that their desire to focus on childrearing is a main reason for not working outside the home. Importantly, this prioritization of childrearing is unrelated to husband's income level and the family's economic need. We also show that the presence of an infant, attitudinal endorsement of the primacy of the mother role, and clear gender division of labor are particularly strong predictors of non-employment among all mothers, including those married to low-earning men. We discuss these findings in the context of theories of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravediverging destinies,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace focusing on their potential implications for children's resources and the process of social and economic stratification within and across generations.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Raynolds2021,
  title = {Gender Equity, Labor Rights, and Women's Empowerment: Lessons from {{Fairtrade}} Certification in {{Ecuador}} Flower Plantations},
  author = {Raynolds, Laura T.},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN VALUES},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {657--675},
  issn = {0889-048X},
  doi = {10.1007/s10460-020-10171-0},
  abstract = {Certification programs seek to promote decent work in global agriculture, yet little is known about their gender standards and implications for female workers, who are often the most disadvantaged. This study outlines the gender standard domains of major agricultural certifications, showing how some programs (Fair Trade USA, Rainforest) prioritize addressing gender equality in employment and others (Fairtrade International, UTZ) incorporate wider gender rights. To illuminate the implications of gender standards in practice, I analyze Fairtrade certification and worker experience on certified flower plantations in Ecuador, drawing on a qualitative and quantitative field research study. (1) I show how Fairtrade seeks to bolster the wellbeing of female workers, addressing their workplace needs via equal employment, treatment, and remuneration standards and their reproductive needs via maternity leave and childcare services. My research demonstrates that for female workers, addressing family responsibilities is critical, since they shape women's ability to take paid jobs, their employment needs, and their overall wellbeing. (2) I show how Fairtrade seeks to bolster the rights of women workers through individual and collective capacity building standards. My findings reveal how promoting women's individual empowerment serves as a precondition for collective empowerment, and how targeting traditional labor rights is insufficient for empowering female workers, since their strategic choices are curtailed largely outside the workplace. While Fairtrade certification bolsters the wellbeing and rights of female workers in and beyond the workplace, much still needs to be done before women can claim their rights as workers and citizens.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Certification,Ecuador,Empowerment,Fair trade,Gender,Labor standards}
}

@article{Razavi2007,
  title = {The Return to Social Policy and the Persistent Neglect of Unpaid Care},
  author = {Razavi, Shahra},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {377--400},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00416.x},
  abstract = {The failure of orthodox economic policies to generate growth and eradicate poverty has led to renewed interest in social policies. The return to \textbackslash textasciigravethe social' has seen contending conceptualizations of social policy, premised on different values, priorities and understandings of state responsibility, vying for influence. This article argues that the currently dominant agenda of social sector restructuring is likely to entrench gender inequalities in access to social services and income supports because of its failure to recognize the structures that underpin those inequalities, which are pervasive across labour markets and the unpaid care economy. Despite the \textbackslash textasciigravepro-poor' and occasionally \textbackslash textasciigravepro-women' rhetoric, the design of social policies remains largely blind to these gender structures. Addressing them would require a major rethinking of dominant approaches, placing redistribution more firmly at the heart of policy design, valuing and supporting unpaid care, and providing incentives for it to be shared more equally between women and men, and between families/houscholds and society more broadly.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Global Conference on Unpaid Work and the Economy, Levy Econ Inst Bard Coll, Annandale on Hudson, NY, OCT 01-03, 2005}
}

@article{Razavi2011,
  title = {Rethinking {{Care}} in a {{Development Context}}: {{An Introduction}}},
  author = {Razavi, Shahra},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {873--903},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01722.x},
  abstract = {The issue of care has been the subject of extensive scholarly debate with reference to the advanced industrialized countries and their welfare regimes. Economic restructuring in the developing world has raised feminist concerns about social reproduction more broadly, and women's increasing burdens of unpaid care work in particular. While the present moment may not be marked by a generalized care crisis, systems of care provision are under strain in some contexts and for some social groups. Furthermore, care has emerged, or is emerging, as a legitimate subject of public debate and policy on the agendas of some civil society actors, developing country governments and international organizations. An increasing number of governments are experimenting with new ways of responding to care needs in their societies. However, these have been insufficiently recognized and analysed - a lacuna that the present collection of papers seeks to address. In an increasingly unequal world, where gender inequalities intersect with ever-widening income inequalities, and where the options for securing good care are limited for the socially disadvantaged, the failure to socialize the costs of care will feed into and exacerbate existing inequalities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Reddy2021,
  title = {Time {{Allocation}} between {{Paid}} and {{Unpaid Work}} among {{Men}} and {{Women}}: {{An Empirical Study}} of {{Indian Villages}}},
  author = {Reddy, A. Amarender and Mittal, Surabhi and Singha Roy, Namrata and {Kanjilal-Bhaduri}, Sanghamitra},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  doi = {10.3390/su13052671},
  abstract = {The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on women's farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging women's participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {agricultural labour markets,employment,gender,India,occupation,paid\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8211,time allocation,unpaid work,wage structure}
}

@article{Reeves2014,
  title = {Do Employment Protection Policies Reduce the Relative Disadvantage in the Labour Market Experienced by Unhealthy People? {{A}} Natural Experiment Created by the {{Great Recession}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Reeves, Aaron and Karanikolos, Marina and Mackenbach, Johan and McKee, Martin and Stuckler, David},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {121},
  pages = {98--108},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.034},
  abstract = {Unhealthy persons are more likely to lose their jobs than those who are healthy but whether this is affected by recession is unclear. We asked how healthy and unhealthy persons fared in labour markets during Europe's 2008-2010 recessions and whether national differences in employment protection helped mitigate any relative disadvantage experienced by those in poor health. Two retrospective cohorts of persons employed at baseline were constructed from the European Statistics of Income and Living Conditions in 26 EU countries. The first comprised individuals followed between 2006 and 2008, n = 46,085 (pre-recession) and the second between 2008 and 2010, n = 85,786 (during recession). We used multi-level (individual- and country-fixed effects) logistic regression models to assess the relationship (overall and disaggregated by gender) between recessions, unemployment, and health status, as well as any modifying effect of OECD employment protection indices measuring the strength of policies against dismissal and redundancy. Those with chronic illnesses and health limitations were disproportionately affected by the recession, respectively with a 1.5- and 2.5-fold greater risk of unemployment than healthy people during 2008-2010. During severe recessions ({$>$}7\textbackslash textbackslash\% fall in GDP), employment protections did not mitigate the risk of job loss (OR = 1.06, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.94-1.21). However, in countries experiencing milder recessions ({$<$}7\textbackslash textbackslash\% fall in GDP), each additional unit of employment protection reduced job loss risk (OR = 0.72, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.58 -0.90). Before the recession, women with severe health limitations especially benefited, with additional reductions of 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% for each unit of employment protection (AOR(female) = 0.78, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.62 -0.97), such that at high levels the difference in the risk of job loss between healthy and unhealthy women disappeared. Employment protection policies may counteract labour market inequalities between healthy and unhealthy people, but additional programmes are likely needed to protect vulnerable groups during severe recessions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chronic illness,Disability,Employment protection,Recession}
}

@article{Rehman2015,
  title = {Exploring Operational Barriers Encountered by Community Midwives When Delivering Services in Two Provinces of {{Pakistan}}: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Rehman, Shafiq Ur and Ahmed, Jamil and Bahadur, Sher and Ferdoos, Amber and Shahab, Muhammad and Masud, Nazish},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {MIDWIFERY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1},
  pages = {177--183},
  issn = {0266-6138},
  doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2014.08.006},
  abstract = {Objectives: to explore barriers experienced by community midwives (CMWs) when delivering services, from their own and their managers perspectives, at provincial and district level in the context of organisational factors, and to determine other factors linked with the poor performance of CMWs in the delivery of maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH)-related services within their communities. Design: qualitative study design using in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Setting: two districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces in Pakistan. Participants.: 41 participants were interviewed in depth; they included CMWs, lady health supervisors and managerial staff of the MNCH programme. Measurements: participants were interviewed about administrative issues including Financial and policy areas, training and deployment in the community, functioning in the community, and supervision and referral for emergency cases. Findings: CMWs reported financial constraints, training needs and difficulty with building relationships in the community. They required support in terms of logistics, essential supplies, and mechanisms for referral of complicated cases to higher-level health facilities. Conclusions: CMWs working in developing countries face many challenges; starting from their training. deployment in the field and delivery of services in their respective communities. Facilitating their work and efforts through improved programming of the CMW's services can overcome these challenges. Implications for practice: the MNCH programme, provincial government and other stakeholders need to take ownership of the CMW programme and implement it comprehensively. Long-term adequate resource allocation is needed to sustain the programme so that improvements in maternal and child health are visible. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,Community,Maternal,Midwives,Operational,Qualitative}
}

@article{Rendall2013,
  title = {Structural {{Change}} in {{Developing Countries}}: {{Has}} It {{Decreased Gender Inequality}}?},
  author = {Rendall, Michelle},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {1--16},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005},
  abstract = {This paper examines the evolution of female labor market outcomes from 1987 to 2008 by assessing the role of changing labor demand requirements in four developing countries: Brazil, Mexico, India and Thailand. The results highlight the importance of structural change in reducing gender disparities by decreasing the labor demand for physical attributes. The results show that India, the country with the greatest physical labor requirements, exhibits the largest labor market gender inequality. In contrast, Brazil's labor requirements have followed a similar trend seen in the United States, reducing gender inequality in both wages and labor force participation. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asia,female employment,job tasks,Latin America,structural change,wage gap}
}

@article{Reskin2003,
  title = {Including Mechanisms in Our Models of Ascriptive Inequality},
  author = {Reskin, {\relax BF}},
  year = {2003},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.2307/3088900},
  abstract = {Sociologists' principal contribution to our understanding of ascriptive inequality has been to document race and sex disparities. We have made little headway, however, in explaining these disparities because most research has sought to explain variation across ascriptive groups in more or less desirable outcomes in terms of allocators' motives. This approach has been inconclusive because motive-based theories cannot be empirically tested. Our reliance on individual-level data and the balkanization of research on ascriptive inequality into separate specialties for groups defined by different ascriptive characteristics have contributed to our explanatory stalemate. Explanation requires including mechanisms in our models-the specific processes that link groups' ascribed characteristics to variable outcomes such as earnings. I discuss mechanisms that contribute to variation in ascriptive inequality at four levels of analysis-intrapsychic, interpersonal, societal, and organizational. Redirecting our attention from motives to mechanisms is essential for understanding inequality and-equally important-for contributing meaningfully to social policies that will promote social equality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/49QDQIX9/Reskin_2003_Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality.pdf}
}

@article{Reynolds2022,
  title = {Pregnancy during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: A Qualitative Examination of Ways of Coping},
  author = {Reynolds, Kristin A. and Pankratz, Lily and Cameron, Emily E. and Roos, Leslie E. and Giesbrecht, Gerald F. and Lebel, Catherine and {Tomfohr-Madsen}, Lianne M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF WOMENS MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {25},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1137--1148},
  issn = {1434-1816},
  doi = {10.1007/s00737-022-01277-x},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and related public health restrictions have impacted the mental health and coping strategies of many population groups, including people who are pregnant. Our study sought to explore the ways that pregnant people described coping with stressors associated with the pandemic. N = 5879 pregnant individuals completed the pan-Canadian Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Survey between April and December 2020. We used descriptive statistics to quantify sociodemographic characteristics and thematic analysis (Braun \textbackslash textbackslash\& Clarke, 2006, 2019) to analyze n = 3316 open-ended text responses to the question \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCan you tell us what things you are doing to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The average age of participants was 32 years (SD = 4.4), with the majority identifying as White (83.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), female (99.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), married (61.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), having completed post-secondary education (90.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and working full-time (75.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%). We categorized participant responses into two overarching thematic dimensions: (1) ways of coping and (2) coping challenges. Ways of coping included the following main themes: (1) taking care of oneself, (2) connecting socially, (3) engaging in pandemic-specific coping strategies, (4) keeping busy, (5) taking care of others, (6) creating a sense of normalcy, (7) changing perspectives, and (8) practicing spirituality. Coping challenges included the following: (1) the perception of coping poorly, (2) loss of coping methods, (3) managing frontline or essential work, and (4) worries about the future. Findings highlight important implications for targeted prenatal supports delivered remotely, including opportunities for social support, prenatal care, and mental health strategies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Coping,COVID-19,Prenatal,Qualitative}
}

@article{Riano2011,
  title = {Drawing New Boundaries of Participation: Experiences and Strategies of Economic Citizenship among Skilled Migrant Women in {{Switzerland}}},
  author = {Riano, Yvonne},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A-ECONOMY AND SPACE},
  volume = {43},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1530--1546},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1068/a4374},
  abstract = {The concept of citizenship, originally coined by Marshall, and synonymous with social rights and equality, is pivotal in understanding and overcoming the social injustices that many migrants experience. Marshall's notion of social rights, however, does not elaborate on economic rights. Feminist authors argue that women's equal access to sources of income outside family relations is key to their citizenship. Access to spaces of paid work is a significant aspect of migrant women's citizenship because their residence status and naturalization is often contingent on their employment. The author thus argues that economic rights should be central to debates on migration and citizenship. The proposed term \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic citizenship' is used to examine experiences and strategies of fifty-seven skilled migrant women from Latin America, the Middle East, and South East Europe when trying to access positions in the Swiss labour market corresponding to their professional qualifications. The feminist and postcolonial perspectives of intersectionality' and participatory research are used to understand how and why inequalities in the labour market occur. It is found that traditional ideas about gender roles, discourses about ethnic difference, and discriminatory migration policies intersect to create boundaries for skilled migrant women in accessing upper segments of the Swiss labour market. Migration, therefore, does not always imply empowerment and emancipation, but also generates new forms of social inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Riano2021,
  title = {Highly {{Skilled Migrant}} and {{Non-Migrant Women}} and {{Men}}: {{How Do Differences}} in {{Quality}} of {{Employment Arise}}?},
  author = {Riano, Yvonne},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.3390/admsci11010005},
  abstract = {Research shows that highly skilled migrant women often have poor quality jobs or no employment. This paper addresses two research gaps. First, it provides a comparative perspective that examines differences and commonalities in the quality of employment of four highly skilled groups: migrant- and non-migrant women and men. Four statistical indicators are examined to grasp these differences: employment rates, income, adequacy of paid work, and employment status. The results highlight the role of gender and country of birth: Swiss-born men experience the best employment quality, and foreign-born women the worst. Second, it offers a family perspective to study how the employment trajectories of skilled migrant women develop in time and place in relation to their partners'. The qualitative life-course analysis indicates that skill advancement is more favourable for migrant and non-migrant men than for migrant and non-migrant women. However, skill advancement for migrant women depends greatly on the strategies enacted by domestic partners about how to divide paid employment and family work, and where to live. The statistical study draws on recent data from Swiss labour market surveys. The life-course analysis focuses on 77 biographical interviews with tertiary-educated individuals. Participatory Minga workshops are used to validate the study results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment inequalities,employment trajectories,family,gender inequality,highly skilled,labour market outcomes,life-course analysis,migration,mixed methods,participatory research,quality of employment}
}

@article{Richards2019,
  title = {The Intersection of Disability and In-Work Poverty in an Advanced Industrial Nation: {{The}} Lived Experience of Multiple Disadvantage in a Post-Financial Crisis {{UK}}},
  author = {Richards, James and Sang, Kate},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {636--659},
  issn = {0143-831X},
  doi = {10.1177/0143831X17750474},
  abstract = {The 2007-2008 financial crisis has affected the prospects for workers in a range of ways. In-work poverty represents just one, yet key feature of how prospects for workers have changed in recent times. In-work poverty disproportionately impacts on marginalised groups, such as the disabled. Current research reveals little about how disability and poverty intersect in the context of employment. To address this oversight, life history interviews were conducted with disabled people in in-work poverty. The findings were analysed using the social model of disability and the lens of intersectionality. The results highlight how government policies, employer practices and household finances impact on disabled workers' lived experience of in-work poverty. The findings suggest that governments and employers can do more to reduce barriers to escaping in-work poverty for disabled workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,financial crisis,in-work poverty,intersectionality,social model of disability,United Kingdom}
}

@article{Rickne2021,
  title = {Who Cleans My House If the Government Pays? {{Refugees}}, Low-Educated Workers, and Long-Term Unemployed in Tax-Subsidized Domestic Service Firms},
  author = {Rickne, Johanna},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {IZA JOURNAL OF LABOR POLICY},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2193-9004},
  doi = {10.2478/izajolp-2021-0001},
  abstract = {Many European countries have implemented policies to revive their domestic service sectors. A common goal of these reforms has been to create employment for disadvantaged groups on the domestic labor market. I evaluate a Swedish policy where domestic service firms receive a 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% tax deduction on labor costs. Detailed data from tax records identify all formal workers and owners of firms that receive deductions. I describe the composition of workers and owners in these firms with respect to three groups targeted by Swedish policymakers: refugees, people with low education, and people who enter the workforce from long-term unemployment. I find that the shares of refugees and long-term unemployed in the subsidized sector barely exceed the shares in the full private labor force, and fall far below the shares in industrial sectors with a predominance of elementary jobs. The share of people with low education is higher than in the full private sector and on par with other low-skilled sectors. I conclude that the tax subsidy largely failed to improve employment opportunities among the target groups. An extended analysis suggests that labor immigration from other EU countries may be a partial explanation for this. EU immigrants operate half of all subsidized firms in Sweden's largest cities and nearly exclusively employ other EU immigrants.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Domestic Services,Employment,Refugee Immigrants,Tax Deduction}
}

@article{Riekhoff2018,
  title = {Retirement {{Trajectories}} and {{Income Redistribution Through}} the {{Pension System}} in {{Finland}}},
  author = {Riekhoff, Aart-Jan and Jarnefelt, Noora},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {97},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--53},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/soy028},
  abstract = {In this article, we investigate the redistributive outcomes of the Finnish pension system. We hypothesize that a pension system does not straightforwardly diminish, maintain, or increase income differences after retirement, but it can have different outcomes for different groups. Our focus is on differences in changes in income between groups that vary in their timing and type of retirement. We make use of longitudinal register-based data from the Finnish Centre for Pensions and analyze income and retirement trajectories of Finnish employees born in 1948 from the age of 57 to 66 (N = 44,449). Our aim is to find out in what way trajectories of income from earnings and pensions are related to different types of retirement trajectories, while controlling for gender, sector of employment, and length of working life. Eight distinct retirement trajectories are identified using sequence analysis. The results of our multilevel regression models indicate that the pension system sustains inequalities related to gender and employment sector. Early old-age retirement and part-time retirement are associated with higher earnings and more generous pension entitlements, indicating cumulative advantage. Lower earnings are associated with higher risk of early exit through unemployment and disability pensions, while the pension system guarantees a minimum income level in retirement, resulting in status leveling. Those who retire later are relatively well off in work, but worse off in retirement, suggesting a status-leveling outcome. By disentangling these outcomes of the pension system, it is possible to learn social policy lessons for other national institutional contexts as well.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rind2014,
  title = {Declining {{Physical Activity}} and the {{Socio-Cultural Context}} of the {{Geography}} of {{Industrial Restructuring}}: {{A Novel Conceptual Framework}}},
  author = {Rind, Esther and Jones, Andy},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {683--692},
  issn = {1543-3080},
  doi = {10.1123/jpah.2012-0173},
  abstract = {Background: At the population level, the prevalence of physical activity has declined considerably in many developed countries in recent decades. There is some evidence that areas exhibiting the lowest activity levels are those which have undergone a particularly strong transition away from employment in physically demanding occupations. We propose that processes of deindustrialization may be causally linked to unexplained geographical disparities in levels of physical activity. While the sociocultural correlates of physical activity have been well studied, and prior conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain more general patterns of activity, none have explicitly attempted to identify the components of industrial change that may impact physical activity. Methods: In this work we review the current literature on sociocultural correlates of health behaviors before using a case study centered on the United Kingdom to present a novel framework that links industrial change to declining levels of physical activity. Results: We developed a comprehensive model linking sociocultural correlates of physical activity to processes associated with industrial restructuring and discuss implication for policy and practice. Conclusions: A better understanding of sociocultural processes may help to ameliorate adverse health consequences of employment decline in communities that have experienced substantial losses of manual employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {environment,evidence-based research,health behavior,United Kingdom}
}

@article{Rind2014a,
  title = {How Is Post-Industrial Decline Associated with the Geography of Physical Activity? {{Evidence}} from the {{Health Survey}} for {{England}}},
  author = {Rind, Esther and Jones, Andy and Southall, Humphrey},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {88--97},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.004},
  abstract = {In recent decades, the prevalence of physical activity has declined considerably in many developed countries, which has been related to rising levels of obesity and several weight-related medical conditions, such as coronary heart disease. There is evidence that areas exhibiting particularly low levels of physical activity have undergone a strong transition away from employment in physically demanding occupations. It is proposed that such processes of deindustrialisation may be causally linked to unexplained geographical disparities in physical activity. This study investigates how geographical variations in deindustrialisation are associated with current levels of physical activity across different activity domains and relevant macro-economic time periods in England. The analysis includes data on 27,414 adults from the Health Survey for England 2006 and 2008 who reported total, occupational, domestic, recreational and walking activity. Based on employment change in industries associated with heavy manual work, a local measurement of industrial decline was developed, covering the period 1841-2001. We applied a multilevel modelling approach to study associations between industrial decline and physical activity. Results indicate that the process of deindustrialisation appears to be associated with patterns of physical activity and that this is independent of household income. The effects observed were generally similar for men and women. However, the nature of the association differed across areas, time periods and employment types; in particular, residents of districts characterised by a history of manufacturing and mining employment had increased odds of reporting low activity levels. We conclude that post-industrial change may be a factor in explaining present-day variations in physical activity, emphasising the plausible impact of inherited cultures and regional identities on health related behaviours. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Deindustrialisation,England,Geography,Multilevel analysis,Physical activity}
}

@article{Ritter2019,
  title = {Economic {{Inequality}} and {{Campaign Participation}}},
  author = {Ritter, Michael and Solt, Frederick},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {100},
  number = {3},
  pages = {678--688},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12605},
  abstract = {ObjectiveHow does economic inequality shape participation in political campaigns? Previous research has found that higher inequality makes people of all incomes less likely to participate in politics, consistent with relative power theory, which holds that greater inequality enables wealthier citizens to more fully reshape the political landscape to their own advantage. Campaign activities, however, demand more time and money than previously examined forms of participation and so might better conform to the predictions of resource theory, which focuses narrowly on the ramifications of inequality for individuals' resources. MethodsWe combine individual-level data on donations, meeting attendance, and volunteer work for political campaigns with measures of state-level income inequality to construct a series of multilevel models. ResultsThe analyses reveal that, where inequality is higher, campaign participation is lower among individuals of all incomes. ConclusionsPatterns of participation in even resource-intensive campaign activities provide support for the relative power theory.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rivera-Hernandez2019,
  title = {Preventive Healthcare-Seeking Behavior among Poor Older Adults in {{Mexico}}: The Impact of {{Seguro Popular}}, 2000-2012},
  author = {{Rivera-Hernandez}, Maricruz and Rahman, Momotazur and Galarraga, Omar},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--53},
  issn = {0036-3634},
  doi = {10.21149/9185},
  abstract = {Objective. Determine the effect of Seguro Popular (SP) on preventive care utilization among low-income SP beneficiaries and uninsured elders in Mexico. Materials and methods. Fixed-effects instrumental-variable (FE-IV) pseudo-panel estimation from three rounds of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2000, 2006 and 2012). Results. Our findings suggest that SP has no significant effect on the use of preventive services, including screening for diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer and cervical cancer, by adults aged 50 to 75 years. Conclusions. Despite the evidence that suggests that SP has increased access to health insurance for the poor, inequalities in healthcare access and utilization still exist in Mexico.The Mexican government must keep working on extending health insurance coverage to vulnerable adults. Additional efforts to increase health care coverage and to support preventive care are needed to reduce persistent disparities in healthcare utilization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access,and evaluation,health care quality,health equity,health-care reform,healthcare disparities,Public health policy}
}

@article{Robert2013,
  title = {Global Health Actors No Longer in Favor of User Fees: A Documentary Study},
  author = {Robert, Emilie and Ridde, Valery},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1186/1744-8603-9-29},
  abstract = {Background: Since the advent of health user fees in low- and middle-income countries in the 1980s, the discourse of global health actors (GHAs) has changed to the disadvantage of this type of healthcare financing mechanism. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the stance of GHAs in the debate on user fees. Methods: We conducted documentary research using public documents published by and officially attributed to GHAs from 2005 to 2011. We categorized GHAs into four groups: intergovernmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and working groups and networks. We then classified the GHAs according to their stance relative to the abolition of user fees, and conducted a thematic analysis of their discourse to understand the arguments used by each GHA to justify its stance. Results: We identified 56 GHAs, for which we analyzed 140 documents. Among them, 55\textbackslash textbackslash\% were in favor of the abolition of user fees or in favor of free care at the point of delivery. None of the GHAs stated that they were in favor of user fees; however, 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not take a stand. Only the World Bank declares that it is both in favor of user fees and in favor of free care at point of service. GHAs generally circumscribe their stance to specific populations (pregnant women, children under 5 years, etc.) or to specific health services (primary, basic, essential). Three types of arguments are used by GHAs to justify their stance: economic, moral and ethical, and pragmatic. Conclusions: The principle of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveuser pays\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace seems to have fizzled. Production and dissemination of evidence, as well as certain advocacy networks, may have contributed to this change in discourse. However, GHAs should go a step further and translate their words into action, so that free healthcare at the point of delivery becomes a reality in low- and middle-income countries. They should provide technical and financial support to those countries that have chosen to implement user fee exemption policies, sometimes influenced by a GHA.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Global health actors,International health policy,LMICs,Policy change,User fees}
}

@article{Roberts2017,
  title = {Capital Limits: Social Class, Motivations for Term-Time Job Searching and the Consequences of Joblessness among {{UK}} University Students},
  author = {Roberts, Steven and Li, Zhen},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF YOUTH STUDIES},
  volume = {20},
  number = {6},
  pages = {732--749},
  issn = {1367-6261},
  doi = {10.1080/13676261.2016.1260697},
  abstract = {Youth unemployment figures include large numbers of full-time students, yet student joblessness receives very little academic attention, especially at a qualitative level. Despite being relatively less deleterious than youth unemployment more broadly, we show that student unemployment remains an important site for the practice and reinforcement of social inequality. Using a Bourdieusian framework to analyse interviews with 27 undergraduate students who have been unsuccessful in term-time job searching, we expose some of the limits to the extent that social and cultural capital can be converted into positive employment outcomes. Importantly, the data reveal that it is (lack of) access to material and economic resources that is most significant in ensuring that both the experience of unemployment and, concomitantly, the experience of university, in yet another way, remain highly structured by social class. These divisions shape the imperative and timing of the need to work, and also underpin nuances in respect of desires and needs in how students talk about their motivations for part-time work. These should be important considerations if policy-makers want to create a genuinely meritocratic system or deliver equitable psychological and material well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {capitals,employment,social class,Student unemployment}
}

@article{Roberts2021,
  title = {Gender-Based Segregation in Education, Jobs and Earnings in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Roberts, Gareth and Schoer, Volker},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES},
  volume = {23},
  issn = {2452-2929},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100348},
  abstract = {This paper investigates gender-based segregation in education, jobs and earnings among African women in South Africa. By investigating these linkages, we aim to identify potential policy interventions that could affect some degree of de-segregation in the labour market and thereby reduce the gender wage gap. Using large, nationally representative labour force data samples of African workers, our findings confirm the existence of an earnings hierarchy reflecting a male dominance premium. Specifically, our results show that women working in male dominated self-employment experience the highest returns, followed by women employed in male dominated wage employment while working in female dominated wage employment and self-employment is associated with a wage penalty. However, trying to address wage inequality in the labour market through labour legislation is not likely to be effective if the wage gap is mainly driven by horizontal segregation. Our findings show that gender-based horizontal segregation of jobs is strongly correlated with gender-based segregation in the choices of post-secondary education. Based on our findings, we conclude that targeted training interventions for vocational qualifications of women in male dominated fields of study is likely to be the most plausible policy response that could reduce some of the differences in the earnings between African men and women. The negative economic effects of COVID 19 pandemic, which in South Africa affected women more severely in terms of labour market outcomes (Casale \textbackslash textbackslash\& Posel, 2020), may provide policymakers with a catalyst to challenge the constraints women face crossing over into male dominated jobs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Crossovers,Earnings,Education,Horizontal gender-based job segregation,Industry,Occupation}
}

@article{Robinson2014,
  title = {The Transition from School to Work},
  author = {Robinson, Anne},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {FOUNDATIONS FOR YOUTH JUSTICE: POSITIVE APPROACHES TO PRACTICE},
  pages = {69--84},
  abstract = {Chapter One outlined the notion of transitions - the social transformations that young people make on their journey to independence and \textbackslash textasciigraveadult' responsibilities. There has always been some variation, but transitions today are even less likely to take a straightforward and linear course. Young people's plans and aspirations are shaped by the labour market and, specifically in the UK, the move from manufacturing and industry to more flexible employment, for example, in the service and retail sectors. So there are now more choices, but involving greater insecurity and risks. Tony Blair described his early priorities as Prime Minster as \textbackslash textasciigraveeducation, education, education'. In this he signalled the primacy of education and training under New Labour as a means of tackling social marginalisation and exclusion. Their initial focus was on young adults through the New Deal for Young People (NDYP) and, related to this, the New Deal for Lone Parents. However, the younger age group quickly came under the spotlight with initiatives on truancy, school exclusions and training provision for 16- and 17-year-olds, as well as a reshaping of the 14-19 Curriculum. At the same time, new forms of guidance and support - both targeted and universal - became available through the Connexions Service. New Labour policy had two main facets: it concentrated on increasing employability rather than job creation itself and it worked to provide equality of opportunity rather than reducing social inequalities. In this respect, responsibility was again placed on the individual to actively make choices, to pursue opportunities and so to reap the benefits, particularly the benefits that were seen to accrue in terms of social inclusion. But inclusion is not inevitable: for some young people the available employment excludes even further when it is insecure, exploitative or isolating due to long or unsocial hours. The coalition government is following in much the same vein but is working in worse economic circumstances and in a climate of increased animosity towards benefit claimants, heightening geographical and social disparities. This chapter explores aspects of the school to work transition in the present social and economic context, evaluating the impact of the New Labour and now the coalition government's responses to the changing world of work and the extension of periods in training and education.},
  isbn = {978-1-4473-0698-6; 978-1-4473-1928-3; 978-1-4473-0699-3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rocha2021,
  title = {Effect of Socioeconomic Inequalities and Vulnerabilities on Health-System Preparedness and Response to {{COVID-19}} in {{Brazil}}: A Comprehensive Analysis},
  author = {Rocha, Rudi and Atun, Rifat and Massuda, Adriano and Rache, Beatriz and Spinola, Paula and Nunes, Leticia and Lago, Miguel and Castro, Marcia C.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  number = {6},
  pages = {E782-E792},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00081-4},
  abstract = {Background COVID-19 spread rapidly in Brazil despite the country's well established health and social protection systems. Understanding the relationships between health-system preparedness, responses to COVID-19, and the pattern of spread of the epidemic is particularly important in a country marked by wide inequalities in socioeconomic characteristics (eg, housing and employment status) and other health risks (age structure and burden of chronic disease). Methods From several publicly available sources in Brazil, we obtained data on health risk factors for severe COVID-19 (proportion of the population with chronic disease and proportion aged {$>$}= 60 years), socioeconomic vulnerability (proportions of the population with housing vulnerability or without formal work), health-system capacity (numbers of intensive care unit beds and physicians), coverage of health and social assistance, deaths from COVID-19, and state-level responses of government in terms of physical distancing policies. We also obtained data on the proportion of the population staying at home, based on locational data, as a measure of physical distancing adherence. We developed a socioeconomic vulnerability index (SVI) based on household characteristics and the Human Development Index. Data were analysed at the state and municipal levels. Descriptive statistics and correlations between state-level indicators were used to characterise the relationship between the availability of health-care resources and socioeconomic characteristics and the spread of the epidemic and the response of governments and populations in terms of new investments, legislation, and physical distancing. We used linear regressions on a municipality-by-month dataset from February to October, 2020, to characterise the dynamics of COVID-19 deaths and response to the epidemic across municipalities. Findings The initial spread of COVID-19 was mostly affected by patterns of socioeconomic vulnerability as measured by the SVI rather than population age structure and prevalence of health risk factors. The states with a high (greater than median) SVI were able to expand hospital capacity, to enact stringent COVID-19-related legislation, and to increase physical distancing adherence in the population, although not sufficiently to prevent higher COVID-19 mortality during the initial phase of the epidemic compared with states with a low SVI. Death rates accelerated until June, 2020, particularly in municipalities with the highest socioeconomic vulnerability. Throughout the following months, however, differences in policy response converged in municipalities with lower and higher SVIs, while physical distancing remained relatively higher and death rates became relatively lower in the municipalities with the highest SVIs compared with those with lower SVIs. Interpretation In Brazil, existing socioeconomic inequalities, rather than age, health status, and other risk factors for COVID-19, have affected the course of the epidemic, with a disproportionate adverse burden on states and municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability. Local government responses and population behaviour in the states and municipalities with higher socioeconomic vulnerability have helped to contain the effects of the epidemic. Targeted policies and actions are needed to protect those with the greatest socioeconomic vulnerability. This experience could be relevant in other low-income and middle-income countries where socioeconomic vulnerability varies greatly.Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rocha2023,
  title = {Mobile Ultrasound Vascular Assessment ({{MUVA}}) for Remote and Conflict Areas},
  author = {Rocha, Oscar Moreno Y. and Pinto, Paula and Consuegra, Maria C. and Cifuentes, Sebastian and Ulloa, Jorge H.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT},
  issn = {2042-6747},
  doi = {10.1108/JHLSCM-04-2022-0047},
  abstract = {PurposeThis study aims to facilitate access to vascular disease screening for low-income individuals living in remote and conflict areas based on the results of a pilot trial in Colombia. Also, to increase the amount of diagnosis training of vascular surgery (VS) in civilians. Design/methodology/approachThe operation method includes five stages: strategy development and adjustment; translation of the strategy into a real-world setting; operation logistics planning; strategy analysis and adoption. The operation plan worked efficiently in this study's sample. It demonstrated high sensibility, efficiency and safety in a real-world setting. FindingsThe authors developed and implemented a flow model operating plan for screening vascular pathologies in low-income patients pro bono without proper access to vascular health care. A total of 140 patients from rural areas in Colombia were recruited to a controlled screening session where they underwent serial noninvasive ultrasound assessments conducted by health professionals of different training stages in VS. Research limitations/implicationsThe plan was designed to be implemented in remote, conflict areas with limited access to VS care. Vascular injuries are critically important and common among civilians and military forces in regions with active armed conflicts. As this strategy can be modified and adapted to different medical specialties and geographic areas, the authors recommend checking the related legislation and legal aspects of the intended areas where we will implement this tool. Practical implicationsDifferent sub-specialties can implement the described method to be translated into significant areas of medicine, as the authors can adjust the deployment and execution for the assessment in peripheral areas, conflict zones and other public health crises that require a faster response. This is necessary, as the amount of training to which VS trainees are exposed is low. A simulated exercise offers a novel opportunity to enhance their current diagnostic skills using ultrasound in a controlled environment. Social implicationsEvaluating and assessing patients with limited access to vascular medicine and other specialties can decrease the burden of vascular disease and related complications and increase the number of treatments available for remote communities. Originality/valueIt is essential to assess the most significant number of patients and treat them according to their triage designation. This management is similar to assessment in remote areas without access to a proper VS consult. The authors were able to determine, classify and redirect to therapeutic interventions the patients with positive findings in remote areas with a fast deployment methodology in VS. Plain language summaryAccess to health care is limited due to multiple barriers and the assessment and response, especially in peripheral areas that require a highly skilled team of medical professionals and related equipment. The authors tested a novel mobile assessment tool for remote and conflict areas in a rural zone of Colombia.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Roche2021,
  title = {The Non-Government Alcohol and Other Drug Workforce in {{Australia}}: {{Findings}} from a National Survey},
  author = {Roche, Ann M. and Skinner, Natalie},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW},
  volume = {40},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1003--1012},
  issn = {0959-5236},
  doi = {10.1111/dar.13278},
  abstract = {Introduction There is growing interest in the role of the non-government sector in the alcohol and other drug (AOD) service delivery system. This study examined the demographic profile of AOD workers in the non-government (NGO) compared to government sector, to ascertain their professional development needs, job satisfaction, retention and turnover. Methods This study utilised cross-sectional data from an Australian AOD workforce online survey that assessed participants' demographics, employment profile, professional development needs and barriers. The sample comprised 888 workers in direct client service roles. Results Binomial logistic regression analysis indicated that NGO workers were more likely to be younger ({$<$}35 years), have AOD lived experience and have an AOD vocational qualification. NGO workers were more likely to earn below the national average salary and report job insecurity; but nonetheless were more likely to feel respected and supported at work, believe their work was meaningful and be satisfied working in the AOD sector. Their top professional development barrier was personal financial cost. NGO workers were more likely to report employer financial costs as a professional development barrier, whereas government workers were more likely to report staff shortages. Discussion and Conclusions AOD services in Australia rely increasingly on the NGO sector. Quality services and care pivot on the size, capability and maturity of the workforce. This study highlights the need for systemic interventions addressing structural issues, and the professional development and ongoing support needs of the NGO AOD workforce. Without such support, Australia's AOD services will be potentially jeopardised.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {capacity building,government sector,health workforce,non\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8208,professional development need}
}

@book{Roddin2012,
  title = {{{POVERTY ERADICATION THROUGH}} \textbackslash{{textasciigravePRO-POOR TOURISM}}' ({{PPT}}) {{APPROACH AMONG ORANG ASLI COMMUNITIES IN MALAYSIA}}},
  author = {Roddin, R. and Sidi, N. S. Sultan and Ab Hadi, M. Y. and Yusof, Y.},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Torres, {\relax IC} and Martinez, {\relax AL}},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {EDULEARN12: 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION AND NEW LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES},
  series = {{{EDULEARN Proceedings}}},
  issn = {2340-1117},
  abstract = {The term App is a short way to name the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveapplication\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in singular and plural. The following paper based upon a teachers log, summarizes some of the most important experiences a group of teachers faced previous, during and while using iPad applications to stimulate kids, from 45 days to 4 years old. Based on a timeline we introduce both the enthusiastic experience and the scientific perspective, only with the objectivity and the theoretical frame to support the paper, but in a storytelling way, to take the readers with us in a journey that helps them visualize the experience, closer to the feelings but not so far from the objectivity of the science. From Apps designed to provide infants with essential stimulation during early stages of development to Apps that help teachers to facilitate the reading and writing process at the time they enjoy and explore the technology in a friendly and natural way. As a result of our research project, we found that some apps are based on decades of research and beautifully designed, they were planned to provide as much stimulation as possible, some of them use bold, high-contrast symbols, shapes, patterns, and captivating sounds, proven to be preferred by infants. We decided to use apps as teaching aids and we chose those with a higher level of stimulation in the areas of cognitive and motor development, but with impressive potential to provide with significant visual tracking, scanning, and object permanence, the aim was considered in two main ways, using English as a communication channel and technology that speeds myelination of brain cells. On the other hand, the term \textbackslash textasciigraveearly intervention' designates educational and neuro-protection strategies aimed at enhancing brain development. Using technology as one of these strategies increases both the teaching experience for the teachers in charge of the early stimulation, as well as the learning experience for babies. Early educational strategies seek to take advantage of cerebral plasticity, according to the experts, from the born day to the age of seven, represent the most adequate and important period to generate as much neuro-connections as possible. In our experience we have observed that kids respond naturally and friendly to the chosen apps as teaching aids to present vocabulary, to practice hand writing, to read stories and to have fun at the time they practice math, sciences and other skills. Early stimulation programs were first devised in the United States for vulnerable children in low-income families; positive effects were recorded regarding school failure rates and social problems. In the language learning area, we decided to put in practice a stimulation program in the University of Colima's Baby Day Care Department BDCD (Estancias Infantiles in Spanish). The institution attends the kids of every woman that works for the University. It is organized in rooms that keep the kids in periods of 6 months, the first three years and twelve months for the last year they spend at the BDCD. The class took place two days a week for each room in sessions of 30 minutes a day. The results so far shows positive results, from the day we began to now we had a great amount of significant experiences we would like to share in a full paper, as well as in the presentation.},
  isbn = {978-84-695-3491-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Early stimulation,foreign languages,iPad applications,Orang Asli (Indegenouse People),Poverty,Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT)},
  note = {4th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), Barcelona, SPAIN, JUL 02-04, 2012
\par
4th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), Barcelona, SPAIN, JUL 02-04, 2012}
}

@article{RodgersIII2019,
  title = {Race in the {{Labor Market}}: {{The Role}} of {{Equal Employment Opportunity}} and {{Other Policies}}},
  author = {Rodgers III, William M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RSF-THE RUSSELL SAGE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {5},
  number = {5},
  pages = {198--220},
  issn = {2377-8253},
  doi = {10.7758/RSF.2019.5.5.10},
  abstract = {Fifty years have passed since the release of the Kerner Commission's findings, conclusions, and policy recommendations. This article first reviews recent trend and cross-section analysis on racial employment and earnings inequality before synthesizing the evidence on racial inequality's causes and speculating how these factors might shape future African American outcomes. In conclusion, it offers a framework for addressing the nation's persistent racial inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,human and social capital,inequality,public policy,race}
}

@article{Rodin2017,
  title = {Language Training and Well-Being for Qualified Migrants in {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Rodin, Lika and Rodin, Andre and Brunke, Susanne},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIGRATION HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {220--233},
  issn = {1747-9894},
  doi = {10.1108/IJMHSC-11-2014-0043},
  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveKorta Vagen\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (The short cut), a targeted language program for qualified migrants in Sweden, in self-maintaining, well-being and perspectives for socio-economic integration for foreigners with academic diploma. Design/methodology/approach - In-class observations, individual semi-structured interviews, focus-group interviews and written essays were used for data collection. A thematic analysis was applied as a method of data analysis. Amartya Sen's capability approach constituted a theoretical framework of the research discussion. Findings - Korta Vagen provides various resources for the participants, some of which (language training and internship) can become real advantages for employment. Others (IT, interview training and CV writing) are less translatable into concrete outcomes. The study suggests that satisfaction with the program is modulated by commitment to one's professional identity, initial language proficiency, scope of cultural knowledge, the participants' goals and the flexibility of the training offered. The acculturation frame of the program does not necessarily correspond with the objective need of many participants for quick entry into the labor market. Originality/value - Insights into the social-psychological aspects of targeted language training as a measure for socio-economic integration can serve to enhance educational and institutional policies and professional practice.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Capability approach,Professional identity,Qualified migrants,Targeted language training,Well-being}
}

@article{Rodriguez-Modrono2017,
  title = {{Impacts of the economic crisis on employed women in Southern European Regions. The case of Andalucia}},
  author = {{Rodriguez-Modrono}, Paula},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {110},
  pages = {15--37},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {An emerging body of research about the impact of the recession and austerity on women recognized but did not examine the potential different impact of the crisis and austerity reforms on different groups of women, particularly how it affected the labour supply, employment attachment, patterns and experience of low educated women (e.g. Bettio et al., 2013; Karamessini and Rubery, 2014). Yet this is an important question. The policy responses at the European and national level consisted mostly of measures to cut public spending and to increase labour market flexibility, targeting welfare programmes, public sector employment and pay, employment protection legislation and wage setting institutions. Low educated women are more vulnerable to job insecurity and low pay, and on the other hand their employment participation is more likely to be influenced by welfare measures supportive of female employment and so more likely to be affected if these change. This paper focuses on the impact of the crisis and the associated austerity measures on the patterns and quality of employment of women, and how the crisis and changes to employment regulation and welfare provision affected the employment and living conditions of women, the family arrangements and gender relations in Southern European regions, using Andalucia as a case study. To this end, a systematic review of the reforms implemented is discussed, together with their macro-level impact, through an analysis of secondary sources and official statistical data. Statistical data used in the analysis includes data on GDP, employment and working conditions from Spanish Regional Accounts, Spanish Labour Force Survey, Quarterly Labour Cost Survey and statistics on Collective Agreements; data on formal and informal care are from the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; data on attitudes are taken from the European Social Survey, and the last Eurobarometer special report on gender equality. At the micro level, in order to understand the kind of pressures and challenges created by the crisis and the austerity reforms, interviews were conducted with 66 low educated women employed. The findings reveal great precariousness, insecurity and adverse changes experienced during the crisis, in spite of a strong added worker effect of women increasing their labour market participation in response to male unemployment. Women joined the labour market as men lost jobs but faced increasing barriers to securing employment. The evidence suggests that low educated women met even greater difficulties in accessing, maintaining and re-entering employment. Reforms in employment regulation and collective bargaining seemed to strongly affect the interviewees, who reported poor labour practices and employer unilateralism. Legal changes that increased firms' discretion to change workers' tasks, location and schedules led to a growth of precarious work and to employers' abusing part-time work contracts to reduce costs by replacing full-time workers with part-timers paid at lower rates and by pressuring part-timers to work longer unpaid hours (Rocha, 2014). Legal changes also created opportunities for firms to opt out from collective agreements and unilaterally reduce wages. Temporary contracts and part-time contracts were all typical of women starting working for their present companies during the crisis. Many women reported increases in working time, wage freezing or pay cuts. The women working in social care consistently reported employer strategies to intensify work and reduce labour costs, including the reorganization of work with fewer and longer shifts in order to operate with less staff and the hiring of hourly paid staff to avoid paying premium night shift rates. A significant proportion of women reported that their husbands had been unemployed or had pay cuts, resulting in a significant income loss. These experiences of unemployment and reduced earnings of the women or their husbands were associated with significant financial stress, mainly in the cases of couples with children. When asked how they coped and eventually overcame the financial hardship, they reported to have drastically reduced expenses. Cohabitation is another familialistic trait that continues alive and helped families to cushion the economic impact of the crisis. Under these circumstances, the women interviewed saw their wages as extremely important to the household budget. This study provides also some insights on the strategies used by women to reconcile waged work with family life in the context of the crisis. Women with young children used formal childcare, either school or nursery. However, as schools usually finish before their job ended, there is a need for complementary arrangements. Some women worked part-time hours or on a reduced schedule, whereas others were aided by their own or partners' mothers. Husbands or partners were also involved but mostly those who were unemployed. Full-time working women appeared to face increasing difficulties in balancing work with family due to longer and less predictable working hours during the crisis, and cuts introduced to public childcare funding. This was particularly problematic for mothers but in general women struggled to combine their full-time schedules with domestic work, which still fell mostly on their shoulders. The gender division of domestic labour remained mostly traditional, though younger women tended to report more egalitarian sharing of domestic labour. There is evidence of a modest move toward a greater contribution of unemployed male couples. The interviewees' discourse on the importance of employment for women's economic independence and linking it to notions of fairness and egalitarianism suggests that women's attachment to employment is increasingly strong. Women's employment position appears more constrained by unfavourable labour market circumstances than by traditional gender role attitudes. This lack of evidence of a general backlash in gender attitudes, a strong women's attachment to employment and income contributions to the household becoming even more crucial during the crisis may signal an erosion of the gendered pattern of labour market segmentation. This erosion may not represent a dramatic change. It will depend in the duration of this process, and in the way out of the crisis. As reforms to social welfare and to the regulation of employment have decreased women's ability to reconcile their family and work responsibilities, and Southern European regions, such as Andalucia, have implemented a strategy of retrenchment through drastic cuts in the welfare state, austerity may create the conditions to the re-emergence of a more conservative gender order.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Economic crieis,Employment,Gender,Social model}
}

@article{Rodriguez-Sanchez2017,
  title = {Performance of People with Diabetes in the Labor Market: {{An}} Empirical Approach Controlling for Complications},
  author = {{Rodriguez-Sanchez}, Beatriz and {Cantarero-Prieto}, David},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HUMAN BIOLOGY},
  volume = {27},
  number = {A},
  pages = {102--113},
  issn = {1570-677X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ehb.2017.05.005},
  abstract = {This paper introduces a framework for modelling the impact that diabetes has on employment status and wages, improving the existing literature by controlling for diabetes-related complications. Using the last wave of the Spanish National Health Survey, we find that 1710 adults out of the original sample of 36,087 have diabetes, reporting higher rates of unemployment. Our empirical results suggest that persons with diabetes, compared with non-diabetic persons, have poorer labor outcomes in terms of length of unemployment and lower income. However, diabetes is not significantly associated with unemployment probabilities, suggesting that the burden of diabetes on employment is mediated by lifestyle factors and clinical and functional complications. In addition, there are mixed outcomes to this econometric approach, depending on age and gender, among other factors. This interesting finding has several implications for research and policy on strategies to get lower health inequalities. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chronic disease,Diabetes,Earnings,Employment,Health}
}

@article{RODRIGUEZ1992,
  title = {{{HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION}}, {{EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS}}, {{AND INCOME INEQUALITY}} - {{PUERTO-RICANS IN NEW-YORK AND OTHER AREAS OF THE UNITED-STATES MAINLAND}}},
  author = {RODRIGUEZ, H},
  year = {1992},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {52--75},
  issn = {0739-9863},
  doi = {10.1177/07399863920141003},
  abstract = {This study focuses on the impact of household composition, educational attainment, and employment characteristics on household income for Puerto Rican householders in New York and other areas of the United States, from 1970 to 1980. New York householders had lower levels of education in particular fewer college graduates, and lower labor force participation. and a higher proportion of female-headed households. Although average household income declined for both groups. New York householders had significantly lower incomes relative to those residing elsewhere. Regression standardization showed that. in 1980, the average compositional characteristics of New York Puerto Ricans were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveless favorable \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave to household income. Further they received less income for their average characteristics. when compared to householders not residing in New York. It is suggested that the deteriorating economic conditions of Puerto Ricans is a result of joblessness and low-skilled, low-wage jobs among those employed. Industrial restructuring, low levels of education, and the dramatic growth of female-headed households also accounts for their depressed economic status and explains some of the differences in economic well-being between New York and non-New York householders. Further, the problems of mainland Puerto Ricans have been exacerbated by racial and ethnic discrimination.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Roels2020,
  title = {International {{Comparison}} of {{Vocational Rehabilitation}} for {{Persons With Spinal Cord Injury}}: {{Systems}}, {{Practices}}, and {{Barriers}}},
  author = {Roels, Ellen H. and Reneman, Michiel F. and New, Peter W. and Kiekens, Carlotte and Van Roey, Lot and Townson, Andrea and Scivoletto, Giorgio and Smith, Eimear and {Eriks-Hoogland}, Inge and Staubli, Stefan and Post, Marcel W. M.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {TOPICS IN SPINAL CORD INJURY REHABILITATION},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--35},
  issn = {1082-0744},
  doi = {10.1310/sci2601-21},
  abstract = {Background: Employment rates among people with spinal cord injury or spinal cord disease (SCI/D) show considerable variation across countries. One factor to explain this variation is differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) systems. International comparative studies on VR however are nonexistent. Objectives: To describe and compare VR systems and practices and barriers for return to work in the rehabilitation of persons with SCI/D in multiple countries. Methods: A survey including clinical case examples was developed and completed by medical and VR experts from SCI/D rehabilitation centers in seven countries between April and August 2017. Results: Location (rehabilitation center vs community), timing (around admission, toward discharge, or after discharge from clinical rehabilitation), and funding (eg, insurance, rehabilitation center, employer, or community) of VR practices differ. Social security services vary greatly. The age and preinjury occupation of the patient influences the content of VR in some countries. Barriers encountered during VR were similar. No participant mentioned lack of interest in VR among team members as a barrier, but all mentioned lack of education of the team on VR as a barrier. Other frequently mentioned barriers were fatigue of the patient (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%), lack of confidence of the patient in his/her ability to work (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%), a gap in the team's knowledge of business/legal aspects (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and inadequate transportation/accessibility (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion: VR systems and practices, but not barriers, differ among centers. The variability in VR systems and social security services should be considered when comparing VR study results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,spinal cord diseases,spinal injuries,work}
}

@article{Roeters2014,
  title = {Part-Time Work, Women's Work-Life Conflict, and Job Satisfaction: {{A}} Cross-National Comparison of {{Australia}}, the {{Netherlands}}, {{Germany}}, {{Sweden}}, and the {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Roeters, Anne and Craig, Lyn},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {185--203},
  issn = {0020-7152},
  doi = {10.1177/0020715214543541},
  abstract = {This study uses the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2013 Family and Changing Gender Roles' module (N=1773) to examine cross-country differences in the relationship between women's part-time work and work-life conflict and job satisfaction. We hypothesize that part-time work will lead to less favorable outcomes in countries with employment policies that are less protective of part-time employees because the effects of occupational downgrading counteract the benefits of increased time availability. Our comparison focuses on the Netherlands and Australia while using Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden as benchmarks. Part-time employment is prevalent in all five countries, but has the most support and protection in the Dutch labor market. We find little evidence that country of residence conditions the effects of part-time work. Overall, the results suggest that part-time work reduces work-life conflict to a similar extent in all countries except Sweden. The effects on job satisfaction are negligible. We discuss the implications for social policies meant to stimulate female labor force participation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-national comparison,labor market policies,part-time employment,work conditions,work-life conflict}
}

@article{Rogan2019,
  title = {Gendered Inequalities in the {{South African}} Informal Economy},
  author = {Rogan, Michael and Alfers, Laura},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AGENDA-EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR GENDER EQUITY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {91--102},
  issn = {1013-0950},
  doi = {10.1080/10130950.2019.1676163},
  abstract = {In the early part of the post-apartheid period in South Africa, a \textbackslash textasciigravefeminisation of the labour force' coincided with an increasing concentration of women in unemployment as well as in informal and low-paid work. In other words, and as observed at the time, an improvement in female labour participation did not seem to \textbackslash textasciigravebuy' much for South African women. Accordingly, the overrepresentation of women in informal employment has been identified as a key source of gender inequality in the labour market. However, a source of gender disadvantage that has received considerably less attention is the gendered structure of earnings and occupations within the informal economy. In this paper, we examine sources of gender inequality within the South African informal economy through an analysis of a recent labour force survey and by drawing on a multi-dimensional approach to understanding risks to income security.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,income,inequality,informal employment,risk}
}

@article{Rogozhina2020,
  title = {{INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION OF LABOR RESOURCES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA}},
  author = {Rogozhina, Nataliya G.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {MIROVAYA EKONOMIKA I MEZHDUNARODNYE OTNOSHENIYA},
  volume = {64},
  number = {3},
  pages = {111--119},
  issn = {0131-2227},
  doi = {10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-3-111-119},
  abstract = {The regional labor market in Southeast Asia is second only to China and India. Its development is subjected to the movement of labor force within the region. The flow of intraregional migrants has begun to grow since the 1990s, reflecting imbalances in the distribution of labor among the countries of the region and the existence of significant differences between them in household income, wages and competitiveness, working conditions and employment opportunities. The number of labor emigrants in 2015 was 10.2 million people, of which 6.8 million found work in the region itself. The positive results of labor migration are indisputable for both importing countries and exporters of labor. The first, which include Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, by attracting foreign workers cover the shortage of labor force in their labor market, especially in labor-intensive industries. The bulk of migrants from neighboring countries are semi-skilled and unskilled labor. Its main suppliers are Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam. In these countries, due to higher rates of population growth and its rejuvenation, excess labor has emerged, which does not have the opportunity to find employment in still underdeveloped economies. Intraregional migration facilitates the solution of the problem of poverty and employment in these countries, raising the level of skills of the workforce, and the flow of funds into the economy through the remittances of migrant workers. However, intraregional migration brings not only economic benefits to the countries of the region, but also creates certain difficulties for them, since it is often accompanied by exploitation, violence of migrants, especially illegal ones. Although labor migration in labor-importing countries is regulated by laws that restrict the entry of migrants from neighboring countries and the duration of their stay in the country, these measures are not sufficient to stop the flow of illegal migrants. Costly and time-consuming bureaucratic procedure for obtaining a visa, the high cost of services of labor agencies, brevity and rigidity of labor contracts - all these factors encourage migrants to seek informal channels to move to another country. To combat illegal migration, various means of policy are used: the deportation of illegal migrants, their criminal prosecution (applies also to the entrepreneur who hires an illegal worker), periodically conducted campaigns for their registration and amnesty. However, these measures are ineffective in terms of reducing the influx of illegal migrants, and most importantly, are detrimental to the economy. The migration policies carried out in Malaysia and Thailand do not satisfy the needs of their economic development. In Singapore, the solution to these problems is ensured by the presence of an effective migration management system. Given the prospects for the development of integration processes in Southeast Asia, the problem of improving the management of intraregional migration is of particular importance. The ways to solve it are seen not so much in the tightening of migration policies in host countries, but in the removal of those barriers that impede the free movement of labor force within the region through legal channels. The task of the countries is to make amendments to their migration systems, including the elimination of any forms and types of exploitation of migrants.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {human trafficking,illegal working force,labor emigrants,migration policy,South East Asia}
}

@article{Roll2013,
  title = {Disparities in {{Unmet Need}} for {{Mental Health Services}} in the {{United States}}, 1997-2010},
  author = {Roll, John M. and Kennedy, Jae and Tran, Melanie and Howell, Donelle},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES},
  volume = {64},
  number = {1},
  pages = {80--82},
  issn = {1075-2730},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.201200071},
  abstract = {Objectives: This study estimated unmet need for mental health services, identified population risk factors related to unmet need, and established baseline data to assess the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act. Methods: National Health Interview Survey data (1997-2010) were analyzed. Results: Unmet need increased from 4.3 million in 1997 to 7.2 million in 2010. Rates in 2010 were about five times higher for uninsured than for privately insured persons. In a multivariate logistic model, likelihood was higher among children (age two to 17), working-age adults (age 18-64), women, uninsured persons, persons with low incomes, in fair or poor health, and with chronic conditions. Conclusions: Unmet need is widespread, particularly among the uninsured. Expansion of coverage under the ACA, in conjunction with federal parity, should improve access, but ongoing monitoring of access is a research and policy priority. (Psychiatric Services 64:80-82, 2013; doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200071)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rollins2012,
  title = {Housing {{Instability Is}} as {{Strong}} a {{Predictor}} of {{Poor Health Outcomes}} as {{Level}} of {{Danger}} in an {{Abusive Relationship}}: {{Findings From}} the {{SHARE Study}}},
  author = {Rollins, Chiquita and Glass, Nancy E. and Perrin, Nancy A. and Billhardt, Kris A. and Clough, Amber and Barnes, Jamie and Hanson, Ginger C. and Bloom, Tina L.},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {623--643},
  issn = {0886-2605},
  doi = {10.1177/0886260511423241},
  abstract = {Advocates, clinicians, policy makers, and survivors frequently cite intimate partner violence (IPV) as an immediate cause of or precursor to housing problems. Research has indicated an association between homelessness and IPV, yet few studies examine IPV and housing instability. Housing instability differs from homelessness, in that someone experiencing housing instability may currently have a place to live but faces difficulties with maintaining the residence. We present baseline findings from a longitudinal cohort study of 278 female IPV survivors with housing as a primary concern. Our analysis indicates the greater the number of housing instability risk factors (e.g., eviction notice, problems with landlord, moving multiple times), the more likely the abused woman reported symptoms consistent with PTSD (p {$<$} .001), depression (p {$<$} .001), reduced quality of life (p {$<$} .001), increased work/school absence (OR = 1.28, p {$<$} .004), and increased hospital/emergency department use (OR = 1.22, p {$<$} .001). These outcomes persist even when controlling for the level of danger in the abusive relationship and for survivors' drug and alcohol use. Importantly, both housing instability and danger level had stronger associations with negative health outcomes than other factors such as age, alcohol, and drug use; both make unique contributions to negative health outcomes and could contribute in different ways. Housing instability is an important and understudied social determinant of health for IPV survivors. These findings begin to address the literature gap on the relationship between housing instability, IPV, and survivors' health, employment, and utilization of medical care services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {assessment,domestic violence,mental health and violence}
}

@article{Rosa2022,
  title = {Can {{You Hear Us Now}}? {{Equity}} in {{Global Advocacy}} for {{Palliative Care}}},
  author = {Rosa, William E. and Ahmed, Ebtesam and Chaila, Mwate Joseph and Chansa, Abidan and Adelaida Cordoba, Maria and Dowla, Rumana and Gafer, Nahla and Khan, Farzana and Namisango, Eve and Rodriguez, Luisa and Knaul, Felicia Marie and Pettus, Katherine I.},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PAIN AND SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {64},
  number = {4},
  pages = {E217-E226},
  issn = {0885-3924},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.07.004},
  abstract = {Evidence-based advocacy underpins the sustainable delivery of quality, publicly guaranteed, and universally available palliative care. More than 60 million people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have no or extremely limited access to either palliative care services or essential palliative care medicines (e.g., opioids) on the World Health Organization Model List. Indeed, only 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global palliative care need is currently being met. Palliative care advocacy works to bring this global public health inequity to light. Despite their expertise, palliative care practitioners in LMICs are rarely invited to health policymaking tables - even in their own countries - and are underrepresented in the academic literature produced largely in the high-income world. In this paper, palliative care experts from Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia affiliated with the International Association for Hospice \textbackslash textbackslash\& Palliative Care Advocacy Focal Point Program articulate the urgent need for evidence-based advocacy, focusing on significant barriers such as urban/rural divides, cancer-centeredness, service delivery gaps, opioid formulary limitations, public policy, and education deficits. Their advocacy is situated in the context of an emerging global health narrative that stipulates palliative care provision as an ethical obligation of all health systems. To support advocacy efforts, palliative care evaluation and indicator data should assess the extent to which LMIC practitioners lead and participate in global and regional advocacy. This goal entails investment in transnational advocacy initiatives, research investments in palliative care access and cost-effective models in LMICs, and capacity building for a global community of practice to capture the attention of policymakers at all levels of health system governance. (c) 2022 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {advocacy,essential medicines,global health,hospice,opioids,Palliative care,partnerships,policy,social justice}
}

@article{Rosa2023,
  title = {Radiotherapy Resources in {{Brazil}} ({{RT2030}}): A Comprehensive Analysis and Projections for 2030},
  author = {Rosa, Arthur Accioly and {de Sousa}, Cecilia Felix Penido Mendes and Pimentel, Leonardo Cunha Furbino and Martins, Homero Lavieri and Moraes, Fabio Ynoe and Marta, Gustavo Nader and Castilho, Marcus Simoes},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {LANCET ONCOLOGY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {8},
  pages = {903--912},
  issn = {1470-2045},
  abstract = {Background The demand for radiotherapy in Brazil is unfulfilled, and the scarcity of data on the national network hampers the development of effective policies. We aimed to evaluate the current situation, estimate demands and requirements, and provide an action plan to ensure access to radiotherapy for those in need by 2030.Methods The Brazilian Society for Radiation Oncology created a task force (RT2030) including physicians, medical physicists, policy makers, patient advocates, and suppliers, all of whom were major stakeholders involved in Brazilian radiotherapy care. The group was further divided into seven working groups to address themes associated with radiotherapy care in Brazil. From March 1, 2019, to Aug 3, 2020, there were monthly meetings between the group's leaders and the Central Committee and six general meetings. First, a comprehensive search of all different national databases was done to identify all radiotherapy centres. Questionnaires evaluating radiotherapy infrastructure and human resources and assing the availability, distribution, capacity, and workload of resources were created and sent to the radioprotection supervisor of each centre. Results were analysed nationally and across the country's regions and health-care systems. A pre-planned review of available databases was done to gather data on active radiation oncology centres and the distribution of radiotherapy machines (linear accelerators \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceLINACs]) across Brazil. We used national population and cancer incidence projections, recommended radiotherapy usage from the medical literature, and national working patterns to project radiotherapy demands in 2030. An action plan was established with suggestions to address the gaps and meet the demands.Findings The database search yielded 279 centres with an active radiotherapy registry. After applying predefined exclusion criteria, 263 centres were identified that provided external beam radiotherapy machines with or without brachytherapy. All 263 operational centres answered the questionnaires sent on Dec 9, 2019, which were then returned between Jan 1 and June 30, 2020. There were 409 therapy machines, 646 radiation oncologists, 533 physicists, and 230 989 patients undergoing radiotherapy (150 628 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace65 \textbackslash textbackslash\& BULL;2\textbackslash textbackslash\%] in the public health-care system and 80 937 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace35 \textbackslash textbackslash\& BULL;0\textbackslash textbackslash\%] in private). The mean annual occupation rate was 566 patients per treatment machine (SD 250). The number of residents per treatment machine ranged from 258 333 to 1 800 000. Technology availability varied considerably among regions and systems. In 2030, 639 994 new cancer cases are expected, which will require 332 797 radiotherapy courses. Therefore, 530 LINACs, 1079 radiation oncologists, and 1060 medical physicists will be needed. Interpretation The expected increase in cancer incidence in the coming years will probably increase the disparities in cancer care and the burden for Brazilian patients. We provide a roadmap of the current situation and the particularities of the Brazilian radiotherapy network, which can serve as a starting point for cancer policy planning to improve this scenario.Copyright \textbackslash textbackslash\& COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rosen2014,
  title = {Work {{Outcomes After Benefits Counseling Among Veterans Applying}} for {{Service Connection}} for a {{Psychiatric Condition}}},
  author = {Rosen, Marc I. and Ablondi, Karen and Black, Anne C. and Mueller, Lisa and Serowik, Kristin L. and Martino, Steve and Mobo, Ben Hur and Rosenheck, Robert A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES},
  volume = {65},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1426--1432},
  issn = {1075-2730},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.201300478},
  abstract = {Objective: This study's objective was to determine the efficacy of benefits counseling in a clinical trial. There has been concern that disability payments for psychiatric disorders reduce incentives for employment and rehabilitation. Benefits counseling, with education about opportunities to work and the financial implications of work on receipt of disability benefits, may counter these disincentives. Methods: This single-blind, six-month randomized clinical trial enrolled 84 veterans who had applied for service-connected compensation for a psychiatric condition. Veterans were randomly assigned to either four sessions of benefits counseling or of a control condition involving orientation to the U.S Department of Veterans Affairs health care system and services. Days of paid work and work-related activities were assessed at follow-up visits by using a time-line follow-back calendar. Results: Veterans assigned to benefits counseling worked for pay for significantly more days than did veterans in the control group (effect size=.69, p{$<$}.05), reflecting an average of three more days of paid employment during the 28 days preceding the six-month follow-up. Benefits counseling was associated with increased use of mental health services, but this correlation did not mediate the effect of benefits counseling on working. Conclusions: Barriers to employment associated with disability payments are remediable with basic counseling. More research is needed to understand the active ingredient of this counseling and to strengthen the intervention.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rosenbaum2007,
  title = {Family Expenditures on Child Care},
  author = {Rosenbaum, Dan T. and Ruhm, Christopher J.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1935-1682},
  abstract = {This study examines the child care \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveexpenditure share,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace defined as child care expenses divided by after-tax income. We estimate that the average child under six years of age lives in a family that spends 4.9 percent of after-tax income on child care. However, this conceals wide variation: 63 percent of such children reside in families with no child care expenses and 10 percent are in families where the expenditure share exceeds 16 percent. The proportion of income devoted to child care is typically greater in single-parent than married-couple families but is not systematically related to a constructed measure of socioeconomic status. One reason for this is that disadvantaged families use lower cost modes and pay less per hour for given types of care. The expenditure share would be much less equal without low cost (presumably subsidized) formal care focused on needy families, as well as government tax and transfer policies that redistribute income towards them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child care,expenditure share,parental employment,work-family balance}
}

@article{Rosenblatt2006,
  title = {Shortages of Medical Personnel at Community Health Centers - {{Implications}} for Planned Expansion},
  author = {Rosenblatt, {\relax RA} and Andrilla, {\relax CHA} and Curtin, T and Hart, {\relax LG}},
  year = {2006},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {295},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1042--1049},
  issn = {0098-7484},
  doi = {10.1001/jama.295.9.1042},
  abstract = {Context The US government is expanding the capacity of community health centers (CHCs) to provide care to underserved populations. Objective To examine the status of workforce shortages that may limit CHC expansion. Design and Setting Survey questionnaire of all 846 federally funded US CHCs that directly provide clinical services and are within the 50 states and the District of Columbia, conducted between May and September 2004. Questionnaires were completed by the chief executive officer of each grantee. Information was supplemented by data from the 2003 Bureau of Primary Health Care Uniform Data System and weighted to be nationally representative. Main Outcome Measures Staffing patterns and vacancies for major clinical disciplines by rural and urban location, use of federal and state recruitment programs, and perceived barriers to recruitment. Results Overall response rate was 79.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Primary care physicians made up 89.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of physicians working in the CHCs, the majority of whom are family physicians. In rural CHCs, 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the direct clinical providers of care were nonphysician clinicians compared with 38.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in urban CHCs. There were 428 vacant funded full-time equivalents (FTEs) for family physicians and 376 vacant FTEs for registered nurses. There were vacancies for 13.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of family physician positions, 20.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of obstetrician/ gynecologist positions, and 22.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of psychiatrist positions. Rural CHCs had a higher proportion of vacancies and longer-term vacancies and reported greater difficulty filling positions compared with urban CHCs. Physician recruitment in CHCs was heavily dependent on National Health Service Corps scholarships, loan repayment programs, and international medical graduates with J-1 visa waivers. Major perceived barriers to recruitment included low salaries and, in rural CHCs, cultural isolation, poor-quality schools and housing, and lack of spousal job opportunities. Conclusions CHCs face substantial challenges in recruitment of clinical staff, particularly in rural areas. The largest numbers of unfilled positions were for family physicians at a time of declining interest in family medicine among graduating US medical students. The success of the current US national policy to expand CHCs may be challenged by these workforce issues.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rositch2020,
  title = {The Role of Dissemination and Implementation Science in Global Breast Cancer Control Programs: {{Frameworks}}, Methods, and Examples},
  author = {Rositch, Anne F. and {Unger-Saldana}, Karla and DeBoer, Rebecca J. and Ng'ang'a, Anne and Weiner, Bryan J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {CANCER},
  volume = {126},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2394--2404},
  issn = {0008-543X},
  doi = {10.1002/cncr.32877},
  abstract = {Global disparities in breast cancer outcomes are attributable to a sizable gap between evidence and practice in breast cancer control and management. Dissemination and implementation science (D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS) seeks to understand how to promote the systematic uptake of evidence-based interventions and/or practices into real-world contexts. D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS methods are useful for selecting strategies to implement evidence-based interventions, adapting their implementation to new settings, and evaluating the implementation process as well as its outcomes to determine success and failure, and adjust accordingly. Process models, explanatory theories, and evaluation frameworks are used in D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS to develop implementation strategies, identify implementation outcomes, and design studies to evaluate these outcomes. In breast cancer control and management, research has been translated into evidence-based, resource-stratified guidelines by the Breast Health Global Initiative and others. D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS should be leveraged to optimize the implementation of these guidelines, and other evidence-based interventions, into practice across the breast cancer care continuum, from optimizing public education to promoting early detection, increasing guideline-concordant clinical practice among providers, and analyzing and addressing barriers and facilitators in health care systems. Stakeholder engagement through processes such as co-creation is critical. In this article, the authors have provided a primer on the contribution of D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS to phased implementation of global breast cancer control programs, provided 2 case examples of ongoing D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS research projects in Tanzania, and concluded with recommendations for best practices for researchers undertaking this work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breast cancer,Breast Health Global Initiative,Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR),dissemination and implementation science,Tanzania}
}

@article{ROSS1994,
  title = {{{SEX STRATIFICATION AND HEALTH LIFE-STYLE}} - {{CONSEQUENCES FOR MENS AND WOMENS PERCEIVED HEALTH}}},
  author = {ROSS, {\relax CE} and BIRD, {\relax CE}},
  year = {1994},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {161--178},
  issn = {0022-1465},
  doi = {10.2307/2137363},
  abstract = {A representative national sample of 2,031 adults aged 18 to 90 was interviewed by telephone in 1990. Results showed that men report better health than women, but that the gap closes with age. We argue that a gender difference in labor and lifestyles explains sex differences in perceived health across the life course: gender inequality in paid and unpaid work and the subjective experience of inequality disadvantage women, whereas lifestyle disadvantages men. Women are less likely to be employed, and are more likely to work part-time, have lower incomes and more economic hardship, and to do more unpaid domestic labor than men, all of which except domestic labor are associated with poor health. Domestic labor improves health, up to doing 60 percent of the housework. Women also have more distress and fewer subjective work rewards, both of which are associated with poor health. If women had the same levels of paid work, household income, economic hardship, work rewards, and distress as men, their health would equal that of men's and surpass it by age 59. Although we expected to find an overwhelming male disadvantage in lifestyle, we did not. Men are more likely than women to walk and to exercise strenously, both of which are associated with good health. If women's labor and leisure-time physical activity equalled men's, women over the age of 54 would experience better health than men. Men's lifestyle disadvantage comes from their greater tendency to smoke and to be overweight, both of which are associated with poor health.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rossin-Slater2013,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{California}}'s {{Paid Family Leave Program}} on {{Mothers}}' {{Leave-Taking}} and {{Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes}}},
  author = {{Rossin-Slater}, Maya and Ruhm, Christopher J. and Waldfogel, Jane},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {224+},
  issn = {0276-8739},
  doi = {10.1002/pam.21676},
  abstract = {This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from an average of three to six weeks for new motherswith some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children by 10 to 17 percent and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rossin-Slater2020,
  title = {Time {{On}} with {{Baby}} and {{Time Off}} from {{Work}}},
  author = {{Rossin-Slater}, Maya and Stearns, Jenna},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {35--51},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  abstract = {Compared to unpaid leave, paid family leave may better help working parents balance the competing needs of job and family early in a child's life, among other advantages. Yet the United States remains one of only two countries in the world without a statutory national paid maternity leave policy, and one of the only high-income countries that doesn't provide access to paid paternity leave for new fathers at the federal level. In theory, Maya Rossin-Slater and Jenna Stearns write, paid leave can benefit families in two ways: by changing the amount of income available in the household (and the amount of resources available for the child), and by increasing the amount of time parents spend with their children. Despite the lack of paid leave at the federal level, several US states have their own paid family leave programs, all of which provide partial wage replacement during leave to care for a newborn or newly adopted child, and aim to cover a broad segment of the workforce through minimal eligibility requirements. Rossin-Slater and Stearns review research about the effects of these state-level programs, as well as paid leave programs in other countries. The authors find that paid family leave has a number of benefits. For one, compared to unpaid leave, paid family leave increases leave-taking rates and leave duration, especially among disadvantaged parents. Paid leave programs that range from a few months to up to a year in length also appear to improve both infants' health and mothers' outcomes in the job market. At the same time, the research finds that existing paid leave programs have minimal impacts on businesses, suggesting that these programs confer benefits to workers and their families at little to no cost to their employers. Finally, because rising economic inequality in the United States is in part driven by disparities in early childhood, the authors argue that paid family leave may be one way to level the playing field for children from all backgrounds and help improve intergenerational mobility.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rotheram2021,
  title = {How Are Inequalities Generated in the Management and Consequences of Gastrointestinal Infections in the {{UK}}? {{An}} Ethnographic Study},
  author = {Rotheram, Suzanne and Cooper, Jessie and Barr, Ben and Whitehead, Margaret},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {282},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114131},
  abstract = {Gastrointestinal infections are an important global public health issue. In the UK, one in four people experience a gastrointestinal infection each year and epidemiological research highlights inequalities in the burden of disease. Specifically, poorer children are at greater risk of infection and the consequences of illness, such as symptom severity and time off work/school, are greater for less privileged groups of all ages. Gastrointestinal infections are, however, largely \textbackslash textasciigravehidden' within the home and little is known about the lived experience and practices surrounding these illnesses, how they vary across contrasting socioeconomic contexts, or how inequalities in the disease burden across socioeconomic groups might come about. This paper presents data from an ethnographic study which illuminate how socioeconomic inequalities in the physical and material management and consequences of gastrointestinal infections are generated in families with young children. The study shows how the \textbackslash textasciigravework' needed to manage gastrointestinal infections is more laborious for people living in more \textbackslash textasciigravedisadvantaged' conditions, exacerbated by: more overcrowded homes with fewer washing and toilet facilities; inflexible employment; low household incomes; and higher likelihood of co-morbidities which can be made worse by having a gastrointestinal infection. Our findings call into question the current approach to prevention of gastrointestinal infections which tend to focus almost exclusively on individual behaviours, which are not adapted to reflect differences in socioeconomic context. Public health agencies should also consider how wider social, economic and policy contexts shape inequalities in the management and consequences of illness. Our findings are also pertinent to the COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK. They highlight how research and policy approaches to acute infectious diseases need to take into consideration the differing lived experiences of contrasting households if they wish to address (and avoid exacerbating) inequalities in the future.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioural interventions,COVID-19,Ethnography,Gastrointestinal infection,Health inequalities}
}

@article{Rothman2007,
  title = {Oh {{Canada}}! {{Too}} Many Children in Poverty for Too Long},
  author = {Rothman, Laurel},
  year = {2007},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PAEDIATRICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CHILD HEALTH},
  volume = {12},
  number = {8},
  pages = {661--665},
  issn = {1205-7088},
  doi = {10.1093/pch/12.8.661},
  abstract = {Despite continued economic growth, Canada's record on child poverty is worse than it was in 1989, when the House of Commons unanimously resolved to end child poverty by the year 2000. Most recent data indicate that nearly 1.2 million children - almost one of every six children - live in low-income households. Campaign 2000 contends that poverty and income inequality are major barriers to the healthy development of children, the cohesion Of Our Communities and, ultimately, to the social and economic well,being of Canada. Canada needs to adopt a poverty-reduction strategy that responds to the UNICEF challenge to establish credible targets and timetables to bring the child poverty rate well below 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%, as other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations have done. Campaign 2000 calls on the federal government to develop a cross-Canada poverty-reduction strategy in conjunction with the provinces, territories and First Nations, and in consultation with low-income people. This strategy needs to include good jobs at living wages that ensure that full-time work is a pathway out of poverty; an effective child benefit of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5,100 that is indexed; a system of affordable, universally accessible early learning and child care services available to all families irrespective of employment status; an affordable housing program that creates more affordable housing and helps to sustain existing stock; and affordable and accessible postsecondary education and training programs that prepare youth and adults for employment leading to economic independence.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child poverty,inequality,poverty,poverty reduction}
}

@article{Rothstein2005,
  title = {All for All - {{Equality}}, Corruption, and Social Trust},
  author = {Rothstein, Bo and Uslaner, Eric M.},
  year = {2005},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WORLD POLITICS},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41+},
  issn = {0043-8871},
  doi = {10.1353/wp.2006.0022},
  abstract = {The importance of social trust has become widely accepted in the social sciences. A number of explanations have been put forward for the stark variation in social trust among countries. Among these, participation in voluntary associations received most attention. Yet there is scant evidence that participation can lead to trust. In this article, the authors examine a variable that has not gotten the attention it deserves in the discussion about the sources of generalized trust, namely, equality. They conceptualize equality along two dimensions: economic equality and equality of opportunity. The omission of both these dimensions of equality in the social capital literature is peculiar for several reasons. First, it is obvious that the countries that score highest on social trust also rank highest on economic equality, namely, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and Canada. Second, these countries have put a lot of effort in creating equality of opportunity, not least in regard to their policies for public education, health care, labor market opportunities, and (more recently) gender equality The argument for increasing social trust by reducing inequality has largely been ignored in the policy debates about social trust. Social capital research has to a large extent been used by several governments and policy organizations to send a message to people that the bad things in their society are caused by too little volunteering. The policy implications that follow from the authors' research is that the low levels of trust and social capital that plague many countries are caused by too little government action to reduce inequality. However, many countries with low levels of social trust and social capital may be stuck in what is known as a social trap. The logic of such a situation is the following. Social trust will not increase because massive social inequality, prevails, but the public policies that could remedy this situation cannot be established precisely because there is a genuine lack of trust. This lack of trust concerns both \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveother people\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and the government institutions that are needed to implement universal policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rothstein2012,
  title = {The {{Reproduction}} of {{Gender Inequality}} in {{Sweden}}: {{A Causal Mechanism Approach}}},
  author = {Rothstein, Bo},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {324--344},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0432.2010.00517.x},
  abstract = {In many respects, Sweden is maybe the country where public policies to increase the equality between men and women have been most prolonged and advanced. In 1996 the UN declared Sweden to be the most gender-equal country in the world. However, women still take much more responsibility for children and domestic work than men do, leading to the reproduction of gender inequality in the labour market and in society at large. A causal mechanism is used to analyse this phenomenon, starting from the observation that men are on average three years older than women and thus already have a stronger position on the labour market when a heterosexual couple is formed. This increases the risk that the woman will lose the first negotiations on how to divide household and wage labour when they have children. This will in turn lead to increasing returns for the man, increasing the risk that she will lose subsequent negotiations about the division of labour. What seems to be a rational arrangement for both (increasing the total income for the family) results in the reproduction of gender inequality. The analysis shows that gender inequality in a country like Sweden is reproduced behind the backs of the agents.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asymmetric mate selection,causal mechanisms,gender inequality,Swedish gender policy}
}

@article{Rouse2006,
  title = {Do Enterprise Support Programmes Leave Women Holding the Baby?},
  author = {Rouse, J and Kitching, J},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING C-GOVERNMENT AND POLICY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--19},
  issn = {0263-774X},
  doi = {10.1068/c0528},
  abstract = {Using data from a longitudinal study of working-class participants on a youth enterprise start-up programme in the United Kingdom, we examine whether programmes aimed at disadvantaged groups enable parents to combine business trading with childcare responsibilities. Business planning and programme selection practices ignored childcare, rendering it a solely private matter, invisible to public scrutiny. Yet this childcare barrier became both a cause and a consequence of business failure. Participants' experiences of combining trading and childcare varied by gender. All mothers and one father had complex strategies for synchronising trading and childcare responsibilities. However, these strategies soon collapsed, contributing to business closure. Most fathers relied on the childrens' mother to organise and conduct continuous care, but this was dependent on fathers becoming breadwinners through profitable trading which was not achieved. There is growing policy recognition of the importance of the childcare barrier to paid work for lower income families and for self-employed women in the United Kingdom. However, despite recent initiatives, severe constraints remain for working-class parents to start and manage a business. Several implications for policy are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Conference of the Institute-for-Small-Business-and-Entrepreneurship, Univ Tesside, Newcastle, ENGLAND, 2004}
}

@article{Rowland2022,
  title = {The Evolution of {{Catholic}}/{{Protestant}} Unemployment Inequality in {{Northern Ireland}}, 1983-2016},
  author = {Rowland, Neil and McVicar, Duncan and Shuttleworth, Ian},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {POPULATION SPACE AND PLACE},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1544-8444},
  doi = {10.1002/psp.2525},
  abstract = {Ethnic and religious differentials in labour market outcomes within many countries have been remarkably persistent. Yet one very well-known differential-the Catholic/Protestant unemployment differential in Northern Ireland-has largely (although not completely) disappeared. This paper charts its decline since the early 1980s and examines potential explanations using Census data from 1991, 2001 and 2011 together with annual survey data. These data span the ending of The Troubles, the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, the introduction of fair employment legislation, growth in hidden unemployment and major structural changes in Northern Ireland. We assess the potential impact of these changes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {labour market inequality,Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition,religion,unemployment}
}

@article{Rozanova2012,
  title = {Unequal {{Social Engagement}} for {{Older Adults}}: {{Constraints}} on {{Choice}}},
  author = {Rozanova, Julia and Keating, Norah and Eales, Jacquie},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL ON AGING-REVUE CANADIENNE DU VIEILLISSEMENT},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--36},
  issn = {0714-9808},
  doi = {10.1017/S0714980811000675},
  abstract = {Although some studies have confirmed positive associations between social engagement and well-being in later life, this study aimed to understand why some seniors cannot be engaged. The authors analyzed the lived experiences of 89 seniors in three rural communities in Canada, from semi-structured interviews and using the constant comparison method. Five factors make choices for social engagement in later life unequal among older adults who differ by gender, class, age, and health status. Profound engagement in care work, compulsory altruism, personal resources, objectively perceived and subjectively available engagement opportunities, and ageist barriers around paid work constrain choices for seniors who lack privilege in the context of a market economy, particularly for low-income older women. To avoid stigmatizing vulnerable older persons, societal barriers to meaningful activities must be addressed - for example, through provision of income security or by reversing inter- and intragenerational ageism in access to the labor market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aging well,constraints on choice,rural areas,social engagement,structural inequalities}
}

@article{RUBERY1995,
  title = {{{PERFORMANCE-RELATED PAY AND THE PROSPECTS FOR GENDER PAY EQUITY}}},
  author = {RUBERY, J},
  year = {1995},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {32},
  number = {5},
  pages = {637--654},
  issn = {0022-2380},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6486.1995.tb00792.x},
  abstract = {Equal pay for work of equal value has come to be almost inextricably associated with the application of job evaluation. Current trends towards performance-related pay systems pose a potential threat to the pursuit of greater gender pay equality as discretion in pay determination increases and there is no clear relationship between earnings and job grade. This paper examines the basis for this view drawing upon the now widespread literature and research into performance-related pay. The argument is made that the problem for gender equality lies both in the nature of the payment system and in the context in which it is being applied, including the changes in the nature of employment relationships that are accompanying these developments. While some women may benefit, overall the moves towards a widening income dispersion and the increased importance of management discretion and appraisal are likely to disadvantage women. However, the individualization of pay is likely to lead to further fragmentation of the interests of women, reducing the likelihood of collective resistance. Opportunities to monitor pay trends will also decrease as the spread of performance-related pay reduces the transparency of the labour market.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rubery2015,
  title = {Regulating for {{Gender Equality}}: {{A Policy Framework}} to {{Support}} the {{Universal Caregiver Vision}}},
  author = {Rubery, Jill},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {SOCIAL POLITICS},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {513--538},
  issn = {1072-4745},
  doi = {10.1093/sp/jxv036},
  abstract = {Twenty years on this article reengages with Fraser's call for feminist \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesystematic reconstructive thinking\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on how to reform welfare and employment systems. It complements Fraser's vision of a universal caregiver world by identifying reforms to promote and support a gender-equal society, including delinking social protection from employment, delivering a new reproductive bargain and developing policies to reverse flexibilisation and extend employer obligations. The aim is to reduce gender inequality in all aspects of reproductive and wage work (time, opportunities, resources, respect, security, etc.). To avoid any inadvertent support for neoliberalism, the consequences for social equity and human productive potential are also considered.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Conference on Revisioning Gender: Complex Inequalities and Global Dimensions, Stockholm, SWEDEN, 2014}
}

@article{Rudakov2022,
  title = {Early Career Gender Wage Gaps among University Graduates in {{Russia}}},
  author = {Rudakov, Victor and Kiryushina, Margarita and Figueiredo, Hugo and Teixeira, Pedro Nuno},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-03-2021-0206},
  abstract = {Purpose The aim of the research is to estimate the level of the early career gender wage gap in Russia, its evolution during the early stages of a career, gender segregation and discrimination among university graduates, and to identify factors which explain early career gender differences in pay. Special emphasis is placed on assessing the contribution of horizontal segregation (inequal gender distribution in fields of studies and industries of employment) to early-career gender inequality. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university graduates, carried out by Russian Federal State Statistics Service in 2016 (VTR Rosstat). The authors use Mincer OLS regressions for the analysis of the determinants of gender differences in pay. To explain the factors which form the gender gap, the authors use the Oaxaca-Blinder and Neumark gender gap decompositions, including detailed wage gap decompositions and decompositions by fields of study. For the analysis of differences in gender gap across wage distribution, quantile regressions and quantile decompositions based on recentered influence functions (RIFs) are used. Findings The study found significant gender differences in the early-career salaries of university graduates. Regression analysis confirms the presence of a 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% early-career gender wage gap. This gender wage gap is to a great extent can be explained by horizontal segregation: women are concentrated in fields of study and industries which are relatively low paid. More than half of the gender gap remains unexplained. The analysis of the evolution of the gender wage gap shows that it appears right after graduation and increases over time. A quantile decomposition reveals that, in low paid jobs, females experience less gender inequality than in better paid jobs. Social implications The analysis has some important policy implications. Previously, gender equality policies were mainly related to the elimination of gender discrimination at work, including positive discrimination programs in a selection of candidates to job openings and programs of promotion; programs which ease women labour force participation through flexible jobs; programs of human capital accumulation, which implied gender equality in access to higher education and encouraged women to get higher education, which was especially relevant for many developing countries. The analysis of Russia, a country with gender equality in access to higher education, shows that the early career gender gap exists right after graduation, and the main explanatory factor is gender segregation by field of study and industry, in other words, the gender wage gap to a high extent is related to self-selection of women in low-paid fields of study. To address this, new policies related to gender inequality in choice of fields of studies are needed. Originality/value It has been frequently stated that gender inequality appears either due to inequality in access to higher education or after maternity leave. Using large nationally representative dataset on university graduates, we show that gender equality in education does not necessarily lead to gender equality in the labour market. Unlike many studies, we show that the gender gap in Russia appears not after maternity leave and due to marital decisions of women, but in the earliest stages of their career, right after graduation, due to horizontal segregation (selection of women in relatively low-paid fields of study and consequently industries).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender discrimination,Gender segregation,Gender wage gap,I24,J16,J31,J71,Labour market of university graduates,Returns to education,School-to-work transition}
}

@article{Rueda2023,
  title = {Social and Structural Barriers and Facilitators to {{HIV}} Healthcare and Harm Reduction Services for People Experiencing Syndemics in {{Manitoba}}: Study Protocol},
  author = {Rueda, Zulma Vanessa and {Haworth-Brockman}, Margaret and Sobie, Cheryl and Villacis, Enrique and Larcombe, Linda and Maier, Katharina and Deering, Kathleen and Sanguins, Julianne and Templeton, Kimberly and MacKenzie, Lauren and Ireland, Laurie and Kasper, Ken and Payne, Michael and Bullard, Jared and Krusi, Andrea and Pick, Neora and Myran, Tara and Meyers, Adrienne and Keynan, Yoav},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {13},
  number = {8},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067813},
  abstract = {Introduction In Manitoba, Canada, there has been an increase in the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV and those not returning for regular HIV care. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased sex and gender disparities in disease risk and mortalities, decreased harm reduction services and reduced access to healthcare. These health crises intersect with increased drug use and drug poisoning deaths, houselessness and other structural and social factors most acutely among historically underserved groups. We aim to explore the social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV care and harm reduction services experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Manitoba. Methods and analysis Our study draws on participatory action research design. Guiding the methodological design are the lived experiences of PLHIV. In-depth semi-structured face-to- face interviews and quantitative questionnaires will be conducted with two groups: (1) persons aged {$>$}= 18 years living or newly diagnosed with HIV and (2) service providers who work with PLHIV. Data collection will include sex, gender, sociodemographic information, income and housing, experiences with the criminal justice system, sexual practices, substance use practices and harm reduction access, experiences with violence and support, HIV care journey (since diagnosis until present), childhood trauma and a decision-making questionnaire. Data will be analysed intersectionally, employing grounded theory for thematic analysis, sex-based and gender-based analysis and social determinants of health and syndemic framework to understand the experiences of PLHIV in Manitoba. Ethics and dissemination We received approval from the University of Manitoba Health Ethics Research Board (HS25572; H2022:218), First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Shared Health Manitoba (SH2022:194) and 7th Street Health Access Centre. Findings will be disseminated using community-focused knowledge translation strategies identified by participants, peers, community members and organisations, and reported in conferences, peer-reviewed journals and a website (www. alltogether4ideas.org).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ruhindwa2016,
  title = {Exploring the Challenges Experienced by People with Disabilities in the Employment Sector in {{Australia}}: {{Advocating}} for Inclusive Practice-a Review of Literature},
  author = {Ruhindwa, Amos and Randall, Christine and Cartmel, Jennifer},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL INCLUSION},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4--19},
  issn = {1836-8808},
  doi = {10.36251/josi.99},
  abstract = {People with disabilities are generally not considered as able participants in the workforce (paid or volunteer work) and therefore, they often experience exclusion from participating in mainstream employment opportunities. People with disabilities experience various barriers to employment, such as discrimination in the workplace, stigma, prejudice and stereotypes. However, some people with disabilities participate in the workforce and make valuable contributions towards economic development, social capital and wider society. This literature review summarises published research findings about the challenges that people with disabilities experience in pursuing employment opportunities, including volunteering and paid positions; and in undertaking these roles. Furthermore, it explores possible interventions to improve employment outcomes that are effective from the perspectives of people with disabilities. Findings indicate that effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector. For this reason, two different community development projects, which particularly focused on employment challenges for people with disabilities, as well as outlining strategies and solutions that promote client ownership were reviewed. Additionally, employment support techniques and strategies, as well as human rights' principles on work and employment for people with disabilities will be debated. Finally, implications for research and practice for the rehabilitation counselling profession and the disability employment services sector are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review}
}

@article{Ruhm2011,
  title = {Policies to {{Assist Parents}} with {{Young Children}}},
  author = {Ruhm, Christopher J.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {FUTURE OF CHILDREN},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37--68},
  issn = {1054-8289},
  abstract = {The struggle to balance work responsibilities with family obligations may be most difficult for working parents of the youngest children, those five and under. Any policy changes designed to ease the difficulties for these families are likely to be controversial, requiring a careful effort to weigh both the costs and benefits of possible interventions while respecting diverse and at times conflicting American values. In this article, Christopher Ruhm looks at two potential interventions-parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC)-comparing differences in policies in the United States, Canada, and several European nations and assessing their consequences for important parent and child outcomes. By and large, Canadian and European policies are more generous than those in the United States, with most women eligible for paid maternity leave, which in a few countries can last for three years or more. Many of these countries also provide for paid leave that can be used by either the mother or the father. And in many European countries ECEC programs are nearly universal after the child reaches a certain age. In the United States, parental leave, if it is available, is usually short and unpaid, and ECEC is generally regarded as a private responsibility of parents, although some federal programs help defray costs of care and preschool education. Ruhm notes that research on the effects of differences in policies is not completely conclusive, in part because of the difficulty of isolating consequences of leave and ECEC policies from other influences on employment and children's outcomes. But, he says, the comparative evidence does suggest desirable directions for future policy in the United States. Policies establishing rights to short parental leaves increase time at home with infants and slightly improve the job continuity of mothers, with small, but positive, long-run consequences for mothers and children. Therefore, Ruhm indicates that moderate extensions of existing U. S. leave entitlements (up to several months in duration) make sense. He also suggests that some form of paid leave would facilitate its use, particularly among less advantaged parents, and that efforts to improve the quality of ECEC, while maintaining or enhancing affordability, are desirable.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rumrill2020,
  title = {Personal, Health and Function, and Career Maintenance Factors as Determinants of Quality of Life among Employed People with Multiple Sclerosis},
  author = {Rumrill, Phillip and Li, Jian and Strauser, David and Roessler, Richard T. and Bishop, Malachy and Chan, Fong and Adams, Chithra and Leslie, Mykal},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {67},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--94},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-203254},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an intrusive disease that significantly affects labor force participation. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the extent to which factors at the personal, health and function, and environmental/career maintenance levels contribute to the predictability power for quality of life among employed people with MS. METHOD: Participants consisted of 523 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. These individuals were employed at the time of the survey, and they were primarily middle age (average age of 48 years) and Caucasian (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%). RESULTS: The final hierarchical multiple regression model explained 54 percent of the variability in participants' quality of life scores, although none of the hypothesized personal/demographic predictors were significant. Participants who perceived better overall health and lower levels of stress, who experienced less severe cognitive and mobility-related MS symptoms, and who expressed stronger job-person matches and higher levels of job satisfaction reported higher quality of life scores than did other participants. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting perceived quality of life among employed people with MS. Implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chronic illness,Employment,multiple sclerosis,quality of life,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Rungskunroch2021,
  title = {Socioeconomic {{Benefits}} of the {{Shinkansen Network}}},
  author = {Rungskunroch, Panrawee and Jack, Anson and Kaewunruen, Sakdirat},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {INFRASTRUCTURES},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  doi = {10.3390/infrastructures6050068},
  abstract = {High speed rail (HSR) networks have been an essential catalyst in stimulating and balancing regional economic growth that ultimately benefits the society as a whole. Previous studies have revealed that HSR services sustainably yield superior social values for people, especially for adults and those of working age. This has become an advantage of HSR networks over other forms of public transportation. The Shinkansen network in Japan is one of most successful HSR models. Its services bring significant social advantages to the communities it serves, such as shorter travel times and increased job opportunities. Nevertheless, the societal impact of HSR networks depends on many factors, and the benefits of HSR could also be overrated. The goal of this research is to measure the socioeconomic impacts of HSR on people of all genders and age groups. The outcomes could lead to more suitable development of HSR projects and policies. This study investigates data sets for Japanese social factors over 55 years in order to determine the impacts of HSR. The assessment model has been established using Python. It applies Pearson's correlation (PCC) technique as its main methodology. This study broadly assesses social impacts on population dynamics, education, age dependency, job opportunities, and mortality rate using an unparalleled dataset spanning 55 years of social factors. The results exhibit that younger generations have the most benefits in terms of equal educational accessibility. However, the growth of the HSR network does not influence an increase in the employment rate or labour force numbers, resulting in little benefit to the workforce.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {high-speed rail (HSR),population dynamic,socioeconomic impacts,sustainability,transport and policy}
}

@article{Ruppanner2010,
  title = {Cross-National Reports of Housework: {{An}} Investigation of the Gender Empowerment Measure},
  author = {Ruppanner, Leah E.},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {39},
  number = {6},
  pages = {963--975},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.04.002},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the relationship between country-level gender empowerment and individual-level divisions of housework. Pairing the 2004 United Nations gender empowerment measure (GEM) with individual-level (n = 18,560) data from the 2004 European Social Survey, the author compares the relationship between a country's GEM score, both as an index and as disaggregated measures, and respondents' housework hours and housework proportions. The GEM index has a positive and linear relationship with men's housework hours and a positive and non-linear relationship with men and women's housework proportions and with women's housework hours. For the disaggregated GEM measures, women's representation in parliament is positively associated with men's housework hours and proportions and women's housework hours. Women's labor market status, including the percent of women in professional positions and female-male wage ratios, is negatively associated with women's housework hours and proportions. Finally, the cross-level interactions demonstrate theoretically important relationships to the housework literature. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rusu2023,
  title = {Do {{Tax Rates Matter}} for {{Entrepreneurial Motivations}}? {{An Empirical Approach}}},
  author = {Rusu, Valentina Diana and Dornean, Adina},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SCIENTIFIC ANNALS OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS},
  volume = {70},
  number = {2},
  pages = {277--299},
  issn = {2501-1960},
  doi = {10.47743/saeb-2023-0025},
  abstract = {There are a number of factors that can hinder the path of entrepreneurship development and the literature highlighted the fact that taxes are one of the most important barriers for entrepreneurs. This paper aims at identifying the relationship between tax rates and entrepreneurship and to establish the impact of tax rates on entrepreneurs considering their motivations (necessity, opportunity or improvement-driven opportunity). The research focuses on a sample of 46 countries grouped according to their income level, for a period of eight years (2012-2019). In order to test our hypotheses, we use multiple linear regression based on balanced panel data and we consider, as dependent variables, indicators that measure entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial motivations (early-stage entrepreneurial activity, necessity-driven entrepreneurs, opportunity-driven entrepreneurs, improvement-driven opportunity entrepreneurs, and motivational index). As independent variables, we consider indicators that measure the tax rates supported by entrepreneurs (total tax and contribution rate, profit tax, labor tax and contributions, and other taxes payable by businesses). The results show that tax rates play a key role in fostering the creation of new companies. Moreover, the impact is different, depending on the entrepreneurs' motivations. Entrepreneurs motivated by necessity are positively related to total tax and contribution rate, while those motivated by opportunity are negatively related with this indicator. Therefore, tax rates discourage the entrepreneurs that seek innovation, but they do not affect those that do not have other options to obtain the necessary income for living.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ryczkowski2020,
  title = {{{GENDER UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE CZECH AND POLISH LABOUR MARKET}}},
  author = {Ryczkowski, Maciej and Zinecker, Marek},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {ARGUMENTA OECONOMICA},
  volume = {45},
  number = {2},
  pages = {213--229},
  issn = {1233-5835},
  doi = {10.15611/aoe.2020.2.09},
  abstract = {Making use of EU-Labour Force Survey data, the authors estimated logistic regressions with a maximum likelihood method and found that gender unemployment risk was largely explained by human capital, marital status, receiving financial support, job experience and gender discrimination in both Poland and the Czech Republic. The gender unemployment risk gap amounted to 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Poland and the Czech Republic, respectively. Although the impact of marital status was significant and considerable, married women in the Czech Republic benefited from their marital status on average three times less than men in the Czech Republic, and men and women in Poland. In both countries only women aged below 30 were \textbackslash textasciigraverewarded', while women beyond 50 years of age were penalized in terms of unemployment risk. As opposed to that, men up to 60 years old have their unemployment risk reduced all else equalled. The authors argue that this form of possible discrimination in some respects is a better measure of injustice than the commonly used pay gap and it constitutes an alternative dimension of \textbackslash textasciigravegender inequality'. The results can contribute to better targeted policies against discriminatory practices by enhancing the career paths demanded in the labour market and by breaking the stereotypes rooted in the cultures of Polish and Czech societies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Czech Republic,gender discrimination,gender unemployment gap,Poland,unemployment risk}
}

@article{Sachar2023,
  title = {An Integrated Care Model for Mental Health in Diabetes: {{Recommendations}} for Local Implementation by the {{Diabetes}} and {{Mental Health Expert Working Group}} in {{England}}},
  author = {Sachar, Amrit and Breslin, Niki and Ng, Sze May},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {DIABETIC MEDICINE},
  volume = {40},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0742-3071},
  doi = {10.1111/dme.15029},
  abstract = {ContextIn 2019, NHS England and Diabetes UK convened an Expert Working Group (EWG) in order to develop a Model and recommendations to guide commissioning and provision of mental health care in diabetes pathways and diabetes care in mental health pathways. The recommendations are based on a combination of evidence, national guidance, case studies and expert opinion from across the UK and form other long term conditions. The case for integrationThere is good the evidence around the high prevalence of co-morbidity between diabetes and mental illness of all severities and, the poorer diabetes and mental health outcomes for patients when this co-morbidity exists. Detecting and managing the mental health co-morbidity improves these outcomes, but the evidence suggests that detection of mental illness is poor in the context of diabetes care in community and acute care settings and that when it is detected, the access to appropriate mental health resource is variable and generally inadequate. The Model of integrated care for diabetesThe EWG developed a one-page Model with five core principles and five operational work-streams to support the delivery of integration, with examples of local case studies for local implementation. The five core principals are: Care for all-describing how care for all PWD needs to explore what matters to them and that emotional wellbeing is supported at diagnosis and beyond; Support and information-describing how HCPs should appropriately signpost to mental health support and the need for structured education programmes to include mental healthcare information; Needs identified-describing how PWD should have their mental health needs identified and acted on; Integrated care-describing how people with mental illness and diabetes should have their diabetes considered within their mental health care; Specialist care-describing how PWD should be able to access specialist diabetes mental health professionals. The five cross cutting work-streams for operationalising the principles are: Implementing training and upskilling of HCPs; Embedding mental health screening and assessment into diabetes pathways; Ensuring access to clear, integrated local pathways; Ensuring addressing health inequalities is incorporated at every stage of service development; Improving access to specialist mental health services through commissioning. Discussion and conclusionsThe Model can be implemented in part or completely, at an individual level, all the way up to system level. It can be adapted across the life span and the UK, and having learnt from other long term conditions, there is a lot of transferability across all long term conditions There is an opportunity for ICBs to consider economies of scale across multiple long term conditions for which there will be a significant overlap of patients within the local population. Any local implementation should be in co-production with experts by experience and third sector providers.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sadana2016,
  title = {Healthy {{Ageing}}: {{Raising Awareness}} of {{Inequalities}}, {{Determinants}}, and {{What Could Be Done}} to {{Improve Health Equity}}},
  author = {Sadana, Ritu and Blas, Erik and Budhwani, Suman and Koller, Theadora and Paraje, Guillermo},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {GERONTOLOGIST},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {S178-S193},
  issn = {0016-9013},
  doi = {10.1093/geront/gnw034},
  abstract = {Purpose of the Study: Social and scientific discourses on healthy ageing and on health equity are increasingly available, yet from a global perspective limited conceptual and analytical work connecting both has been published. This review was done to inform the WHO World Report on Ageing and Health and to inform and encourage further work addressing both healthy aging and equity. Design and Methods: We conducted an extensive literature review on the overlap between both topics, privileging publications from 2005 onward, from low-, middle-, and high-income countries. We also reviewed evidence generated around the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, applicable to ageing and health across the life course. Results: Based on data from 194 countries, we highlight differences in older adults' health and consider three issues: First, multi-level factors that contribute to differences in healthy ageing, across contexts; second, policies or potential entry points for action that could serve to reduce unfair differences (health inequities); and third, new research areas to address the cause of persistent inequities and gaps in evidence on what can be done to increase healthy ageing and health equity. Implications: Each of these areas warrant in depth analysis and synthesis, whereas this article presents an overview for further consideration and action.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health policy,Healthy life expectancy,Life course,Research agenda,Social determinants of health}
}

@article{Sadovaya2016,
  title = {{IMPERATIVES OF SOCIAL POLICY IN TIMES OF CRISIS}},
  author = {Sadovaya, Elena S. and Tsapenko, Irina P.},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {MIROVAYA EKONOMIKA I MEZHDUNARODNYE OTNOSHENIYA},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  pages = {98--112},
  issn = {0131-2227},
  abstract = {The crisis affecting Russia provokes risks of rising unemployment, reducing real incomes, growing poverty, worsening demographic situation and other negative social trends. It accentuates acute structural problems challenging future human development, threatening with social and economic degradation of Russia. Workforce employment structure by economic activity and occupation lacks economic efficiency and social reasonability. Poor state of labor protection results in high incidence of work accidents. Obsolete labor regulations prevent the employment adjustment to reindustrialization shocks. Huge and unfair gaps in workers remuneration by economic activity, region and occupation cause high income inequality. Low level of remuneration in many economic activities, including those contributing to modernization of economy, leads to high working poverty and low attractiveness of innovative sectors to workers. Persistent low fertility, high mortality and low life-spam engender unsupportable demographic development and risks of restarting depopulation. Uncontrolled immigration of unqualified workforce from developing Asian countries is a source of growing social, ethno-cultural and political tensions. There are risks of growing emigration and turning flows of adaptive migrants away from Russia to EU. Structural and institutional reforms are to be realized to counteract these problems and risks and overcome crisis. Such measures are to get over the unjustified unbalances in employment and remuneration distribution, to form new competences and professional attitudes and raise stability of demographic development, supply of labor resources and boost their productivity. These changes may create social premises for transition to economic growth of new quality based on frontier technologies, wide innovations and high human development. At the same time high-tech economy development poses challenges of high unemployment, and labor market policies are to maintain balance between the needs of conserving stable employment and realizing economic transformations. Solution of many acute national problems should be based of complex approach, supposing package type of measures and simultaneity of social and economic reforms.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {demographic situation,economic crisis,employment,innovation economy,remuneration of workers,risks,Russia,social policy,social reforms,structural problems}
}

@article{Saeed2018,
  title = {Evaluating the {{Effectiveness}} of {{Text Messaging}} and {{Phone Call Reminders}} to {{Minimize No Show}} at {{Pediatric Outpatient Clinics}} in {{Pakistan}}: {{Protocol}} for a {{Mixed-Methods Study}}},
  author = {Saeed, Sana and Somani, Noureen and Sharif, Fatima and Kazi, Abdul Momin},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1929-0748},
  doi = {10.2196/resprot.9294},
  abstract = {Background: Missing health care appointments without canceling in advance results in a no show, a vacant appointment slot that cannot be offered to others. No show can be reduced by reminding patients about their appointment in advance. In this regard, mobile health (mHealth) strategy is to use text messaging (short message service, SMS), which is available on all cellular phones, including cheap low-end handsets. Nonattendance for appointments in health care results in wasted resources and disturbs the planned work schedules. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the current text messaging (SMS) and call-based reminder system and further explore how to improve the attendance at the pediatric outpatient clinics. The primary objectives are to (1) determine the efficacy of the current clinic appointment reminder service at pediatric outpatient clinics at Aga Khan University Hospital, (2) assess the mobile phone access and usage among caregivers visiting pediatrics consultant clinics, and (3) explore the perception and barriers of parents regarding the current clinic appointment reminder service at the pediatric outpatient clinics at Aga Khan University Hospital. Methods: The study uses a mixed-method design that consists of 3 components: (1) retrospective study (component A) which aims to determine the efficacy of text messaging (SMS) and phone call based reminder service on patient's clinic attendance during January to June 2017 (N=58,517); (2) quantitative (component B) in which a baseline survey will be conducted to assess the mobile phone access and usage among parents/caregivers of children visiting pediatrics consultant clinics (n=300); and (3) qualitative (component C) includes in-depth interviews and focus group discussion with parents/caregivers of children visiting the pediatric consultancy clinic and with health care providers and administrative staff. Main constructs will be to explore perceptions and barriers related to existing clinic appointment reminder service. Ethics approval has been obtained from the Ethical Review Committee, Aga Khan University, Pakistan (4770-Ped-ERC-17). Results: Results will be disseminated to pediatric quality public health and mHealth communities through scientific meetings and through publications, nationally and internationally. Conclusions: This study will provide insight regarding efficacy of using mHealth-based reminder services for patient's appointments in low- and middle-income countries setup. The finding of this study will be used to recommend further enhanced mHealth-based solutions to improve patient appointments and decrease no show.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {appointments and schedules,mhealth,mobile phone,outpatient services,pediatrics,text messaging}
}

@article{Safieddine2023,
  title = {Socioeconomic Inequalities in Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidities in Different Population Subgroups: Trend Analyses Using {{German}} Health Insurance Data},
  author = {Safieddine, Batoul and Sperlich, Stefanie and Beller, Johannes and Lange, Karin and Geyer, Siegfried},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SCIENTIFIC REPORTS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-37951-y},
  abstract = {While socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence and management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are well established, little is known about whether inequalities exist in the prevalence and the temporal development of T2D comorbidities. Previous research points towards expansion of morbidity in T2D as depicted mainly by a rising trend of T2D comorbidities. Against this background, and using German claims data, this study aims to examine whether socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities exist in the rates and the temporal development of T2D comorbidities. Since previous research indicates varying risk levels for T2D prevalence in the population subgroups: working individuals, nonworking spouses and pensioners, the analyses are stratified by these three population subgroups. The study is done on a large population of statutory insured individuals with T2D in three time-periods between 2005 and 2017. Predicted probabilities of three comorbidity groups and the number of comorbidities were estimated using logistic and ordinal regression analyses among different income, education and occupation groups. Interaction analyses were applied to examine whether potential SES inequalities changed over time. The study showed that neither the cross-sectional existence, nor the temporal development of T2D comorbidities differed significantly among SES groups, ruling out SES inequalities in the prevalence and the temporal development of T2D comorbidities in Germany. In men and women of all examined population subgroups, predicted probabilities for less severe cardiovascular (CVD) comorbidities, other vascular diseases and the number of comorbidities per individual rose significantly over time regardless of SES, but little if any change took place for more severe CVD comorbidities. Another important finding is that the population subgroup of nonworking spouses had markedly higher predicted probabilities for most of the examined outcomes compared to working individuals. The study indicates that the expansion of morbidity in T2D in Germany does not appear to be SES-dependent, and applies equally to different population subgroups. Yet, the study highlights that nonworking spouses are a susceptible population subgroup that needs to be focused upon when planning and implementing T2D management interventions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Safuta2019,
  title = {The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same? {{The}} Impact of Formalising Policies on Personalisation in Paid Domestic Work - the Case of the Service Voucher in {{Belgium}}},
  author = {Safuta, Anna and Camargo, Beatriz},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {COMPARATIVE MIGRATION STUDIES},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s40878-018-0111-5},
  abstract = {Belgium had a long tradition of direct informal employment in paid domestic work, which has undergone formalisation through the introduction of the \textbackslash textasciigraveservice voucher system'. This policy triangulates the employment relationship between workers and clients through introducing third-party employing agencies, and guarantees workers' access to labour and social security rights. Up until now, most international studies of paid domestic work have focused on direct and privatized worker-employer relationships (Anderson, Doing the dirty work?: The global politics of domestic labour, 2000); Hondagneu-Sotelo, Domestica: Immigrant workers cleaning and caring in the shadows of affluence, 2001); (Lutz, The New Maids: Transnational women and the care economy, 2011); Moras (Sociology Mind, 3(3), 248-256, 2013); (Romero, Maid in the U.S.A., 1992). This literature has shown that paid domestic work often features \textbackslash textasciigravepersonalised' (emotionally-loaded) worker-employer relationships. The goal of this article is to analyse the impact of the introduction of the service voucher system on personalisation processes affecting paid domestic work in Belgium. Is personalisation bound to disappear with the sector's formalisation or is it intrinsic to paid domestic work?We show that personalisation is not threatened by formalisation policies which do not challenge the structural inequalities underpinning paid domestic work (and to which personalisation develops as a remedy). In the Belgian case, the service voucher policy did not challenge the crucial role of personalisation for finding and keeping jobs, as well as improving working conditions. The article shows that personalisation is an informal social protection strategy which developed in the exploitative conditions of informality, but is likely to survive formalising policies. Indeed, formalisation did not eliminate the need for personalisation, as it did not substantially improve working conditions in the sector, failed to recognise workers' qualifications and to challenge the gendered and migrantized character of domestic work employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Belgium,Domestic work,Domestic workers,Formalisation,Informal social protection,Migrant workers,Personalisation,Service voucher}
}

@article{Sagbakken2008,
  title = {Barriers and Enablers in the Management of Tuberculosis Treatment in {{Addis Ababa}}, {{Ethiopia}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Sagbakken, Mette and Frich, Jan C. and Bjune, Gunnar},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-8-11},
  abstract = {Background: Non-adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is an important barrier for TB control programs because incomplete treatment may result in prolonged infectiousness, drug resistance, relapse, and death. The aim of the present study is to explore enablers and barriers in the management of TB treatment during the first five months of treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Qualitative study which included 50 in-depth interviews and two focus groups with TB patients, their relatives and health personnel. Results: We found that loss of employment or the possibility to work led to a chain of interrelated barriers for most TB patients. Daily treatment was time-consuming and physically demanding, and rigid routines at health clinics reinforced many of the emerging problems. Patients with limited access to financial or practical help from relatives or friends experienced that the total costs of attending treatment exceeded their available resources. This was a barrier to adherence already during early stages of treatment. A large group of patients still managed to continue treatment, mainly because relatives or community members provided food, encouragement and sometimes money for transport. Lack of income over time, combined with daily accumulating costs and other struggles, made patients vulnerable to interruption during later stages of treatment. Patients who were poor due to illness or slow progression, and who did not manage to restore their health and social status, were particularly vulnerable to non-adherence. Such patients lost access to essential financial and practical support over time, often because relatives and friends were financially and socially exhausted by supporting them. Conclusion: Patients' ability to manage TB treatment is a product of dynamic processes, in which social and economic costs and other burdens change and interplay over time. Interventions to facilitate adherence to TB treatment needs to address both time-specific and local factors.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Saiki2020,
  title = {Unconventional Monetary Policy and Inequality: Is {{Japan}} Unique?},
  author = {Saiki, Ayako and Frost, Jon},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
  volume = {52},
  number = {44},
  pages = {4809--4821},
  issn = {0003-6846},
  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2020.1745748},
  abstract = {Unconventional monetary policy (UMP) influences inequality through two channels that work in opposite directions - a labour market channel (more employment, higher wages) and a financial market channel (higher asset prices). In an earlier paper, covering UMP through 2014, we found that UMP in Japan had contributed to greater income inequality through its effects on asset prices. With a longer time period, a richer dataset including labour market data, and a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) we confirm that these results continue to hold, and investigate why UMP's impact on inequality in Japan differs from some other countries. We argue that Japanese structural issues may mute the labour market channel, especially: (i) labour market rigidity; and (ii) the large share of the population that is older than 65 years old or retired. The older cohort's capital gains and dividends are re-saved in other financial assets, instead of being consumed or used for starting businesses. At the same time, wages have not increased despite the severe labour shortage, due to the frictions in Japan's labour market. We conclude that these factors may make the inequality created by UMP in Japan unique by international comparison.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Central banks,income distribution,Japan,monetary policy,personal income}
}

@article{Saito2018,
  title = {Income-Based Inequalities in Caregiving Time and Depressive Symptoms among Older Family Caregivers under the {{Japanese}} Long-Term Care Insurance System: {{A}} Cross-Sectional Analysis},
  author = {Saito, Tami and Kondo, Naoki and Shiba, Koichiro and Murata, Chiyoe and Kondo, Katsunori},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0194919},
  abstract = {Aim Long-term care systems may alleviate caregiver burdens, particularly for those with fewer resources. However, it remains unclear whether socioeconomic disparity in caregiver burdens exists under a public, universal long-term care insurance (LTCI) system. This study examined income-based inequalities in caregiving time and depressive symptoms in Japanese older family caregivers. We further compared inequality in depressive symptoms with that of non-caregivers to evaluate whether family caregiving exacerbates this disparity. Methods Data were obtained from a cross-sectional, nationwide survey conducted by the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2013. Participants were functionally independent older adults aged {$>$}= 65 years (N=21,584). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatrics Depression Scale (GDS); caregiving hours per week, household income, and other covariates were also assessed. Results Family caregivers occupied 8.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total. A Poisson regression model revealed that caregivers in lower income groups (compared to those in the highest) were 1.32 to 1.95 and 1.63 to 2.68 times more likely to engage in {$>$}= 36 and {$>$}= 72 hours/week of caregiving, respectively. As for the GDS ({$>$}= 5), an excess risk was found in the caregivers in lower (compared to higher) income groups (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.57-3.10). However, an interaction effect of income by caregiving role indicated no significant difference in inequality between caregivers and non-caregivers (p = .603). The excess risk for GDS ({$>$}= 5) in the caregivers compared to non-caregivers was observed across income groups. Conclusions Our findings revealed a possible disparity in family caregivers under the public LTCI system. Further studies should examine factors associated with longer caregiving hours in lower income households. Our findings also suggest the necessity for more efforts to alleviate depressive symptoms in family caregivers under the LTCI system regardless of income level, rather than exclusively supporting those with a low income.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sakamoto2018,
  title = {Long-{{Term Earnings Differentials Between African American}} and {{White Men}} by {{Educational Level}}},
  author = {Sakamoto, Arthur and Tamborini, Christopher R. and Kim, ChangHwan},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91--116},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-017-9453-1},
  abstract = {This paper investigates long-term earnings differentials between African American and white men using data that match respondents in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to 30 years of their longitudinal earnings as recorded by the Social Security Administration. Given changing labor market conditions over three decades, we focus on how racial differentials vary by educational level because the latter has important and persistent effects on labor market outcomes over the course of an entire work career. The results show that the long-term earnings of African American men are more disadvantaged at lower levels of educational attainment. Controlling for demographic characteristics, work disability, and various indicators of educational achievement does not explain the lower long-term earnings of less-educated black men in comparison to less-educated white men. The interaction arises because black men without a high school degree have a larger number of years of zero earnings during their work careers. Other results show that this racial interaction by educational level is not apparent in cross-sectional data which do not provide information on the accumulation of zero earnings over the course of 30 years. We interpret these findings as indicating that compared to either less-educated white men or highly educated black men, the long-term earnings of less-educated African American men are likely to be more negatively affected by the consequences of residential and economic segregation, unemployment, being out of the labor force, activities in the informal economy, incarceration, and poorer health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Administrative data,Education,Long-term earnings,Racial inequality,Work disability}
}

@article{Sakamoto2021,
  title = {Do Social Investment Policies Reduce Income Inequality? {{An}} Analysis of Industrial Countries},
  author = {Sakamoto, Takayuki},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  pages = {440--456},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/09589287211018146},
  abstract = {Scholars and policymakers who call for social investment (SI) policies hope that SI policies reduce income inequality and poverty, among other policy goals. Meanwhile, some others point out potentially less pro-poor effects of SI policies. There are relatively few cross-national studies that empirically examine the distributional effects of SI policies. The current study seeks to fill the gap by investigating the effects of SI policies on income inequality in OECD countries. The empirical analysis finds mixed results. Parental leave benefits reduce market income inequality, but other family support policies do not lessen inequality, and family allowances and paid leave (the length of generous leave) even increase it. The effects of some family policies are partly context-specific. In contexts where there are a large number of single-mother households, parental leave benefits reduce market income inequality. There is no stable evidence that education and active labour market policy (ALMP) reduce market income inequality. Education and ALMP, however, reduce disposable income inequality (even after controlling for left governments and Nordic countries). The article suggests that in countries with high education and/or ALMP spending, the skills of workers towards the lower end of the income distribution may be relatively high (even though their pre-tax and transfer income may be low), and it may make their income salvageable with redistributive policies. In this sense, SI policies and conventional redistributive policies may be complementary in reducing disposable income inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Active labour market policy,education,family support,income inequality,industrial democracies,social investment policy,welfare states}
}

@article{Sakamoto2023,
  title = {Poverty, Inequality, and Redistribution: {{An}} Analysis of the Equalizing Effects of Social Investment Policy},
  author = {Sakamoto, Takayuki},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY},
  issn = {0020-7152},
  doi = {10.1177/00207152231185282},
  abstract = {Social investment (SI) policies have been implemented by governments of affluent countries in hopes of safeguarding against new social risks and mitigating social exclusion by encouraging employment and making it easier for parents to balance work and family. Governments hope that human capital investment (education and job training) will better prepare workers for jobs, promote their employment and social inclusion, and reduce poverty. This article investigates whether SI policies contribute to lower poverty and inequality by analyzing data from 18 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries between 1980 and 2013. The analysis finds, first, that SI policies (education and active labor market policy (ALMP)) alone may be less effective in generating lower poverty and inequality without redistribution, but when accompanied and supported by redistribution, SI policies are more effective in creating lower poverty and inequality. I propose the explanation that SI policies create lower-income poverty and inequality by creating individuals and households that can be salvaged and lifted out of poverty with redistribution, because SI policies help improve their skills and knowledge and employability, although they may be not quite able to escape poverty or low income without redistribution. As partial evidence, I present the result that education is associated with a lower poverty gap in market income. The analysis also finds that education and ALMP produce lower poverty and/or inequality in interaction with social market economies that redistribute more, and that augments the equalizing effects of education and ALMP. The results, thus, suggest the complementary roles of SI policies and redistribution.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sakellariou2006,
  title = {Benefits of General vs Vocational/Technical Education in {{Singapore}} Using Quantile Regressions},
  author = {Sakellariou, Chris},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {358--376},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/01437720610679214},
  abstract = {Purpose - This study sets out to investigate the pattern of benefits from education along the earnings distribution and compares this pattern between general and vocational/technical education in Singapore, with a particular focus on male-female differences. Design/methodology/approach - Quantile regression methodology is used, which allows for estimates of education benefits that differentiate the contribution of the quantity and quality of education along the earnings distribution. The quantile regression estimates highlight where in the income/ability distribution the impact of education is more pronounced. Findings - Finds that, while the pattern of returns to an additional year of education for general education follows that of other high income countries, exhibiting increasing returns to education as one goes from lower to higher income quantiles, the returns to vocational education exhibit much lower heterogeneity. Based on the findings, the vocational education system in Singapore has served women with secondary vocational qualifications particularly well. They earn more, have higher labor force participation, experience higher employment rates and are associated with a narrower gender earnings gap compared with women with general education. However, this is not the case for women with polytechnic qualifications, who earn much less than men with such qualifications. Practical implications - The findings suggest that, by and large, Singapore's vocational education system at the secondary level has successfully addressed the needs of the industry and has contributed towards narrowing gender earnings differentials. It has also contributed towards less overall earnings inequality, because it results in less heterogeneity in the returns to education, compared with general education. However, the curricula of polytechnics need to be re-examined to identify the cause of the sharply lower female benefits from this type of education. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the empirical literature with its use of the quantile regression methodology in evaluating the benefits of vocational versus general education for men and women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender,rate of return,Singapore,vocational training}
}

@article{Sakoda2022,
  title = {Full-{{Time}} or {{Working Caregiver}}? {{A Health Economics Perspective}} on the {{Supply}} of {{Care}} for {{Type}} 1 {{Diabetes Patients}}},
  author = {Sakoda, Sayaka},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph19031629},
  abstract = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease requiring lifelong insulin treatment. T1DM patients require care given not only by themselves but also by their family members, particularly in childhood-onset cases. This study aims to identify the relationship between health expenditure, HbA1c and other health outcomes and the socio-economic status of patients and their families, with a focus on family employment status, i.e., whether the caregiver is employed or is a homemaker. To clarify the relationship between the level of health, such as expenditure on health care and HbA1c, and the socioeconomic status of patients and their families, we focus on whether they are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepotential full-time caregivers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Using this analysis, we estimated the hypothetical health care expenditure and HbA1c and showed that male patients have higher expenditure and lower HbA1c when their caregiver is a potential full-time caregiver, whereas younger female patients have higher health care expenditure and lower HbA1c when their caregiver is employed. This finding is not meant to serve as criticism of health care policy in this area; rather, the aim is to contribute to economic policy in Japan for T1DM patients 20 years and older.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {caregivers,government aid,socio-economic status,type 1 diabetes mellitus}
}

@article{Salib2022,
  title = {{{BIG DATA AFFIRMATIVE ACTION}}},
  author = {Salib, Peter N.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW},
  volume = {117},
  number = {3},
  pages = {821--892},
  issn = {0029-3571},
  abstract = {As a vast and ever-growing body of social-scientific research shows, discrimination remains pervasive in the United States. In education, work, consumer markets, healthcare, criminal justice, and more, Black people fare worse than whites, women worse than men, and so on. Moreover, the evidence now convincingly demonstrates that this inequality is driven by discrimination. Yet solutions are scarce. The best empirical studies find that popular interventions-like diversity seminars and antibias trainings-have little or no effect. And more muscular solutions-like hiring quotas or school busing-are now regularly struck down as illegal. Indeed, in the last thirty years, the Supreme Court has invalidated every such ambitious affirmative action plan that it has reviewed. This Article proposes a novel solution: Big Data Affirmative Action. Like old-fashioned affirmative action, Big Data Affirmative Action would award benefits to individuals because of their membership in protected groups. Since Black defendants are discriminatorily incarcerated for longer than whites, Big Data Affirmative Action would intervene to reduce their sentences. Since women are paid less than men, it would step in to raise their salaries. But unlike old-fashioned affirmative action, Big Data Affirmative Action would be automated, algorithmic, and precise. Circa 2021, data scientists are already analyzing rich datasets to identify and quantify discriminatory harm. Armed with such quantitative measures, Big Data Affirmative Action algorithms would intervene to automatically adjust flawed human decisions-correcting discriminatory harm but going no further. Big Data Affirmative Action has two advantages over the alternatives. First, it would actually work. Unlike, say, antibias trainings, Big Data Affirmative Action would operate directly on unfair outcomes, immediately remedying discriminatory harm. Second, Big Data Affirmative Action would be legal, notwithstanding the Supreme Court's recent case law. As argued here, the Court has not, in fact, recently turned against affirmative action. Rather, it has consistently demanded that affirmative action policies both stand on solid empirical ground and be well tailored to remedying only particularized instances of actual discrimination. The policies that the Court recently rejected have failed to do either. Big Data Affirmative Action can easily do both.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Salkever2014,
  title = {Increasing {{Earnings}} of {{Social Security Disability Income Beneficiaries}} with {{Serious Mental Disorder}}},
  author = {Salkever, David S. and Gibbons, Brent and Drake, Robert E. and Frey, William D. and Hale, Thomas W. and Karakus, Mustafa},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {75--90},
  issn = {1091-4358},
  abstract = {Background: Persons with severe and persistent mental disorders (SPMD) have extremely low earnings levels and account for 29.1 percent of all U.S. Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) disabled worker beneficiaries under age 50. Social insurance and disability policy experts pointed to several factors that may contribute to this situation, including disincentives and obstacles in the SSDI program, as well as lack of access to evidence-based behavioral-health interventions. In response, the Social Security Administration (SSA) funded the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS) demonstration that included 2,238 beneficiaries of SSDI whose primary reason for disability is SPMD. The demonstration, implemented in 23 different localities, consisted of two evidence-based services (individual placement and support supported employment (IPS-SE), systematic medication management (SMM)), and provision or coverage of additional behavioral-health services (OBH). Study Aims: This study focused on estimating MHTS intervention effects on earnings in the intervention period (two-years). The main outcome variable was self-reported average monthly earnings. Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Data were drawn from the baseline survey, seven follow-up quarterly surveys, a final follow-up survey, and SSA administrative data. In all surveys, respondents were asked about earnings prior to the interview. Dependent variables were average past-30-days earnings reported in all follow-up surveys, similar averages for the first four follow-ups and for the last four follow-ups, fraction of surveys with prior earnings above SSA's substantial gainful activity (SGA) threshold, and final-follow-up earnings for the past 90 days. Regression analyses compared earnings of intervention vs. control group subjects. Covariates included baseline values of: (i) beneficiary demographic and social characteristics; (ii) beneficiary physical and mental health indicators; (iii) beneficiary recipiency history; (iv) beneficiary pre-recruitment and baseline earnings; and (v) local labor-market unemployment rates. Results: Results show significant positive MITTS earnings impacts. Estimated annual increases of earnings range from \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar791 (based on the 2-year average) to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1,131 (based on the final quarter of Year 2). Effects on the fraction of quarters with earnings exceeding SGA are positive and significant but very small in magnitude. Discussion: The consistent increase in earnings impacts over the study period suggests the possibility of even larger impacts with longer-term interventions. The moderate size of the intervention impacts may partly be explained by a study population that already had an average of 9 years on SSDI, and whose labor-supply decisions continued to be affected by concerns about possible loss of benefits. Limitations are that (i) earnings effects of specific intervention components cannot be estimated since all treatment subjects received the same package of services, and (ii) study results may not generalize to the majority of the beneficiary population due to selection effects in beneficiaries' participation decisions. Implications: Replication of the MHTS on a broader scale should show similar positive earnings impacts for a substantial number of beneficiaries with characteristics similar to the study population. Future studies should consider reducing policy barriers to labor supply of persons with SPMD. Future studies should consider longer-term interventions, or at least measuring impacts for follow-up periods greater than two years.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Samant2011,
  title = {A {{Quality Indicators Framework}} for Effective {{AT}} Service Delivery},
  author = {Samant, Deepti and Adya, Meera and Babirad, Jurgen and Scherer, Marcia},
  editor = {Gelderblom, {\relax GJ} and Soede, M and Adriaens, L and Miesenberger, K},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {EVERYDAY TECHNOLOGY FOR INDEPENDENCE AND CARE},
  series = {Assistive {{Technology Research Series}}},
  volume = {29},
  issn = {1383-813X},
  doi = {10.3233/978-1-60750-814-4-245},
  abstract = {Objective Despite initiatives promoting research and development, financing, and distribution programs for assistive technology (AT), people with diverse disabilities still experience a critical gap in awareness and acquisition of suitable technology products. The nature of significant barriers to the effective use of AT service delivery has been the subject of considerable speculation, but has not been well researched. There is a lack of scientifically rigorous research on which specific elements of AT service delivery achieve improved employment outcomes with efficient management of costs, and why. Additionally, service providers lack an evidence-based and validated framework to internally examine their own service delivery processes, policies, and practices and assess their effectiveness in generating successful employment and other participation outcomes for consumers. Main Content This paper will discuss the conceptualization, development, and testing of quality indicators of AT service delivery that result in successful employment outcomes. This work is being conducted by the Center on Effective Rehabilitation Technology (CERT) service delivery which has used a rigorous mixed methods process to generate quality indicators: (a) thorough literature review to identify core assessment categories, (b) feedback from a diverse panel of stakeholders, (c) results from a baseline survey of AT practice in the United States, and (d) an iterative review and feedback method to generate and rate the quality indicators with a panel of experts. The framework will be further tested and validated through mixed-methods studies with diverse service providers, including employers, throughout the United States. Results Indicators of quality have been identified across nine major categories which are: (1) Organizational Governing Structures, (2) Personnel, (3) Consumer Outcomes, (4) Policies and Procedures, (5) Stakeholder Collaboration, (6) Service Delivery Models, (7) Individualized Matching of Person and Technology, (8) Funding, and (9) Quality Control and Evaluation. Conclusion An evidence-based framework for identifying the quality of AT service delivery will offer service providers an efficient and important tool to assess the quality of their systems and will work towards bridging gaps to ensure that AT services promote consumers' employment and other participation goals. The quality indicators framework will be customizable for use with different types of service providers such as Vocational Rehabilitation agencies, Independent Living Centers, and employers.},
  isbn = {978-1-60750-814-4 978-1-60750-813-7},
  langid = {english},
  note = {11th Bi-Annual AAATE Conference, Maastricht, NETHERLANDS, AUG 31-SEP 02, 2011}
}

@article{Samarina2023,
  title = {Does {{Monetary Policy Affect Income Inequality}} in the {{Euro Area}}?},
  author = {Samarina, Anna and Nguyen, Anh D. M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MONEY CREDIT AND BANKING},
  issn = {0022-2879},
  doi = {10.1111/jmcb.13017},
  abstract = {This paper examines how the ECB's expansionary monetary policy affects income inequality in 10 euro area countries over the period 1999-2014. We distinguish two channels-labor-market and financial-through which monetary policy can have distributional effects. The labor-market channel is captured by wages and employment and the financial channel by asset prices and returns. We find that expansionary monetary policy in the euro area reduces income inequality, especially in the periphery countries. The labor-market channel enhances the equalizing effect: monetary expansion reduces income inequality stronger by raising wages and employment. There is limited evidence for the financial channel.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sanchez-Recio2021,
  title = {Investigating the {{Relationship}} between {{Stress}} and {{Self-Rated Health}} during the {{Financial Crisis}} and {{Recession}} in 2008: {{The Mediating Role}} of {{Job Satisfaction}} and {{Social Support}} in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Sanchez-Recio}, Raquel and {Garcia-Ael}, Cristina and Topa, Gabriela},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.3390/jcm10071463},
  abstract = {Background: the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent recession had a strong impact on employment and certain health indicators, such as mental health. Many studies carried out with diverse samples attest to the negative influence of stress on health. However, few studies focus on stress and self-rated health among the Spanish workforce, or analyse which variables can act as a buffer against the negative effects of stress on self-perceived health. Aim: to analyse the mediator role of social support and job satisfaction in the relationship between work-related stress and self-rated health among the Spanish working population between 2006 and 2017. Method: repeated cross-sectional study using Spanish Surveys from 2006 to 2017, a total of 32.105 participants (47.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% women) aged 16 years and over (M = 42.3, SD = 10.7) answered a series of questions about work-related stress (PV), self-rated health (CV), job satisfaction, and social support (mediator variables) through the National Health Survey (NHS) prevalences of work-related stress, self-rated health, job satisfaction, and social support were calculated (standardised by age). We performed mediation/moderation analysis with Macro Process for SPSS to analyse the role of social support and job satisfaction in the relationship between self-rated health and work-related stress among the Spanish working population. Results: three mediation analyses were conducted, one for each time point in the study period. The results revealed a significant direct association between stress and job satisfaction. In the 2006 model, both job satisfaction and social support acted as mediators between stress and self-rated health, while in the 2011 and 2017 models, only job satisfaction acted as a mediator. The data reveal that the working population in Spain has a good capacity for resilience, since no drop in health indicators was observed. Conclusion: following the economic recession, employment has partially recovered. However, social and employment policies are required to help the population face the recent situation triggered by the Coronavirus crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {job satisfaction and economic recession,mediation,self-rated health,social support,work-related Stress}
}

@article{Sanchez2006,
  title = {Costa {{Rica}} - Export Orientation and Its Effect on Growth, Inequality and Poverty},
  author = {Sanchez, Marco V. and Sauma, Pablo},
  editor = {Vos, R and Ganuza, E and Morley, S and Robinson, S},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {WHO GAINS FROM FREE TRADE: EXPORT-LED GROWTH, INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA},
  series = {Routledge {{Studies}} in {{Development Economics}}},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {204--230},
  abstract = {Costa Rica also adopted the Washington Consensus type of reforms, but in a much more gradual and less \textbackslash textasciigraveorthodox' way than the other countries in the region. It has combined import liberalization with active export promotion. By the 1980s, Costa Rica already had relatively few restrictions on capital inflows. Nonetheless, further liberalization of the capital account and legislative changes easing the entry of maquila industries and establishment of firms in export-processing free zones led to a boom in foreign direct investment in the 1990s. Despite the inflow of foreign capital, the government managed to stop the exchange rate from appreciating, keeping it competitive during most of the 1990s with a managed floating exchange regime. Economic growth has been volatile but on average the economy expanded at an annual growth rate of 4.3 per cent during 1985-2001. Exports have been the engine of Costa Rica's growth performance, especially non-traditional exports supported by export promotion policies (tax credit certificates, export-processing free zones and maquilas) and, since the late 1990s, exports by the Intel plant in the country. Growth in employment lagged behind gross domestic product growth, but was still substantially higher than growth of the labour force. Most new jobs were created in the formal sector. Real labour income increased, but due to growing demand for skilled workers, labour income inequality increased significantly. Income inequality also increased at the household level. The incidence of absolute poverty has remained stable, however, since the mid-1990s, thanks to an increase in employment and average income. Simulations with the computable general equilibrium model for Costa Rica indicate that trade liberalization tends to lead to increasing inequality of income, given the combined effect of significantly higher labour income in the most dynamic economic sectors, especially those intensive in the use of skilled workers, and a reduction in labour incomes in agriculture. Simulations also show, however, that because of the generally positive outcomes for employment, trade liberalization seems to have generated positive, though small, effects towards poverty reduction. Poverty also falls under the scenario of further trade integration through the Free Trade Area of the Americas and a worldwide World Trade Organization agreement. Not all workers will benefit from trade integration, however. Those in agriculture, in particular, would face falling employment and real incomes.},
  isbn = {978-0-203-96583-2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sandbk2017,
  title = {European {{Policies}} to {{Promote Children}}'s {{Rights}} and {{Combat Child Poverty}}},
  author = {Sandbk, Mona},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {14},
  number = {8},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14080837},
  abstract = {The upbringing of children relies heavily on shared responsibilities between parents and society. The Council of Europe Recommendation (2006) 19 on Policy to Support Positive Parenting and the European Commission Recommendation (2013) Investing in Children: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage, both aim at supporting parents to care and provide for their children in accordance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. By means of a document analysis this article examines what kind of parental practices and provision to parents the recommendations suggest to safeguard children's rights in the family. Three findings are highlighted: first, both recommendations reflect a commitment to respecting children's rights while at the same time acknowledging parents as children's primary caregivers. Second, both recognize parents' rights to work, while also recognizing the necessity of adequate income support if work is not available or income too low. Third, adequate resources are defined as a combination of universal policies and services, which guarantee a minimum level for all, and targeted measures reaching out to the most disadvantaged. The recommendations' emphasis on children and parents as partners and on the families' economic situations are valuable for future development of family and child policy and support programs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child poverty,children's rights,positive parenting,progressive universalism,support and provision for parents}
}

@article{Santero-Sanchez2015,
  title = {Gender Differences in the Hospitality Industry: {{A Job}} Quality Index},
  author = {{Santero-Sanchez}, Rosa and {Segovia-Perez}, Monica and {Castro-Nunez}, Belen and {Figueroa-Domecq}, Cristina and {Talon-Ballestero}, Pilar},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {TOURISM MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {234--246},
  issn = {0261-5177},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.025},
  abstract = {Employment in the hospitality industry is generally associated with lower quality of employment opportunities than other industries. While women's participation has improved both quantitatively and qualitatively, they continue to encounter a host of barriers attributable to labour market discrimination. A gender-oriented study of job quality is consequently in order. The present paper aims to define and construct a composite index of job quality, compiling objective job security conditions in a single variable that allows the detection of possible gender differences in job quality. Unlike other comparisons of job quality that focus primarily on salary, the composite indicator developed stresses work week duration in an industry in which part-timing impacts women particularly heavily. Findings reveal that women hold lower quality jobs than men and that the gender gap widens with age. Results also show a double adversity for women: a lower job quality in management positions they have not traditionally held, and a wider quality gap in clearly feminized, lower skilled positions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Composite indicator,Discrimination,Gender,Labour,Labour quality,Women}
}

@article{SanteroSanchez2016,
  title = {{ANALYSIS OF LABOUR CONDITIONS IN THE SPANISH SOCIAL ECONOMY ENTITIES FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE}},
  author = {Santero Sanchez, Rosa and Castro Nunez, Belen},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {REVESCO-REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS COOPERATIVOS},
  number = {121},
  pages = {228--255},
  issn = {1885-8031},
  doi = {10.5209/rev\textbackslash_REVE.2016.v121.51309},
  abstract = {The values shared by social economy enterprises generate a differentiated behaviour of these entities in relation to their staff composition, the work conditions, their productive specialisation and their geographical location compared to the profit seeking firms (corporations and limited liability companies). This differentiated behaviour constitutes an important contribution to social cohesion, and in particular from a gender perspective, it foster a higher participation in labour market and better labour conditions. The mail goal of the paper is to evaluate the existence of the differentiated behavior of social economy entities in terms of equal opportunities and labour conditions, focusing in Spain. We use the Continuous Work History Sample (MCVL) for the year 2010 and identify the target group and the control group that are statistically comparable in terms of size and industry. We first analyze the differences between workers conditions in both groups applying parametric and non-parametric test for average differences. Secondly, we focus on wages discrimination, using Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique. Results show that social economy entities provide better conditions in access to employment and labour stability, and also show lower gender wage discrimination.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {gender,social cohesion,social economy,wage discrimination,work history}
}

@article{SanteroSanchez2016a,
  title = {{Social Economy and disability. Enablers and obstacles in the integration of workers with disabilities in the Social Economy entities}},
  author = {Santero Sanchez, Rosa and Castro Nunez, Belev and Martinez Martin, Ma Isabel and Guillo Rodriguez, Nuria},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {29--59},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  abstract = {Effective and full integration of people with disability into society is deeply related to their integration into the labour market. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted in 2006 triggered a change in the conception of disability towards a social approach, especially in terms of their human rights and their integration in society. One of the key elements of this integration is the participation of persons with disabilities in the different spheres of society with equal opportunities. In particular, their integration in the labour market is a mayor challenge not only from the personal development perspective, but also in terms of their autonomy and independence. Irrespective of the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies aimed at integrating persons with disability into the labour market, further research is necessary on the factors that encourage that integration and highlight entry into an ordinary labour market, which should be the ultimate objective of integration policies for persons with a disability. The values shared by Social Economy enterprises generate a differentiated behaviour in relation to their staff composition, the work conditions, their productive specialisation and their geographical location. This differentiated behaviour constitutes, at the same time, an important contribution to social and territorial cohesion. In particular, the contribution to social cohesion comprises the occupation of groups with difficulties of access to employment, employment quality, improvement in equal opportunities and the offer of social services. The goal of this work is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the contribution of Social Economy to social cohesion in terms of the employment of people with disabilities and in particular the compliance with the quota requirement. Secondly, to detect the enablers and barriers to work in the design of labour policies for higher and better integration in workplaces. This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the key aspects related to the perceptions, behaviour and culture of Social Economy entities in relation to the integration of workers with disabilities in their staffs, adding useful and relevant information for the design and implementation of active labour policies. In order to achieve these objectives, an ad-hoc survey has been designed to analyze the compliance of quota legislation for people with disabilities and conducted among Medium and Large Social Economy entities (50 employees or more) in Spain. Quota legislation in Spain establishes an obligation for companies with more than a certain number of employees (50 or more) to employ a minimum percentage of people with disabilities (2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The technical characteristics of the survey are as follows: i. The Universe of the survey is composed of all Social Economy entities (except Special Employment Centres), located in Spain, from all economic sectors with 50 or more employees. Universe size (according to the National Statistics Institute of Spain and Social Economy statistics) is composed by, approximately, 3.000 entities. ii. Sampling used in this research is proportional, stratified by economic sector, region and company size. Selection of interviewee units is random. Sampling size is composed of 329 units, distributed to assure representativeness by geographical region, sector and business size. Sampling error is +/- 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%. (Confidence level 95.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% and probability p=q=0.5 -2 sigma). iii. Content of the survey refers to several topics such as: identification data, business size, economic sector, employment size, annual turnover; data about presence and job position of workers with disabilities and information about integration process: how diversity, especially related to people with disabilities, is incorporated into the selection, hiring and promotion policies of the company. Main results of the analyses show that the majority of Social Economy entities are in compliance with the quota requirement (84.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%). However, there are some remarkable differences attending companies' characteristics. Thus, the percentage of Social Economy entities complying with the quota requirement is higher among large companies, companies in social services and dependency sectors and, by geographical area, among companies located in Andalusia or Catalonia. On the other hand, medium-sized companies, industrial ones and Social Economy entities located in Navarra or Basque Country show lower percentages of compliance with the quota requirement. This survey offers as well some qualitative information, divided into two different sections. Firstly, the analysis is focused on some aspects related to the perceptions, behaviour and culture of Social Economy entities in relation to the integration of workers with disabilities in their staffs. The aim of this section is to identify potential differences between companies who are in compliance with the quota requirement and those who do not. Some of the main results of this section are: i. Legal obligation and fiscal benefits are the main reason to hire people with disabilities for both, companies that do and do not comply with the quota requirement. ii. Companies who comply with the quota requirement recruit personnel by using employment agencies, acquaintances and relatives and online job portals more frequently than those who do not comply with the quota requirement. iii. Companies or entities who integrate inclusion and diversity (gender, cultural, racial, socio-economic, etc.) in their programmes, policies and regulations are those with a higher percentage of people with disabilities in their staff. iv. Previous experiences related to the presence of workers with disabilities seem to be the main and more important boost for Social Economy entities and companies. v. The appointment of a colleague as a support-buddy is the most important intervention to facilitate the integration of the worker with disability in the company vi. The majority of Social Economy entities do not find any difficulty related to the integration process. However, companies in compliance with the quota find more obstacles than those who do not. Among those who have faced any obstacle, main barriers are related to the adaptation to the job; emotional barriers and physical space/accommodations obstacles. Secondly, the analysis focuses on the main reasons and obstacles found by those companies and entities that do not have any employees with disabilities in their staff, aiming to get to know their reasons to not hire this collective. The main two reasons why these companies declare that they do not have any person with disability in their staff are the lack of candidates with disabilities and the lack of matching between the candidates and job positions available. Thus, results from this research highlight some key aspects that are important to bear in mind. Firstly, values shared by Social Economy entities do generate a differentiated behavior in relation to their staff composition that contributes to the social cohesion. Secondly, the implementation of instruments and active policies have a positive impact over the integration of persons with disabilities in the ordinary labour market; quota policies and fiscal incentives are named as the main facilitators. In this sense, compliance with quota legislation is not a dichotomous decision for Social Economy entities but a gradual and continuous process that starts when hiring the first worker with disability in their staffs. Thus, previous experiences related to the presence of workers with disabilities seem to be the main boost for Social Economy entities and companies. In third term, an inclusive business culture that appreciates and accepts diversity (not only related to disabilities) displays characteristics of general awareness and inclusion of workers with disabilities in Social Economy entities. The inclusion of specific measures related to disability in the diversity policies is a challenge that firms, including Social Economy ones, still has to confront. Finally, the study and dissemination of best practices among employers is also important to surpass stereotypes and prejudices, contributing to the integration of people with disabilities into the ordinary labour market. As we have seen through this study, Social Economy companies and entities that have hired people with disabilities would recommend it to other ones. And this does not only have a positive effect in terms of equity and ethical reasons, but it can also have a great impact on the image connected to the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Social Economy, also in terms of benefits related to more diverse workplaces. Further research is needed in terms of the design of policies to foster deeper integration of persons with disabilities into ordinary labour market. As observed in the results, the matching process between candidates and job positions shows some weaknesses and the existence of workers with disabilities is one of the main facilitator to increase the number of these workers in firms. Besides design and implementation of active policies towards the integration of workers with disabilities, especial attention must be given to the business culture regarding disability. The study of enablers and obstacles in all kind of firms might show different results from the ones obtained in this paper as it would include small firms, which have no quota requirements, and entities outside Social Economy, in which social cohesion might not be among their principles.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {disability management,Employment,quotas,Social Economy}
}

@article{Santos2023,
  title = {From {{Neglect}} to {{Progress}}: {{Assessing Social Sustainability}} and {{Decent Work}} in the {{Tourism Sector}}},
  author = {Santos, Eleonora},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {15},
  number = {13},
  doi = {10.3390/su151310329},
  abstract = {Measuring social sustainability performance involves assessing firms' implementation of social goals, including working conditions, health and safety, employee relationships, diversity, human rights, community engagement, and philanthropy. The concept of social sustainability is closely linked to the notion of decent work, which emphasizes productive work opportunities with fair income, secure workplaces, personal development prospects, freedom of expression and association, and equal treatment for both genders. However, the tourism sector, known for its significant share of informal labor-intensive work, faces challenges that hinder the achievement of decent work, such as extended working hours, low wages, limited social protection, and gender discrimination. This study assesses the social sustainability of the Portuguese tourism industry. The study collected data from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveQuadros do Pessoal\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace statistical tables for the years 2010 to 2020 to analyze the performance of Portuguese firms in the tourism sector and compare them with one another and with the overall national performance. The study focused on indicators such as employment, wages, and work accidents. The findings reveal fluctuations in employment and remuneration within the tourism sector and high growth rates in the tourism sector compared to the national average. A persistent gender pay gap is identified, which emphasizes the need to address this issue within the tourism industry. Despite some limitations, such as the lack of comparable data on work quality globally, incomplete coverage of sustainability issues, and challenges in defining and measuring social sustainability indicators, the findings have implications for policy interventions to enhance social sustainability in the tourism industry. By prioritizing decent work, safe working conditions, and equitable pay practices, stakeholders can promote social sustainability, stakeholder relationships, and sustainable competitive advantage. Policymakers are urged to support these principles to ensure the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry and foster a more inclusive and equitable society. This study provides insights for Tourism Management, sustainable Human Resource Management, Development Studies, and organizational research, guiding industry stakeholders in promoting corporate social sustainability, firm survival, and economic growth.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Saraceno2011,
  title = {Childcare Needs and Childcare Policies: {{A}} Multidimensional Issue},
  author = {Saraceno, Chiara},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {CURRENT SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1},
  pages = {78--96},
  issn = {0011-3921},
  doi = {10.1177/0011392110385971},
  abstract = {Childcare has become a much-debated issue in all developed countries. Who should care for children, how, how much and for how long are the questions at the centre of value conflicts that shape not only policies and struggles around policies, but also individual and family choices. This article contributes to the debate in two ways. First, it presents an up-to-date overview of the different childcare packages offered by the 27 EU countries, indicating how they represent quite different understandings of proper care, as well as of proper behaviour by mothers and fathers. Second, it attempts to unravel the different dimensions implicated in the debate, going beyond the simplification of the mother's care vs non-family care dichotomy. It concludes that an integrated research agenda, focusing both on the outcomes for labour markets and for children's well-being, is necessary in order to develop policies that address the complex issues of choice, rights and social inequality involved in child-caring patterns.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Saraceno2011a,
  title = {Towards an Integrated Approach for the Analysis of Gender Equity in Policies Supporting Paid Work and Care Responsibilities},
  author = {Saraceno, Chiara and Keck, Wolfgang},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {371--405},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.11},
  abstract = {This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework for analysing the degree to which public policies support gender equity in paid work and care. Combining the distinction between commodification and decommodification and the distinction between defamilialisation, supported familialism, and familialism by default our study identifies a number of relevant policies, ranging from services, leave entitlements, income support measures, and fiscal instruments to forms of acknowledgement of care work in pension systems. Although our main objective is conceptual, we offer a comparative overview of these policies for all of the EU countries, plus Norway. Thus, we provide a preliminary typology of policy approaches.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sarker2021,
  title = {Labor Market and Unpaid Works Implications of {{COVID-19}} for {{Bangladeshi}} Women},
  author = {Sarker, Mou Rani},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {597--604},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12587},
  abstract = {Crisis impacts are never gender-neutral, and COVID-19 is no exception. The pandemic has further exacerbated the gender and socioeconomic inequalities, therefore, crucial to undertake a gender impact analysis of COVID-19. This perspective paper highlights women's vulnerability in the labor market and focused on the increasing unpaid workloads in the response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Focusing on various surveys, feminized sectors such as agriculture, garments have been hardest hit by the pandemic. Female workers have been rapidly lost their means to earn income and confined to homes. Beyond lost jobs and reduced working hours, the pandemic has also increased the time poverty of women. While pre-pandemic unpaid work burdens are well established as strong, the study indicates that burdens are escalated after-pandemic. Women balanced intensified unpaid care and domestic works simultaneously or make a tradeoff, without or minimal help from men. Such results suggest a gender-inclusive policy to minimize the effects of the pandemic, placing women at the center of focus.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {labor market,time poverty,unpaid work,women}
}

@article{Sarker2023,
  title = {Systems Thinking on the Gendered Impacts of {{COVID-19}} in {{Bangladesh}}: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  author = {Sarker, Mou Rani and Sarkar, Md Abdur Rouf and Alam, Mohammad Jahangir and Begum, Ismat Ara and Bhandari, Humnath},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {HELIYON},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13773},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected women and threatens to overturn four decades of progress in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment. To better grasp the key areas of concern that gender inequality exists, gender studies and sex-disaggregated evidence are required. Using the PRISMA technique, this review paper is the first attempt to present a comprehensive and current picture of the gendered di-mensions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh regarding economic well-being, resource endowments, and agency. This study found that women were more likely to face hardship as widows, mothers, or sole breadwinners after the loss of husbands and male household members because of the pandemic. The evidence suggests that the advancement of women during this pandemic was hampered by poor reproductive health outcomes; girls' dropping out of school; job loss; less income; a comparable wage gap; a lack of social security; unpaid work burnout; increased emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; an increase in child marriages; and less participation in leadership and decision-making. Our study found inadequate sex-disaggregated data and gender studies on COVID-19 in Bangladesh. However, our research concludes that policies must account for gender disparities and male and female vulnerability across multiple dimensions to achieve inclusive and effective pandemic prevention and recovery.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sarno2020,
  title = {Clinical and Socio-Economic Predictors of Work Participation in Adult {{CHD}} Patients},
  author = {Sarno, Lauren A. and Cortright, Lindsay and Stanley, Tiara and Tumin, Dmitry and Li, Jennifer S. and Sang Jr., Charlie J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CARDIOLOGY IN THE YOUNG},
  volume = {30},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1081--1085},
  issn = {1047-9511},
  doi = {10.1017/S1047951120001572},
  abstract = {Background: Adults with CHD have reduced work participation rates compared to adults without CHD. We aimed to quantify employment rate among adult CHD patients in a population-based registry and to describe factors and barriers associated with work participation. Methods: We retrospectively identified adults with employment information in the North Carolina Congenital Heart Defects Surveillance Network. Employment was defined as any paid work in a given year. Logistic regression was used to examine patients' employment status during each year. Results: The registry included 1,208 adult CHD patients with a health care encounter between 2009 and 2013, of whom 1,078 had {$>$}= 1 year of data with known employment status. Overall, 401 patients (37\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were employed in their most recent registry year. On multivariable analysis, the odds of employment decreased with older age and were lower for Black as compared to White patients (odds ratio = 0.78; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.98; p = 0.030), and single as compared to married patients (odds ratio = 0.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.63; p {$<$} 0.001). Conclusion: In a registry where employment status was routinely captured, only 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of adult CHD patients aged 18-64 years were employed, with older patients, Black patients, and single patients being less likely to be employed. Further work is needed to consider how enhancing cardiology follow-up for adults with CHD can integrate support for employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adults with CHD,Predictors,work participation}
}

@article{Sasaki2017,
  title = {Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Increasing Wage Inequalities on Marriage Behaviors in {{Japan}}},
  author = {Sasaki, Shoichi},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {27--42},
  issn = {0889-1583},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jjie.2017.08.003},
  abstract = {This study examines the effects of inequalities in the lower, rather than the upper, tail of wage distribution due to a declining labor market on marriage behaviors based on gender in Japan. I apply a median preserving spread to a marriage search model and then empirically analyze the theoretical hypothesis for cross-gender marriage behaviors using extensive individual Japanese data from the Employment Status Survey. The theoretical and empirical results show that both genders' wage inequalities in the lower tail have positive and statistically significant effects on increasing the probability of unmarried people across both genders. Female wage inequality in the upper tail also has a significant positive effect on the probability of unmarried men. On the other hand, an increase in male unemployment rates have positive and significant effects on the probability of unmarried women, even after controlling with wage inequality indices. In addition, the median wage for women has a significant and negative effect on the probability of unmarried men. These results highlight the policies to increase wages in the lower income class for both genders and to address unemployment for men in order to raise marriage rates. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Marriage behavior,Median-preserving spread,Two-sided search,Unemployment rate,Wage inequality in the lower tail}
}

@article{Satoh2021,
  title = {Relationship of Attitudes toward Uncertainty and Preventive Health Behaviors with Breast Cancer Screening Participation},
  author = {Satoh, Miho and Sato, Naoko},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12905-021-01317-1},
  abstract = {BackgroundcxsEarly detection of breast cancer is effective for prolonging survival, but the participation rate in breast cancer screening among target Japanese women remains low. This study examined the relationships between tendencies in decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, health behaviors, demographics, and breast cancer screening participation in Japanese women.MethodsSecondary analysis was performed using data from the 2017 Keio Household Panel Survey (KHPS). The study population consisted of 2945 households. Data were obtained from the KHPS for women aged 40 years or older. Breast cancer screening participation in the past year, risk aversion, time preference, health behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and medical treatment received in the past year), and demographic variables were analyzed.ResultsData from 708 women were analyzed. Among the respondents, 28.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had attended breast cancer screening in the past year. Factors found to significantly contribute to breast cancer screening participation included higher risk aversion (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 2.34; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI]=1.03-5.32; p=0.043), medical treatment received in the past year (OR, 1.56; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.06-2.30; p=0.026), higher self-rated health (OR, 1.47; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.18-1.83; p=0.001), living above the poverty line (OR, 2.31; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.13-4.72; p=0.022), and having children (OR, 1.57; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.02-2.42; p=0.042). Factors significantly associated with non-participation in breast cancer screening were smoking (OR, 0.20; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.10-0.42; p{$<$}0.000), alcohol consumption (OR, 0.56; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.37-0.86; p=0.007), being self-employed (OR, 0.22; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.10-0.46; p{$<$}0.000), and being unemployed (OR, 0.48; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.26-0.90; p=0.022). No significant relationship was observed between time preference and screening participation.ConclusionsThe results indicate that women who recognize the actual risk of developing breast cancer or have high awareness of breast cancer prevention tend to participate in breast cancer screening. Barriers to screening participation are not working for an organization that encourages screening and low income.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breast cancer,Breast cancer screening,Health behavior,Mammography,Risk aversion}
}

@article{Saure2014,
  title = {International Trade, the Gender Wage Gap and Female Labor Force Participation},
  author = {Saure, Philip and Zoabi, Hosny},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS},
  volume = {111},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {17--33},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.07.003},
  abstract = {Recent work in gender economics has identified trade as a potential determinant of female labor force participation (REP). It is usually suggested that FLFP rises whenever trade expands those sectors which use female labor intensively. This paper develops a theoretical model to argue that, quite surprisingly, the opposite effects can occur. Distinguishing between female intensive sectors (FIS) and male intensive sectors (MIS), we show that FLFP may actually fall if trade expands EIS. When FIS are capital intensive, trade integration of a capital-abundant economy expands FIS and contracts MIS. Consequently, male workers migrate from MIS to FIS, diluting the capital-labor ratio in the FIS. Under a high complementarity between capital and female labor, the marginal productivity of women drops more than that of men. Thus, the gender wage gap widens and FLFP falls. Employment patterns in the U.S. following NAFTA are broadly consistent with our theory. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Female labor force participation,Gender wage gap,Home production,NAFTA}
}

@article{SauriSaula2022,
  title = {{Justifying the choice of childcare for 0 to 3-year-olds : Are public services an option for me?}},
  author = {Sauri Saula, Enric and Gonzalez Motos, Sheila},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {PAPERS-REVISTA DE SOCIOLOGIA},
  volume = {107},
  number = {3},
  issn = {0210-2862},
  doi = {10.5565/rev/papers.3065},
  abstract = {Access to early childhood education services has proved to be an effective way of combating educational inequality. However, more advantaged families are more likely to use these services, while children from more vulnerable backgrounds are marginalised. Research has explained this phenomenon, known as the Mathew Effect, mainly by studying the constraints arising from the availability of services, the economic capacity of families to use them, and cultural patterns of motherhood. This paper aims to identify, from a public policy perspective, other factors that explain the Mathew Effect, beyond the economic barriers that limit access to formal care services for young children. Based on interviews with 34 mothers of children under three years old, with differing levels of involvement in the employment market and different models of childcare (municipal and private nursery schools), we analyse the characteristics of formal early childhood care services and the objective factors of those mothers' everyday lives, to understand the decision-making processes involved in choosing childcare for the under-threes. The results indicate that sliding scale pricing has allowed mothers on low incomes to access state nursery schools, while the quality of the public services offered has been a factor in attracting middle and upper class parents. However, there has been no adaptation of public early childhood care services to the needs of working-class mothers who, while not being in a situation of social vulnerability, do not have the option of using private nurseries.},
  langid = {catalan},
  keywords = {early childhood,educational inequality,educational policy,motherhood,preschool education}
}

@article{Sawe2019,
  title = {Development and {{Implementation}} of {{Short Courses}} to {{Support}} the {{Establishment}} of a {{Prehospital System}} in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}: {{Lessons Learned}} from {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Sawe, Hendry R. and Mfinanga, Juma A. and Kisakeni, Samwel and Shao, Patrick and Nkondora, Paulina and White, Libby and Bollinger, Christina and Kulola, Irene B. and George, Upendo N. and Runyon, Michael S. and Noste, Erin},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EMERGENCY MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {2019},
  issn = {2090-2840},
  doi = {10.1155/2019/3160562},
  abstract = {Background. Tanzania has no formal prehospital system. The Tanzania Ministry of Health launched a formal prehospital system to address this gap. The Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) was tasked by the Ministry of Health to develop and implement a multicadre/provider prehospital curriculum so as to produce necessary healthcare providers to support the prehospital system. We aim to describe the process of designing and implementing the multicadre/provider prehospital short courses. The lessons learned can help inform similar initiatives in low- and middle-income countries. Methods. MUHAS collaborated with local and international Emergency Medicine and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) specialists to form the Emergency Medical Systems Team (EMST) that developed and implemented four short courses on prehospital care. The EMST used a six-step approach to develop and implement the curriculum: problem identification, general needs assessment, targeted needs assessment, goals and objectives, educational strategies, and implementation. The EMST modified current best EMS practices, protocols, and curricula to be context and resource appropriate in Tanzania. Results. We developed four prehospital short courses: Basic Ambulance Provider (BAP), Basic Ambulance Attendant (BAAT), Community First Aid (CFA), and EMS Dispatcher courses. The curriculum was vetted and approved by MUHAS, and courses were launched in November 2018. By the end of July 2019, a total of 63 BAPs, 104 BAATs, 25 EMS Dispatchers, and 287 CFAs had graduated from the programs. The main lessons learned are the importance of a practical approach to EMS development and working with the existing government cadre/provider scheme to ensure sustainability of the project; clearly defining scope of practice of EMS providers before curriculum development; and concurrent development of a multicadre/provider curriculum to better address the logistical barriers of implementation. Conclusion. We have provided an overview of the process of designing and implementing four short courses to train multiple cadres/providers of prehospital system providers in Tanzania. We believe this model of curricula development and implementation can be replicated in other countries across Africa.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sawe2020,
  title = {Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Trauma Registries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{Qualitative}} Experiences from {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Sawe, Hendry R. and Sirili, Nathanael and Weber, Ellen and Coats, Timothy J. and Wallis, Lee A. and Reynolds, Teri A.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {S23-S28},
  issn = {2211-419X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.003},
  abstract = {Background: The burden of trauma in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is disproportionately high: LMICs account for nearly 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global trauma deaths. Lack of trauma data has been identified as one of the major challenges in addressing the quality of trauma care and informing injury-preventing strategies in LMICs. This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of current trauma documentation practices towards the development of a national trauma registry (TR). Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted at five regional hospitals between August 2018 and December 2018. Five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 49 participants from five regional hospitals. Participants included specialists, medical doctors, assistant medical officers, clinical officers, nurses, health clerks and information communication and technology officers. Participants came from the emergency units, surgical and orthopaedic inpatient units, and they had permanent placement to work in these units as nonrotating staff. We analysed the gathered information using a hybrid thematic analysis. Results: Inconsistent documentation and archiving system, the disparity in knowledge and experience of trauma documentation, attitudes towards documentation and limitations of human and infrastructural resources in facilities we found as major barriers to the implementation of trauma registry. Health facilities commitment to standardising care, Ministry of Health and medicolegal data reporting requirements, and insurance reimbursements criteria of documentation were found as major facilitators to implementing trauma registry. Conclusions: Implementation of a trauma registry in regional hospitals is impacted by multiple barriers related to providers, the volume of documentation, resource availability for care, and facility care flow processes. However, financial, legal and administrative data reporting requirements exist as important facilitators in implementing the trauma registry at these hospitals. Capitalizing in the identified facilitators and investing to address the revealed barriers through contextualized interventions in Tanzania and other LMICs is recommended by this study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers and facilitators,Low- and middle-income countries,Tanzania,Trauma,Trauma registry}
}

@article{Sawyer2022,
  title = {Nicotine/Tobacco Use Disparities among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults: {{Findings}} from Wave 4 {{PATH}} Data},
  author = {Sawyer, Ashlee N. and Bono, Rose S. and Kaplan, Bekir and Breland, Alison B.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE},
  volume = {232},
  issn = {0376-8716},
  doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109268},
  abstract = {Background: Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) populations have current cigarette/e-cigarette/cigar use rates ranging from 32.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 39.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Importantly, while some studies have reported tobacco use as significantly higher among TGD versus cisgender individuals in multivariate analyses, others have reported no significant differences. The present study used data from wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a large, nationally representative U.S. study, to examine relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, internal and external factors, and tobacco use behaviors, with a focus on TGD individuals. Methods: Data were from 33,628 adults from the PATH study's wave 4 (collected December 2016-January 2018). Multivariable logistic regression models examined differences in current tobacco use (cigarettes, electronic nicotine products, and cigars) between TGD and cisgender individuals through the replication of previous work using PATH data, as well as evaluating the role of other internal and external factors. Results: TGD individuals were 2-3 times more likely than cisgender individuals to report current nicotine/tobacco use, even after adjustment for potential confounders. TGD individuals tended to have lower income and education and be more likely to endorse a sexual minority identity than their cisgender counterparts; meanwhile, lower income, less education, and lesbian/gay and bisexual identities were significant predictors of nicotine/tobacco use, independent of TGD identity. Conclusions: Present findings underscore the high rates of nicotine/tobacco use in the TGNC community and emphasize the necessity of TGD-focused research methods and measures, access to quality medical care, and policy aimed at minimizing marginalization and nicotine/tobacco use disparities experienced by TGD communities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adults,Gender minorities,Nicotine and tobacco use,Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study,Transgender and gender diverse (TGD),Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC)}
}

@article{Scalco2019,
  title = {An {{Agent-Based Model}} to {{Simulate Meat Consumption Behaviour}} of {{Consumers}} in {{Britain}}},
  author = {Scalco, Andrea and Macdiarmid I, Jennie and Craig, Tony and Whybrow, Stephen and Horgan, Graham W.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JASSS-THE JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL SOCIETIES AND SOCIAL SIMULATION},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1460-7425},
  doi = {10.18564/jasss.4124},
  abstract = {The current rate of production and consumption of meat poses a problem both to peoples' health and to the environment. This work aims to develop a simulation of peoples' meat consumption in Britain using agent-based modelling. The agents represent individual consumers. The key variables that characterise agents include sex, age, monthly income, perception of the living cost, and concerns about the impact of meat on the environment, health, and animal welfare. A process of peer influence is modelled with respect to the agents' concerns. Influence spreads across two eating networks (i.e. co-workers and household members) depending on the time of day, day of the week, and agents' employment status. Data from a representative sample of British consumers is used to empirically ground the model. Different experiments are run simulating interventions of the application of social marketing campaigns and a rise in price of meat. The main outcome is the mean weekly consumption of meat per consumer. A secondary outcome is the likelihood of eating meat. Analyses are run on the overall artificial population and by subgroups. The model succeeded in reproducing observed consumption patterns. Different sizes of effect on consumption emerged depending on the application of a social marketing strategy or a price increase. A price increase had a greater effect than environmental and animalwelfare campaigns, while a health campaign had a larger impact on consumers' behaviour than the other campaigns. An environmental campaign targeted at consumers concerned about the environment produced a boomerang effect increasing the consumption in the population rather than reducing it. The results of the simulation experiments are mainly consistent with the literature on food consumption providing support for future models of public strategies to reduce meat consumption.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Consumer Behaviour,Food Choice,Meat Consumption,Population Health,Social Influence}
}

@article{Scantling2021,
  title = {Firearm {{Violence}}, {{Access}} to {{Care}}, and {{Gentrification A Moving Target}} for {{American Trauma Systems}}},
  author = {Scantling, Dane and Orji, Whitney and Hatchimonji, Justin and Kaufman, Elinore and Holena, Daniel},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {ANNALS OF SURGERY},
  volume = {274},
  number = {2},
  pages = {209--217},
  issn = {0003-4932},
  doi = {10.1097/SLA.0000000000004771},
  abstract = {Objective: We aimed to determine whether gentrification predicts the movement of shooting victims over time and if this process has decreased access to care. Background: Trauma centers remain fixed in space, but the populations they serve do not. Nationally, gentrification has displaced disadvantaged communities most at risk for violent injury, potentially decreasing access to care. This process has not been studied, but an increase of only 1 mile from a trauma center increases shooting mortality up to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study utilizing Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) and Pennsylvania trauma systems outcome (PTOS) data 2006-2018. Shootings were mapped and grouped into census tracts. They were then cross-mapped with gentrification data and hospital location. PPD and PTOS shooting data were compared to ensure patients requiring trauma care were captured. Census tracts with {$>$}= 500 residents with income and median home values in the bottom 40th percentile of the metropolitan area were eligible to gentrify. Tracts were gentrified if residents {$>$}= 25 with a bachelor's degree increased and home price increased to the top third in the metropolitan area. Change in distribution of shootings and its relation to gentrification was our primary outcome while proximity of shootings to a trauma center was our secondary outcome. Results: Thirty-two percent (123/379) of eligible tracts gentrified and 31,165 shootings were captured in the PPD database. 9090 (29.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients meeting trauma criteria were captured in PTOS with an increasing proportion over time. The proportion of shootings within gentrifying tracts significantly dropped 2006-2018 (40\textbackslash textbackslash\%-35\textbackslash textbackslash\%, P {$<$} 0.001) and increased in non-gentrifying tracts (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%-57\textbackslash textbackslash\%, P {$<$} 0.001). In evaluation of shooting densities, a predictable redistribution occurred 2006-2018 with incident density decreasing in gentrified areas and increasing in non-gentrified areas. Shootings within 1 mile of a trauma center increased overall, but proportional access decreased in gentrified areas. Conclusions: Shootings in Philadelphia predictably moved out of gentrified areas and concentrated in non-gentrified ones. In this case study of a national crisis, the pattern of change paradoxically resulted in an increased clustering of shootings around trauma centers in non-gentrified areas. Repetition of this work in other cities can guide future resource allocation and be used to improve access to trauma care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {access to care,firearm violence,gentrification,trauma centers}
}

@article{Schaap2018,
  title = {The Effects of Exit from Work on Health across Different Socioeconomic Groups: {{A}} Systematic Literature Review},
  author = {Schaap, Rosanne and {de Wind}, Astrid and Coenen, Pieter and Proper, Karin and Boot, Cecile},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {198},
  pages = {36--45},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.015},
  abstract = {Exit from work leads to different effects on health, partially depending on the socioeconomic status (SES) of people in the work exit. Several studies on the effects of exit from work on health across socioeconomic groups have been performed, but results are conflicting. The aim of this review is to systematically review the available evidence regarding the effects of exit from work on health in high and low socioeconomic groups. A systematic literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Search terms related to exit from work, health, SES and design (prospective or retrospective). Articles were included if they focused on: exit from work (early/statutory retirement, unemployment or disability pension); health (general, physical or mental health and/or health behaviour); SES (educational, occupational and/or income level); and inclusion of stratified or interaction analyses to determine differences across socioeconomic groups. This search strategy resulted in 22 studies. For general, physical or mental health and health behaviour, 13 studies found more positive effects of exit from work on health among employees with a higher SES compared to employees with a lower SES. These effects were mainly found after early/statutory retirement. In conclusion, the effects of exit from work, or more specific the effects of early/statutory retirement on health are different across socioeconomic groups. However, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution as the studies used heterogeneous health outcomes and on each health outcome a limited number of studies was included. Yet, the positive effects of exit from work on health are mainly present in higher socioeconomic groups. Therefore, public health policies should focus on improving health of employees with a lower SES, in particular after exit from work to decrease health inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NP4ZY5D2/Schaap et al_2018_The effects of exit from work on health across different socioeconomic groups.pdf}
}

@book{Scharr2014,
  title = {{{YOUTH LIVING IN SOCIAL HOUSING AREAS ACHIEVING EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL ENTERPRISES}}},
  author = {Scharr, Salote and Bartlett, Brendan},
  editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {ICERI2014: 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION},
  series = {{{ICERI Proceedings}}},
  issn = {2340-1095},
  abstract = {The rates of disengagement from school and youth unemployment rates continue to rise in Australia and internationally. Social enterprises, that is, intermediate labour market programs guided by a social mission, are one method that is successfully addressing these issues and assisting young people to obtain employment in the open labour market or to re-engage with education. BoysTown is a not-for-profit organisation that operates social enterprises for marginalised young people in lower socioeconomic areas which contain high concentration of social housing estates. The social housing in Australia is managed by State Government who view the type of housing as welfare accommodation for low income earners or people with support need. Griffith University collaborated with BoysTown on an Australian Research Council linkage project to assess the personal development outcomes as well as the employment and education outcomes achieved by young people in the social enterprises. Of the 542 participants in the study, 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 126) were living in social housing. The focus of this paper will be on this cohort and the social enterprise work that they do in social housing areas. These participants were dealing with barriers such as intergenerational unemployment, limited work history, early school leaving, and low qualifications. Surveys implemented with young people at their entry and exit points of the social enterprises indicated statistically significant improvements in a range of psycho-social and cultural as well as cognitive-motivational outcomes for participant. Furthermore, a high number of these young people achieved employment and education outcomes. The findings of this study support the use of social enterprises in engaging young people from social housing and assisting them to obtain employment and education outcomes.},
  isbn = {978-84-617-2484-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {education,employment,personal development,Social enterprises,social housing,youth},
  note = {7th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 17-19, 2014}
}

@article{Scheffer2021,
  title = {Same Work, Same Value? {{Paid}} Domestic Workers' and Housewives' Struggles for Rights in {{Uruguay}} and {{Paraguay}}},
  author = {Scheffer, Raquel Rojas},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {CURRENT SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {69},
  number = {6},
  pages = {843--860},
  issn = {0011-3921},
  doi = {10.1177/0011392120969763},
  abstract = {Domestic labour has been historically undervalued. This article focuses on organizations of women who perform this activity - housewives and paid domestic workers - and their demands for recognition and rights, arguing that despite their shared interests, there are differences that interrupt their common experiences and add tension to their interactions. Drawing on interviews and participant observations, this article analyses the relationship between paid domestic workers' and housewives' organizations in Uruguay and Paraguay, highlighting social divisions around the distribution of domestic labour and discussing how the articulation of differences can lead either to further reproducing inequalities between these groups, or to contesting and overcoming them. The contrast between the cases shows how \textbackslash textasciigraveracialized' contexts use ethnic differences to naturalize the undervaluing of domestic workers, overlooking similarities and hindering collaboration between groups.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-organizational collaboration,domestic work,entangled inequalities,racialization,s social movements,women\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8217}
}

@article{Schenck2018,
  title = {{Day labourers: A case study of the vulnerability of the social fabric and cohesion in South Africa's informal economy}},
  author = {Schenck, Rinie and Blaauw, Derick},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {TYDSKRIF VIR GEESTESWETENSKAPPE},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36--55},
  issn = {0041-4751},
  doi = {10.17159/2224-7912/2018/v58n1a3},
  abstract = {The concepts social fabric and social cohesion refer to complex and interdependent systems that exist in a community. Social cohesion includes aspects such as the level of respect people have for each other, people's experiences of belonging, identification with the community, identity, their experiences of social justice, and participation. Social cohesion is further evident in the extent that people are accepting each other, taking responsibility for themselves and others and providing safety and security. South Africa's political and racially-based history and the current high poverty and inequality do not provide a conducive context for a cohesive society. This is evident in the high prevalence of poverty, unemployment, crime, substance dependency and the neglect and abuse of women and children. Facilitating a socially cohesive society is high on the agenda of the current government, but the current policy frameworks and institutional structures cannot create a socially cohesive society. Failing to create a socially cohesive South African society is evident in the more than 50 000 day labourers who are standing on the street corners of our cities and towns daily, with the hope to access a job and an income for the day. Day labourers are unemployed people, mostly men, making a living by selling their labour and skills on the street corners of South African cities and towns. The growing number of day labourers who make a living in the informal economy is a clear indication that South Africa cannot absorb the unemployed in the formal economy. In particular, South Africa is unable to accommodate the low-skilled and uneducated labourers in the formal labour market. To make a living and survive in the informal economy imply an insecure existence. The aim of the article is to describe the socio-economic profile of the 3 830 day labourers interviewed during the first national study in South Africa as a case study that illustrates the vulnerability of the social cohesion and social fabric of poor families and communities surviving in the informal economy. The national study was implemented in two phases. The first phase lasted approximately two years, which were spent travelling throughout South Africa to determine on which street corners and open spaces the day labourers are standing in the cities and towns of South Africa. This reconnaissance phase of the study resulted in the estimation that there are at least 50 000 day labourers occupying street corners of South African towns and cities daily. The second, or fieldwork, phase of the research consisted of the completion of 3 830 interviews with day labourers throughout South Africa during 2007 and 2008. In this phase, the authors developed the survey instrument, recruited field workers, provided appropriate training and tested the questionnaire. This was followed by the sampling, where a combination of cluster and snowball sampling was used to proportionally represent the research population. A representative sample of approximately 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% enabled meaningful statistical analysis. All ethical principles were adhered to. The questionnaires were completed with the assistance of well-trained fieldworkers who were fluent in the languages spoken by the day labourers. The results of the study show that, given the high unemployment rate and slow economic growth in South Africa, the informal economy and day labouring are here to stay and should be supported with relevant facilitating policies and institutions/structures. Day labouring is furthermore a survivalist strategy and it implies an irregular income. It became clear that the day labourers in general have very low education and skills levels and will not be able to access formal labour in the current economic climate. Day labourers are the result of a vulnerable socially exclusive society. It will remain in an increasingly vulnerable exclusive society if not addressed through the implementation of policies and practices that will enhance social cohesion and strengthen the social fabric of the South African society.},
  langid = {afrikaans},
  keywords = {Day labourers,food insecurity,informal economy,informal employment,migrants,poverty,social cohesion,social fabric,survival,unemployment,vulnerability}
}

@article{Schleicher2017,
  title = {Stuck! {{The Law}} and {{Economics}} of {{Residential Stagnation}}},
  author = {Schleicher, David},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {YALE LAW JOURNAL},
  volume = {127},
  number = {1},
  pages = {78--154},
  issn = {0044-0094},
  abstract = {America has become a nation of homebodies. Rates of interstate mobility, by most estimates, have been falling for decades. Interstate mobility rates are particularly low and stagnant among disadvantaged groups despite a growing connection between mobility and economic opportunity. Perhaps most importantly, mobility is declining in regions where it is needed most. Americans are not leaving places hit by economic crises, resulting in unemployment rates and low wages that linger in these areas for decades. And people are not moving to rich regions where the highest wages are available. This Article advances two central claims. First, declining interstate mobility rates create problems for federal macroeconomic policymaking. Low rates of interstate mobility make it harder for the Federal Reserve to meet both sides of its \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedual mandate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace: ensuring both stable prices and maximum employment. Low interstate mobility rates also impair the efficacy and affordability of federal safety net programs that rely on state and local participation, and reduce wealth and growth by inhibiting agglomeration economies. While determining an optimal rate of interstate mobility is difficult, policies that unnaturally inhibit interstate moves worsen national economic problems. Second, the Article argues that governments, mostly at the state and local levels, have created a huge number of legal barriers to interstate mobility. Land-use laws and occupational licensing regimes limit entry into local and state labor markets. Different eligibility standards for public benefits, public employee pension policies, homeownership subsidies, state and local tax regimes, and even basic property law rules inhibit exit from low-opportunity states and cities. Furthermore, building codes, mobile home bans, federal location-based subsidies, legal constraints on knocking down houses, and the problematic structure of Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy all limit the capacity of failing cities to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveshrink\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace gracefully, directly reducing exit among some populations and increasing the economic and social costs of entry limits elsewhere. Combining these two insights, the Article shows that big questions of macroeconomic policy and performance turn on the content of state and local policies usually analyzed using microeconomic tools. Many of the legal barriers to interstate mobility emerged or became stricter during the period in which interstate mobility declined. While causation is difficult to determine, public policies developed by state and local governments more interested in guaranteeing local population stability than ensuring successful macroeconomic conditions either generated or failed to stymie falling mobility rates. The Article concludes by suggesting how the federal government could address stagnation in interstate mobility.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Schmidt2017,
  title = {Analysing the Importance of Older People's Resources for the Use of Home Care in a Cash-for-Care Scheme: Evidence from {{Vienna}}},
  author = {Schmidt, Andrea E.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {514--526},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.12334},
  abstract = {Older people of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are disproportionately affected by chronic conditions, yet less able to compensate health limitations through use of formal long-term care (LTC) at home, a preferred type of care for most. Some, like older women and single people, are particularly vulnerable. Under the Austrian public cash-for-care scheme, which aims to incentivise care at home and empowerment of LTC users, this study analyses: (i) interdependencies between SES, gender and informal' or family care, and (ii) how these factors associate with the use of old age formal home care in Vienna. An adaptation of Arber and Ginn's theory is used to identify material resources (income), health resources (care needs) and informal caring resources (co-residence and/or availability of family care). Gender aspects are also considered as a persistent source of inequalities. Administrative and survey data, collected by public authorities between 2010 and 2012 in Vienna, serve to compare home care use in old age (60+) to other support forms (residential and informal care) using logistic regression analysis. Results show a pro-rich bias in home care use among single-living people, with high-income single people being less likely to move to a care home, while there are no significant income differences present for non-singles. Second, traditional gender roles are salient: female care recipients co-residing with a partner are more likely to use formal care than men, reflecting that men's traditional gender roles involve less unpaid care work than women's. In conclusion, in an urban setting, the Austrian cash-for-care scheme is likely to reinforce stratifications along gender and class, thus implementing the general policy objective of care at home, but more likely for those with higher income. A support mechanism promoting empowerment among all older people might contribute to unequal degrees of choice, especially for those with fewer resources to manage their way through a fragmented system of LTC delivery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Austria,cash benefit,gender,home care,inequalities,old age}
}

@article{Schmidt2022,
  title = {Flexible Working for All? {{How}} Collective Constructions by {{Austrian}} Employers and Employees Perpetuate Gendered Inequalities},
  author = {Schmidt, Eva -Maria},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JFR-JOURNAL OF FAMILY RESEARCH},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {615--642},
  doi = {10.20377/jfr-668},
  abstract = {Objective: This paper pursues the question as to how extended flexible working possibilities in the labor market are legitimized among employers and employees and whether they have potential to mitigate inequalities.Background: Persistent and increasing gendered inequalities in Austria are reflected in the unequal division of unpaid family work in parental couples and in men's stable fulltime employment while women increasingly work part-time. In recent years, employers have expanded flexible working possibilities for all employees, regardless of their gender, also in leading positions and especially for those with family responsibilities.Method: We conducted six focus groups and 16 semi-structured interviews with employers (n=30) and employees (n=25) from 29 contrasting companies across Austria. An in-depth reconstructive analysis facilitated our exploration of collective notions and concepts associated with flexible work and career opportunities. Results: The respondents constructed part-time and flexible work as a new norm strongly connected to women with (potential) children. At the same time, employers and employees legitimized that these women must be protected from penalties resulting from the ideal worker norm still in force and must be variously supported by employers. However, men - the partners of women they could support by making use of these options and taking over childcare - are not constructed as a target group.Conclusion: In a cultural context such as Austria, family-friendly flexible working opportunities perpetuate rather than level gendered inequalities, as men's need for those opportunities do not emerge in the constructions. The lack thereof is neither explicitly addressed nor challenged.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career opportunities,gender equality,gender ideologies,part-time work,women?s labor participation}
}

@article{Schneider2020,
  title = {Impact of {{Work-Related Burn Injury}} on {{Social Reintegration Outcomes}}: {{A Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation}} ({{LIBRE}}) {{Study}}},
  author = {Schneider, Jeffrey C. and Shie, Vivian L. and Espinoza, Leda F. and Shapiro, Gabriel D. and Lee, Austin and Acton, Amy and Marino, Molly and Jette, Alan and Kazis, Lewis E. and Ryan, Colleen M. and Board, LIBRE Advisory},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1, 1},
  pages = {S86-S91},
  issn = {0003-9993},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.022},
  abstract = {Objective: To examine differences in long-term social reintegration outcomes for burn survivors with and without work-related injuries. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Community-dwelling burn survivors. Participants: Burn survivors (N=601) aged {$>$}= 18 years with injuries to {$>$}= 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% total body surface area or burns to critical areas (hands, feet, face, or genitals). Interventions: Not applicable. Main outcome measures: The Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile was used to examine the following previously validated 6 scale scores of social participation: Family and Friends, Social Interactions, Social Activities, Work and Employment, Romantic Relationships, and Sexual Relationships. Results: Older participants, those who were married, and men were more likely to be burned at work (P{$<$}.01). Burn survivors who were injured at work scored significantly lower on the Work and Employment scale score after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (P=.01). All other domain scale scores demonstrated no significant differences between groups. Individuals with work-related injuries scored significantly worse on 6 of the 19 items within the Work and Employment scale (P{$<$}.05). These individuals were more likely to report that they were afraid to go to work and felt limited in their ability to perform at work. Conclusions: Burn survivors with work-related injuries report worse work reintegration outcomes than those without work-related injuries. Identification of those at higher risk for work reintegration challenges after burn injury may enable survivors, providers, employers, and insurers to better use appropriate resources to promote and target optimal employment outcomes. (C) 2017 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Burns,Community integration,Employment,Rehabilitation,Return to work},
  note = {48th Annual Meeting of the American-Burn-Association, Las Vegas, NV, MAY 03-07, 2016}
}

@article{Schneider2022,
  title = {How Does the Minimum Wage Affect Child Maltreatment and Parenting Behaviors? {{An}} Analysis of the Mechanisms},
  author = {Schneider, William and Bullinger, Lindsey Rose and Raissian, Kerri M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1119--1154},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1007/s11150-021-09590-7},
  abstract = {Children in low socioeconomic status (SES) families are five times more likely to experience child maltreatment relative to children in high SES families. To determine whether increasing the wages of working poor families can prevent maltreatment, we examine whether changes in the local minimum wage (MW) affect child well-being and parenting behaviors. Using data from a representative, longitudinal survey, we use a lagged dependent variable model to compare parenting behaviors in localities where the MW changed to localities where the MW did not change relative to before the MW change took place. We also explore heterogeneity by child's age and a variety of potential mechanisms. We find that increasing the minimum wage reduces spanking by both mothers and fathers, as well as physical and psychological aggression by mothers. These results appear to be driven by changes in maternal employment; whereby mothers reduce their employment and change their weekend shifts. We find no significant effects for positive parenting behaviors, household income, or maternal mental health. Finally, older children exhibit fewer externalizing behaviors as a result of increases in the minimum wage. The results of this study help inform the conversation about income supports and employment policies with regard to their effects and pathways to child well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child abuse and neglect,Child well-being,Income supports,Minimum wage}
}

@article{Schober2013,
  title = {The {{Parenthood Effect}} on {{Gender Inequality}}: {{Explaining}} the {{Change}} in {{Paid}} and {{Domestic Work When British Couples Become Parents}}},
  author = {Schober, Pia S.},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {74--85},
  issn = {0266-7215},
  doi = {10.1093/esr/jcr041},
  abstract = {This study examines the importance of prenatal characteristics of men and women in couples for how they change their time spent on housework and paid work after the transition to parenthood. We focus on both partners' earnings and gender role attitudes as explanatory factors. Previous research explored the importance of women's relative income and both partners' gender role attitudes for the extent to which the division of labour becomes more traditional among new parents. We extend this literature by including women's absolute earnings, which may be crucial given the very high costs of formal childcare in Britain. The statistical analysis of 310 couples is based on 16 waves of the British Household Panel Survey (1992-2007) and applies OLS models with Heckman selection correction. The findings suggest that higher absolute wages and more egalitarian attitudes of women before motherhood reduce the shift towards a more traditional division of labour after couples have their first child. In the British context, higher relative wages of women compared to their partners are not significant.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Schoffstall2015,
  title = {Developing {{Consumer}} and {{System-Level Readiness}} for {{Effective Self-Advocacy}}: {{Perspectives}} from {{Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors Working With Deaf}} and {{Hard}} of {{Hearing Individuals}} in {{Post-Secondary Settings}}},
  author = {Schoffstall, Sarah and Cawthon, Stephanie Washbourn and {Tarantolo-Leppo}, Rachel Harper and Wendel, Erica},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSICAL DISABILITIES},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {533--555},
  issn = {1056-263X},
  doi = {10.1007/s10882-015-9435-3},
  abstract = {Effective self-advocacy skills have been shown to positively influence lifetime outcomes of d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals. The literature suggests that many DHH individuals may be underprepared to effectively self-advocate in post-secondary settings due to a lack of effective training and opportunity. Vocational rehabilitation counselors (VRCs) who work with and serve DHH consumers are in a unique position to support their clients' self-advocacy skill building, especially during the transition into the workforce and other post-secondary settings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how VRC's promote the self-advocacy knowledge and skills of their DHH consumers within post-secondary employment and educational contexts. Additionally, this study explored how VRC's facilitated self-advocacy opportunities for their clients at broader systems-levels. Utilizing a grounded theory approach, data from semi-structured interviews with 10 VRCs working specifically with DHH clients was analyzed. Selective coding procedures revealed sixteen thematic strategies used by VRCs at both the individual and systems level, including defining of necessary self-advocacy skills, linguistic skill building, provision of full communication access, comprehension monitoring, both informal and formal self-advocacy assessments, direct modeling of advocacy skill, self-advocacy skills programming and counseling, an overall gauging of client \textbackslash textasciigravereadiness to advocate', identification of advocacy opportunity at the system-level, and employer education. Implications and future directions are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Deaf/hard of hearing,Self-advocacy,Transition,Vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Schram2019,
  title = {Health-Related Educational Inequalities in Paid Employment across 26 {{European}} Countries in 2005-2014: Repeated Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {Schram, Jolinda L. D. and Schuring, Merel and Hengel, Karen M. Oude and Burdorf, Alex},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024823},
  abstract = {Objective The study investigates the trends in health-related inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions. Design Individual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data (2005-2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Setting 26 European countries in 5 European regions. Participants 1 844 915 individuals aged 30-59 years were selected with information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age and gender. Outcome measures Absolute differences were expressed by absolute differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment, using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to examine the trends of inequalities. Results Participants with a chronic illness had consistently lower labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within lower educated (men 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%-35\textbackslash textbackslash\%, women 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%-31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than within higher educated (men 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-13\textbackslash textbackslash\%, women 6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-16\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Relative differences showed that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4-1.9 times (women 1.3-1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1-1.2 among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons. Conclusions Men and women with a chronic illness have considerable less access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will increase health inequalities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Schraufnagel2013,
  title = {An {{Official American Thoracic Society}}/{{European Respiratory Society Policy Statement}}: {{Disparities}} in {{Respiratory Health}}},
  author = {Schraufnagel, Dean E. and Blasi, Francesco and Kraft, Monica and Gaga, Mina and Finn, Patricia W. and Rabe, Klaus F. and Hlth, ATS ERS Comm Disparities Resp},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE},
  volume = {188},
  number = {7},
  pages = {865--871},
  issn = {1073-449X},
  doi = {10.1164/rccm.201308-1509ST},
  abstract = {Background: Health disparities, defined as a significant difference in health between populations, are more common for diseases of the respiratory system than for those of other organ systems, because of the environmental influence on breathing and the variation of the environment among different segments of the population. The lowest social groups are up to 14 times more likely to have respiratory diseases than are the highest. Tobacco smoke, air pollution, environmental exposures, and occupational hazards affect the lungs more than other organs, and occur disproportionately in ethnic minorities and those with lower socioeconomic status. Lack of access to quality health care contributes to disparities. Methods: The executive committees of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) established a writing committee to develop a policy on health disparities. The document was reviewed, edited, and approved by the full executive committees and boards of directors of the societies. Results: This document expresses a policy to address health disparities by promoting scientific inquiry and training, disseminating medical information and best practices, and monitoring and advocating for public respiratory health. ERS and ATS have strong international commitments, and work with leaders from governments,academia, and organizations to address and reduce avoidable health inequalities. Their training initiatives improve the function of health care systems and health equality. Both the ATS and ERS support all aspects of this document, confer regularly, and act together when possible, but the activities to bring about change may vary because of the differences in the continents where the two organizations carry out most of their activities. Conclusions: The ATS and ERS pledge to frame their actions to reduce respiratory health disparities. The vision of the ATS and ERS is that all persons attain better and sustained respiratory health. They call on all their members and other societies to join in this commitment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Schur2017,
  title = {Disability at {{Work}}: {{A Look Back}} and {{Forward}}},
  author = {Schur, Lisa and Han, Kyongji and Kim, Andrea and Ameri, Mason and Blanck, Peter and Kruse, Douglas},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {482--497},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-017-9739-5},
  abstract = {Purpose This article presents new evidence on employment barriers and workplace disparities facing employees with disabilities, linking the disparities to employee attitudes. Methods Analyses use the 2006 General Social Survey to connect disability to workplace disparities and attitudes in a structural equation model. Results Compared to employees without disabilities, those with disabilities report: lower pay levels, job security, and flexibility; more negative treatment by management; and, lower job satisfaction but similar organizational commitment and turnover intention. The lower satisfaction is mediated by lower job security, less job flexibility, and more negative views of management and co-worker relations. Conclusion Prior research and the present findings show that people with disabilities experience employment disparities that limit their income, security, and overall quality of work life. Technology plays an increasingly important role in decreasing employment disparities. However, there also should be increased targeted efforts by government, employers, insurers, occupational rehabilitation providers, and disability groups to address workplace barriers faced by employees with disabilities, and by those with disabilities seeking to return to work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disability,Job characteristics,Job satisfaction,Organizational commitment,Turnover intention}
}

@article{Schuring2019,
  title = {The Contribution of Health to Educational Inequalities in Exit from Paid Employment in Five {{European}} Regions},
  author = {Schuring, Merel and Schram, Jolinda L. D. and Robroek, Suzan J. W. and Burdorf, Alex},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  pages = {346--355},
  issn = {0355-3140},
  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3796},
  abstract = {Objectives The primary aim of this study was to investigate educational inequalities in health-related exit from paid employment through different pathways in five European regions. A secondary objective was to estimate the proportion of different routes out of paid employment that can be attributed to poor health across educational groups in five European regions. Methods Longitudinal data from 2005 up to 2014 were obtained from the four-year rotating panel of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), including 337 444 persons with 1 056 779 observations from 25 countries. Cox proportional hazards models with censoring for competing events were used to examine associations between health problems and exit from paid employment. The population attributable fraction was calculated to quantify the impact of health problems on labor force exit. Results In all European regions, lower-educated workers had higher risks of leaving paid employment due to disability benefits \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracerelative inequality (RI) 3.3-6.2] and unemployment (RI 1.9-4.5) than those with higher education. The fraction of exit from paid employment that could be attributed to poor health varied between the five European regions among lower-educated persons from 0.06-0.21 and among higher-educated workers from 0.03-0.09. The disadvantaged position of lower-educated persons on the labor market was primarily due to a higher prevalence of poor health. Conclusion In all European regions, educational inequalities exist in health-related exclusion from paid employment. Policy measures are needed to reduce educational inequalities in exit from paid employment due to poor health.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chronic disease,disability benefit,economic inactivity,Europe,labor force exit,leaving the labor force,limitation,retirement,unemployment}
}

@article{Schuss2020,
  title = {Substantial {{Labor Market Effects}} of the {{Residency Status How Important}} Are {{Initial Conditions}} at {{Arrival}} for {{Immigrants}}?},
  author = {Schuss, Eric},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {993--1026},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-019-00682-z},
  abstract = {This study uses information about the legal status upon arrival to study long-term labor market effects of residency status. I find that immigrants who arrived with a job commitment in Germany gain a long-term income advantage of 18.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with other migration groups. The results underline the importance of initial conditions at arrival for the labor market integration of immigrants. In fact, the residency status at arrival affects employment status and labor market income after decades, while selective out-migration and observable selection are taken into account. Further examinations demonstrate that the effects are driven by occupational choice and education. In particular, immigrants with middle or high education and immigrants employed in white-collar or public service jobs benefit from a job commitment at arrival. The income penalty of asylum seekers is found in each education group.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Initial conditions of immigrants,Migration policy,Residency status,Selection}
}

@article{Schwartz2010,
  title = {Earnings {{Inequality}} and the {{Changing Association}} between {{Spouses}}' {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Schwartz, Christine R.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {115},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1524--1557},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  doi = {10.1086/651373},
  abstract = {Increases in the association between spouses' earnings have the potential to increase inequality as marriages increasingly consist of two high-earning or two low-earning partners. This article uses log-linear models and data from the March Current Population Survey to describe trends in the association between spouses' earnings and estimate their contribution to growing earnings inequality among married couples from 1967 to 2005. The results indicate that increases in earnings inequality would have been about 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%-30\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower than observed in the absence of changes in the association, depending on the inequality measure used. Three components of these changes and how they vary across the earnings distribution are explored.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Schwarz2009,
  title = {Why Are Countries Reluctant to Exchange Information on Interest Income? {{Participation}} in and Effectiveness of the {{EU Savings Tax Directive}}},
  author = {Schwarz, Peter},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF LAW AND ECONOMICS},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97--105},
  issn = {0144-8188},
  doi = {10.1016/j.irle.2008.12.001},
  abstract = {Since 1.7.2005 the EU Savings Tax Directive has ensured a minimum of taxation on foreign interest income by offering participating countries the opportunity either to apply a withholding tax or to exchange information on cross-border interest income. The aim of the paper is to examine why countries do not exchange information on interest income. The results suggest that the incentive to exchange information is weakened if the financial sector in a country is very profitable. A high profitability of the financial sector enables countries to maximize revenues from the corporation tax. A second reason for discouraging information exchange is related to the spillover effects on the domestic labor market. An inflow of financial capital is indirectly associated with the creation of employment and well-paid jobs. In its current form the savings tax directive enables individuals to avoid taxation, either by placing their income in non-participating countries or by investing in assets which are not part of the directive. Using German revenue data for 2005 and 2006 the paper shows that Germany receives significantly less revenue from countries applying a withholding tax. This result indirectly indicates that investors can take advantage of the directive's loopholes. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {European Union,Information exchange,Interest taxation,Tax havens,Withholding tax}
}

@article{Schweyher2023,
  title = {Precarity, Work Exploitation and Inferior Social Rights: {{EU}} Citizenship of {{Polish}} Labour Migrants in {{Norway}}},
  author = {Schweyher, Mateus},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ETHNIC AND MIGRATION STUDIES},
  volume = {49},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1292--1310},
  issn = {1369-183X},
  doi = {10.1080/1369183X.2021.1987206},
  abstract = {EU labour migrants enjoy comprehensive social rights while migrating within the block. However, research from various member states documents the presence of EU migrants who lack access to welfare support despite having lived and worked in these countries for years. This article explores why some EU migrants are excluded from welfare support despite a history of labour market participation in the host country. The phenomenon is studied through the lens of precarity, focusing on the nexus between precarious working conditions and migrants' social rights. Based on participant observation and interviews with Polish labour migrants who struggled to access welfare benefits in Norway, the article shows, how precarious working conditions, including unstable employment, and work exploitation, such as wage theft, tax evasion and other breaches of Norwegian labour laws, function as barriers to successful benefit claims. Previous research has highlighted a divide in EU citizenship between labour migrants, who enjoy comprehensive social rights, and \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomically inactive' migrants, who have no or very limited social rights. This article argues that the divide runs through the working migrant population, protecting migrants in secure and stable employment while failing those in precarious work.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Schwidrowski2021,
  title = {Assessing Gender Gaps in Employment and Earnings in {{Africa}}: {{The}} Case of {{Eswatini}}},
  author = {Schwidrowski, Zuzana Brixiova and Imai, Susumu and Kangoye, Thierry and Yameogo, Nadege Desiree},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT SOUTHERN AFRICA},
  volume = {38},
  number = {4},
  pages = {643--663},
  issn = {0376-835X},
  doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2021.1913996},
  abstract = {Persistent gender gaps characterise labour markets in many African countries. Utilising Eswatini's first three labour market surveys (conducted in 2007, 2010, and 2013), this paper provides first systematic evidence on the country's gender gaps in employment and earnings. We find that women have notably lower employment rates and earnings than men, even though the global financial crisis had a less negative impact on women than it had on men. Both unadjusted and unexplained gender earnings gaps are higher in self-employment than in wage employment. Tertiary education and urban location account for a large part of the gender earnings gap and mitigate high female propensity to self-employment. Our findings suggest that policies supporting female higher education and rural-urban mobility could reduce persistent inequalities in Eswatini's labour market outcomes as well as in other middle-income countries in southern Africa.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,Gender,income,multivariate analysis,policies}
}

@article{Scott2018,
  title = {Return to {{Work After Stroke}}: {{A Survey}} of {{Occupational Therapy Practice Patterns}}},
  author = {Scott, Shannon L. and Bondoc, Salvador},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN HEALTH CARE},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {195--215},
  issn = {0738-0577},
  doi = {10.1080/07380577.2018.1491083},
  abstract = {This descriptive study, consisting of a survey followed by semi-structured interviews, sought to describe the practice patterns and perceived competencies of occupational therapy practitioners in the provision of return to work (RTW) services for stroke survivors. Respondents (n = 119) were mostly occupational therapists (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%) working in outpatient settings (61\textbackslash textbackslash\%); 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported a caseload of mostly stroke survivors; and most addressing RTW (60\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Respondents focused predominantly on remediation of cognitive and physical skills and less on actual work performance and supports. Respondents assert occupational therapy's role in RTW for stroke survivors but generally reported limited competencies and low utilization of evidence-based approaches and theoretical models when addressing RTW. Systems, organizational support, and practitioner factors emerged as barriers and facilitators to RTW service provision. This study suggests there may be a critical gap in practitioners' RTW competencies with profound implications for entry-level education, professional development, advocacy, and research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {interprofessionalism,Occupational therapy,practice patterns,return to work,stroke}
}

@article{Scott2021,
  title = {Immigration {{Status}} and {{Farmwork}}: {{Understanding}} the {{Wage}} and {{Income Gap Across US Policy}} and {{Economic Eras}}, 1989-2016},
  author = {Scott, Jennifer and Hale, Joanna Mhairi and Padilla, Yolanda C.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {40},
  number = {5},
  pages = {861--893},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-021-09652-9},
  abstract = {An estimated 7.8 million people live and work in the United States without authorized status. We examined the extent to which legal status makes them vulnerable to employment discrimination despite technically being protected under labor laws. We used three decades of data from the nationally representative National Agricultural Workers Survey, which provides four categories of self-reported legal status. We first investigated how legal status affected the wages and income of Mexican immigrant farmworkers using linear regression analyses. Then, we used Blinder-Oaxaca models to decompose the wage and income gap across the 1989 to 2016 period, categorized into five eras. Unauthorized farmworkers earned significantly lower wages and income compared to those with citizen status, though the gap narrowed over time. Approximately 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the wage gap across the entire period was unexplained by compositional characteristics. While the unauthorized/citizen wage gap narrowed across eras, the unexplained proportion increased substantially-from approximately 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 93\textbackslash textbackslash\%. That the unexplained proportion expanded during eras with increased immigration enforcement and greater migrant selectivity supports claims that unauthorized status functions as a defining social position. This evidence points to the need for immigration reform that better supports fair labor practices for immigrants.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Farmworkers,Immigration status,Inequality,Latinos,Undocumented,Wage discrimination}
}

@article{Scott2023,
  title = {From \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigravePin Money}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' to {{Careers}}: {{Britain}}'s {{Late Move}} to {{Equal Pay}}, {{Its Consequences}}, and {{Broader Implications}}},
  author = {Scott, Peter},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ENTERPRISE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  issn = {1467-2227},
  doi = {10.1017/eso.2022.44},
  abstract = {Despite its importance to gender inequality, household incomes, and labor markets, the reasons behind Britain being one of the last major Western nations to introduce equal pay have been relatively neglected. This article first examines the campaign for equal pay from the late Victorian era to its eventual introduction in 1970. Economists predicted that equal pay would produce substantial female unemployment, but policy makers correctly doubted this-as data collected from early adopters in West Europe and North America showed no significant rise in female unemployment. Female employment rose substantially during Britain's equal pay implementation-while, in contrast to broadly static earnings differentials from 1950 to 1970, there was a significant reduction in the gender pay gap, followed by a longer-term trend of narrowing differentials. This article explores why equal pay expanded female employment, given the absence of any sudden rise in women workers productivity or substantial acceleration of structural change in favor of female-employing sectors. The article finds that equal pay compelled employers to reevaluate the real worth of female workers based on their substantial relative human capital growth since 1945. This had not hitherto been reflected in relative earnings, owing to barriers such as segmented labor markets, monopsonistic employers, and collective bargaining procedures that fossilized traditional gender pay differentials.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sebastian2020,
  title = {Entry into and {{Escape}} from {{Poverty}}: {{The Role}} of {{Female Labor Supply}} in {{Rural India}}},
  author = {Sebastian, Nancy},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {63},
  number = {3},
  pages = {719--740},
  issn = {0971-7927},
  doi = {10.1007/s41027-020-00242-5},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the factors influencing poverty transitions among rural households. There is a higher likelihood for the poor rural household in escaping poverty and lower likelihood for non-poor households to fall into poverty over time, with the increase in average completed years of education and mean labor hours supplied by female members in the household. However, the contribution of female labor supply and education toward changes in poverty risks is low due to the low-wage cycle prevalent among women. Further, higher maximum educational attainment of households and a higher level of assets ensures a higher probability of escaping poverty and a lower probability of falling into poverty over time. However, there is a higher likelihood for a non-poor household to enter poverty over time and a lower likelihood for a poor household in escaping poverty over time with an increase in dependency ratio and household size. Efforts need to be made to transform a woman's role from an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveincome buffering\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveincome generation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace role. Women's economic participation and empowerment are powerful tools for poverty reduction at the household level.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Female,I32,India,J16,J220,Labor supply,Panel,Poverty transition,R23,Rural}
}

@article{Segawa2022,
  title = {Social and Behavioral Factors Related to Blood Pressure Measurement: {{A}} Cross-Sectional Study in {{Bhutan}}},
  author = {Segawa, Hiromi Kohori and Uematsu, Hironori and Dorji, Nidup and Wangdi, Ugyen and Dorjee, Chencho and Yangchen, Pemba and Kunisawa, Susumu and Sakamoto, Ryota and Imanaka, Yuichi},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {8},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0271914},
  abstract = {Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Bhutan, and early detection of hypertension is critical for preventing cardiovascular disease. However, health-seeking behavior, including blood pressure measurement, is infrequently investigated in Bhutan. Therefore, this study investigated factors related to blood pressure measurement in Bhutan. We performed a secondary data analysis of a target population of 1,962 individuals using data from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave2014 Bhutan STEPS survey data\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceas a cross-sectional study. Approximately 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those with hypertension who were detected during the STEPS survey had never had their blood pressure measured. Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with age and working status in men (self-employed \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceodds ratio (OR): 0.219, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.133-0.361], non-working \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 0.114, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.050-0.263], employee \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 1.000]). Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with higher income in women (Quartile-2 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 1.984, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.209-3.255], Quartile-1 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 2.161, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.415-3.299], Quartile-4 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 1.000]). A family history of hypertension (OR: 2.019, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.549-2.243) increased the likelihood of having experienced a blood pressure measurement in both men and women. Multivariate logistic regression showed that people with unhealthy lifestyles (high salt intake \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceadjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.247, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI): 0.068-0.893], tobacco use \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR: 0.538, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.380-0.761]) had a decreased likelihood of previous blood pressure measurement. To promote the early detection of hypertension in Bhutan, we suggest that more attention be paid to low-income women, non-working, self-employed, and low-income men, and a reduction of barriers to blood pressure measurement. Before the STEPS survey, a substantial number of hypertensive people had never had their blood pressure measured or were unconcerned about their health. As a result, we propose that early blood pressure monitoring and treatment for people with hypertension or at higher risk of hypertension be given increased emphasis.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Selwyn2013,
  title = {The Global Retail Revolution, Fruiticulture and Economic Development in North-East {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Selwyn, Ben},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  journal = {REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {153--179},
  issn = {0969-2290},
  doi = {10.1080/09692290.2011.633850},
  abstract = {Rapidly expanding world fruiticulture markets provide developing country producers with new income opportunities and much development literature and policy is orientated towards facilitating export production in these countries. However, it has been widely observed that the global retail revolution is accelerating the exclusion of small producers from export markets and (increasingly) from many domestic retail chains due to rising entry barriers. Small producers are thus often only able to sell their produce on to relatively low price traditional markets. This paper is based on data collected from a recently emerged fruiticulture sector in north-east Brazil. It shows that (a) export fruiticulture does generate significant economic benefits, (b) that modern domestic retail markets are increasingly demanding and exclusionary, but also, and counter to much of the literature concerned with export promotion, that (c) small-farms producing fruiticulture products for traditional domestic markets do generate positive local economic impacts. Policymakers should, therefore, consider new ways of assisting smaller producers to enter these markets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brazil,economic development,fruiticulture,global commodity chains,global retail revolution,Latin America,small producers,upgrading}
}

@article{Seminario2021,
  title = {The {{Combined Effect}} of {{Qualifications}} and {{Marriage}} on the {{Employment Trajectories}} of {{Peruvian Graduates}} in {{Switzerland}}},
  author = {Seminario, Romina and Le Feuvre, Nicky},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {205--226},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-019-00730-8},
  abstract = {Much research to date has shown that migrants from the Global South to the wealthier nations of the North often experience a devaluation of their educational credentials, notably because their initial qualifications are not recognised in their host countries. The limited validity of educational achievements is often identified as the main cause of the relatively unfavourable labour market outcomes of highly skilled migrants, who tend to be concentrated in the least prestigious employment sectors and to bare an unequal share of precarious jobs. In this article, we adopt a slightly different approach to this issue, by focussing on the professional and personal trajectories of migrants who acquired education credentials in their host country. Although previous research has stressed the difficulties faced by non-EU students in Swiss HE institutions, both in terms of successfully completing their educational programme and in finding qualified jobs afterwards, the aim of the article is to better understand the gender dynamics that are associated with post-graduation employment trajectories. By examining the employment outcomes of Peruvian graduates, from Swiss Higher Education (HE) institutions, we are able to reveal the influence of educational credentials on their subsequent life-course is mediated by events in other life spheres. Using a gender-sensitive approach, we analyse the effects of legal barriers and family dynamics on the employment trajectories of migrant graduates. We show that obtaining a Swiss HE qualification is rarely enough to guarantee access to the upper reaches of the Swiss labour market. In most cases, such qualifications need to be combined with marriage to a Swiss (or EU) citizen before these highly qualified migrants are able to settle legally in the host country and start a career that is congruent to their educational credentials. However, the family reunification route into legal residency is not without its own hazards. For women in particular, it may cancel out some of the advantages associated with having a Swiss qualification and lead to precarious or under-qualified positions on the labour market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bi-national marriages,Education to employment,Highly skilled migration,International student migration,Peruvian migration,Switzerland,Transition}
}

@article{Semyonov2009,
  title = {The Declining Racial Earnings' Gap in {{United States}}: {{Multi-level}} Analysis of Males' Earnings, 1960-2000},
  author = {Semyonov, Moshe and {Lewin-Epstein}, Noah},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {296--311},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.11.001},
  abstract = {Despite dramatic changes in education and occupational opportunities for Blacks in the United States, facilitated by affirmative action policies, the White-Black earnings' gap has not vanished. Although the literature on this issue has become substantial no one has yet provided a systematic examination of changes in the earnings' gap that takes into consideration the concomitant changes in the occupational structure and changes in the racial composition of occupational labor markets as well as changes in characteristics of the labor force. In the present research, we use 5 waves of IPUMS data and hierarchical linear modeling to estimate changes in the effect of race on earnings between 1960 and 2000. The models focus on the interaction of time and race with earnings while controlling for individual-level characteristics (i.e. education) at the individual-level and the characteristics of detailed occupational labor markets (i.e. occupational socioeconomic status, race and gender composition, occupational earnings inequality) at the aggregate level. In order to evaluate the effect of change over time, both linear and non-linear trends in earning gaps are estimated in the labor market as a whole and separately for the public and private sectors. The data reveal that net of changes in the occupational distributions and market-relevant characteristics of Black and White men, the gaps have generally narrowed but at a declining rate. The data also reveal considerable differences in racial earnings inequality between the public and the private sectors. Whereas the unexplained earnings gap in the public sector has virtually vanished by 2000, in the private sector, the gap is still significant, although it declined over time. The findings are discussed in light of past research in order to re-evaluate the contribution of labor market attributes and sector differences to change in earnings disparities between Black and White men in the US. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Earnings inequality,Racial inequality}
}

@article{Seneviratne2020,
  title = {Gender Wage Inequality during {{Sri Lanka}}'s Post-Reform Growth: {{A}} Distributional Analysis},
  author = {Seneviratne, Prathi},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {129},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104878},
  abstract = {This paper investigates gender wage inequality in Sri Lanka during 1992-2014, a period of robust economic growth following pro-market reforms. The gap in mean wages between men and women decreased steadily over this period. Unconditional quantile regression reveals the decline in gender wage inequality was driven by the upper half of the distribution, and was due to improvements in women's observable human capital. Yet, the pay structure became more unequal, indicating widening gender gaps in the returns to labor market characteristics and in unobservable determinants of wages. The gender gap in pay structure widened disproportionately in the lower half of the distribution, coinciding with falling absolute and relative returns to women in manufacturing industries and production occupations facing greater international competition. The study also demonstrates selection bias underestimates the gender wage gap and overestimates the gains in equality over time. Factors that hinder gender equality in the labor market are discussed along with policy implications. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Developing countries,Gender wage gap,Quantile regression,Selection bias,South Asia,Sri Lanka}
}

@article{Senthanar2020,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveCan Someone Help Me}}?\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Refugee Women}}'s {{Experiences}} of {{Using Settlement Agencies}} to {{Find Work}} in {{Canada}}},
  author = {Senthanar, Sonja and MacEachen, Ellen and Premji, Stephanie and Bigelow, Philip},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {273--294},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-019-00729-1},
  abstract = {This article examines refugee women's experience with settlement agencies and their employment outcomes in Canada. Based on qualitative data, we found that employment was not a priority to settlement agencies with many counselors referring the women to low-skilled, low-waged positions with companies with whom they had pre-existing ties. Meanwhile, counselors found themselves burdened with large workloads and felt inadequately equipped to serve the needs of refugees. Through this study, we propose policy recommendations that address women's disproportional barriers that can be integrated within programs and services offered by settlement agencies to improve employment integration.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,Employment,Gender,Refugees,Settlement agency}
}

@article{Serowik2014,
  title = {Financial Motivation to Work among People with Psychiatric Disorders},
  author = {Serowik, Kristin L. and Rowe, Michael and Black, Anne C. and Ablondi, Karen and Fiszdon, Joanna and Wilber, Charles and Rosen, Marc I.},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {186--190},
  issn = {0963-8237},
  doi = {10.3109/09638237.2014.924046},
  abstract = {Background: Supported employment is an effective intervention for people with serious mental illnesses (SMI) but is underutilized. Clients' desire to work might be heightened by programs that provide counseling about managing one's funds, since money management helps people become more aware of the advantages of having money. Aim: To analyze the thoughts of recently homeless or hospitalized persons with SMI concerning their personal finances and employment. Methods: We interviewed 49 people with SMI about their finances, reviewed transcripts and analyzed their baseline characteristics. Results: Twenty of the 49 participants spontaneously expressed a desire to work in order to earn more money. Those who expressed a desire to work managed their money significantly better than those who did not. Conclusion: Discussion of finances, such as that fostered by money management programs, may promote engagement in vocational rehabilitation and working for pay.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Money management,serious mental illness,social security,supported employment}
}

@article{Setty2020,
  title = {Bonding Time: Low-Income Mothers and {{New Jersey}}'s Family Leave Insurance Program},
  author = {Setty, Suma and Skinner, Curtis and {Wilson-Simmons}, Renee},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {141--161},
  issn = {1366-8803},
  doi = {10.1080/13668803.2018.1501551},
  abstract = {Recovering from childbirth while trying to balance workplace demands and stretch financial resources creates multiple stressors in the lives of low-income families. New Jersey is one of only three states that offers Family Leave Insurance (FLI), a program that enables parents to leave their job to bond with and care for their new child with some financial support. However, survey research shows that FLI is underutilized by low-income populations. Because little is known about the experiences of low-income working parents in New Jersey who have used FLI, it has been impossible to understand why this is the case. This qualitative study used Framework analysis to explore low-income mothers' experiences balancing work and a new child with or without New Jersey FLI, pinpoint barriers to FLI use, and identify ways to improve the program. Through focus groups and individual interviews, researchers found that lack of worker awareness and employer support are major barriers to FLI use. In addition, confusion about the program and administrative inefficiencies burden those who use it and undermine FLI's core purposes. Recommendations for program improvement include better outreach as well as administrative and benefit reforms to ensure that the program effectively serves low-income working parents and their children.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {low-income families,Paid family leave,policy research,qualitative research,work-family policies,working mothers}
}

@article{Severin2022,
  title = {{FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND}},
  author = {Severin, Marianne},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {AFRICAN DISABILITY RIGHTS YEARBOOK},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {202--228},
  issn = {2311-8970},
  abstract = {According to the World Bank (WB), the Federal Republic of Somalia population is estimated in 2020 at a total of 15 893.13 inhabitants. According to the 2020-2023 roadmap of the Ministry of the Promotion of Women and Human Rights, the percentage of people with disabilities in Somalia is over 15 per cent of the total population. The Federal Republic of Somalia does not provide information on common forms of disability; there are still no databases due to the lack of a census. Somalia signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 2 October 2018 and 6 August 2019 respectively. It did not sign and ratify the Optional Protocol, however. The Federal Republic of Somalia has not submitted any report, although it was due in September 2021. The reasons for the delay may be related to the Covid-19 pandemic. According to article 35 of the 2012 Constitution of Somalia, international agreements apply directly in domestic courts, which is the monist approach to international laws. The ratification of the CRPD meant its incorporation into the legislation of Somalia; the Law N degrees 134 creating the National Disability Agency (NDA) was promulgated in December 2018 and the Disability Bill drafted in 2019. The Constitution of Somalia contains provisions directly relating to persons with disabilities. According article 11 there is an equality between all citizens independently of their gender, religion (.) disability. No person shall be discriminated against based on (.) disability. In addition, the Constitution indirectly addresses disabilities through its article 12 which states that it is the State's responsibility to ensure that it does not violate rights through its actions, and makes reasonable decisions to protect the rights of any person from abuse by others. Furthermore, article 13 states that everyone has the right to life, and article 27 provides for socioeconomic rights such as a right to care. No one can be deprived of urgent care whatever the reason, including the lack of economic means. Somalia has numerous pieces of legislation that directly addresses disability. The key ones are: center dot Law 134 of 31 December 2018 creating the National Agency for Persons with Disabilities which is \textbackslash textasciigravemandated under paragraph 5(2)(e) to oversee the delivery of services, including social services for persons with disabilities'. center dot Article 2 of the Provisional Constitution sets out 14 grounds of discrimination including disability. center dot Article 27(5) recognises that persons with disabilities who have long suffered from discrimination must have the necessary support to realise their socio-economic rights. center dot The Ministry of Women and Human Rights drafted a disability law. This law is in its final phase of public consultation. Participants in this consultation process included persons with disabilities, representatives of civil society organisations and the Somali Bar Association. We did not find any case law in Somalia. However, the policies that directly address persons with disabilities are: center dot Roadmap 2020-2023 - Persons with disabilities and disability rights in Somalia. Following an audit on the implementation of a first roadmap, 2017-2019, this programme develops new issues, not foreseen in the previous one. center dot Development of a national social protection policy by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (18 July 2019). Its implementation (17 September 2019) aimed at establishing an inclusive social protection system that meets the needs of employable people with disabilities, to combat poverty and social exclusion. Social service programmes are thus planned and will consider existing policies, rights stipulated in the Constitution and laws. center dot Better protection and management of people with mental and mental disabilities: a) In response to allegations of mistreatment of these persons, the Government launches criminal investigations into the private institutions in charge of these persons with disabilities. The National Disability Agency will now be responsible for monitoring their living conditions. b) Creation of a toll-free telephone number for reporting abuse of persons with disabilities. c) Provision of legal defense for persons with mental and mental disabilities, by the Penal Code. Other than ordinary courts or tribunals, the Federal Republic of Somalia has an official body that specifically addresses the violation of the rights of persons with disabilities; the National Disability Agency whose role is to file a criminal complaint against any public and private entity that violates the rights of people with disabilities. Somalia has a National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). Its mandate includes the protection of disability rights. The NHRC has a broad mandate that includes monitoring the human rights situation in Somalia, investigating human rights violations, including torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, and an advisory mission to the Government on the integration of human rights into legislation and policies. There are numerous organisations that represent and advocate for the rights and welfare of persons with disabilities in Somalia. These include Somali Union for the Blind (SUB), Somali Disability Empowerment Organization (SODEN), SAFDI Somalia Association Female Disability, Somali Women Development Centre (SWDC), Somali National Association for the Deaf (SONAD). These organisations contribute to the promotion of disability rights through awareness-raising. To improve their efficiency, they need to organise themselves in a national federation and improve their capacity through training including on disability and financial subventions. In the Federal Republic of Somalia, the Ministry of the Promotion of Women and Human Rights is initiated a comprehensive process to allow Somalia to overcome its delay in reporting to conventional bodies, due to the country's protracted civil war. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women and Human Rights and other line ministries are working on comprehensive legislation and policies for the protection of people with mental disabilities. The NDA (Law 134 of 31 December 2018) is responsible for removing barriers faced by persons with disabilities, holding the Government accountable for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities, and ensuring the effective participation of persons with disabilities in all aspects of society; notably in the areas of governance and development. People with mental disabilities are very often victims of ill-treatment in private and public institutions. In view of the increasing number of allegations of ill-treatment, the State has launched criminal investigations against these institutions. The NDA is now responsible for monitoring the living conditions of these people with disabilities. In addition, a free telephone number has been created to report any mistreatment against them. Finally, persons with a mental disability now have a specific legal defense under the Criminal Code. A person who \textbackslash textasciigravedoes not possess the capacity for understanding and willpower' at the time of the commission of an offence should not be punished for an act constituting a crime. As a result, these individuals are not detained for offences committed because they are not found guilty. Although there are some good laws to foster disability rights, it is imperative that they are implemented if they are to make a difference in the protection of disability rights. A special attention should be called for women, girls, children as well as elderly people with disabilities. Moreover, the Federal Republic of Somalia has a duty to carry out a census of its population in general and of the population with disabilities in order to obtain precise data broken down by age, sex, region, and category of disability.},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{Shaari2023,
  title = {Debunking Conventional Wisdom: {{Higher}} Tertiary Education Levels Could Lead to More Property Crimes in {{Malaysia}}},
  author = {Shaari, Mohd Shahidan and Harun, Nor Hidayah and Esquivias, Miguel Angel and Abd Rani, Mohd Juraij and Abidin, Zaharah Zainal},
  year = {2023},
  month = dec,
  journal = {COGENT SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  issn = {2331-1886},
  doi = {10.1080/23311886.2023.2245638},
  abstract = {This study examines the relationship between tertiary education and property crime in Malaysia from 1982 to 2020 using the ARDL approach. The study is motivated by the concern that underpaid individuals with higher education may resort to property crime. Results reveal that the female labour force is positively associated with burglary in the short run. Furthermore, income per capita is also found to be another contributing factor to property crime. Increased income levels and improvements in welfare schemes can contribute to reduced crime rates. Interestingly, the study finds that more individuals with tertiary education are associated with higher property crime rates. Property crime can flourish when the skills and qualifications of highly educated job seekers do not match labour needs or when suitable employment opportunities are scarce. Enhancing job quality, ensuring fair wages, appropriate job matching, and promoting a well-balanced employment environment may discourage highly educated individuals from turning to crime. Moreover, imprisonment does not act as a deterrent for property crime. The findings may be relevant for curbing property crime in other developing countries experiencing a rise in tertiary education, sluggish income growth, and low female labour participation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shabunova2016,
  title = {{Exclusion as a Criterion for Selecting Socially Vulnerable Population Groups}},
  author = {Shabunova, A. A. and Kalachikova, O. N. and Leonidova V, G. and Smoleva, E. O.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES-FACTS TRENDS FORECAST},
  volume = {44},
  number = {2},
  pages = {22--47},
  issn = {2307-0331},
  abstract = {The article considers theoretical aspects of a scientific research \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThe Mechanisms for Overcoming Mental Barriers of Inclusion of Socially Vulnerable Categories of the Population for the Purpose of Intensifying Modernization in the Regional Community\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (RSF grant No. 16-18-00078). The authors analyze the essence of the category of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocially vulnerable groups\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace from the legal, economic and sociological perspectives. The paper shows that the economic approach that uses the criterion \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe level of income and accumulated assets\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace when defining vulnerable population groups prevails in public administration practice. The legal field of the category based on the economic approach is defined by the concept of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe poor and socially unprotected categories of citizens\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. With the help of the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of this issue, the authors show that these criteria are a necessary but not sufficient condition for classifying the population as being socially vulnerable. Foreign literature associates the phenomenon of vulnerability with the concept of risks, with the possibility of households responding to them and with the likelihood of losing the well-being (poverty theory; research areas related to the means of subsistence, etc.). The asset-based approaches relate vulnerability to the poverty that arises due to lack of access to tangible and intangible assets. Sociological theories presented by the concept of social exclusion pay much attention to the breakdown of social ties as a source of vulnerability. The essence of social exclusion consists in the inability of people to participate in important aspects of social life (in politics, labor markets, education and healthcare, cultural life, etc.) though they have all the rights to do so. The difference between the concepts of exclusion and poverty is manifested in the displacement of emphasis from income inequality to limited access to rights. Social exclusion is characterized by the situation and state of exception that is linked to social status and self-perception of human rights and expressed through the senses of inferiority, anger, fear, despair, depression, shame. The status of social exclusion has many criteria: poverty, limited opportunities for employment and education, lack of access to social and community networks and activities, inability to plan one's own life. The explanatory concept of social exclusion is based on the construction of the attitude toward socially vulnerable layers as the devalued social status. The barrier of social inclusion consists in the formation of a negative image of a representative of this category of the population in the eyes of more secure population groups; and the reason for this phenomenon lies in individual characteristics of an individual: lack of purpose, apathy, laziness, low motivation to labor and training, and bad habits. The prevailing social stereotype contributes to the stratification of entire families, including children, who are in advance deprived of the most important economic, political and cultural resources of society, and have no opportunities for the upward mobility. If no measures are taken to overcome social exclusion, it can lead to the fact that part of the population will fall out of social development and slip into a state of stagnation and complete social dependence. The concept of social inclusion shifts the priorities of state social policy from the allocation of social transfers to actively changing the mindset in society.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {poverty concept,social exclusion,social inclusion,socially vulnerable groups,the poor}
}

@article{Shadmi2014,
  title = {Primary Care Priorities in Addressing Health Equity: Summary of the {{WONCA}} 2013 Health Equity Workshop},
  author = {Shadmi, Efrat and Wong, William C. W. and Kinder, Karen and Heath, Iona and Kidd, Michael},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1475-9276},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-014-0104-4},
  abstract = {Background: Research consistently shows that gaps in health and health care persist, and are even widening. While the strength of a country's primary health care system and its primary care attributes significantly improves populations' health and reduces inequity (differences in health and health care that are unfair and unjust), many areas, such as inequity reduction through the provision of health promotion and preventive services, are not explicitly addressed by general practice. Substantiating the role of primary care in reducing inequity as well as establishing educational training programs geared towards health inequity reduction and improvement of the health and health care of underserved populations are needed. Methods: This paper summarizes the work performed at the World WONCA (World Organization of National Colleges and Academies of Family Medicine) 2013 Meetings' Health Equity Workshop which aimed to explore how a better understanding of health inequities could enable primary care providers (PCPs)/general practitioners (GPs) to adopt strategies that could improve health outcomes through the delivery of primary health care. It explored the development of a health equity curriculum and opened a discussion on the future and potential impact of health equity training among GPs. Results: A survey completed by workshop participants on the current and expected levels of primary care participation in various inequity reduction activities showed that promoting access (availability and coverage) to primary care services was the most important priority. Assessment of the gaps between current and preferred priorities showed that to bridge expectations and actual performance, the following should be the focus of governments and health care systems: forming cross-national collaborations; incorporating health equity and cultural competency training in medical education; and, engaging in initiation of advocacy programs that involve major stakeholders in equity promotion policy making as well as promoting research on health equity. Conclusions: This workshop formed the basis for the establishment of WONCA's Health Equity Special Interest Group, set up in early 2014, aiming to bring the essential experience, skills and perspective of interested GPs around the world to address differences in health that are unfair, unjust, unnecessary but avoidable.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Disparities,Health equity,Primary care}
}

@article{Shah2019,
  title = {Parental {{Attitudes}} and {{Beliefs Surrounding Play Among Predominantly Low-income Urban Families}}: {{A Qualitative Study}}},
  author = {Shah, Reshma and Gustafson, Erika and Atkins, Marc},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {40},
  number = {8},
  pages = {606--612},
  issn = {0196-206X},
  doi = {10.1097/DBP.0000000000000708},
  abstract = {Objective: Parents' perceived benefits and barriers to participation in cognitively stimulating activities may help explain why income-related discrepancies in early and frequent participation in such activities exist. We sought to develop an improved understanding of attitudes and beliefs surrounding play among families who live in predominantly low-income urban communities. Methods: Using qualitative methods, focus groups were conducted with parents of children 2 weeks to 24 months of age who attended a primary care clinic serving predominantly low-income urban communities. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-five parents participated in 6 focus groups. Participants were 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% female and 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% nonwhite; 71\textbackslash textbackslash\% had children who received public health insurance. Analyses revealed 7 major themes that mapped onto the Health Belief Model's core domains of perceived need, barriers, and cues to action: (1) play as important for developing parent-child relationships, (2) toy- and media-focused play as important for developmental and educational benefit, (3) lack of time due to household and work demands, (4) lack of knowledge regarding the importance of play, (5) media-related barriers, (6) need for reminders, and (7) need for ideas for play. Conclusion: Caregivers of young children describe many important benefits of play, yet they have misconceptions regarding use of toys and media in promoting development as well as notable barriers to participating in play, which may be opportunities for intervention. Public health programs may be more effectively implemented if they consider these attitudes to develop new or refine existing strategies for promoting parent-child learning activities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {communication,development,early childhood,parenting,play}
}

@article{Shahidi2023,
  title = {The {{Employment Quality}} of {{Persons}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{Findings}} from a {{National Survey}}},
  author = {Shahidi, Faraz Vahid and Jetha, Arif and Kristman, Vicki and Smith, Peter M. and Gignac, Monique A. M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-023-10113-7},
  abstract = {PurposeLabour market integration is a widely accepted strategy for promoting the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities. But what kinds of jobs do persons with disabilities obtain following their integration into the labour market? In this study, we use a novel survey of workers to describe and compare the employment quality of persons with and without disabilities in Canada.MethodsWe administered an online, cross-sectional survey to a heterogeneous sample of workers in Canada (n = 2,794). We collected data on sixteen different employment conditions (e.g., temporary contract, job security, flexible work schedule, job lock, skill match, training opportunities, and union membership). We used latent class cluster analysis to construct a novel typology of employment quality describing four distinct \textbackslash textasciigravetypes' of employment: standard, portfolio, instrumental, and precarious. We examined associations between disability status, disability type, and employment quality.ResultsPersons with disabilities reported consistently lower employment quality than their counterparts without disabilities. Persons with disabilities were nearly twice as likely to report low-quality employment in the form of either instrumental (i.e., secure but trapped) or precarious (i.e., insecure and unrewarding) employment. This gap in employment quality was particularly pronounced for those who reported living with both a physical and mental/cognitive condition.ConclusionThere are widespread inequalities in the employment quality of persons with and without disabilities in Canada. Policies and programs aiming to improve the labour market situation of persons with disabilities should emphasize the importance of high-quality employment as a key facet of social and economic inclusion.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shanafelt2019,
  title = {Healing the {{Professional Culture}} of {{Medicine}}},
  author = {Shanafelt, Tait D. and Schein, Edgar and Minor, Lloyd B. and Trockel, Mickey and Schein, Peter and Kirch, Darrell},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS},
  volume = {94},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1556--1566},
  issn = {0025-6196},
  doi = {10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.03.026},
  abstract = {The past decade has been a time of great change for US physicians. Many physicians feel that the care delivery system has become a barrier to providing high-quality care rather than facilitating it. Although physician distress and some of the contributing factors are now widely recognized, much of the distress physicians are experiencing is related to insidious issues affecting the cultures of our profession, our health care organizations, and the health care delivery system. Culture refers to the shared and fundamental beliefs of a group that are so widely accepted that they are implicit and often no longer recognized. When challenges with culture arise, they almost always relate to a problem with a subcomponent of the culture even as the larger culture does many things well. In this perspective, we consider the role of culture in many of the problems facing our health care delivery system and contributing to the high prevalence of professional burnout plaguing US physicians. A framework, drawn from the field of organizational science, to address these issues and heal our professional culture is considered. (C) 2019 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shankar2009,
  title = {Emerging {{Areas}} of {{Practice}} for {{Mental Health Social Workers}}: {{Education}} and {{Employment}}},
  author = {Shankar, Janki and Martin, Jennifer and McDonald, Catherine},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN SOCIAL WORK},
  volume = {62},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28--44},
  issn = {0312-407X},
  doi = {10.1080/03124070802626893},
  abstract = {In recent times in Australia there has been a slow but steady trend among mental health services to employ generic mental health workers from a variety of professional backgrounds. These workers undertake the jobs that were traditionally assigned to social workers. Although many social workers compete successfully for these positions, a question that needs to be explored in the contemporary service and policy context is social work's distinct contribution to the field of mental health. The present paper argues that social work's distinct contribution may lie in the area of psychiatric recovery, especially those areas that link mental health with broader social issues, such as employment and education. The present paper will discuss the role of social work in two areas of recovery, namely supported employment and education. These are emerging areas of practice and social workers must take advantage of these opportunities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Mental Illness,Psychiatric Recovery,Supported Education,Supported Employment,Welfare to Work Policy}
}

@article{Sharareh2023,
  title = {Associations between Food Insecurity and Other Social Risk Factors among {{US}} Adults},
  author = {Sharareh, Nasser and Adesoba, Taiwo P. and Wallace, Andrea S. and Bybee, Sara and Potter, Lindsey N. and Seligman, Hilary and Wilson, Fernando A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  issn = {0884-8734},
  doi = {10.1007/s11606-023-08360-8},
  abstract = {BackgroundFood insecurity (FI) often co-exists with other social risk factors, which makes addressing it particularly challenging. The degree of association between FI and other social risk factors across different levels of income and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently unknown, impeding the ability to design effective interventions for addressing these co-existing social risk factors.ObjectiveTo determine the association between FI and other social risk factors overall and across different levels of income-poverty ratios and before (2019) and during (2020-2021) the pandemic.DesignWe used nationally representative data from the 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey for our cross-sectional analysis. Social risk factors available in NHIS included difficulties paying for medical bills, difficulties paying for medications, receiving income assistance, receiving rental assistance, and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenot working last week\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace.Subjects93,047 adults (\textbackslash textbackslash\& GE;18 years old).Key ResultsIndividuals with other social risk factors (except receiving income assistance) were more likely to report FI, even after adjusting for income and education inequalities. While poverty leads to a higher prevalence of FI, associations between FI and other social risk factors were stronger among people with higher incomes, which may be related to their ineligibility for social safety net programs. Associations were similar before and during the pandemic, perhaps due to the extensive provision of social safety net programs during the pandemic.ConclusionsFuture research should explore how access to a variety of social safety net programs may impact the association between social risk factors. With the expiration of most pandemic-related social supports, further research and monitoring are also needed to examine FI in the context of increasing food and housing costs. Our findings may also have implications for the expansion of income-based program eligibility criteria and screening for social risk factors across all patients and not only low-income people.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sharif2016,
  title = {The Global Nephrology Workforce: Emerging Threats and Potential Solutions!},
  author = {Sharif, Muhammad U. and Elsayed, Mohamed E. and Stack, Austin G.},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--22},
  issn = {1753-0784},
  doi = {10.1093/ckj/sfv111},
  abstract = {Amidst the rising tide of chronic kidney disease (CKD) burden, the global nephrology workforce has failed to expand in order to meet the growing healthcare needs of this vulnerable patient population. In truth, this shortage of nephrologists is seen in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and the African continent. Moreover, expert groups on workforce planning as well as national and international professional organizations predict further reductions in the nephrology workforce over the next decade, with potentially serious implications. Although the full impact of this has not been clearly articulated, what is clear is that the delivery of care to patients with CKD may be threatened in many parts of the world unless effective country-specific workforce strategies are put in place and implemented. Multiple factors are responsible for this apparent shortage in the nephrology workforce and the underpinning reasons may vary across health systems and countries. Potential contributors include the increasing burden of CKD, aging workforce, declining interest in nephrology among trainees, lack of exposure to nephrology among students and residents, rising cost of medical education and specialist training, increasing cultural and ethnic disparities between patients and care providers, increasing reliance on foreign medical graduates, inflexible work schedules, erosion of nephrology practice scope by other specialists, inadequate training, reduced focus on scholarship and research funds, increased demand to meet quality of care standards and the development of new care delivery models. It is apparent from this list that the solution is not simple and that a comprehensive evaluation is required. Consequently, there is an urgent need for all countries to develop a policy framework for the provision of kidney disease services within their health systems, a framework that is based on accurate projections of disease burden, a full understanding of the internal care delivery systems and a framework that is underpinned by robust health intelligence on current and expected workforce numbers required to support the delivery of kidney disease care. Given the expected increases in global disease burden and the equally important increase in many established kidney disease risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension, the organization of delivery and sustainability of kidney disease care should be enshrined in governmental policy and legislation. Effective nephrology workforce planning should be comprehensive and detailed, taking into consideration the structure and organization of the health system, existing care delivery models, nephrology workforce practices and the size, quality and success of internal nephrology training programmes. Effective training programmes at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, adoption of novel recruitment strategies, flexible workforce practices, greater ownership of the traditional nephrology landscape and enhanced opportunities for research should be part of the implementation process. Given that many of the factors that impact on workforce capacity are generic across countries, cooperation at an international level would be desirable to strengthen efforts in workforce planning and ensure sustainable models of healthcare delivery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chronic kidney disease,nephrology workforce,planning,solutions}
}

@article{Sharma2011,
  title = {Challenges of Cancer Control in Developing Countries: Current Status and Future Perspective},
  author = {Sharma, Vanita and Kerr, Stewart H. and Kawar, Zsana and Kerr, David J.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {FUTURE ONCOLOGY},
  volume = {7},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1213--1222},
  issn = {1479-6694},
  doi = {10.2217/FON.11.101},
  abstract = {Cancer is a global problem accounting for almost 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all deaths worldwide. This equates to over 7 million people a year, more than is caused by HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria combined. Now is the time to strengthen the health systems of developing countries to deal with cancer, to avoid a future crisis similar to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In this article we discuss the current state of cancer in the developing world, how we need to advocate for a change in cancer control policy with the governments of developing nations/transnational governmental bodies (e. g., the UN and WHO etc) and how we think cancer care could be improved in developing countries. We feel the only way to overcome the growing burden of cancer in the developing world is working in partnership with, nongovernmental organizations, international nongovernmental organizations, transnational governmental bodies and governmental bodies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sharma2018,
  title = {Measuring {{Inequality}} of {{Opportunity}} for the {{Backward Communities}}: {{Regional Evidence}} from the {{Indian Labour Market}}},
  author = {Sharma, Chandan and Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {138},
  number = {2},
  pages = {479--503},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-017-1676-3},
  abstract = {The affirmative action policy for socially and economically backward communities in employment has been a debated issue in India. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the level of inequality by distinguishing between \textbackslash textasciigravecircumstance' and \textbackslash textasciigraveeffort' factors in the Roemer's framework on equality of opportunity. We measure inequality of opportunities due to two circumstances: caste and religion. Our empirical analysis, at state-level, utilizes a recent household survey data, which provides information related to efforts as well as circumstances of workers. The paper estimated inequality in the labour market and then decomposed it to know the circumstances that cause income inequality. Our estimates indicated that inequality and inequality of opportunity is substantially higher in India. Specifically, the outcome of our analysis evidently indicated that the socially backward communities do have economically disadvantageous position in some of the Indian states. However, the degree of circumstances based on inequality varies to a great extent among the states. Therefore, we suggest that the country does not need a nation-level affirmative action policy instead a state-level policy could be more appropriate as the intensity of the problem differ significantly among the Indian states.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caste,India,Inequality,Inequality of opportunity,Religion}
}

@article{Sharma2022,
  title = {A {{Root Cause Analysis}} of {{Barriers}} to {{Timely Colonoscopy}} in {{California Safety-Net Health Systems}}},
  author = {Sharma, Anjana E. and Lyson, Helena C. and Cherian, Roy and Somsouk, Ma and Schillinger, Dean and Sarkar, Urmimala},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PATIENT SAFETY},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {E163-E171},
  issn = {1549-8417},
  doi = {10.1097/PTS.0000000000000718},
  abstract = {Objectives Safety-net health care systems, serving vulnerable populations, see longer delays to timely colonoscopy after a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT), which may contribute to existing disparities. We sought to identify root causes of colonoscopy delay after positive FOBT result in the primary care safety net. Methods We conducted a multisite root cause analysis of cases of delayed colonoscopy, identifying cases where there was a delay of greater than 6 months in completing or scheduling a follow-up colonoscopy after a positive FOBT. We identified cases across 5 California health systems serving low-income, vulnerable populations. We developed a semistructured interview guide based on precedent work. We conducted telephone individual interviews with primary care providers (PCPs) and patients. We then performed qualitative content analysis of the interviews, using an integrated inductive-deductive analytic approach, to identify themes related to recurrent root causes of colonoscopy delay. Results We identified 12 unique cases, comprising 5 patient and 11 PCP interviews. Eight patients completed colonoscopy; median time to colonoscopy was 11.0 months (interquartile range, 6.3 months). Three patients had advanced adenomatous findings. Primary care providers highlighted system-level root causes, including inability to track referrals between primary care and gastroenterology, lack of protocols to follow up with patients, lack of electronic medical record interoperability, and lack of time or staffing resources, compelling tremendous additional effort by staff. In contrast, patients' highlighted individual-level root causes included comorbidities, social needs, and misunderstanding the importance of the FOBT. There was a little overlap between PCP and patient-elicited root causes. Conclusions Current protocols do not accommodate communication between primary care and gastroenterology. Interventions to address specific barriers identified include improved interoperability between PCP and gastroenterology scheduling systems, protocols to follow-up on incomplete colonoscopies, accommodation for support and transport needs, and patient-friendly education. Interviewing both patients and PCPs leads to richer analysis of the root causes leading to delayed diagnosis of colorectal cancer.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {colorectal neoplasms,delayed diagnosis,primary health care,root cause analysis}
}

@article{Shati2021,
  title = {Awareness and Perception of Parents Regarding Well Baby Clinic in Primary Health Care Centres in {{Abha City}}, {{Southwestern Saudi Arabia}}},
  author = {Shati, Ayed A. and {Al-Saleh}, Majed M. and {Al-Asmari}, Bander A. and Shehata, Shehata F. and Alqahtani, Youssef A. and Aldarami, Mohammed S. and Alqahtani, Sultan A. and Alqahtani, Yahya M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE AND PRIMARY CARE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {9},
  pages = {3464--3469},
  issn = {2249-4863},
  doi = {10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc\textbackslash_871\textbackslash_21},
  abstract = {Background: Well-baby clinic (WBC) service is implemented in all primary health care centers and is provided based on international standards to all children under 5 years in Saudi Arabia. It is a comprehensive package of health promotion and curative care to improve and maintain the health status and well-being of this age group. Aim: The main aim is to assess parents' awareness and perception regarding WBC in primary health care centers in Abha sector, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used in the current study. The study targeted all babies' caregivers attending WBCs in primary health care centers in Abha city. The children's parents were included using three stages cluster sample technique. The questionnaire included participants' demographic data such as age, gender, relation to the baby, educational level, work, and monthly income. Awareness regarding the WBC was assessed using two main items covering hearing about the clinic provided services. Results: The study included 1593 participants whose ages ranged from 19 to 55 years old with a mean age of 34.6 +/- 11.8 years. About 64\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents knew about the WBC, which was significantly higher among the females than males (P = .003). Also, 71.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents aged 25-34 years knew about well-baby clinic (WBC) compared to 35\textbackslash textbackslash\% of parents aged less than 25 years (P = .001). Exact 57.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents went to the nearest governmental health office at vaccination times. About 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents reported that the clinic nurse was the main person who dealt with them. Regarding services provided by a nurse at the vaccination clinic, registering child vaccination was the most reported (66.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by helping the mother make the child calm (56.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that proper care is vital for a child's survival as well as optimal physical and mental development. Adequately cared child has proper well-being and happiness. Mothers and children caregivers had adequate awareness and acceptable attitude towards WBCs and provided services. Some barriers were declared including lack of available WBCs within the residence range, not all WBCs usually working, and more information should be provided about WBCs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Awareness,child-care,parents,perception,practice,Saudi Arabia,well baby clinic}
}

@article{Shattuck2017,
  title = {{{RETROSPECTIVE REPORTING OF FIRST EMPLOYMENT IN THE LIFE-COURSES OF US WOMEN}}},
  author = {Shattuck, Rachel M. and Rendall, Michael S.},
  editor = {Alwin, {\relax DF}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY, VOL 47},
  series = {Sociological {{Methodology}}},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {307--344},
  issn = {0081-1750},
  doi = {10.1177/0081175017723397},
  abstract = {The authors investigate the accuracy of young women's retrospective reporting on their first substantial employment in three major, nationally representative U.S. surveys, examining hypotheses that longer recall duration, employment histories with lower salience and higher complexity, and an absence of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveanchoring\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace biographical details will adversely affect reporting accuracy. The authors compare retrospective reports to benchmark panel survey estimates for the same cohorts. Sociodemographic groups-notably non-Hispanic white women and women with college-educated mothers-whose early employment histories at these ages are in aggregate more complex (multiple jobs) and lower in salience (more part-time jobs) are more likely to omit the occurrence of their first substantial job or employment and to misreport their first job or employment as occurring at an older age. Also, retrospective reports are skewed toward overreporting longer, therefore more salient, later jobs over shorter, earlier jobs. The relatively small magnitudes of differences, however, indicate that the retrospective questions nevertheless capture these summary indicators of first substantial employment reasonably accurately. Moreover, these differences are especially small for groups of women who are more likely to experience labor-market disadvantage and for women with early births.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {first employment,life-course,retrospective reporting,survey recall}
}

@article{Shaw2008,
  title = {Importance of Socioeconomic Status as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Outcome and Costs of Care in Women with Suspected Myocardial Ischemia. {{Results}} from the {{National Institutes}} of {{Health}}, {{National Heart}}, {{Lung}} and {{Blood Institute-sponsored Women}}'s {{Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation}} ({{WISE}})},
  author = {Shaw, Leslee J. and Merz, C. Noel Bairey and Bittner, Vera and Kip, Kevin and Johnson, B. Delia and Reis, Steven E. and Kelsey, Sheryl F. and Olson, Marian and Mankad, Sunil and Sharaf, Barry L. and Rogers, William J. and Pohost, Gerald M. and Sopko, George and Pepine, Carl J. and Investigators, {\relax WISE}},
  year = {2008},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1081--1092},
  issn = {1540-9996},
  doi = {10.1089/jwh.2007.0596},
  abstract = {Background: For women, who are more likely to live in poverty, defining the clinical and economic impact of socioeconomic factors may aid in defining redistributive policies to improve healthcare quality. Methods. The NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) enrolled 819 women referred for clinically indicated coronary angiography. This study's primary end point was to evaluate the independent contribution of socioeconomic factors on the estimation of time to cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction (MI) (n = 79) using Cox proportional hazards models. Secondary aims included an examination of cardiovascular costs and quality of life within socioeconomic subsets of women. Results: In univariable models, socioeconomic factors associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular death or MI included an annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20,000 (p = 0.0001), {$<$}9th grade education (p = 0.002), being African American, Hispanic, Asian, or American Indian (p = 0.016), on Medicaid, Medicare, or other public health insurance (p {$<$} 0.0001), unmarried (p = 0.001.), unemployed or employed part-time (p {$<$} 0.0001), and working in a service job (p = 0.003). Of these socioeconomic factors, income (p = 0.006) remained a significant predictor of cardiovascular death or MI in risk-adjusted models that controlled for angiographic coronary disease, chest pain symptoms, and cardiac risk factors. Low-income women, with an annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20,000, were more often uninsured or on public insurance (p {$<$} 0.0001) yet had the highest 5-year hospitalization and drug treatment costs (p {$<$} 0.0001). Only 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of low-income women had prescription drug coverage (vs. {$>$}= 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of higher-income households, p {$<$} 0.0001), and 64\textbackslash textbackslash\% required {$>$}= 2 anti-ischemic medications during follow-up (compared with 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those earning {$>$}=\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000, p {$<$} 0.0001). Conclusions: Economic disadvantage prominently affects cardiovascular disease outcomes for women with chest pain symptoms. These results further support a profound intertwining between poverty and poor health. Cardiovascular disease management strategies should focus on policies that track unmet healthcare needs and worsening clinical status for low-income women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shayo2023,
  title = {Expanding Access to Rehabilitation Using Mobile Health to Address Musculoskeletal Pain and Disability},
  author = {Shayo, Mathew J. and Shayo, Pendo and Haukila, Kelvin F. and Norman, Katherine and Burke, Colleen and Ngowi, Kennedy and Goode, Adam P. and Allen, Kelli D. and Wonanji, Vivian Timothy and Mmbaga, Blandina T. and Bettger, Janet Prvu},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES},
  volume = {3},
  doi = {10.3389/fresc.2022.982175},
  abstract = {IntroductionMusculoskeletal (MSK) disorders such as low back pain and osteoarthritis are a leading cause of disability and the leading contributor to the need for rehabilitation services globally. This need has surpassed the availability of trained clinicians; even in urban areas where services and providers are thought to be more abundant, access can be challenged by transportation options and financial costs associated with travel, care and lost time from work. However, continuing standard of fully in-person rehabilitation care for MSK-associated pain and disability may no longer be necessary. With increased ownership or access to even a basic mobile phone device, and evidence for remote management by trained clinicians, some individuals with MSK disorders may be able to continue their rehabilitation regimen predominantly from home after initial evaluation in primary care or an outpatient clinic. MethodsThis manuscript describes application of a framework we used to culturally and contextually adapt an evidence-based approach for leveraging digital health technology using a mobile phone (mHealth) to expand access to rehabilitation services for MSK-associated pain and disability. We then conducted a multi-level analysis of policies related to the adapted approach for rehabilitation service delivery to identify opportunities to support sustainability. ResultsOur study was conducted in Tanzania, a lower-middle income country with their first National Rehabilitation Strategic Plan released in 2021. Lessons learned can be applied even to countries with greater infrastructure or fewer barriers. The seven-step adaptation framework used can be applied in other regions to improve the likelihood of local mHealth adoption and implementation. Our practice and policy assessment for Tanzania can be applied in other regions and used collaboratively with government officials in support of building or implementing a national rehabilitation strategic plan. ConclusionThe work described, lessons learned and components of the plan are generalizable globally and can improve access to rehabilitation services using mHealth to address the significant and increasing burden of disability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sheen2017,
  title = {The Implications of {{Australian}} Women's Precarious Employment for the Later Pension Age},
  author = {Sheen, Veronica},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND LABOUR RELATIONS REVIEW},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--19},
  issn = {1035-3046},
  doi = {10.1177/1035304617690095},
  abstract = {The increase in pension eligibility ages in Australia, as elsewhere, throws into relief the consequences of gender inequality in employment. Because of career histories in lower paid and more insecure employment, a higher percentage of women than men are dependent on the age pension rather than on superannuation or savings and investments, and so will be disproportionately affected by deferred access. Yet, fewer women than men hold the types of good jobs' that will sustain them into an older age. Women are more likely to be sequestered in precarious employment, with reduced job quality and a greater potential for premature workforce exit. This article counterposes macro-level data drawn from national cross-sectional labour force statistics and the longitudinal Household Income and Labour Dynamics Australia survey, with case study analysis, based on interviews with 38 women in midlife insecure jobs, in order to identify the types of life course and labour market barriers that contribute to women's reliance on the pension and the systemic disadvantage that will render them particularly vulnerable to any further erosion of this safety net. The analysis moves between this empirical evidence and a discussion, drawing on the theoretical literature, of the failure in equal opportunity endeavours over recent decades and what this means for later life workforce participation for women. JEL Codes: D91, J16, J71, J88},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic insecurity,gender,income inequality,low-paid work,occupational segregation,older women,pension age,precarious employment,retirement income,superannuation}
}

@article{Shen2020,
  title = {Labor {{Market Outcomes}} of {{Professional Women}} with {{Two Children}} after the {{One-Child Policy}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Shen, Yang and Jiang, Lai},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {76},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {632--658},
  issn = {0022-4537},
  doi = {10.1111/josi.12387},
  abstract = {Since the implementation of the two-child policy in China in 2016, it is unclear how professional women's labor force outcomes and family commitments have changed. Using interviews with 26 professional women with two children in Shanghai, we examined their work-life transitions and labor market outcomes. We found that the overarching constraints the interviewees faced included a lack of institutional childcare support, low paternal participation and increased physical and cognitive childcare labor. The women also experienced different constraining and enabling factors, leading to four types of labor market outcomes: enhancement, rebound, interruption and stagnation. Most of the interviewees who experienced career upward mobility after giving birth to a second child were urban singleton daughters who received tremendous parental support. Some participants experienced career interruption due to a lack of social support. The state should ensure family-friendly work environments and promote paternal participation to reduce women's work-life conflict and address gender inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shepherd-Banigan2014,
  title = {Paid {{Leave Benefits Among}} a {{National Sample}} of {{Working Mothers}} with {{Infants}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {{Shepherd-Banigan}, Megan and Bell, Janice F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {286--295},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-013-1264-3},
  abstract = {To describe a range of employment benefits, including maternity and other paid leave, afforded to working women with infants; and to examine the geographic, socio-demographic correlates of such benefits to inform the workplace policy agenda in the US. Using data from the Listening to Mothers II Survey, a national sample of English-speaking women who gave birth in 2005, we conducted multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between socio-demographic factors and employment leave variables (paid maternity, sick and personal leave). Forty-one percent of women received paid maternity leave for an average of 3.3 weeks with 31 \textbackslash textbackslash\% wage replacement. On average women took 10 weeks of maternity leave and received 10.4 days of paid sick leave and 11.6 days of paid personal time per year. Women who were non-Hispanic Black, privately insured, working full-time, and from higher income families were more likely to receive paid maternity leave, for more time, and at higher levels of wage replacement, when controlling for the other socio-demographic characteristics. Race/ethnicity, family income and employment status were associated with the number of paid personal days. Currently, the majority of female employees with young children in the US do not receive financial compensation for maternity leave and women receive limited paid leave every year to manage health-related family issues. Further, women from disadvantaged backgrounds generally receive less generous benefits. Federal policy that supports paid leave may be one avenue to address such disparities and should be modified to reflect accepted international standards.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Family health,Maternal employment,Socio-demographic disparities,Workplace policies}
}

@article{Shi2013,
  title = {{{CHINESE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS AND WORK ATTITUDES}}},
  author = {Shi, Leiyu and Hung, Li-Mei and Song, Kuimeng and Rane, Sarika and Tsai, Jenna and Sun, Xiaojie and Li, Hui and Meng, Qingyue},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1},
  pages = {167--181},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.2190/HS.43.1.k},
  abstract = {China passed a landmark health care reform in 2009, aimed at improving health care for all citizens by strengthening the primary care system, largely through improvements to infrastructure. However, research has shown that the work attitudes of primary care physicians (PCPs) can greatly affect the stability of the overall workforce and the quality and delivery of health care. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between reported work attitudes of PCPs and their personal, work, and educational characteristics. A multi-stage, complex sampling design was employed to select a sample of 434 PCPs practicing in urban and rural primary care settings, and a survey questionnaire was administered by researchers with sponsorship from the Ministry of Health. Four outcome measures describing work attitudes were used, as well as a number of personal-, work-, and practice-related factors. Findings showed that although most PCPs considered their work as important, a substantial number also reported large workloads, job pressure, and turnover intentions. Findings suggest that policymakers should focus on training and educational opportunities for PCPs and consider ways to ease workload pressures and improve salaries. These policy improvements must accompany reform efforts that are already underway before positive changes in reduced disparities and improved health outcomes can be realized in China.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shildrick2018,
  title = {Lessons from {{Grenfell}}: {{Poverty}} Propaganda, Stigma and Class Power},
  author = {Shildrick, Tracy},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {783--798},
  issn = {0038-0261},
  doi = {10.1177/0038026118777424},
  abstract = {The Grenfell Tower fire that took place in a council owned high-rise housing block in the early hours of 14 June 2017 in the London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea represented the worst fire in Britain for many decades. This article draws, in part, on the example of Grenfell Tower to interrogate some of the most pressing issues of our time around poverty, inequality and austerity. After a period of quiet, poverty now features more regularly in popular and political conversations. This is, in part, due to the proliferation of foodbanks that in many ways have become the public face of poverty in contemporary Britain. Additionally the increased popularity of so-called \textbackslash textasciigravepoverty porn' exemplified by programmes such as Benefit Street have provoked public and political debate about the realities of poverty and its causes and consequences. Punitive policies towards out of work benefits claimants, austerity measures and the proliferation of low paid and insecure work mean poverty has been extended to more and more people, yet at the same time it is a condition that is frequently stigmatised, misrepresented and misunderstood. Whilst evidence shows increased stereotyping and stigmatisation of those experiencing poverty and other related disadvantages, there is also evidence that the British general public on the whole tend to care about fairness, equality of opportunity and that they dislike extremes of income and wealth, although importantly they also generally underestimate the realities of both. It was these extremes of inequality that Grenfell thrust so violently into the public imagination with many newspapers visually capturing the gulf between rich and \textbackslash textasciigravepoor' in their pictures of the burnt out shell of Grenfell set against a typical block of luxury apartments of the sort that are proliferating in London and other cities in Britain and that, particularly in London, often cost in excess of a million pounds or more. This article looks at examples of how critical work is being done by those in power to manipulate and frame the terms of the discussion around poverty, inequality and economic insecurity and its causes and its consequences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality,poverty,power,stigma}
}

@article{Shin2019,
  title = {Labor {{Market Institutions}} and {{Wage-led Growth}}: {{A Panel Cointegration Approach}}},
  author = {Shin, Hochul},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SEOUL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {225--256},
  issn = {1225-0279},
  abstract = {This study analyzes the long-term effect of labor market institutions, such as minimum wage and union density, on inequality, investment, growth, and consumption, by using data of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development since the 1970s. Labor market institution variables are used to test arguments on wage-led growth theory. Panel cointegration approach was used to investigate the long-term effect of these variables. Results of panel cointegration test show that variables of labor market institutions are not robustly correlated to macroeconomic outcomes in the long run. This condition is not in accordance with the findings of the proponents and critics of wage-led growth. No robust evidence exists to show that increasing minimum wage and union density, which are representative policies for wage-led growth, are correlated to inequality, labor income share, consumption, investment, or growth in the long run. Estimation results of this study suggest that the empirical basis of support and criticism for wage-led growth theory is weak.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Minimum wage,Panel cointegration,Union density,Wage-led growth}
}

@article{Shinkawa2012,
  title = {Substitutes for {{Immigrants}}? {{Social Policy Responses}} to {{Population Decreases}} in {{Japan}}},
  author = {Shinkawa, Toshimitsu},
  year = {2012},
  month = aug,
  journal = {AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST},
  volume = {56},
  number = {8, SI},
  pages = {1123--1138},
  issn = {0002-7642},
  doi = {10.1177/0002764212441789},
  abstract = {The rapid aging of Japan's population and workforce has prompted proposals by key political and economic actors to advocate for immigration, though public sentiment has generally been opposed to immigration. Japan has therefore undertaken social policies to mobilize seniors and women as workers and establish gender equality in employment. These measures have sought to reduce the rising costs faced by Japan's pension system and mitigate the long-term decline of the country's fertility rate. The author examines the efficacy of these social policies in the context of Japan's deregulation of labor markets and the expansion of flexible and low-wage employment arrangements. Although the proportion of nonregular employment has grown since the late 1980s, it has not created gains in productivity, though it has increased economic disparities. These outcomes suggest that the importation of unskilled immigrants as a (similarly) cheap source of labor would not be an adequate solution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aging population,gender equality,immigration,labor markets,social policy}
}

@article{Shirley2004,
  title = {Domestic Work, Family Characteristics, and Earnings: {{Reexamining}} Gender and Class Differences},
  author = {Shirley, C and Wallace, M},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  pages = {663--690},
  issn = {0038-0253},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1533-8525.2004.tb02309.x},
  abstract = {Using the 1996 Indiana Quality of Employment Survey, we reexamine gender and class differences in the effects of domestic work and family characteristics on earnings. We expand upon Coverman's (1983) original model by including several new measures. We find that the gender gap in domestic work has narrowed considerably, not because men are doing more but because women are doing less than they were twenty years ago. Women's earnings suffer more than men's from time spent on domestic work and generally benefit more from partners' domestic help. Women's earnings are more advantaged than men's by having preschool children, and men's earnings are more advantaged when their partner works. We find significant class differences in the effects of domestic work between working-class and non-working class women and in the effects of family characteristics between working-class and non-working class men. Non-working class women's earnings suffer more from time they put into domestic work, but their earnings generally benefit more from partners' or outside domestic help. Working-class men's earnings are more advantaged by having school-age children and more disadvantaged by having progressive gender ideologies. Non-working class men's earnings benefit more when their partners hold a job but suffer more as their partners work more hours.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{ShoreyFennell2023,
  title = {The Implementation of Ask-Advise-Connect in a Federally Qualified Health Center: A Mixed Methods Evaluation Using the Re-Aim Framework},
  author = {Shorey Fennell, Bethany and {Cottrell-Daniels}, Cherell and Hoover, Diana Stewart and Spears, Claire A. and Nguyen, Nga and Pineiro, Barbara and McNeill, Lorna H. and Wetter, David W. and Vidrine, Damon J. and Vidrine I, Jennifer},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {TRANSLATIONAL BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {8},
  pages = {551--560},
  issn = {1869-6716},
  doi = {10.1093/tbm/ibad007},
  abstract = {Lay Summary Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) simplifies and streamlines the process of asking patients about their smoking status, advising smokers to quit, and connecting patients through the electronic health record with free, evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment offered by state Quitlines. This study is the first to evaluate perceptions of AAC among clinic leadership and staff. After an 18-month implementation of AAC at a clinic serving mostly low-income Latinos and Latinas, clinic staff (e.g., medical assistants) and leaders were interviewed. Respondents reported that AAC streamlined their efforts to get patients to quit smoking, was easy to carry out, and fit well into the clinic flow. Staff wanted to keep AAC as the standard of care and made suggestions to improve how AAC works. They reported positive feedback from patients. In addition, a similar proportion of smokers enrolled in Quitline treatment as in other AAC trials. Thus, AAC worked well for patients and clinic staff. Having AAC in other clinics could improve enrollment in evidence-based smoking cessation treatment, facilitate successful smoking cessation among low-income primary care patients, and reduce burden on healthcare providers. This study is the first to evaluate clinic staff and leadership perceptions of Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC), which seamlessly connects smokers in healthcare settings with evidence-based tobacco treatment using the EHR. Clinic staff and leadership reported enthusiasm for AAC implementation, as the procedure streamlined the clinic's smoking cessation efforts, fit well into clinic flow, and was beneficial to patients. Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) efficiently links smokers in healthcare settings with evidence-based Quitline-delivered tobacco treatment through training clinic staff to systematically ask patients about smoking status, advise smokers to quit, and connect patients with state Quitlines using the electronic health record. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach, guided by the RE-AIM framework, to evaluate the implementation of AAC in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). AAC was implemented for 18 months at a FQHC serving primarily low-socioeconomic status (SES) Latinos and Latinas. Results are presented within the RE-AIM conceptual framework which includes dimensions of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Quantitative patient-level outcomes of reach, effectiveness, and Impact were calculated. Post-implementation, in-depth interviews were conducted with clinic leadership and staff (N = 9) to gather perceptions and inform future implementation efforts. During the implementation period, 12.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GNHC patients who reported current smoking both agreed to have their information sent to the Quitline and were successfully contacted by the Quitline (Reach), 94.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients who spoke with the Quitline enrolled in treatment (Effectiveness), and 11.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all identified smokers enrolled in Quitline treatment (Impact). In post-implementation interviews assessing RE-AIM dimensions, clinic staff and leadership identified facilitators and advantages of AAC and reported that AAC was easy to learn and implement, streamlined existing procedures, and had a positive impact on patients. Staff and leadership reported enthusiasm about AAC implementation and believed AAC fit well in the clinic. Staff were interested in AAC becoming the standard of care and made suggestions for future implementation. Clinic staff at a FQHC serving primarily low-SES Latinos and Latinas viewed the ACC implementation process positively. Findings have implications for streamlining clinical smoking cessation procedures and the potential to reduce tobacco-related disparities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shrestha2020,
  title = {Employment and {{Wage Distribution Investigation}} in the {{Construction Industry}} by {{Gender}}},
  author = {Shrestha, Binit K. and Choi, Jin Ouk and Shrestha, Pramen P. and Lim, Jaewon and Manesh, Saba Nikkhah},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING},
  volume = {36},
  number = {4},
  issn = {0742-597X},
  doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000778},
  abstract = {The construction industry has insufficient interest and participation from women, as well as an existing gender wage gap. To address these issues, a better understanding of the recent situation regarding gender workforce biases and income differences is required. Therefore, this study analyzes employment levels and wage distributions in 2015 by gender through data collected from reputable sources, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Data USA, and the US Census Bureau, on employment and wage gaps related to gender in the construction industry. This data was normalized, and an analysis was conducted to compare males and females versus the total population and median wages. The analysis confirms the existence of gaps in both of these areas, reports that this trend has remained steady over the years, and identifies the top ten construction occupations in which discernable gaps from Data USA can be observed. The purpose is to emphasize the latest status of construction industry employment and wage discrepancy related to gender. This study will contribute to the area of workplace diversity and discrimination by drawing the attention of decision-makers to the problem and encouraging them to develop approaches to reduce disparities. Subsequently, with the attainment of the preceding objectives, the researchers hope this technical note can help increase the interest and sustain participation of women across the construction industry.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Construction industry,Discrimination,Labor issues,Wage gap,Workplace diversity}
}

@article{SHUCKSMITH1994,
  title = {{{SOCIAL-WELFARE IN RURAL EUROPE}}},
  author = {SHUCKSMITH, M and CHAPMAN, P and CLARK, G and BLACK, S},
  year = {1994},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {343--356},
  issn = {0743-0167},
  doi = {10.1016/0743-0167(94)90044-2},
  abstract = {Rural development has been identified by EU leaders as one of the priorities of European structural policies, and as one of the objectives of cohesion policy. Yet despite this commitment, we are very poorly informed about how ordinary people live across the rural areas of Europe, their incomes and quality of life, and their perceptions of policies and economic and social change. This paper argues that greater attention should be devoted to issues of poverty, disadvantage and social exclusion in rural Europe by both policymakers and researchers. This is particularly crucial at the present time as rural Europe is subject to major structural changes deriving both from changes in rural economy and society and from policy initiatives such as the Maastricht Treaty and the Single European Act. These are over and above the wider trends operating throughout Europe in relation to employment, fiscal crisis and ageing, for example. A central requirement is for the articulation of policies for tackling economic and social exclusion (e.g. Poverty 3, Exclusion 1), on the one hand, with those directed towards rural development (e.g. Leader 2), on the other. Fundamental household survey work is required to increase our understanding of what constitutes rural disadvantage, which client groups are affected, and how policies can contribute towards relieving their disadvantage, preferably through client-based instruments rather than less appropriate area-based approaches. The last part of this paper presents preliminary results of such a survey, focusing on issues of employment, housing, poverty and quality of life.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Shutes2014,
  title = {Conditionality and the {{Financing}} of {{Employment Services}} - {{Implications}} for the {{Social Divisions}} of {{Work}} and {{Welfare}}},
  author = {Shutes, Isabel and Taylor, Rebecca},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {204--220},
  issn = {0144-5596},
  doi = {10.1111/spol.12057},
  abstract = {Increasing conditionality in access to welfare has been central to the reform of welfare states (Dean 2004; Dwyer 2004) and to the development of welfare-to-work policies and programmes (Peck 2001). This article addresses the ways in which the reform of employment services has, likewise, been marked by increasing conditionality in the financing of a market of those services. This form of conditionality involves the obligation of contracted providers to achieve employment outcomes as a condition of funding. The article examines how conditionality in the financing of employment services impacts on the provision of services to unemployed groups, and more disadvantaged groups in particular, and the implications for the social divisions of work and welfare.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Conditionality,Employment services,Quasi-markets,Social divisions}
}

@article{Siahpush1999,
  title = {Social Integration and Mortality in {{Australia}}},
  author = {Siahpush, M and Singh, {\relax GK}},
  year = {1999},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {23},
  number = {6},
  pages = {571--577},
  issn = {1326-0200},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01539.x},
  abstract = {Objective: To investigate the relationship between social integration and mortality at the aggregate level of analysis. Method: The data were compiled from several Australian Bureau of Statistics documents. The unit of analysis was State (Territory)-year. The multivariate regression analysis included data from all States and the Australian Capital Territory for 1990-96. Five indicators of social integration percentage of people living alone; divorce rate; unemployment rate; proportion of people who are discouraged job seekers; and unionisation rate - were used as predictors of nine measures of mortality. Results: Higher levels of social integration, as measured by all indicators except unionisation, were associated with lower mortality rates. In the case of unionisation, higher levels were associated with increased mortality rates. Conclusion: Studies concerning the relationship between social integration and health should investigate the \textbackslash textasciigravetype' and \textbackslash textasciigravelevel' of social integration that is conducive to better health. Implications: To help reduce disparities in health and mortality across communities, public health researchers and policy makers need to closely monitor geographic and temporal trends in social integration measures. Social policies that emphasise investment in social integration or social capital through job creation and training, provision of gainful employment and social services for discouraged and marginalised workers, improved work conditions and social support may lower mortality directly or through their beneficial effects on health-promoting behaviours such as reduced levels of smelting, drinking and physical inactivity.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Siddiqi2007,
  title = {Towards an Epidemiological Understanding of the Effects of Long-Term Institutional Changes on Population Health: {{A}} Case Study of {{Canada}} versus the {{USA}}},
  author = {Siddiqi, Arjumand and Hertzman, Clyde},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {64},
  number = {3},
  pages = {589--603},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.034},
  abstract = {This paper uses a comparative case study of Canada and the USA to argue that, in order to fully understand the associations between population health and the socioeconomic environment we must begin to place importance on the dynamic aspect of these factors-examining them as they evolve over time. In particular, for institutional and policy shifts that often unfold over decades, population health must attend to these big, slow moving processes by adopting a historical perspective to the knowledge base. We compare Canada and the USA on basic health outcomes and a range of determinants of health for which routine data have been collected for all or most of the period between 1950 and the present. During the analysis that follows, we are able to establish that, at the level of society (i) greater economic well being and spending on health care does not yield better health outcomes, that (ii) public provision and income redistribution trump economic success where population health is concerned, and (iii) that the gradual development of public provision represents the buildup of social infrastructure that has long-lasting effects on health status. Our case study shows what can be gleaned from a comparative perspective and a long-term view. The long view allows us to detect the gradual divergence in health status between these two societies and to trace potential institutional causes that would otherwise go unnoticed. The perspective introduced here, and in particular the comparison of Canada and the USA, provides strong support for the use of cross-national comparative work, and a historical perspective on the investigation of societies that successfully support population health. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,historical analysis,income inequality,institutional determinants,social epidemiology,structural determinants,USA}
}

@article{Siefert2014,
  title = {Patient and {{Clinician Communication}} of {{Self-reported Insomnia During Ambulatory Cancer Care Clinic Visits}}},
  author = {Siefert, Mary Lou and Hong, Fangxin and Valcarce, Bianca and Berry, Donna L.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CANCER NURSING},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {E51-E59},
  issn = {0162-220X},
  doi = {10.1097/NCC.0b013e318283a7bc},
  abstract = {Background: Insomnia, the most commonly reported sleep-wake disturbance in people with cancer, has an adverse effect on quality of life including emotional well-being, distress associated with other symptoms, daily functioning, relationships, and ability to work. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the content of discussions between clinicians and 120 patients with self-reported insomnia and to examine the associations of sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental factors with insomnia. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted with self-reported symptom data and sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental factors. Recordings of clinician and patient discussions during clinic visits were examined by conducting a content analysis. Results: Severe insomnia was more likely to be reported by women, minority, and lower-income individuals. Seven major topics were identified in the discussions. The clinicians did not always discuss insomnia; discussion rates differed by diagnosis and clinical service. Conclusions: Reporting of insomnia by the patient and clinician communication about insomnia may have differed by demographic and clinical characteristics. Clinicians attended to insomnia about half the time with management strategies likely to be effective. Explanations may be that insomnia had a low clinician priority for the clinic visit or lack of clear evidence to support insomnia interventions. Implications for Practice: A better understanding is needed about why insomnia is not addressed even when reported by patients; it is well known that structured assessments and early interventions can improve quality of life. Research is warranted to better understand potential disparities in cancer care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer,Insomnia,Patient/provider communication,Self-reported symptoms,Sleep}
}

@book{Sika2016,
  title = {{{THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE MINIMUM WAGE AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC}}},
  author = {Sika, Peter},
  editor = {Primorac, Z and Bussoli, C and Recker, N},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ESD)},
  series = {International {{Scientific Conference}} on {{Economic}} and {{Social Development}}},
  issn = {1849-7535},
  abstract = {Minimum wage raises debate and controversy since its introduction. Proponents reported its justification in particular related to the task of ensuring income to workers, which guarantees them their basic needs. Opponents argue the impacts of rising unemployment. Legislative and institutional setting of the lower limit for wages in the economy does not allow the wages of certain employees to decline to the level of equilibrium wages in the event of adverse economic activity, which may cause barriers in employing particular risk groups in the labor market. The modification of the minimum wage is a serious problem, since it represents the fundamental elements of the macroeconomic and macro-regulation in the country, the impact on the revenue policy, price policy, pension policy, as well as their own employees and employers and other groups. The aim of this paper is to examine the correlation between the increase in the minimum wage and the unemployment rate in the Slovak Republic with a focus on specific groups in the labor market and regional differentiation. Our contribution contains a justification of the existence and function of the minimum with a proposal for its modification, while it also focuses on the future shape of minimum wages in Slovakia within the changed socio-economic conditions. Consumption and investments are the driving force of the economy but the investment is to some extent driven by the anticipated consumption. Only household consumption accounted for a significant upward impetus to the Slovak economy, which would not be possible without increasing the employment and wage growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Minimum wage,Regional differentiation,Unemployment},
  note = {16th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development - The Legal Challenges of Modern World, Split, CROATIA, SEP 01-02, 2016}
}

@book{Silber2012,
  title = {Handbook of {{Income Inequality Measurement}}},
  author = {Silber, Jacques},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {{Springer London, Limited}},
  isbn = {978-94-011-4413-1}
}

@article{Silva2005,
  title = {Sustainable Building: Perspectives for Implementation in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Silva, V. G. and Silva, M. G.},
  editor = {Yang, J and Brandon, {\relax PS} and Sidwell, {\relax AC}},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS},
  pages = {14--22},
  abstract = {Sustainable building in Latin America extends beyond the use of renewable materials, energy efficiency and low impact construction. Additional components are fitness for use, durability and adaptability over time, quality of indoor and outdoor areas, use of local materials, and social and economic development including employment, poverty eradication, improvement of income distribution and promotion of regional production. This text discusses strategies and barriers for the implementation of sustainable building in the region based on four focal points: (1) long- and short-term balance between building quality expectations at low environmental impact and the need to satisfy basic needs for large proportions of the population (2) development of sustainable building regional parameters, which can be significantly different from those found in developed countries (3) difficulties posed by formal and informal construction to sustainable building implementation (4) introduction of sustainable building in professional education. The industrialized countries taking part in the first rounds of the Green Building Challenge process (GBC) have developed environmental policies and finalized construction-oriented research investment. This solid foundation facilitated and allowed for immediate work on environmental assessment of buildings. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico are now part of the GBC. Although it is clear that they cannot replicate methods based on the success they had in other regions, GBC can be a valuable means of introducing concepts and raising awareness.},
  isbn = {978-0-470-75949-3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Silva2011,
  title = {Health Technology Diffusion in Developing Countries: A Case Study of {{CT}} Scanners in {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Silva, Hudson P. and Viana, Ana L. D.},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {385--394},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czq076},
  abstract = {Background The development of products and services for health care systems is one of the most important phenomena to have occurred in the field of health care over the last 50 years. It generates significant commercial, medical and social results. Although much has been done to understand how health technologies are adopted and regulated in developed countries, little attention has been paid to the situation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here we examine the institutional environment in which decisions are made regarding the adoption of expensive medical devices into the Brazilian health care system. Methods We used a case study strategy to address our research question. The empirical work relied on in-depth interviews (N = 16) with representatives of a wide range of actors and stakeholders that participate in the process of diffusion of CT (computerized tomography) scanners in Brazil, including manufacturers, health care organizations, medical specialty societies, health insurance companies, regulatory agencies and the Ministry of Health. Results The adoption of CT scanners is not determined by health policy makers or third-party payers of public and private sectors. Instead, decisions are primarily made by administrators of individual hospitals and clinics, strongly influenced by both physicians and sales representatives of the medical industry who act as change agents. Because this process is not properly regulated by public authorities, health care organizations are free to decide whether, when and how they will adopt a particular technology. Conclusions Our study identifies problems in how health care systems in LMICs adopt new, expensive medical technologies, and suggests that a set of innovative approaches and policy instruments are needed in order to balance the institutional and professional desire to practise a modern and expensive medicine in a context of health inequalities and basic health needs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Silvaggi2020,
  title = {Employment and {{Work Ability}} of {{Persons With Brain Tumors}}: {{A Systematic Review}}},
  author = {Silvaggi, Fabiola and Leonardi, Matilde and Raggi, Alberto and Eigenmann, Michela and Mariniello, Arianna and Silvani, Antonio and Lamperti, Elena and Schiavolin, Silvia},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1662-5161},
  doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2020.571191},
  abstract = {Brain tumors (BT) are between the eight most common cancers among persons aged 40 years, with an average survival time of 10 years for patients affected by non-malignant brain tumor. Some patients continue to work, reporting difficulties in work-related activities, or even job loss. The purpose of the present study was to review the existing information about the ability people with BT to return to work and to identify factors associated with job loss. We performed a systematic review on SCOPUS and EMBASE for peer-reviewed papers that reported studies assessing work ability in patients with BT that were published in the period from January 2010 to January 2020. Out of 800 identified records, 7 articles were selected for analysis, in which 1,507 participants with BT were enrolled overall. Three main themes emerged: the impact of neuropsychological functioning on work productivity, the change of employment status for long-term survivors and issues related to return to work processes. Based on the results of selected studies, it can be concluded that the impact of BT on workforce participation is determined by depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits, as well as by high short-term mortality but also on environmental barriers. Vocational Rehabilitation programs should be implemented to help patients wishing to return to or maintain their current work, as much as possible.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HY4XHJF5/Silvaggi et al_2020_Employment and Work Ability of Persons With Brain Tumors.pdf}
}

@article{Silver2020,
  title = {Patient Care Aides: {{Differences}} in Healthcare Coverage, Health-Related Behaviors, and Health Outcomes in a Low-Wage Workforce by Healthcare Setting},
  author = {Silver, Sharon and Boiano, James and Li, Jia},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {60--73},
  issn = {0271-3586},
  doi = {10.1002/ajim.23053},
  abstract = {Objectives Patient care aides, who provide basic care to patients in a variety of healthcare settings, have been observed to have higher prevalences of adverse health metrics than the general US workforce. However, few studies have examined how healthcare access and health behaviors and outcomes among patient care aides differ by work setting (home health, nursing home, and hospital). Methods Data from the 2013 to 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to assess the prevalences of healthcare access, health-related behaviors, and health outcomes among patient care aides in different work settings, and among nurses (licensed vocational/practical and registered). Adjusted prevalence ratios were used to compare prevalences for healthcare workers to those for nonhealthcare clerical workers. Results Overall, patient care aides are a low-wage workforce with high prevalences of multiple adverse health metrics and low prevalences of positive health behaviors compared to clerical workers. Results differed by work setting. Home health aides had the lowest income levels and most adverse results for multiple metrics; nursing home aides had better healthcare access and somewhat better health outcomes. Most metrics were best (though still quite poor) for hospital aides, who showed few significant differences from clerical workers. Conclusions These results show the need to focus resources on the patient care aide workforce, particularly those in home health. While some needs of nursing home aides, such as improving influenza vaccination coverage and reducing the prevalence of arthritis-related conditions, would benefit from standardized workplace interventions, alternate, workplace-specific approaches are needed for home health aides.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health disparities,healthcare,occupation,patient care aides,surveillance}
}

@article{Silverman2018,
  title = {Behavior {{Analysts}} in the {{War}} on {{Poverty}}: {{Developing}} an {{Operant Antipoverty Program}}},
  author = {Silverman, Kenneth and Holtyn, August F. and Subramaniam, Shrinidhi},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {6},
  pages = {515--524},
  issn = {1064-1297},
  doi = {10.1037/pha0000230},
  abstract = {Poverty is associated with poor health and affects many United States residents. The therapeutic workplace, an operant intervention designed to treat unemployed adults with histories of drug addiction, could form the basis for an effective antipoverty program. Under the therapeutic workplace, participants receive pay for work. To promote drug abstinence or medication adherence, participants must provide drug-free urine samples or take scheduled doses of medication, respectively, to maintain maximum pay. Therapeutic workplace participants receive job-skills training in Phase 1 and perform income-producing jobs in Phase 2. Many unemployed, drug-addicted adults lack skills they would need to obtain high-skilled and high-paying jobs. Many of these individuals attend therapeutic workplace training reliably, but only when offered stipends for attendance. They also work on training programs reliably, but only when they earn stipends for performance on training programs. A therapeutic workplace social business can promote employment, although special contingencies may be needed to ensure that participants are punctual and work entire work shifts, and social businesses do not reliably promote community employment. Therapeutic workplace participants work with an employment specialist to seek community employment, but primarily when they earn financial incentives. Reducing poverty is more challenging than promoting employment, because it requires promoting employment in higher paying, full-time and steady jobs. Although a daunting challenge, promoting the type of employment needed to reduce poverty is an important goal, both because of the obvious benefit in reducing poverty itself and in the potential secondary benefit of reducing poverty-related health disparities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review}
}

@article{Silverstein2017,
  title = {Laparoscopic {{Versus Open Cholecystectomy}}: {{A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis}} at {{Rwanda Military Hospital}}},
  author = {Silverstein, Allison and {Costas-Chavarri}, Ainhoa and Gakwaya, Mussa R. and Lule, Joseph and Mukhopadhyay, Swagoto and Meara, John G. and Shrime, Mark G.},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGERY},
  volume = {41},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1225--1233},
  issn = {0364-2313},
  doi = {10.1007/s00268-016-3851-0},
  abstract = {Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is first-line treatment for uncomplicated gallstone disease in high-income countries due to benefits such as shorter hospital stays, reduced morbidity, more rapid return to work, and lower mortality as well-being considered cost-effective. However, there persists a lack of uptake in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, there is a need to evaluate laparoscopic cholecystectomy in comparison with an open approach in these settings. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies at Rwanda Military Hospital (RMH), a tertiary care referral hospital in Rwanda. Sensitivity and threshold analyses were performed to determine the robustness of the results. Results The laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy costs and effectiveness values were \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2664.47 with 0.87 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2058.72 with 0.75 QALYs, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for laparoscopic over open cholecystectomy was \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4946.18. Results are sensitive to the initial laparoscopic equipment investment and number of cases performed annually but robust to other parameters. The laparoscopic intervention is more cost-effective with investment costs less than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar91,979, greater than 65 cases annually, or at willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds greater than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar3975/QALY. Conclusions At RMH, while laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be a more effective approach, it is also more expensive given the low caseload and high investment costs. At commonly accepted WTP thresholds, it is not cost-effective. However, as investment costs decrease and/or case volume increases, the laparoscopic approach may become favorable. Countries and hospitals should aspire to develop innovative, low-cost options in high volume to combat these barriers and provide laparoscopic surgery.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Simmons2022,
  title = {Working Conditions in the Long-Term Care Sector: {{A}} Comparative Study of Migrant and Native Workers in {{Austria}} and {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Simmons, Cassandra and Rodrigues, Ricardo and Szebehely, Marta},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
  volume = {30},
  number = {5},
  pages = {E2191-E2202},
  issn = {0966-0410},
  doi = {10.1111/hsc.13657},
  abstract = {Increased demand for long-term care (LTC) services alongside precarious working conditions has resulted in labour shortages in the LTC sector, which has led to an increasing share of workers of migrant origin filling these jobs. Previous research on migrant care workers has also highlighted the seeming gap in working conditions relative to native workers. However, lack of disaggregated data on migrant and native care workers, alongside single-case studies, may have concealed potential disadvantages faced by certain groups and insufficiently accounted for differences in migration regimes and organisation of LTC sectors. To address these gaps, we carried out a comparative study on various working conditions of migrant and native LTC workers in Austria and Sweden. Using the international Nordcare survey on care sector working conditions, carried out in Austria in 2017 (n = 792) and in Sweden in 2015 (n = 708), we employed t-tests and multivariate logistic regressions to compare the working conditions of migrant and native carers in home and residential care in each country. We found that worse working conditions in Sweden compared to Austria may be explained by differences in training requirements of the LTC workforce and the relatively large for-profit private sector. Country of origin also plays a paramount role in the differences in working conditions experienced by migrants compared to native care workers, with non-European migrants being more likely to face a number of precarious working conditions. Our findings highlight the need to continue addressing precarious working conditions across the sector, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic where poor working conditions have been linked to increased COVID-related deaths in nursing homes. Our findings also emphasise the importance of policies that consider the various challenges experienced by different migrant groups in the LTC sector, who may particularly be at risk of presenteeism during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care of elderly people,long-term care,long-term care workers,migrants,working conditions}
}

@article{SINGH1994,
  title = {{{DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON RURAL INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT IN DRYLAND REGIONS OF INDIA}}},
  author = {SINGH, {\relax RP}},
  year = {1994},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {489--513},
  issn = {0970-3357},
  abstract = {The paper examines the basic issue of impact of new technology on employment and income distribution in the rural areas of India's Semi-Arid Tropics. The analysis indicates that in general average income of rural households in dryland areas is quite low. However, the mean income level is substantially higher in those assured rainfall villages where the adoption of new technology is higher than in those villages where rainfall is low and erratic and the adoption of improved seeds, use of fertilizer and access to irrigation is limited. The differential effect of new technology in different regions is partly because of geographic physical conditions and level of infrastructure development. The income is more equitably distributed in those villages where mean level of income is low than in those where mean level of income is high. There is a clear indication of improvement in the level of income in almost all the villages but percentage increase in income was relatively higher in those villages where the technical change was also higher. Though, there was some improvement in the income distribution over time in all the villages, the trend in the inequality does not indicate any clear improvement in income distribution. This suggests that despite increase in the income level, the inequality has not worsened over time. In other words, it can be said that atleast the new technology has not increased the inequality. The new technology has reduced the poverty proportionately more in progressive village than in less progressive village. Most of the income gains in these villages came from crops specially in those villages where adoption of new technology was high. In the less progressive village wage earnings were equally important in improving the level of income. This also indicates that inequality in productive resources specially land and investment in irrigation are important factors contributing to inequality. Increased farm and off-farm employment opportunities due to new technology help the lower income group of households to earn more income and reduce inequality. All households gain from technological progress but the top and bottom income groups gain proportionately more than the middle. The investment in irrigation, improved seeds and fertilizer substantially contribute to the agricultural productivity and the differential use of these inputs leads to increased regional as well as within the village disparities in income. The village differences also contribute considerably to the variability in income because of differences in the agro-climatic factors such as pattern of rainfall, cropping pattern and type of soil but within village differences in the farmer's resource base, labour participation and their managerial practices are the largest contributors to income variability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Singh2018,
  title = {Micro-Level Perception to Climate Change and Adaptation Issues: {{A}} Prelude to Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation into Developmental Landscape in {{India}}},
  author = {Singh, Naveen P. and Anand, Bhawna and Khan, Mohd Arshad},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {NATURAL HAZARDS},
  volume = {92},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1287--1304},
  issn = {0921-030X},
  doi = {10.1007/s11069-018-3250-y},
  abstract = {Climate change adds another dimension of challenges to the growth and sustainability of Indian agriculture. The growing exposure to livelihood shocks from climate variability/change and limited resource base of the rural community to adapt has reinforced the need to mainstream climate adaptation planning into developmental landscape. However, a better understanding of micro-level perceptions is imperative for effective and informed planning at the macro-level. In this paper, the grass-root level perspectives on climate change impacts and adaptation decisions were elicited at farm level in the Moga district of Punjab and Mahbubnagar district of Telangana, India. The farmers opined that the climatic variability impacts more than the long-term climate change. They observed change in the quantum, onset and distribution of rainfall, rise in minimum as well as maximum temperature levels, decline in crop yield and ground water depletion. The key socio-economic effects of climate change included decline in farm income, farm unemployment, rural migration and increased indebtedness among farmers. In order to cope with climate variability and change thereon, farmers resorted to adaptation strategies such as use of crop varieties of suitable duration, water conservation techniques, crop insurance and participation in non-farm activities and employment guarantee schemes. Farmers' adaptation to changing climate was constrained by several technological, socio-economic and institutional barriers. These include limited knowledge on the costs-benefits of adaptation, lack of access to and knowledge of adaptation technologies, lack of financial resources and limited information on weather. Besides, lack of access to input markets, inadequate farm labour and smaller farm size were the other constraints. Further, on the basis of the grass-root elicitation a \textbackslash textasciigraveNeed-Based Adaptation' planning incorporating farmers' perceptions on climate change impacts, constraints in the adoption of adaptation strategies and plausible adaptation options were linked with the most suitable ongoing programmatic interventions of the Government of India. The study concluded that micro-level needs and constraints for various adaptation strategies and interventions should be an integral part of the programme development, implementation and evaluation in the entire developmental paradigm.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adaptation,Agriculture,Climate change,Mainstreaming,Micro-level perception}
}

@article{Singh2021,
  title = {Psychiatric {{Emergencies Following}} the 2008 {{Economic Recession}}: {{An Ecological Examination}} of {{Population-Level Responses}} in {{Four US States}}},
  author = {Singh, Parvati},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13--30},
  issn = {1091-4358},
  abstract = {Background: Research examining mental health outcomes following economic downturns finds both pro-cyclic and countercyclic associations. Pro-cyclic findings (i.e. economic downturns correspond with decline in illnesses) invoke increase in leisure time and risk-averse behavior as underlying drivers of reduction in harmful consumption during economic recessions. By contrast, counter-cyclic evidence (i.e. economic downturns correspond with increase in illnesses) suggests increase in mental illness with economic decline owing to heightened stress and loss of resources. particularly among certain age and socioeconomic groups. Aim of the Study: To examine the relation between monthly aggregate employment decline and psychiatric emergency department visits across 96 counties within 49 Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States. Methods: For this study, data on all psychiatric outpatient Emergency Department (ED) visits for 4 US states (Arizona, California, New Jersey and New York) were retrieved from the State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) and aggregated by county-month, for the time period of 2006 to 2011. Exposure to recession was operationalized as population-level employment change in a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). This information was obtained from MSA-level employment provided by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Brief exposure time lags of 0 to 3 months were specified to estimate proximate responses to MSA-level economic decline. Income level was approximated based on insurance status (private insurance= high-income, public insurance = low-income). Linear regression analysis was used to test whether monthly decline in aggregate employment in an MSA corresponds with (i) changes in population rates of psychiatric ED visits and (ii) whether the relation between the outcome and exposure varies by insurance status (private, public) and age group (children. age {$<$} 20 years; working-age adults, age 20 to 64 years; elderly adults, age {$>$} 64 years). Regression methods controlled for region. year and month fixed effects, and state-specific linear time trends. Results: Linear regression results indicate that overall, psychiatric ED visits (per 100,000 population) decline with decline in monthly employment at exposure lag 0 (coefficient: 0.54, p {$<$} 0.001) and lag 2 (coefficient: 0.52, p {$<$} 0.001). Privately insured (high-income) groups also show a decline in psychiatric ED visits following decline in aggregate employment. Conversely, publicly insured children show an increase in psychiatric ED visit rates one month (i.e. lag 1) following employment decline (coefficient: -0.35, p value {$<$} 0.01). Exploratory analyses by disorder groups show that the population-level decline in psychiatric ED visits concentrates among visits for alcohol use disorders at 0, 1 and 2 month lags of employment decline. Discussion: This study's findings provide evidence of pro- as well as counter-cyclic trends in psychiatric emergency visits following aggregate employment decline in an MSA. Whereas declines in psychiatric emergencies support a risk-averse response to economic recessions, these aggregate trends may mask countervailing trends among vulnerable groups. Limitations of this study include the absence of sex-specific analyses and lack of information on emergent or non-emergent nature of psychiatric ED visits. Implications for Health Care Provision and Use: Psychiatric ED visits during recessions may vary by age and income groups. Implications for Health Policies: Findings from this study may serve to develop targeted policies for low-income groups during macroeconomic downturns. Implications for Further Research: Future research may examine trends in emergent versus non-emergent psychiatric ED visits following economic recessions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Singh2021a,
  title = {Food Insecurity during {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: {{A}} Genuine Concern for People from Disadvantaged Community and Low-Income Families in {{Province}} 2 of {{Nepal}}},
  author = {Singh, Devendra Raj and Sunuwar, Dev Ram and Shah, Sunil Kumar and Sah, Lalita Kumari and Karki, Kshitij and Sah, Rajeeb Kumar},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {7},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0254954},
  abstract = {Background Food insecurity is a serious social and public health problem which is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic especially in resource-poor countries such as Nepal. However, there is a paucity of evidence at local levels. This study aims to explore food insecurity among people from the disadvantaged community and low-income families during the COVID-19 pandemic in Province-2 of Nepal. Methods The semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted virtually among purposively selected participants (n = 41) from both urban and rural areas in eight districts of Province 2 in Nepal. All the interviews were conducted in the local language between July and August 2020. The data analysis was performed using thematic network analysis in Nvivo 12 Pro software. Results The results of this study are grouped into four global themes: i) Impact of COVID-19 on food security; ii) Food insecurity and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, iii) Food relief and emergency support during the COVID-19 pandemic, and iv) Impact of COVID-19 and food insecurity on health and wellbeing. Most participants in the study expressed that families from low socioeconomic backgrounds and disadvantaged communities such as those working on daily wages and who rely on remittance had experienced increased food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants used different forms of coping strategies to meet their food requirements during the pandemic. Community members experienced favouritism, nepotism, and partiality from local politicians and authorities during the distribution of food relief. The food insecurity among low-income and disadvantaged families has affected their health and wellbeing making them increasingly vulnerable to the COVID-19 infection. Conclusion Food insecurity among low-income and disadvantaged families was found to be a serious problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study suggests that the relief support plan and policies should be focused on the implementation of immediate sustainable food security strategies to prevent hunger, malnutrition, and mental health problems among the most vulnerable groups in the community.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Singh2022,
  title = {Recommendations for the {{Design}} and {{Delivery}} of {{Transitions-Focused Digital Health Interventions}}: {{Rapid Review}}},
  author = {Singh, Hardeep and Tang, Terence and Gray, Carolyn Steele and Kokorelias, Kristina and Thombs, Rachel and Plett, Donna and Heffernan, Matthew and Jarach, Carlotta M. and Armas, Alana and Law, Susan and Cunningham V, Heather and Nie, Jason Xin and Ellen, Moriah E. and Thavorn, Kednapa and Nelson, Michelle L. A.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JMIR AGING},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  doi = {10.2196/35929},
  abstract = {Background: Older adults experience a high risk of adverse events during hospital-to-home transitions. Implementation barriers have prevented widespread clinical uptake of the various digital health technologies that aim to support hospital-to-home transitions. Objective: To guide the development of a digital health intervention to support transitions from hospital to home (the Digital Bridge intervention), the specific objectives of this review were to describe the various roles and functions of health care providers supporting hospital-to-home transitions for older adults, allowing future technologies to be more targeted to support their work; describe the types of digital health interventions used to facilitate the transition from hospital to home for older adults and elucidate how these interventions support the roles and functions of providers; describe the lessons learned from the design and implementation of these interventions; and identify opportunities to improve the fit between technology and provider functions within the Digital Bridge intervention and other transition-focused digital health interventions. Methods: This 2-phase rapid review involved a selective review of providers' roles and their functions during hospital-to-home transitions (phase 1) and a structured literature review on digital health interventions used to support older adults' hospital-to-home transitions (phase 2). During the analysis, the technology functions identified in phase 2 were linked to the provider roles and functions identified in phase 1. Results: In phase 1, various provider roles were identified that facilitated hospital-to-home transitions, including navigation-specific roles and the roles of nurses and physicians. The key transition functions performed by providers were related to the 3 categories of continuity of care (ie, informational, management, and relational continuity). Phase 2, included articles (n=142) that reported digital health interventions targeting various medical conditions or groups. Most digital health interventions supported management continuity (eg, follow-up, assessment, and monitoring of patients' status after hospital discharge), whereas informational and relational continuity were the least supported. The lessons learned from the interventions were categorized into technology- and research-related challenges and opportunities and informed several recommendations to guide the design of transition-focused digital health interventions. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for Digital Bridge and other digital health interventions to align the design and delivery of digital health interventions with provider functions, design and test interventions with older adults, and examine multilevel outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {out::title,review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SEXRAXGR/Singh et al_2022_Recommendations for the Design and Delivery of Transitions-Focused Digital.pdf}
}

@article{Sites2011,
  title = {What {{Do We Really Know About Racial Inequality}}? {{Labor Markets}}, {{Politics}}, and the {{Historical Basis}} of {{Black Economic Fortunes}}},
  author = {Sites, William and Parks, Virginia},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {40--73},
  issn = {0032-3292},
  doi = {10.1177/0032329210394998},
  abstract = {Racial earnings inequalities in the United States diminished significantly over the three decades following World War II, but since then have not changed very much. Meanwhile, black-white disparities in employment have become increasingly pronounced. What accounts for this historical pattern? Sociologists often understand the evolution of racial wage and employment inequality as the consequence of economic restructuring, resulting in narratives about black economic fortunes that emphasize changing skill demands related to the rise and fall of the industrial economy. Reviewing a large body of work by economic historians and other researchers, this article contends that the historical evidence is not consistent with manufacturing-and skills-centered explanations of changes in relative black earnings and employment. Instead, data from the 1940s onward suggest that racial earnings inequalities have been significantly influenced by political and institutional factors-social movements, government policies, unionization efforts, and public-employment patterns-and that racial employment disparities have increased over the course of the postwar and post-1970s periods for reasons that are not reducible to skills. Taking a broader historical view suggests that black economic fortunes have long been powerfully shaped by nonmarket factors and recenters research on racial discrimination as well as the political and institutional forces that influence labor markets.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Sivachithappa2013,
  title = {Impact of {{Micro Finance}} on {{Income Generation}} and {{Livelihood}} of {{Members}} of {{Self Help Groups}} - {{A Case Study}} of {{Mandya District}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Sivachithappa, K.},
  editor = {BinAbuBakar, {\relax MN}},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {PSU-USM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  series = {Procedia {{Social}} and {{Behavioral Sciences}}},
  volume = {91},
  issn = {1877-0428},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.421},
  abstract = {The traditional Indian society functioned mainly on the basis of self-help and mutual aid. However, in recent years, they have been emerging as a major strategy for the promotion of informal credit to the poor. Self-help groups are expected to make a significant contribution to poverty alleviation and empower the members in economic, social and political spheres. These programmes are also expected to become increasingly self-reliant and independent of donor funds. In rural India; there is substantial degree of feminization of poverty on account of an increase in the net population growth rate among the landless agricultural labour households (including SC/ST and other backward classes women), low level of human skills, lack of availability of wage employment opportunities and inadequacy of institutional support to create wage as well as self employment opportunities. This list includes economic factors responsible for feminization of poverty which are much stronger in operation and which function along with socio-cultural barriers and discrimination against women in economic participation. The objectives of the self-help groups are to promote strong and independent women groups who exert control over their own development and that of the community. The women would be equipped with managerial and technical skills through enhanced participation in economic activities. In this context, it is desirable to generate information and analyse to what extent these micro finance programmes have been able to reduce poverty and vulnerability by; increasing capital/asset formation at the household level, improving household and enterprise incomes, enhancing the capacity of individuals and households to manage risk, increasing enterprise activity within households, expanding employment opportunities for the poor in non-farm enterprises, empowering women and improving the accessibility of other financial services at the community level. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Micro Finance,SHGs and Livelihood Security},
  note = {PSU-USM International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, Hat Yai, THAILAND, OCT 03-04, 2011}
}

@article{Sizova2017,
  title = {{The Precariousness of Employment and Labor Incomes in Russia and Germany: Self-Perception of Wage Workers}},
  author = {Sizova, Irina and Leonova, Liudmila and Hense, Andrea},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY-EKONOMICHESKAYA SOTSIOLOGIYA},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {14--59},
  issn = {1726-3247},
  doi = {10.17323/1726-3247-2017-4-14-59},
  abstract = {The issue of social inequality has always been a focus of sociological knowledge. Meanwhile, extensive discussions about new forms of inequality and social participation were driven by changes in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. As a result, the topic of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprecarity\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has become more relevant in recent times. The reasons for this interest are the growing tensions in labor markets and problems of employment systems in various countries. The purpose of this article is to study the precarious opportunities for employees in the context of an analysis of their self-assessments of the risks of job losses and future labor incomes, as well as to compare this self-perception between those employed in Russia and Germany. The aim of the comparative analysis is the identification of social factors of the precarious employment in market economies, and to achieve an understanding of the degree of social inequality from the point of employment participation in Russia. The article starts with an examination of the theoretical foundations. These foundations are a modern interpretation of the sociological theory of the social structure of society, the development of resources, and actor theories. The model of the subjective perception of inequality A. Hense is under consideration. In the model, the conceptual provisions of methodological individualism of S. Lindenberg and P. Burdieu's methodological relativism are integrated. The data of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) and German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) were used for multivariate analysis. Determinants (production, legal, contextual) were studied using generalized ordered probit models with random effects. As a result, the authors conclude that the precariousness of employment and incomes in Russia captures a large proportion of wage earners and is fixed throughout the observation period. A higher level of education weakens anxiety, although in Russia it should be more significant than in Germany. Workers are a risk group in the self-perception of precarity, but the situation in Russia is changing if differentiated professional groups are evaluated. Working conditions depend on the system of social support for workers and on the social capital of workers (family support and the origin of the worker). The self-perception of precariousness among workers increases if the number of dependents is high. The size of the enterprise has a different impact on self-perception of the precariousness for workers in Russia and Germany. In Russia, women are most susceptible to the perception of precarity, whereas in Germany, such effects are not recorded. In general, the study shows that the reduction of inequality in the involvement of citizens in the labor market in the modern market economy is directly related to the proactive role of the state in the social protection of workers.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {employment,labor income,precarity,unemployment,wage worker,welfare state}
}

@article{Skolarus2016,
  title = {Mexican {{Americans}} Are {{Less Likely}} to {{Return}} to {{Work Following Stroke}}: {{Clinical}} and {{Policy Implications}}},
  author = {Skolarus, Lesli E. and Wing, Jeffrey J. and Morgenstern, Lewis B. and Brown, Devin L. and Lisabeth, Lynda D.},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF STROKE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES},
  volume = {25},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1851--1855},
  issn = {1052-3057},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.015},
  abstract = {Background: Greater poststroke disability and U.S. employment policies may disadvantage minority stroke survivors from returning to work. We explored ethnic differences in return to work among Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) working at the time of their stroke. Methods: Stroke patients were identified from the population-based BASIC (Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi) study from August 2011 to December 2013. Employment status was obtained at baseline and 90-day interviews. Sequential logistic regression models were built to assess ethnic differences in return to work after accounting for the following: (1) age ({$<$}65 versus {$>$}= 65); (2) sex; (3) 90-day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); and (4) education (lower than high school versus high school or higher). Results: Of the 729 MA and NHW stroke survivors who completed the baseline interview, 197 (27\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were working at the time of their stroke, of which 125 (63\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed the 90-day outcome interview. Forty-nine (40\textbackslash textbackslash\%) stroke survivors returned to work by 90 days. MAs were less likely to return to work (OR = .45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI .22-. 94) than NHWs. The ethnic difference became nonsignificant after adjusting for NIHSS (OR = .59, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI .24-1.44) and further attenuated after adjusting for education (OR = .85, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI .32-2.22). Conclusions: The majority of stroke survivors did not return to work within 90 days of their stroke. MA stroke survivors were less likely to return to work after stroke than NHW stroke survivors which was due to their greater neurological deficits and lower educational attainment compared with that of NHW stroke survivors. Future work should focus on clinical and policy efforts to reduce ethnic disparities in return to work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disparities,ethnicity,Stroke,survivorship}
}

@article{SLADKOVA1995,
  title = {{SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN-CAPITAL IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS}},
  author = {SLADKOVA, E},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {EKONOMICKY CASOPIS},
  volume = {43},
  number = {5},
  pages = {439--450},
  issn = {0013-3035},
  abstract = {The author of the paper analyzes human capital issues in two levels. From the theoretical point of view human capital is defined as the acquired knowledge, habits, motives and energy disposed of by people and applicable in production of goods and services during a certain period of time. The owner of human capital receives an adequate compensation in income. The second level of the analysis is that of an application character taking account of the problems of the transformation process. The use of human capital in the state economic policy is analyzed, the interconnection between education, employment and wages policy and the barriers arising in the transformation process are studied. Business activities as a special form of human capital are paid attention to. Modern business assumes that a successful application of high technologies depends not only upon the technical level, on the changes in organizational structures but also upon the change in the \textbackslash textasciigrave'spirit'' of business principles. That is the reason why the author analyzes the ethic business criteria that are actual for the nowaday economic transformation especially. In the conclusion of the paper the author points out the necessity of the close cooperation between state economic policy and the business strategy in finding a new position of a human being within the creation of market relationships that cannot remain just in the level of comparative advantages of a cheap labour force. Depreciation of human capital stock, undervaluation of human investments may have, from the longterm point of view, huge negative consequences upon the prosperity of the transforming economies.},
  langid = {czech}
}

@article{Slesnick1989,
  title = {The {{Measurement}} of {{Horizontal Inequality}}},
  author = {Slesnick, Daniel T.},
  year = {1989},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {71},
  number = {3},
  pages = {481},
  publisher = {{JSTOR}},
  doi = {10.2307/1926905},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ISNJDWTG/Slesnick_1989_The Measurement of Horizontal Inequality.pdf}
}

@article{Slezak2022,
  title = {Screening for Infectious Maternal Morbidity-Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions among Healthcare Providers and Managers in {{Malawi}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Slezak, Emilia and Unger, Holger and Gadama, Luis and McCauley, Mary},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-022-04583-5},
  abstract = {Background Maternal morbidity and mortality related to infection is an international public health concern, but detection and assessment is often difficult as part of routine maternity care in many low- and middle-income countries due to lack of easily accessible diagnostics. Front-line healthcare providers are key for the early identification and management of the unwell woman who may have infection. We sought to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the use of screening tools to detect infectious maternal morbidity during and after pregnancy as part of routine antenatal and postnatal care. Enabling factors, barriers, and potential management options for the use of early warning scores were explored. Methods Key informant interviews (n = 10) and two focus group discussions (n = 14) were conducted with healthcare providers and managers (total = 24) working in one large tertiary public hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Transcribed interviews were coded by topic and then grouped into categories. Thematic framework analysis was undertaken to identify emerging themes. Results Most healthcare providers are aware of the importance of the early detection of infection and would seek to better identify women with infection if resources were available to do so. In current practice, an early warning score was used in the high dependency unit only. Routine screening was not in place in the antenatal or postnatal departments. Barriers to implementing routine screening included lack of trained staff and time, lack of thermometers, and difficulties with the interpretation of the early warning scores. A locally adapted early warning screening tool was considered an enabler to implementing routine screening for infectious morbidity. Local ownership and clinical leadership were considered essential for successful and sustainable implementation for clinical change. Conclusions Although healthcare providers considered infection during and after pregnancy and childbirth a danger sign and significant morbidity, standardised screening for infectious maternal morbidity was not part of routine antenatal or postnatal care. The establishment of such a service requires the availability of free and easy to access rapid diagnostic testing, training in interpretation of results, as well as affordable targeted treatment. The implementation of early warning scores and processes developed in high-income countries need careful consideration and validation when applied to women accessing care in low resource settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antenatal care,Early warning scores,Healthcare providers,Infections,Maternal morbidity,Postnatal care,SARS-CoV-2}
}

@article{Sly2012,
  title = {Challenges to {{Replicating Evidence-Based Research}} in {{Real-World Settings}}: {{Training African-American}} Peers as {{Patient Navigators}} for {{Colon Cancer Screening}}},
  author = {Sly, Jamilia R. and Jandorf, Lina and Dhulkifl, Rayhana and Hall, Diana and Edwards, Tiffany and Goodman, Adam J. and Maysonet, Elithea and Azeez, Sulaiman},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {680--686},
  issn = {0885-8195},
  doi = {10.1007/s13187-012-0395-3},
  abstract = {Many cancer-prevention interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in diverse populations, but these evidenced-based findings slowly disseminate into practice. The current study describes the process of disseminating and replicating research (i.e., peer patient navigation for colonoscopy screening) in real-world settings. Two large metropolitan hospitals collaborated to replicate a peer patient navigation model within their existing navigation systems. Six African-American peer volunteers were recruited and trained to navigate patients through colonoscopy scheduling and completion. Major challenges included: (1) operating within multiple institutional settings; (2) operating within nonacademic/research infrastructures; (3) integrating into an established navigation system; (4) obtaining support of hospital staff without overburdening; and (5) competing priorities and time commitments. Bridging the gap between evidence-based research and practice is critical to eliminating many cancer health disparities; therefore, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners continue to work to achieve both diffusion and fusion of evidence-based findings. Recommendations for addressing these challenges are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {African-Americans,Colon cancer screening,Dissemination,Evidenced based,Peer patient navigation}
}

@article{Smeeding2016,
  title = {Addressing {{Child Poverty}}: {{How Does}} the {{United States Compare With Other Nations}}?},
  author = {Smeeding, Timothy and Thevenot, Celine},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ACADEMIC PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3, S},
  pages = {S67-S75},
  issn = {1876-2859},
  doi = {10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.011},
  abstract = {Poverty during childhood raises a number of policy challenges. The earliest years are critical in terms of future cognitive and emotional development and early health outcomes, and have long-lasting consequences on future health. In this article child poverty in the United States is compared with a set of other developed countries. To the surprise of few, results show that child poverty is high in the United States. But why is poverty so much higher in the United States than in other rich nations? Among child poverty drivers, household composition and parent's labor market participation matter a great deal. But these are not insurmountable problems. Many of these disadvantages can be overcome by appropriate public policies. For example, single mothers have a very high probability of poverty in the United States, but this is not the case in other countries where the provision of work support increases mothers' labor earnings and together with strong public cash support effectively reduces child poverty. In this article we focus on the role and design of public expenditure to understand the functioning of the different national systems and highlight ways for improvements to reduce child poverty in the United States. We compare relative child poverty in the United States with poverty in a set of selected countries. The takeaway is that the United States under invests in its children and their families and in so doing this leads to high child poverty and poor health and educational outcomes. If a nation like the United States wants to decrease poverty and improve health and life chances for poor children, it must support parental employment and incomes, and invest in children's futures as do other similar nations with less child poverty.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child poverty,cross-national,income supports,public expenditure,public services}
}

@article{Smith2014,
  title = {Targeting Educational Disadvantage by Area: Continuity and Change in Urban Areas in {{England}}, 1968-2014},
  author = {Smith, George and Smith, Teresa},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {OXFORD REVIEW OF EDUCATION},
  volume = {40},
  number = {6, SI},
  pages = {715--738},
  issn = {0305-4985},
  doi = {10.1080/03054985.2014.981436},
  abstract = {Focusing on data and policies from England, trends in educational disadvantage by area are traced from the late 1960s when the first pilot projects were established in the UK, to the present. The origins of these developments and the subsequent rises and falls of such area-based policies in England are reviewed. Specially collected data for the pilot areas from the 1960s and national data for England from 2000 are used to draw out some striking patterns of changes over the period. Though many of the areas remain highly disadvantaged, educational measures at age 16 and at entry to higher education (HE) indicate some important changes. Thus the settled, white working-class pilot area in the 1960s with just below average results had fallen back very substantially by 2013, particularly in entry to HE. By contrast the newly settled Asian immigrant area in Birmingham where educational performance was exceptionally poor in the 1960s had moved above average despite remaining highly disadvantaged. Analysis of the national results since 2000 using local area data showed that these trends were widespread across England. Disadvantaged \textbackslash textasciigravemulticultural urban areas' were doing markedly better than the disadvantaged white working-class urban areas, where in many cases traditional industries had closed. This was especially marked at entry to HE where multicultural areas had rates close to the national average of 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% while white working-class urban areas had rates of entry to HE of between 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the age group and this gap has widened rapidly in recent years. These trends are likely to be the source of major resentment, with one group finding itself increasingly excluded from higher level employment opportunities, and the other failing to find opportunities that match their expectations once they leave education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {area deprivation,area-based interventions,educational disadvantage,educational performance,educational policy,Educational Priority Areas}
}

@article{Smith2014a,
  title = {Virtual {{Reality Job Interview Training}} for {{Individuals With Psychiatric Disabilities}}},
  author = {Smith, Matthew J. and Ginger, Emily J. and Wright, Michael and Wright, Katherine and Humm, Laura Boteler and Olsen, Dale and Bell, Morris D. and Fleming, Michael F.},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE},
  volume = {202},
  number = {9},
  pages = {659--667},
  issn = {0022-3018},
  doi = {10.1097/NMD.0000000000000187},
  abstract = {Services are available to help support existing employment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities; however, there is a gap in services targeting job interview skills that can help obtain employment. We assessed the feasibility and efficacy of Virtual Reality Job Interview Training (VR-JIT) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to VR-JIT (n = 25) or treatment-as-usual (TAU) (n = 12) groups. VR-JIT consisted of 10 hours of simulated job interviews with a virtual character and didactic online training. The participants attended 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% of laboratory-based training sessions and found VR-JIT easy to use and felt prepared for future interviews. The VR-JIT group improved their job interview role-play performance (p {$<$}= 0.05) and self-confidence (p {$<$}= 0.05) between baseline and follow-up as compared with the TAU group. VR-JIT performance scores increased over time (R-2 = 0.65). VR-JIT demonstrated initial feasibility and efficacy at improving job interview skills and self-confidence. Future research may help clarify whether this intervention is efficacious in community-based settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {job interview skills,Psychiatric disability,virtual reality training,vocational training}
}

@article{Smith2020,
  title = {A Mixed Methods Randomised Feasibility Trial Investigating the Management of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury},
  author = {Smith, Rebecca M. and Marroney, Natalie and Beattie, Jenna and Newdick, Abby and Tahtis, Vassilios and Burgess, Caroline and Marsden, Jonathan and Seemungal, Barry M.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {PILOT AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s40814-020-00669-z},
  abstract = {BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of long-term disability in working age adults. Recent studies show that most acute TBI patients demonstrate vestibular features of dizziness and imbalance, often from combined peripheral and central vestibular dysfunction. Effective treatment for vestibular impairments post-TBI is important given its significant adverse impact upon quality of life and employment prospects. The most frequent peripheral vestibular disorder in acute TBI is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), affecting approximately half of acute cases. Although there is effective treatment for idiopathic BPPV, there are no high-quality clinical data for post-TBI BPPV regarding its prevalence, natural history, which treatment is most effective and when is the best time to treat. In particular, observational studies suggest post-TBI BPPV may be recurrent, indicating that hyperacute treatment of BPPV may be futile. Given the potential hurdles and the lack of accurate post-TBI BPPV data, the current study was designed to provide information regarding the feasibility and optimal design of future large-scale prospective treatment studies that would compare different interventions and their timing for post-TBI BPPV.MethodA multi-centre randomised mixed methods feasibility study design was employed. We aim to recruit approximately 75 acute TBI patients across a range of clinical severities, from three major trauma centres in London. Patients will be randomised to one of three treatment arms: (1) therapist-led manoeuvres, (2) patient-led exercises and (3) advice. Participants will be re-assessed by blinded outcome assessors at 4 and 12weeks. Acceptability of the intervention will be obtained by patient interviews at the end of their treatment and therapist interviews at the end of the study. Primary outcomes relate to feasibility parameters including recruitment and retention rates, adverse events and intervention fidelity. We will also aim to provide a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of BPPV in TBI cases on the trauma ward.DiscussionThe multi-centre nature of our feasibility study will inform the design of a future prospective treatment trial of BPPV in acute TBI. Important parameters we will obtain from this study, key for designing a future prospective treatment study, include estimating the prevalence of BPPV in TBI patients admitted to UK major trauma wards, and elucidating both patient and care-provider barriers in delivering BPPV treatment.Trial registrationISRCTN, ISRCTN91943864. Registered on 10 February 2020.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,Feasibility study,Rehabilitation,Traumatic brain injury}
}

@article{Smith2022,
  title = {Gender Equality in the 21st Century: {{Overcoming}} Barriers to Women's Leadership in Global Health},
  author = {Smith, Sonya G. and Sinkford, Jeanne C.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION},
  volume = {86},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1144--1173},
  issn = {0022-0337},
  doi = {10.1002/jdd.13059},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the significant role that women play in providing global health care, barriers encountered to achieving gender equality in global health leadership, and to propose key recommendations for advancing gender equality in global health decision-making through the integration of gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative leadership (GTL) approaches. Method Data were evaluated to determine the participation rate of women in global health care and social sector roles in comparison to men. Gender equality data from the United Nations, World Health Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Labour Organization, and other resources were analyzed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on gender equality with an emphasis on women in global health leadership positions, the health care and social sector, and gender equality measures for girls and women throughout the world. The literature was examined to identify persistent barriers to gender equality in global health leadership positions. Additionally, a review of the literature was conducted to identify key strategies and recommendations for achieving gender equality in global health decision-making; integrating gender mainstreaming; conducting gender-based analysis; and adopting GTL programs, incentives, and policies to advance gender equality in global health organizations. Findings Women represent 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the health and social care sector global workforce but only 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of senior global health leadership roles. Since 2018, there has been a lack of meaningful change in the gender equality policy arenas at global health organizations that has led to significant increases in women serving in global leadership decision-making senior positions. During the pandemic in 2020, there were nearly 100 open vacancies-one-quarter of CEO and board chair positions-at global health organizations, but none were filled by women. Women disproportionately provide caregiving and unpaid care work, and the pandemic has increased this burden with women spending 15 hours a week more on domestic labor than men. A lack of uniform, state-sponsored paid parental leave and support for childcare, eldercare, and caregiving, which is overwhelmingly assumed by women, serve as major barriers to gender parity in global health leadership and the career advancement of women. Conclusion The pandemic has adversely impacted women in global health care and social sector roles. During the pandemic, there has been a widening of the gender pay gap, a lack of gains for women in global health leadership positions, an increase in caregiving responsibilities for women, and more women and girls have been pushed back into extreme poverty than men and boys. Globally, there is still resistance to women serving in senior leadership roles, and social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, and restrictions on women's rights are deeply intertwined with barriers that reinforce gender inequality in global health leadership. To ensure comprehensive human rights and that equitable workforce opportunities are available, the concept of gender equality must be expanded within the global health community to consistently include not only women and girls and men and boys, but also persons who identify as nonbinary and gender nonconforming. Efforts to eliminate remnants of systemic and structural gender discrimination must also incorporate gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative approaches to achieve gender equality throughout global health systems and organizations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19 and women,gender equality,gender equity,gender inequality,gender mainstreaming,gender parity,gender transformative leadership,global health,healthcare workforce,women and leadership,women global leaders,women in global health,women in the health professions}
}

@article{Soenmez2011,
  title = {{{HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES FOR MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE UAE}}},
  author = {Soenmez, Sevil and Apostopoulos, Yorghos and Tran, Diane and Rentrope, Shantyana},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {17--35},
  issn = {1079-0969},
  abstract = {Systematic violations of migrant workers' human rights and striking health disparities among these populations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are the norm in member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Migrant laborers comprise about 90 percent of the UAE workforce and include approximately 500,000 construction workers and 450,000 domestic workers. Like many other GCC members countries, the UAE witnessed an unprecedented construction boom during the early 2000s, attracting large numbers of Western expatriates and increasing demand for cheap migrant labor. Elite Emiratis' and Western expatriates' dependence on household staff further promoted labor migration. This paper offers a summary of existing literature on migrant workers and human rights in the UAE, focusing on their impact on related health ramifications and disparities, with specific attention to construction workers, domestic workers, and trafficked women and children. Construction workers and domestic laborers are victims of debt bondage and face severe wage exploitation, and experience serious health and safety problems resulting from inhumane work and living conditions. High rates of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse impact the health of domestic workers. Through a review of available literature, including official reports, scientific papers, and media reports, the paper discusses the responsibility of employers, governments, and the global community in mitigating these problems and reveals the paucity of systematic data on the health of migrant workers in the Gulf.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sojkova2011,
  title = {{LABOUR MARKET DISTORTIONS VIA TAXATION SYSTEM OF NATURAL PERSON}},
  author = {Sojkova, Lenka},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {E \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& M EKONOMIE A MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {6--15},
  issn = {1212-3609},
  abstract = {Any preferential treatment of income of certain population groups at setting their share on state costs results in harmful disproportions in consequence. Valid taxing conditions of traders and self-employed persons for the last three years in the Czech Republic, lead to labour market distortions. This paper gives evidence of extreme differences in tax burden of various income groups of self-employed persons compared to wage and capital yield taxation. Remarkable disparities are apparent both at lower and medium-high incomes and at peak incomes exceeding CZK 10 million per year. Presented calculations and figures confirm that particularly freelance occupations, consulting services as well as other trading professions are groundlessly favoured. Their bearers can transmit real costs on their clients and yet they are eligible to apply lump sum expenses ranging from 40 \textbackslash textbackslash\% to 60 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of income. Thus, they reduce their taxable income as well as basis of assessment for obligatory payments into insurance system in this way. Unlike them, some traders and people in position of employees cannot use such an optimization from practical reasons. This systemic distortion constitutes a groundless differentiation in a share of different citizens on financing of state expenditures. In a broader sense, it might even contradict constitutional order of the Czech Republic. At least, this situation harms significantly a willingness of citizens to take a share in solidarity system of financing state operation and its social system voluntarily. Diverse tax burden imposes a pressure on the labour market or more precisely leads to crowding-out of wage earners out of the labour market into the sphere of so called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesvarzsystem\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (evasion of labour law provisions by a conclusion of a commercial-contractual relationship). Secondary, but fundamental result is a distortion of macroeconomic statistics that provide documentary evidence for labour market development.},
  langid = {czech}
}

@article{Sokhi2020,
  title = {Learning from Community Pharmacists' Initial Experiences of a Workplace-Based Training Program},
  author = {Sokhi, Jeremy and Desborough, James and Norris, Nigel and Wright, David John},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING AND LEARNING},
  volume = {12},
  number = {8},
  pages = {932--939},
  issn = {1877-1297},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cptl.2020.04.017},
  abstract = {Introduction: To prepare community pharmacists for the provision of clinical and patient-focused services, a novel postgraduate course for community pharmacists in the United Kingdom was developed. The program incorporated personal development planning against a personal development framework, workplace mentoring, employment of work-based assessment tools, activities that encouraged increased inter-professional working, reflection, and opportunities for peer support. Objectives were to identify course components that support development, describe the effect on practice, and explore the perceived advantages and disadvantages of this model of postgraduate education. Methods: Interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 15 community pharmacists after they had completed approximately one year of the three-year course. A topic guide covering approaches to learning, rationale for course selection, course experiences to date, and impact on practice was used. Interview recordings were thematically analyzed. Results: Two themes were identified. \textbackslash textasciigraveSupport for learning' describes the components of the course that provided support for learning, including opportunities to learn with and from others, workplace mentoring, and facilitated access to general practitioners. \textbackslash textasciigraveOutcomes of learning' encompasses how the course was a way of effecting change within existing roles and the increase in confidence and motivation to change practice. Conclusions: The model has merit in supporting community pharmacists to develop the confidence and competence required for extended clinical and patient-focused roles. While this model of learning seems to provide educational value, further research is required to determine whether the additional resources required to provide workplace mentoring, use work-based assessment tools, and encourage inter-professional working are justified.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community pharmacists,Postgraduate education,Work-based assessment,Workplace learning,Workplace mentoring}
}

@article{Solano2021,
  title = {Unveiling {{Women}}'s {{Roles}} and {{Inclusion}} in {{Mexican Small-Scale Fisheries}} ({{SSF}})},
  author = {Solano, Neyra and {Lopez-Ercilla}, Ines and {Fernandez-Rivera Melo}, Francisco J. and Torre, Jorge},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.617965},
  abstract = {The contributions of women to fisheries are often invisible, ignored, and unrecognized even though they represent 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global fisheries workforce, especially in pre- and post-production activities. Poor data systems lead to incorrect assumptions about the gender division of labor in fisheries. This causes the role of women in fisheries to be overlooked. To evaluate the contribution of women in the value chain, a participatory methodology was implemented in three small-scale, fisheries in Mexico: California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) fishery from the northern Mexican Pacific, penshell (Atrina maura) fishery from the Gulf of California, and Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery from the Mesoamerican Reef region. This study shows an unequal inclusion of men and women as members of the fishing cooperatives where only 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% are women in spiny lobster, red lobster, and penshell, respectively, and in the distribution of direct jobs (1 out of 6.7 jobs was held by a woman). These results indicate limited opportunities for women to access leadership positions. However, the participation percentages increased dramatically when we considered the fishery system (i.e., both direct and indirect jobs), with women accounting for 43\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the California spiny lobster, penshell, and Caribbean spiny lobster fishery workforce, respectively. Women represented 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the workforce in pre-production activities, 2\textbackslash textbackslash\% in production, 29\textbackslash textbackslash\% in post-production, and 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% in complementary to production. Women tended to participate in two or more activities at the same time, generally combining work, household, and community activities. The participation of women in fisheries could be equivalent to a second working day, and even when this effort is present in similarly in three fisheries, their contribution is yet to be acknowledged in order to incorporate women in decision-making. The analysis of the value chain and the fishery system provided a more realistic picture of the contribution of women to fisheries than an analysis focused solely on extraction. This work further analyzed the importance and degree of participation of women in fishing cooperatives and the decision-making process. Strategies to reduce gender disparity are needed to encourage inclusion of women in fisheries decision-making.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,fisheries value chain,fishery system,gender division of labor,gender equality,Mexico,small-scale fishery,women}
}

@article{Solheim2018,
  title = {Employment after {{Spinal Cord Injury}} in {{Norway}}: {{A Cross-Sectional Survey}}},
  author = {Solheim, Erling F. and Leiulfsrud, Annelie Schedin},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DISABILITY RESEARCH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {197+},
  issn = {1501-7419},
  doi = {10.16993/sjdr.322},
  abstract = {Two research questions are addressed: 1) What predicts employment among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Norway? 2) How do the employed compare with the non-employed in their job motivation, labour discrimination, quality of life, everyday coping, health and pain suffering? We use a cross-sectional survey from 2012. With a 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% response rate, 320 Norwegians aged 21-66 years with SCI participated. After injury, 69.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were employed, and 44.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% remained employed at the time of the interview. There was no gender difference in employment. Among men and women, age at onset of SCI, ability to continue working in the same organisation and education was associated with employment. For men paraplegia and vocational rehabilitation were also significant. Occupational class was non-significant among both men and women. Job motivation and work ability could have affected past employment, and both the employed and non-employed supported the statement that employers discriminate against wheelchair users.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Attitudes toward work,Employment,Norway,Quality of life,Spinal cord injury}
}

@article{Sotomayor2021,
  title = {Can the Minimum Wage Reduce Poverty and Inequality in the Developing World? {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Sotomayor, Orlando J.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {138},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182},
  abstract = {Even though there is growing social support for higher minimum wages as anti-poverty policy tools, very little is known about their effectiveness in reducing poverty or inequality in the developing world. Latin America's largest economy offers a fertile setting for shedding light on the issue, in being a large and data-rich country where frequent increases in the minimum wage can allow for direct estimation of influence on the distribution of income. Using a difference-in-difference estimator that takes advantage of substantial regional income variation and 21 increases in the Brazilian national wage floor, the study finds that within three months of these minimum wage hikes, poverty and inequality declined by 2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 2.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Influence waned over time, particularly with respect to bottom-sensitive distribution measures, a development that is consistent with resulting job loses that fell more heavily among poorer households. The fact that the following annual hike in the minimum wage led to a renewed decline in poverty and inequality, suggests that potential unemployment costs were again overwhelmed by benefits in the form of higher wages among working individuals. However, evidence also establishes an inelastic relationship between wage floor hikes and changes in the incidence of poverty, as well as diminishing returns to the strategy when the legal minimum is high relative to median earnings. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brazil,Developing areas,Inequality,Minimum wage,Poverty}
}

@article{SousaDeOliveira2022,
  title = {{PATRIARCHY AND TAXATION: the weight of taxes on the working mother}},
  author = {{Sousa de Oliveira}, Maria de Jesus and {Pereira de Araujo}, Joao Luiz},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {REVISTA DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE TAUBATE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2179-1120},
  doi = {10.32813/2179-1120.2022.v15.n1.a795},
  abstract = {The research aims to analyze, from the perspective of human rights, the impact of globalization on women socioeconomic condition in the labor market, especially the working mother. Women have entered the labor market in large numbers, in the last 25 years there was a greater participation, even so, they do not participate in equal employment opportunities or in equal wages with men. These wage inequalities and the penalty imposed by the labor market, added to the tax burden, directly affect working mothers, especially during the maternity period. Brazilian Constitution brings formal equality, aimed at all people, however, when it comes to social equality among workers, it is identified that women receive a lower salary than men. The investigation comprises a theoretical, bibliographical study based on a survey of specialized literature on the subject, available in articles in peer-reviewed journals and books, as well as in documental research carried out through a survey of Brazilian jurisprudence on the subject. The study concluded that gender inequality is a cruel reality in the contemporary world and permeates, including tax aspects, which greatly affects the social, family and professional context of women, in addition to changing as a vector of perpetuation of secular practices and sexist conceptions, endorsing the disparity in treatment between men and women.},
  langid = {portuguese}
}

@article{Sovilla2021,
  title = {{Job guarantee and wage policy to reduce poverty in Mexico}},
  author = {Sovilla, Bruno and Sanchez, Elmar Morales and Gomez Mendez, Karina Guadalupe},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO},
  volume = {88},
  number = {349},
  pages = {5--37},
  issn = {0041-3011},
  doi = {10.20430/ete.v88i349.1064},
  abstract = {Because the labor market in southwest Mexico is very different from that in the north, a given wage policy may affect the two markets quite differently. It is shown that the southwest's high level of labor informality will not only prevent a minimum-wage increase from addressing that region's high level of poverty effectively, but will actually worsen Mexico's unequal territorial distribution of income. Therefore, we maintain that, under the current conditions of the country's labor market, saying that the existing policy of increasing the minimum wage will reduce both poverty and inequality amounts to a contradictio in adiecto. Such a policy will continue to be self-contradictory until it considers implementing, as well, a job guarantee policy.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {job guarantee,Minimum wage,territorial inequality}
}

@article{Spagnolo2018,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Find What We Look for, and We Look for What We Know\textbackslash ensuremath'': Factors Interacting with a Mental Health Training Program to Influence Its Expected Outcomes in {{Tunisia}}},
  author = {Spagnolo, Jessica and Champagne, Francois and Leduc, Nicole and Melki, Wahid and Piat, Myra and Laporta, Marc and Bram, Nesrine and Guesmi, Imen and Charfi, Fatma},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-6261-4},
  abstract = {BackgroundPrimary care physicians (PCPs) working in mental health care in Tunisia often lack knowledge and skills needed to adequately address mental health-related issues. To address these lacunas, a training based on the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) was offered to PCPs working in the Greater Tunis area between February and April 2016. While the mhGAP-IG has been used extensively in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to help build non-specialists' mental health capacity, little research has focused on how contextual factors interact with the implemented training program to influence its expected outcomes. This paper's objective is to fill that lack.MethodsWe conducted a case study with a purposeful sample of 18 trained PCPs. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews between March and April 2016. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants identified more barriers than facilitators when describing contextual factors influencing the mhGAP-based training's expected outcomes. Barriers were regrouped into five categories: structural factors (e.g., policies, social context, local workforce development, and physical aspects of the environment), organizational factors (e.g., logistical issues for the provision of care and collaboration within and across healthcare organizations), provider factors (e.g., previous mental health experience and personal characteristics), patient factors (e.g., beliefs about the health system and healthcare professionals, and motivation to seek care), and innovation factors (e.g., training characteristics). These contextual factors interacted with the implemented training to influence knowledge about pharmacological treatments and symptoms of mental illness, confidence in providing treatment, negative beliefs about certain mental health conditions, and the understanding of the role of PCPs in mental health care delivery. In addition, post-training, participants still felt uncomfortable with certain aspects of treatment and the management of some mental health conditions.ConclusionsFindings highlight the complexity of implementing a mhGAP-based training given its interaction with contextual factors to influence the attainment of expected outcomes. Results may be used to tailor structural, organizational, provider, patient, and innovation factors prior to future implementations of the mhGAP-based training in Tunisia. Findings may also be used by decision-makers interested in implementing the mhGAP-IG training in other LMICs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Case study,Implementation,Mental health,mhGAP,Physicians,Primary care,Training,Tunisia}
}

@article{Speckesser2019,
  title = {Active Labour Market Policies for Young People and Youth Unemployment {{An}} Analysis Based on Aggregate Data},
  author = {Speckesser, Stefan Sonke and Carreras, Francisco Jose Gonzalez and Kirchner Sala, Laura},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
  volume = {40},
  number = {8, SI},
  pages = {1510--1534},
  issn = {0143-7720},
  doi = {10.1108/IJM-03-2018-0100},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative estimates on the impact of active labour market policy (ALMP) on youth unemployment in Europe based on a macroeconomic panel data set of youth unemployment, ALMP and education policy variables and further country-specific characteristics on labour market institutions and the broader demographic and macroeconomic environment for all EU-Member States. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow the design of an aggregate impact analysis, which aims to explain the impact of policy on macroeconomic variables like youth employment and unemployment (see Bellmann and Jackman, 1996). This follows the assumption that programmes, which are effective in terms of improving individual employment opportunities, are going to make a difference on the equilibrium of youth unemployment. Findings The findings show that both wage subsidies and job creation are reducing aggregate youth unemployment, which is in contrast to some of the surveys of microeconomic studies indicating that job creation schemes are not effective. This finding points towards the importance to assist young people making valuable work experience, which is a benefit from job creation, even if this experience is made outside regular employment and/or the commercial sector. Research limitations/implications - In terms of the variables to model public policy intervention in the youth labour market, only few indicators exist, which are consistently available for all EU-Member States, despite much more interest and research aiming to provide an exhaustive picture of the youth labour market in Europe. The only consistently available measures are spending on ALMP as a percentage of gross domestic product (in the different programmes) and participation stocks and entries by type of intervention. Practical implications - The different effects found for the 15-19 year olds, who seem to benefit from wage subsidies, compared to the effect of job creations benefitting the 20-24 year olds, might relate to the different barriers for both groups to find employment. Job creation programmes seem to offer this group an alternative mechanism to gain valuable work experience outside the commercial sector, which could help form a narrative of positive labour market experience. In this way, job creation should be looked more positively at when further developing ALMP provision, especially for young people relatively more distant to engagement in regular employment. Social implications Improving the situation of many millions of young Europeans failing to find gainful employment, and more generally suffering from deprivation and social exclusion, has been identified as a clear priority for policy both at the national level of EU-Member States and for EU-wide initiatives. With this study, the authors attempt to contribute to the debate about the effectiveness of policies which combat youth unemployment by estimating the quantitative relationship of ALMP and other institutional features and youth unemployment. Originality/value To research the relationship between youth unemployment and ALMP, the authors created a macroeconomic database with repeated observations for all EU-Member States for a time series (1998-2012). The authors include variables on country demographics and the state of the economy as well as variables describing the labour market regimes from Eurostat, i.e. the flexibility of the labour market (part-time work and fixed-term employment as a percentage of total employment) and the wage setting system (level and coordination of bargaining and government intervention in wage bargaining).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Europe,Labour market,Public policy,Youth}
}

@article{Sprague2023,
  title = {National {{Policies}} on {{Parental Leave}} and {{Breastfeeding Breaks}}: {{Racial}}, {{Ethnic}}, {{Gender}}, and {{Age Disparities}} in {{Access}} and {{Implications}} for {{Infant}} and {{Child Health}}},
  author = {Sprague, Aleta and Earle, Alison and Moreno, Gonzalo and Raub, Amy and Waisath, Willetta and Heymann, Jody},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS},
  issn = {0033-3549},
  doi = {10.1177/00333549231151661},
  abstract = {Objective: Parental leave and breastfeeding breaks influence the ability to initiate and continue breastfeeding. We investigated how eligibility criteria in the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Affordable Care Act (ACA) affect access to unpaid parental leave and breastfeeding breaks and assessed affordability and alternative policy models. Methods: We used family income data to assess the affordability of unpaid leave by race and ethnicity. We used 2017-2018 US Current Population Survey data to determine the percentage of private sector workers aged 18-44 years who met the minimum hour (1250 hours of work during a 12-month period), tenure (12 months), and firm size ({$>$}= 50 employees) requirements of FMLA and ACA. We analyzed eligibility by gender, race and ethnicity, and age. We also examined parental leave and breastfeeding break policies in 193 countries. Results: Most Latinx (66.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), Black (60.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and White (55.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) workers were ineligible and/or unlikely to be able to afford to take unpaid FMLA leave. Of 69 534 workers, more women (16.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than men (10.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) did not meet the minimum hour requirement. Minimum tenure excluded 23.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all workers and 42.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women aged 18-24 years. Minimum firm size excluded 30.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all workers and 37.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Latinx workers. Of 27 520 women, 28.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (including 32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Latina women) were excluded from ACA breastfeeding breaks because of firm size. Nearly all other countries guaranteed mothers paid leave regardless of firm size or minimum hours and guaranteed {$>$}= 6 months of paid leave or breastfeeding breaks. Conclusions: Adopting a comprehensive, inclusive paid parental leave policy and closing gaps in breastfeeding break legislation would remove work-related barriers to breastfeeding; reduce racial, ethnic, and gender inequities; and align US national policies with global norms.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sprong2019,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Disability}} in the {{Hiring Process}}: {{Does Knowledge}} of the {{Americans}} with {{Disabilities Act Matter}}?},
  author = {Sprong, Matthew E. and Iwanaga, Kanako and Mikolajczyk, Emili and Cerrito, Brianna and Buono, Frank D.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION},
  volume = {85},
  number = {4},
  pages = {42--49},
  issn = {0022-4154},
  abstract = {Participation in competitive employment and other meaningful work activities is considered a fundamental human right and crucial to the health and well-being of people with and without disabilities. Approximately less than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the persons with a disability aged 16 to 64 were employed in 2017, which is a striking disparity given that 73.5 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of people in this age group without disabilities were employed. Several 2 x 2 Factorial Designs were used to determine how a job applicant's disability status (disability disclosed, disability not disclosed) and gender (female, male) impacted how Human Resource Managers' (N = 392) evaluated the job applicant in three areas, including (a) how likely are they to hire this job applicant, (b) how qualified do they view this job applicant, and (c) what would they recommend as a starting salary if the applicant was hired. Furthermore, there was an interest in investigating how knowledge of Title 1 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) influenced the Human Resource Managers' hiring-related decisions. Findings revealed that the starting salary was significantly lower for the applicant with a disability. Knowledge of the ADA did not control for any hiring-related decisions. Discussion and implications are provided.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Americans with Disability Act (ADA),Discrimination,Employment,Labor Force Participation,People with Disabilities}
}

@article{Sprong2023,
  title = {Disparities in Program Enrollment and Employment Outcomes for Veterans with Psychiatric and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders Referred or Enrolled for {{VHA}} Vocational Rehabilitation},
  author = {Sprong, Matthew E. and Hollender, Heaven and Lee, Yu-Sheng and Williams, Lee Ann Rawlins and Sneed, Zach and Garakani, Amir and Buono, Frank D.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1664-0640},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200450},
  abstract = {IntroductionThe purpose of the study was to investigate factors that influence vocational rehabilitation program enrollment and employment at discharge of veterans with psychiatric and co-occurring alcohol and other substance use disorders enrolled at a veteran health administration (VHA) medical center. MethodsA sample of 2,550 veteran patients referred for VHA vocational rehabilitation between 2016 and 2021 were examined for the current study. The current study was classified as quality improvement/assurance, thus resulting in exempt research by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Institutional Review Board. ResultsVeterans with active alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and co-occurring depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, or bipolar disorders were less likely to be enrolled for vocational rehabilitation program services compared to those without these co-occurring diagnoses. Veterans with AUD (active \textbackslash textbackslash\& in-remission status combined into one category) and a diagnosis of anxiety were less likely to be employed at discharge compared to veterans with AUDs and no anxiety diagnosis (anxiety diagnosis - 3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. no anxiety diagnosis - 5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). DiscussionVHA vocational rehabilitation can be an effective intervention to assist veterans in reintegrating back into the community. Yet, there appears to be some disparities in the program enrollment and employment at discharge, depending on the nature of the psychiatric diagnosis. Investigating the factors contributing (mediating or moderating) to these discrepancies are needed. Although it appears access is not the issue in being referred for vocational rehabilitation services, other factors are likely contributing to program entry.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Staab2011,
  title = {Putting {{Two}} and {{Two Together}}? {{Early Childhood Education}}, {{Mothers}}' {{Employment}} and {{Care Service Expansion}} in {{Chile}} and {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Staab, Silke and Gerhard, Roberto},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {1079--1107},
  issn = {0012-155X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01720.x},
  abstract = {In recent years, several middle-income countries, including Chile, Mexico and Uruguay, have increased the availability of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services. These developments have received little scholarly attention so far, resulting in the (surely unintended) impression that Latin American social policy is tied to a familialist track, when in reality national and regional trends are more varied and complex. This article looks at recent efforts to expand ECEC services in Chile and Mexico. In spite of similar concerns over low female labour force participation and child welfare, the approaches of the two countries to service expansion have differed significantly. While the Mexican programme aims to kick-start and subsidize home-and community-based care provision, with a training component for childminders, the Chilean programme emphasizes the expansion of professional ECEC services provided in public institutions. By comparing the two programmes, this article shows that differences in policy design have important implications in terms of the opportunities the programmes are able to create for women and children from low-income families, and in terms of the programmes' impacts on gender and class inequalities. It also ventures some hypotheses about why the two countries may have chosen such different routes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Stahl2018,
  title = {Convergence or {{Divergence}}? {{Educational Discrepancies}} in {{Work-Care Arrangements}} of {{Mothers}} with {{Young Children}} in {{Germany}}},
  author = {Stahl, Juliane Frederike and Schober, Pia Sophia},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {629--649},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/0950017017692503},
  abstract = {This study examines how educational differences in work-care patterns among mothers with young children in Germany changed between 1997 and 2013. Since the mid-2000s, Germany has undergone a paradigm shift in parental leave and childcare policies. Our comparative analysis of East and West Germany provides new evidence on whether the long-standing gender regime differences interact with recent developments of social class inequalities in the changing family policy context. The analyses include pooled binary and multinomial logistic regressions based on 17,764 observations of 8604 children below the age of three years from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The findings point to growing educational divergence in work-care arrangements in East and West Germany: employment and day-care use increased more strongly among families with medium and highly educated mothers compared to those with low education. This has critical implications for the latter's economic security. The decline in the use of informal childcare options was, however, fairly homogenous.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childcare,early childhood,educational inequality,familialism,family policy,Germany,maternal employment,time trends}
}

@article{Staines2022,
  title = {Work and Wellbeing in Remote {{Australia}}: {{Moving}} beyond Punitive \textbackslash textasciigraveworkfare'},
  author = {Staines, Zoe},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY},
  issn = {1440-7833},
  doi = {10.1177/14407833221114669},
  abstract = {Australia's remote-focused \textbackslash textasciigraveworkfare' program (Community Development Program, CDP) has produced overwhelmingly negative impacts, most of which have been borne by its similar to 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants. The Australian government has announced that CDP will end in 2023, though a replacement policy/program is not yet decided. Here, I bring three public proposals for replacement policies (wage subsidy, Job Guarantee, Liveable Income Guarantee) into conversation with one another, and compare these to the possibilities offered by a basic income. Drawing on documentary evidence, I discuss potential advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives, asking whether they might improve wellbeing and alleviate the harms experienced under CDP-style workfare.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {basic income,Job Guarantee,Liveable Income Guarantee,wage subsidy,wellbeing,workfare}
}

@article{Stam2013,
  title = {The Relationship between Hearing Status and the Participation in Different Categories of Work: {{Demographics}}},
  author = {Stam, M. and Kostense, P. J. and Festen, J. M. and Kramer, S. E.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {46},
  number = {2},
  pages = {207--219},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-131747},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between hearing status, socioeconomic status and work status. PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional data of 18 64 year old participants (N = 1888) from the National Longitudinal Study on Hearing (NL-SH) were used. Both normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects participated. METHODS: Hearing ability in noise was measured with the National Hearing test, an online speech-in-noise test. Educational level, monthly income, being primary income earner and working status (i.e., paid employment, unemployed and looking for work, unfit for work, voluntary work, household work, being a student, or taking early retirement, and the type of work contract) were assessed with a questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: Participants with poorer hearing ability were less likely to be found in the upper categories of educational level and income, having paid work {$>$} 12 hours per week, being a student, or taking early retirement. On the other hand they were more likely to look for work or to be unfit for work. No associations were found with voluntary work and household work. DISCUSSION: Hearing ability seems to be related to both socioeconomic status and being employed. Our findings underline the importance of rehabilitation programs in audiology, aimed at supporting people with hearing impairment to help them to successfully enter or re-enter the workforce.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {(un)employed,Hearing impairment,household work,socioeconomic status,voluntary work}
}

@article{Standal2016,
  title = {Empowerment {{Through Energy}}? {{Impact}} of {{Electricity}} on {{Care Work Practices}} and {{Gender Relations}}},
  author = {Standal, Karina and Winther, Tanja},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {27--45},
  issn = {0803-9410},
  doi = {10.1080/08039410.2015.1134642},
  abstract = {Electricity provides a range of desirable services such as the electric light and the use of mobile phones and is regarded as a conditional factor for economic growth. Gender equality and women's empowerment are also promoted as a key to development on the international agenda. However, relatively little is known about how the advent of electricity in new contexts affects gender relations. The present analysis of electricity's impact on gender relations engages with the concepts of care work and empowerment. Based on two ethnographic case studies in rural communities in Uttar Pradesh, India, and Bamiyan, Afghanistan, we examine how and to what extent the introduction of electricity affected women's care work practices and empowerment - and potentially transformed gender relations. We also draw on our own empirical material from other parts of India (West Bengal and Jharkhand). We find that electricity affected everyday life in terms of providing important resources and enhancing women's opportunities to perform their expected role as care workers more efficiently and in a qualitatively better way. The women appreciated this positive effect of electricity in their everyday lives. However, we argue that in India, electricity at the same time reinforced structures of gender inequality such as patriarchy and dowry practices, and we trace this tendency to the conceptualisation of women as care workers in combination with conventional, gender \textbackslash textasciigraveneutral' electricity interventions. In contrast, there are signs that women's status increased in the Afghanistan case, which we link to the unusual inclusion of women engineers in the electricity supply.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Afghanistan,care work,electricity,empowerment,gender relations,India}
}

@article{Stang1998,
  title = {Reduced Labor Force Participation among Primary Care Patients with Headache},
  author = {Stang, P and Von Korff, M and Galer, {\relax BS}},
  year = {1998},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {296--302},
  issn = {0884-8734},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00094.x},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term impact of headache on labor force participation among primary care patients with headache. DESIGN: A 2-year cohort study comparing employment status of primary care patients with headache and that of patients with back pain. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with headache (n = 662) or back gain (n = 1,024) sampled from persons visiting a primary care physician who completed baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up interviews. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentage of subjects unemployed at baseline, I year or 2 years was determined, excluding the retired and homemakers. Among all patients, the percentage unable to obtain or keep full-time work in the year prior to each interview because of headache or back pain was also assessed. Over the 3-year period covered by the study interviews, 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of headache and 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of back pain patients were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of their pain condition. Among those in the labor farce, 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of headache patients and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of back pain patients were unemployed for any reason at one or more interviews. Among the one in five headache patients with a poor long-term outcome, 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of;headache at same time compared with 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of headache patients with a good outcome. Among headache patients, women, persons aged 18 to 24 years, those with lower levels of education, persons with depressive symptoms, and migraineurs were more likely to have reduced labor force participation owing to headache, CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of reduced labor force participation among primary care patients with headache was considerable and concentrated among the one in five patients with a poor long-term outcome. Headache patients at a social disadvantage in attaining occupational role stability (e.g., younger women or poorly educated patients) were more likely to report reduced labor force participation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {back pain,epidemiology,headache,migraine,outcomes,unemployment}
}

@article{Stapelfeldt2015,
  title = {Municipal Return to Work Management in Cancer Survivors Undergoing Cancer Treatment: A Protocol on a Controlled Intervention Study},
  author = {Stapelfeldt, Christina M. and Labriola, Merete and Jensen, Anders Bonde and Andersen, Niels Trolle and Momsen, Anne-Mette H. and Nielsen, Claus Vinther},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {15},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-2062-1},
  abstract = {Background: Cancer survivors are often left on their own to deal with the challenges of resuming work during or after cancer treatment, mainly due to unclear agreements between stakeholders responsible for occupational rehabilitation. Social inequality exists in cancer risk, survival probability and continues with regard to the chance of being able to return to work. The aim is to apply an early, individually tailored occupational rehabilitation intervention to cancer survivors in two municipalities parallel with cancer treatment focusing on enhancing readiness for return to work. Methods/Design: In a controlled trial municipal job consultants use acceptance and commitment therapy dialogue and individual-placement-and-support-inspired tools with cancer survivors to engage them in behaviour changes toward readiness for return to work. The workplace is involved in the return to work process. Patients referred to surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy at the Oncology Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark for the diagnoses; breast, colon-rectal, head and neck, thyroid gland, testicular, ovarian or cervix cancer are eligible for the study. Patients must be residents in the municipalities of Silkeborg or Randers, 18-60 years of age and have a permanent or temporary employment (with at least 6 months left of their contract) at inclusion. Patients, for whom the treating physician considers occupational rehabilitation to be unethical, or who are not reading or talking Danish are excluded. The control group has identical inclusion and exclusion criteria except for municipality of residence. Return to work is the primary outcome and is indentified in a social transfer payment register. Effect is assessed as relative cumulative incidences within 52 weeks and will be analysed in generalised linear regression models using the pseudo values method. As a secondary outcome; co-morbidity and socio-economic status is analysed as effect modifiers of the intervention effect on return to work. Discussion: The innovative element of this intervention is the timing of the occupational rehabilitation which is much earlier initiated than usual and the active involvement of the workplace. We anticipate that vulnerable cancer survivors will benefit from this approach and reduce the effects of social inequality on workability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Acceptance and commitment therapy,Cancer survivor,Controlled trial,Individual placement and support,Intervention,Occupational rehabilitation,Readiness for return to work,Social inequality,Workplace}
}

@article{Steinke2018,
  title = {An Examination of Advanced Practice Nurses' Job Satisfaction Internationally},
  author = {Steinke, M. K. and Rogers, M. and Lehwaldt, D. and Lamarche, K.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW},
  volume = {65},
  number = {2},
  pages = {162--172},
  issn = {0020-8132},
  doi = {10.1111/inr.12389},
  abstract = {AimTo examine the level of job satisfaction of nurse practitioners/advanced practice nurses in developing and developed countries. BackgroundThe nurse practitioner/advanced practice nurse has the advanced, complex skills and experience to play an important role in providing equitable health care across all nations. IntroductionKey factors that contribute to health disparities include lack of access to global health human resources, the right skill mix of healthcare providers and the satisfaction and retention of quality workers. MethodsThe study utilized a descriptive analysis and cross-sectional survey methodology with quantitative and qualitative sections of 1419 job satisfaction survey respondents from an online survey. ResultsAge, number of hours worked in a week and length of time that nurse practitioners/advanced practice nurses worked in their current jobs were statistically significant in job satisfaction. A key barrier was the lack of respect from supervisors and physicians. DiscussionIt was clear from the number of comments in the qualitative section of the survey that having a wide scope of practice is rewarding and challenging to the nurse practitioner and advanced practice nurse. Conclusion and implications for health policyThe challenges to transform healthcare gaps of access into a better distribution of health care in all countries would constitute a systematic change in policy including providing education and training for doctors and nurses that will match the skills needed in the workplace; emphasizing the right skill mix for the healthcare team; supporting advanced practice nurses in the workplace; and utilizing all healthcare providers to the fullest extent of their abilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Advanced Practice Nurse,Barriers to Job Satisfaction,Developed and Developing Countries,Facilitators of Job Satisfaction,Health Care,Mixed-Method Design,Nurse Practitioner}
}

@article{Steinman2020,
  title = {Can {{mHealth}} and {{eHealth}} Improve Management of Diabetes and Hypertension in a Hard-to-Reach Population? -Lessons Learned from a Process Evaluation of Digital Health to Support a Peer Educator Model in {{Cambodia}} Using the {{RE-AIM}} Framework Br},
  author = {Steinman, Lesley and {van Pelt}, Maurits and Hen, Heang and Chhorvann, Chhea and Lan, Channe Suy and Te, Vannarath and LoGerfo, James and Fitzpatrick, Annette L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {MHEALTH},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  doi = {10.21037/mhealth-19-249},
  abstract = {Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) where NCDs cause 4:5 deaths, disproportionately affect poorer populations, and carry a large economic burden. Digital interventions can improve NCD management for these hard-to-reach populations with inadequate health systems and high cell-phone coverage; however, there is limited research on whether digital health is reaching this potential. We conducted a process evaluation to understand challenges and successes from a digital health intervention trial to support Cambodians living with NCDs in a peer educator (PE) program. Methods: MoPoTsyo, a Cambodian non-governmental organization (NGO), trains people living with diabetes and/or hypertension as PEs to provide self-management education, support, and healthcare linkages for better care management among underserved populations. We partnered with MoPoTsyo and InSTEDD in 2016-2018 to test tailored and targeted mHealth mobile voice messages and eHealth tablets to facilitate NCD management and clinical-community linkages. This cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) engaged 3,948 people and 75 PEs across rural and urban areas. Our mixed methods process evaluation was guided by RE-AIM to understand impact and real-world implications of digital health. Data included patient (20) and PE interviews (6), meeting notes, and administrative datasets. We triangulated and analyzed data using thematic analysis, and descriptive and complier average causal effects statistics (CACE). Results: Reach: intervention participants were more urban (66\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 44\textbackslash textbackslash\%), had more PE visits (39 vs. 29), and lower uncontrolled hypertension \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace12\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)]. Adoption: patients were sent mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracestandard deviation (SD)] 30 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace14] and received 14 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace8] messages; 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% received no messages due to frequent phone number changes. Effectiveness: CACE found clinically but not statistically significant improvements in blood pressure and sugar for mHealth participants who received at least one message vs. no messages. Implementation: main barriers were limited cellular access and that mHealth/eHealth could not solve structural barriers to NCD control faced by people in poverty. Maintenance: had the intervention been universally effective, it could be paid for from additional revolving drug fund revenue, new agreements with mobile networks, or the government. Conclusions: Evidence for digital health to improve NCD outcomes in LMICs are limited. This study suggests digital health alone is insufficient in countries with low resource health systems and that high cell phone coverage did not translate to access. Adding digital health to an NCD peer network may not significantly benefit an already effective program; mHealth may be better for hard-to-reach populations not connected to other supports. As long as mHealth remains an individual-level intervention, it will not address social determinants of health that drive outcomes. Future digital health research and practice to improve NCD management in LMICs requires engaging government, NGOs, and technology providers to work together to address barriers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cambodia,Diabetes,hypertension,implementation science,mHealth}
}

@article{Stellefson2022,
  title = {Role of {{Socioeconomic Factors}} on {{Physical}} and {{Mental Distress Reported}} by {{Alabama Adults}} with {{COPD}}},
  author = {Stellefson, Michael and Ford, Cassandra D. and Wang, Min Qi and Cline, Isabella and Kinder, Caitlin},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL},
  volume = {115},
  number = {6},
  pages = {374--380},
  issn = {0038-4348},
  doi = {10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001407},
  abstract = {Objectives Educational attainment, income, and race play significant roles in managing and treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of these socioeconomic factors and others on the physical and mental distress reported by patients with COPD living in Alabama. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was completed of Alabama Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2015-2019 data collected from 4123 respondents who reported that a health professional told them they had COPD, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Univariate analyses examined descriptive differences in physical and mental distress among racial groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess physical and mental distress as a function of race and demographic variables (age, sex, employment status, household income, education level), controlling for dichotomous healthcare access variables (enrollment in a health insurance plan, having a usual source of care, routine check-up in the past 2 years). Results Most Alabama adults with COPD from 2015 to 2019 were female (64\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and older than 45 years (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Annual incomes were low, with {$>$}40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents (43.84\textbackslash textbackslash\%) earning {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20,000/year; adults making between \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000 and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar49,999 were less likely (odds ratio 0.60, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.38-0.96) to experience mental distress. Younger Alabama adults with COPD (25-64 years) were approximately two times more likely than respondents ages 65 and older to report mental distress. African Americans were less likely to report physical distress as compared with Whites (odds ratio 0.61, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.44-0.83). Alabama adults who could not work were more likely than those with COPD who were employed/self-employed, out of work, retired, or identified as homemakers to report physical distress. Conclusions Public health and healthcare practitioners across Alabama should use these analyses to direct more targeted, high-yield interventions that will address existing health disparities among state residents living with COPD.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COPD,income,mental distress,physical distress,race}
}

@article{Stepanenko2021,
  title = {Gender Issue in Modern Education: {{Theory}} and Practice},
  author = {Stepanenko, Olena and Tarasenko, Kostiantyn and Karakoz, Olena and Dolbenko, Tetiana and Markevych, Larysa},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES},
  volume = {8},
  number = {11},
  pages = {87--95},
  issn = {2313-626X},
  doi = {10.21833/ijaas.2021.11.012},
  abstract = {So far, gender inequality in education has been considered in the context of inequality in women's access to technical specialties, the impact of education on the fertility rate and wages of women, the impact of religious, cultural, social-economic values on women's education level. However, this concept does little to explain the gender imbalance and low quality of human capital in an environment where women have the opportunity to be educated in any field of knowledge through a feminization in the European countries. The research methodology is based on the correlation analysis of indicators of gender equality in education in Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine for 1991-2018. The purpose of the study is to identify the trends and dynamics of gender changes in education, the level of gender inequality and establish the causes and effects of gender asymmetry in some European countries. To evaluate gender equality in education, we used the Gender Parity Index. The results of correlation analysis prove the presence of a direct connection between the level of fertility and the Gender Parity Index in the field of primary and higher education, while in the field of secondary education reverse. Such tendencies are inherent in almost all countries of Europe. The analysis of indicators characterizing the level of education of women within the Eurozone countries shows the decisive role of the structure of the economy and the needs of the labor market in specialists with digital skills and mental abilities. The structure of the economy and the efficiency of various sectors ensure the reduction of gender inequality in education, contributing to overall economic growth and GDP per capita. Political institutions and national policies indirectly influence gender inequality in education by regulating the development of sectors of the economy with different levels of female employment. The proposed paradigm of gender inequality is based on the crucial role of skills, competencies, and abilities regardless of gender. The gender imbalance has been overcome in countries with a high level of women's competence. Competence is a new paradigm in overcoming gender inequality. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by IASE.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender imbalance,Gender inequality,Gender parity index,Paradigm of competence,Paradigm of gender inequality}
}

@article{Steurer2017,
  title = {Maternity {{Leave Length}} and {{Workplace Policies}}' {{Impact}} on the {{Sustainment}} of {{Breastfeeding}}: {{Global Perspectives}}},
  author = {Steurer, Lisa M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {286--294},
  issn = {0737-1209},
  doi = {10.1111/phn.12321},
  abstract = {BackgroundBreastfeeding is a global initiative of the World Health Organization and the U.S. domestic health agenda, Healthy People 2020; both recommend exclusive breastfeeding, defined as providing breast milk only via breast or bottle, through the first 6months of an infant's life. Previous literature has shown the correlation between socioeconomic status and breastfeeding, with higher maternal education and income as predictors of sustained breastfeeding. This same population of women is more likely to be employed outside the home. MethodsPubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched using inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify the effect of maternity leave length and workplace policies on the sustainment of breastfeeding for employed mothers. ResultsCommon facilitators to sustainment of breastfeeding included longer length of maternity leave as well as adequate time and space for the pumping of breast milk once the mother returned to the workplace. Barriers included inconsistency in policy and the lack of enforcement of policies in different countries. ConclusionsThere is a lack of consistency globally on maternity leave length and workplace policy as determinants of sustained breastfeeding for employed mothers. A consistent approach is needed to achieve the goal of exclusive breastfeeding for infants.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {breast feeding,parental leave,policy,workplace}
}

@article{Stevens2021,
  title = {Race and {{Insurance Status Association With Receiving Orthopedic Surgeon-Prescribed Foot Orthoses}}},
  author = {Stevens, Trenton T. and Hartline, Jacob T. and Ojo, Oluwatosin and Grear, Benjamin J. and Richardson, David R. and Murphy, G. Andrew and Bettin, Clayton C.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {FOOT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ANKLE INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {42},
  number = {7},
  pages = {894--901},
  issn = {1071-1007},
  doi = {10.1177/1071100721990343},
  abstract = {Background: This study looked at the effect of patient demographics, insurance status, education, and patient opinion on whether various orthotic footwear prescribed for a variety of diagnoses were received by the patient. The study also assessed the effect of the orthoses on relief of symptoms. Methods: Chart review documented patient demographics, diagnoses, and medical comorbidities. Eligible patients completed a survey either while in the clinic or by phone after their clinic visit. Results: Of the 382 patients prescribed orthoses, 235 (61.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) received their orthoses; 186 (48.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) filled out the survey. Race and whether or not the patient received the orthosis were found to be significant predictors of survey completion. Race, type of insurance, and amount of orthotic cost covered by insurance were significant predictors of whether or not patients received their prescribed orthoses. Type of orthosis, diabetes as a comorbidity, education, income, sex, and diagnosis were not significant predictors of whether the patient received the orthosis. Qualitative results from the survey revealed that among those receiving their orthoses, 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% experienced improvement in symptoms: 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt completely relieved, 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt better, 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt no different, and 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt worse. Conclusion: We found that white patients had almost 3 times the odds of receiving prescribed orthoses as black patients, even after controlling for type of insurance, suggesting race to be the primary driver of discrepancies, raising the question of what can be done to address these inequalities. While large, systematic change will be necessary, some strategies can be employed by those working directly in patient care, such as informing primary care practices of their ability to see patients with limited insurance, limiting blanket refusal policies for government insurance, and educating office staff on how to efficiently work with Medicare and Medicaid.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality,insurance status,race}
}

@article{Stewart2015,
  title = {An Estimate of Hernia Prevalence in {{Nepal}} from a Countrywide Community Survey},
  author = {Stewart, Barclay T. and Pathak, John and Gupta, Shailvi and Shrestha, Sunil and Groen, Reinou S. and Nwomeh, Benedict C. and Kushner, Adam L. and McIntyre, Thomas},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {111--114},
  issn = {1743-9191},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.12.003},
  abstract = {Background: Herniorrhaphy is one of the most frequently performed general surgical operations worldwide. However, most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are unable to provide this essential surgery to the general public, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, barriers to care and disability of untreated hernias in Nepal. Methods: Nepal is a low-income country in South Asia with rugged terrain, infrastructure deficiencies and a severely under-resourced healthcare system resulting in substantial unmet surgical need. A cluster randomized, cross-sectional household survey was performed using the validated Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical (SOSAS) tool. Fifteen randomized clusters consisting of 30 households with two randomly selected respondents each were sampled to estimate surgical need. The prevalence of and disability from groin hernias and barriers to herniorrhaphy were assessed. Results: The survey sampled 1350 households, totaling 2695 individuals (97\textbackslash textbackslash\% response rate). There were 1434 males (53\textbackslash textbackslash\%) with 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% having a mass or swelling in the groin at time of survey (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.8-4.0). The age-standardized rate for inguinal hernias in men ranged from 1144 per 100,000 persons between age 5 and 49 years and 2941 per 100,000 persons age {$>$}= 50 years. Extrapolating nationally, there are nearly 310,000 individuals with groin masses and 66,000 males with soft/reducible groin masses in need of evaluation in Nepal. Twenty-nine respondents were not able to have surgery due to lack of surgical services (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%), fear or mistrust of the surgical system (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and inability to afford care (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Twenty percent were unable to work as previous or perform self-care due to their hernia. Conclusions: Despite the lower than expected prevalence of inguinal hernias, hundreds of thousands of people in Nepal are currently in need of surgical evaluation. Given that essential surgery is a necessary component in health systems, the prevalence of inguinal hernias and the cost-effectiveness of herniorrhaphy, this disease is an important target for LMICs planning surgical capacity improvements. (C) 2014 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community assessment,Hernia,Low-income,Nepal,Surgical capacity}
}

@article{Stienstra2019,
  title = {Disabilities and {{Livelihoods}}: {{Rethinking}} a {{Conceptual Framework}}},
  author = {Stienstra, Deborah and Lee, Theresa Man Ling},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {SOCIETIES},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  doi = {10.3390/soc9040067},
  abstract = {Livelihoods, or the means to secure the necessities of life, shape how we live as individuals, families and communities, and our sense of well-being. While discussions of livelihoods have influenced academic discussions and government actions in international development over the past 25 years, few have discussed the implications of a livelihoods approach for people with disabilities in the context of global Northern societies. This paper argues that by using a livelihoods approach, we can recognize the multiple and, at times, conflicting ways that people with disabilities sustain themselves and secure the necessities of life. A livelihoods approach recognizes the agency of individuals, including those with disabilities, in the context of their relationships in households, families and communities, while also identifying the systemic barriers, inequalities and opportunities that shape livelihood choices. Using this approach, we argue, will enable a better understanding of how people with disabilities both survive and thrive, the diverse livelihood choices they make and the implications these choices have for policy decisions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disabilities,global Northern societies,labour,livelihoods,right to not work,right to work,work}
}

@article{Stock2021,
  title = {Bright as Night: {{Illuminating}} the Antinomies of \textbackslash textasciigravegender Positive' Solar Development},
  author = {Stock, Ryan},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {138},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196},
  abstract = {India is undergoing a rapid transition to renewable energy; the Gujarat Solar Park typifies this transition. In addition to mitigating climate change, the Gujarat Solar Park boasts female empowerment through social development schemes. This manuscript is inspired by the following research question: To what extent are gender positive' processes and projects associated with solar development in India realized on the ground? Utilizing mixed methods fieldwork and drawing on literature from feminist political ecology, this paper demonstrates how the modalities of solar park development represent an antinomy of a nature-society relation. New configurations of labor under the political economy of solar have produced a gendered surplus population of landless peasants who are not absorbed into wage-labor employment in the solar park. Further, associated social development schemes actually disempower women, despite mandates of \textbackslash textasciigravegender positive' outcomes by UN-based climate treaties to which this project is beholden. The opportunity to participate in one such scheme for female empowerment was reserved for only women of middle-to-high class status and those of dominant castes, thereby reproducing class and caste-based social power asymmetries. Female (dis)empowerment eclipses \textbackslash textasciigravegender positive' guarantees of the solar park. This study highlights some unintended consequences of sustainable energy transitions in the Global South at the local scale. Designing development interventions related to climate change mitigation that boast \textbackslash textasciigravegender positive' outcomes must be careful not to exacerbate gender disparities and economic exclusion in rural areas. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antinomy,Energy transition,Feminist political ecology,Gender,Intersectionality,Solar park}
}

@article{Stoilova2020,
  title = {Work-Life Balance in {{Europe}}: Institutional Contexts and Individual Factors},
  author = {Stoilova, Rumiana and {Ilieva-Trichkova}, Petya and Bieri, Franziska},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {366--381},
  issn = {0144-333X},
  doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-08-2019-0152},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how individual and macro-level factors shape the work-life balance of young men and women across European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper combines macro-level data from the official statistics with individual-level data from the Work, Family and Wellbeing (2010/2011) module of the European Social Survey. The study uses multilevel modelling to explore the factors which shape the work-life balance of men and women aged 15-34 across 24 European countries. Findings The findings show both differences and similarities between young men and women in how education shapes work-life balance. Higher education increases the likelihood of considering work-life balance as important in work selection for men, while lower education decreases the odds of considering this balance for women. More education is associated with lower acceptance of the traditional norm, for both men and women, and less time spent on housework. Higher share of family benefits decreases the importance of work-life balance, more so for men than for women. Work-life balance is more important for men living in conservative, Mediterranean and post-socialist welfare regimes compared to those from social-democratic regimes. Social implications - The policy implications are to more closely consider education in the transformation of gender-sensitive norms during earlier stages of child socialization and to design more holistic policy measures which address the multitude of barriers individuals from poor families and ethnic/migrant background face. Originality/value The study contributes to existing literature by applying the capability approach to the empirical investigation of work-life balance. The analytical model contains three dimensions - norms about paid/unpaid work, considering work-life balance in the choice of employment and time spent on unpaid work. Through this approach, we are able to uncover the agency inequality of young people taking into account individual level characteristics, including gender, education, ethnicity and macro-level factors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender inequalities,Individual agency,Work-life balance,Young people}
}

@article{Stone2015,
  title = {Women's Economic Activity Trajectories over the Life Course: Implications for the Self-Rated Health of Women Aged 64+in {{England}}},
  author = {Stone, Juliet and Evandrou, Maria and Falkingham, Jane and Vlachantoni, Athina},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {69},
  number = {9},
  pages = {873--879},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech-2014-204777},
  abstract = {Background Previous research has highlighted the importance of accumulated life-course labour market status and the balancing of multiple roles for understanding inequalities in health in later life. This may be particularly important for women, who are increasingly required to balance work and family life in liberal welfare contexts, such as in Britain. Methods This study analyses retrospective life history data for 2160 women aged 64+ years (born 1909-1943) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, collected in 2006-2007 as part of an ongoing panel study. Optimal matching and cluster analyses are used to produce a taxonomy of women's life-course economic activity trajectories based on their experiences between ages 16 and 64 years. This classification is then used in logistic regression analysis to investigate associations with self-rated health in later life. Results A set of five trajectories emerge as the dominant patterns of women's economic activity over the life course for those cohorts of English women born prior to 1943: (1) full-time workers; (2) family carers; (3) full-time returners; (4) part-time returners; (5) atypical/inactive. Regression analyses show that women who experience defined periods of full-time work both before and after focusing on family life appear to have the most favourable later life health outcomes. Conclusions The findings are discussed with reference to the accumulation of social and economic resources over the life course and the balancing of multiple roles in work and family domains. In conclusion, the development of policies that facilitate women, if they wish, to successfully combine paid employment with family life could have a positive impact on their health in later life.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Strachan2015,
  title = {Using Theory and Formative Research to Design Interventions to Improve Community Health Worker Motivation, Retention and Performance in {{Mozambique}} and {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Strachan, Daniel Llywelyn and Kallander, Karin and Nakirunda, Maureen and Ndima, Sozinho and Muiambo, Abel and Hill, Zelee and {inSCALE Study Grp}},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1186/s12960-015-0020-8},
  abstract = {Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly being used in low-income countries to address human resources shortages, yet there remain few effective, evidence-based strategies for addressing the enduring programmatic constraints of worker motivation, retention and performance. This paper describes how two interventions were designed by the Innovations at Scale for Community Access and Lasting Effects (inSCALE) project to address these constraints in Uganda and Mozambique drawing on behavioural theory and formative research results. Methods: A review of the work motivation and CHW motivation literature-incorporating influences on retention and performance-was conducted on articles sourced through electronic web searches. Formative research with a focus on the barriers and facilitators to CHW motivation, retention and performance was conducted with community health workers and key stakeholders in Uganda and Mozambique. An analytical induction approach to the thematic analysis of transcripts from 98 in-depth interviews and 26 focus group discussions was adopted across the country settings. Results: From the theoretical review, it was determined that the interventions should promote CHWs as members of a collective by highlighting a sense of shared experience, focus on alignment between worker and programme goals, and emphasise the actions that lead to good performance. The Social Identity Approach was selected as the theory most likely to lead to the development of effective, scalable and sustainable interventions by addressing the identified gap in the literature of the influence of CHW working context. The formative research indicated that CHWs value feedback and feeling connected to the health system and their community, are motivated by status and community standing, and want to be provided with the necessary tools to perform. Two interventions based on these results were developed: a participatory, local community approach and an information communication technology (ICT) approach. Conclusions: Drawing on contextual data and theory that is sensitive to context can potentially lead to the development of appropriate and effective interventions when aiming to improve the motivation, retention and performance of CHWs in Uganda and Mozambique and other comparable settings. Evaluation of the developed interventions is crucial to assess this potential.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community health workers,Human resources for health,Motivation,Mozambique,Performance,Retention,Social Identity Approach,Uganda}
}

@article{Straut-Eppsteiner2021,
  title = {Undocumented {{Mothers}} and {{Work-Family Conflict}} in {{Restrictive Policy Contexts}}},
  author = {{Straut-Eppsteiner}, Holly},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {83},
  number = {3},
  pages = {865--880},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/jomf.12737},
  abstract = {Objective This research examines how undocumented Latina mothers negotiate work-family conflict amid restrictive immigration policies. Background Women in the United States continue to contend with tension between work and family and poor women face particular constraints. Latina immigrants have increasingly settled and formed families in the United States and joined the labor market in low-wage occupations. Unlike U.S.-born women, these women must contend with restrictive immigration policies, suggesting new areas for understanding the intersectional inequalities that shape work-family conflict. Method Findings are based on in-depth interviews conducted with 45 Latina immigrant mothers in North Carolina who had paid labor market experience. Interview topics included family, work, and migration across women's life histories. Results Place-specific policy contexts, working conditions, patriarchal expectations, and lacking access to care networks challenge Latina immigrants' ability to fulfill the dual motherhood roles they occupy as both family providers and caregivers and nurturers for their children. Conclusion The social expectations of motherhood add a dimension of precarity to women's vulnerable status as undocumented workers and demonstrate the gendered impact of immigration policies. Implications Restrictive policies make it increasingly difficult for undocumented women to obtain or move between jobs in the low-wage labor market. Findings highlight the importance of considering immigration status in studies of work-family conflict, particularly as policies targeting immigrants intensify.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family balance,immigration,income families,labor force participation,low\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8208,migrant families,motherhood,qualitative research,work\textbackslash textbackslash\&\textbackslash textbackslash\#8211}
}

@article{Strazdins2011,
  title = {Time Scarcity: Another Health Inequality?},
  author = {Strazdins, Lyndall and Griffin, Amy L. and Broom, Dorothy H. and Banwell, Cathy and Korda, Rosemary and Dixon, Jane and Paolucci, Francesco and Glover, John},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A-ECONOMY AND SPACE},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {545--559},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1068/a4360},
  abstract = {Considerable policy action has focused on the social patterning of health, especially the health risks associated with low income. More recent attention has turned to transport, food systems, workplaces, and location, and the way their intersections with social position and income create health inequalities. Time is another dimension that structures what people do; yet the way in which time contours health has been neglected. This paper explores (a) how time might influence health, and (b) the way in which time scarcity complicates current understandings of health inequalities. Alongside other meanings, time can be thought of as a health resource. People need time to access health services, build close relationships, exercise, work, play, care, and consume all activities that are fundamental to health. There is evidence that the experience of time pressure is directly related to poorer mental health. Lack of time is also the main reason people give for not taking exercise or eating healthy food. Thus, another impact of time scarcity may be its prevention of activities and behaviours critical for good health. We investigate whether time scarcity, like financial pressure, is socially patterned, and thus likely to generate health inequality. The experience of time scarcity appears to be linked to variations in time devoted to employment or caring activities closely bound to gender, status, and life course. One reason that time scarcity is socially patterned is because of the way in which caring is valued, allocated, and negotiated in households and the market. Adding paid employment to caring workloads is now normative, transforming the allocation of time within families. But caring requires a close interlocking with others' needs, which are often urgent and unpredictable, creating conflict with the linear, scheduled, and commodified approach to time required in the workplace. We review the evidence for the possibility that these time pressures are indeed contributing to socially patterned health inequalities among people caring for others. We also explore the potential for time scarcity to compound other sources of health inequality through interplays with income and space (urban form, transportation networks and place of residence). People who are both time and income poor, such as lone mothers, may face compounding barriers to good health, and the urban geography of time-scarce families represents the embedding of time money space trade-offs linked to physical location. In Australia and the US, poorer families are more likely to live in mid to outer suburbs, necessitating longer commutes to work. These suburbs have inferior public transport access, and can lack goods and services essential to health such as shops selling fresh foods. We conclude with a tentative framework for considering time and health in the context of policy actions. For example, social policy efforts to increase workforce participation may be economically necessary, but could have time-related consequences that alter health. Similarly, if cities are to be made livable, health promoting, and more equitable, urban designers need to understand time and time income space trade-offs. Indeed, many social policies and planning and health interventions involve time dimensions which, if they remain unacknowledged, could further compound time pressures and time-related health inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Strelkovskii2022,
  title = {Implications of {{COVID-19 Mitigation Policies}} for {{National Well-Being}}: {{A Systems Perspective}}},
  author = {Strelkovskii, Nikita and Rovenskaya, Elena and {Ilmola-Sheppard}, Leena and Bartmann, Robin and {Rein-Sapir}, Yonat and Feitelson, Eran},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.3390/su14010433},
  abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 crisis and measures aimed at curbing the pandemic have a widespread impact on various aspects of well-being, such as housing, social connections, and others. Moreover, COVID-19 does not affect all population groups equally. This study analyzes the impact of major COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on a set of national well-being indicators from the most recent version of the OECD Well-Being Framework. Using causal loop diagrams (systems maps), we consider direct and indirect effects of these policies on various components of the national well-being system. Our results show that business closures directly and/or indirectly impact more national well-being components than any other policy. The most affected national well-being components by all policies are life satisfaction, perceived health, and prevalence of depressive symptoms. In addition, we specify how the impact of the anti-pandemic measures differs for various population strata, using the degree of income and employment loss as key stratifying variables. Our insights can be helpful to identify and promote measures that can alleviate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the national well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {causal loop diagram,COVID-19,national well-being,systems thinking}
}

@article{Stryker2001,
  title = {Disparate Impact and the Quota Debates: {{Law}}, Labor Market Sociology, and Equal Employment Policies},
  author = {Stryker, R},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13--46},
  issn = {0038-0253},
  doi = {10.1525/tsq.2001.42.1.13},
  abstract = {Bringing sociological theory and research to bear on the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequota debates\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace dogging discussion of federal civil rights legislation in the early 1990s, this article highlights sociology's role in shaping employment law and shows how apparently technical legal arguments about allocating burdens of proof affect labor market resource allocation among the classes, races, and genders. Contrasting institutional-sociological with liberal-legal concepts of discrimination, the article shows why disparate impact theory has been the most sociological approach to Title VII enforcement. It also shows how disparate impact-a theory and method for establishing legally cognizable employment discrimination injurious to women and minorities-is, and is not, related to affirmative action-a policy encompassing a broad range of procedures intended to provide positive consideration to members of groups discriminated against in the past. Finally, a competing incentive framework is used to show that, although disparate impact creates some incentives for employers to adopt quota hiring, such incentives are counter-balanced by major incentives working against race- and gender-based quotas. Major counterincentives stem from disparate impact itself, from other aspects of equal employment law, and from organizational goals shaping business response to the legal environment.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {Annual Meeting of the American-Sociological-Association, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, AUG 16-20, 1996}
}

@article{Stubbe2002,
  title = {A Survey of Early-Career Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists: {{Professional}} Activities and Perceptions},
  author = {Stubbe, {\relax DE} and Thomas, {\relax WJ}},
  year = {2002},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {123--130},
  issn = {0890-8567},
  doi = {10.1097/00004583-200202000-00005},
  abstract = {Objective: To assess the career paths and work perceptions of early-career child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States. Method: Analysis of survey data of 392/797 (49.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of all U.S. child and adolescent psychiatrists graduating from training in 1996-1998 and on the mailing list of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Results: Slightly more than half of those surveyed were women, and most were in their late thirties, white, married, and living in the geographic area in which they trained, with a median income for full-time workers between \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar121,000 and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar150,000. Those with educational debt owed an average of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar69,741. The sample was generally very satisfied with their work. They identified clinical work, variety, autonomy, and making a difference as the best aspects, and managed care, paperwork, and overwork as the least desirable aspects. The bulk of hours worked were in solo private practice, public sector, and group practice, with children and adolescents making up 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients treated. The most common treatment modality was medication management. Conclusions: The present study uses a database approach to defining current practice and workforce issues among early-career child and adolescent psychiatrists. These data may facilitate objective discussion about public policies concerning workforce priorities, barriers, and facilitators to recruitment in this understaffed field.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {career,child and adolescent psychiatrist,practice,workforce}
}

@article{Subramaniam2003,
  title = {Factors Affecting the Career Progress of Academic Accountants in {{Australia}}: {{Cross-institutional}} and Gender Perspectives},
  author = {Subramaniam, N},
  year = {2003},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {46},
  number = {4},
  pages = {507--542},
  issn = {0018-1560},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1027388311727},
  abstract = {Since the late 1980s, Australian higher education has undergone significant reforms and policy changes based on economic rationalism and modernisation of management. This paper examines the outcomes of the reform processes based on the career attributes, status and perceptions of work environment of academic accountants in Australian universities. Similarities and differences between academic accountants are explored from cross-institutional and gender perspectives. The data provide insight into a number of systemic inequalities between the older and more established universities and the newer universities. In specific, a cross-institutional analysis based on four university types: Sandstones/Redbricks, Gumtrees, Unitechs and New (Marginson 1999) indicates that academic accountants in New universities employ a much lower proportion of staff with PhD qualification, a weaker publication profile, and perceive greater barriers for conducting research in terms of a shortage of research mentors, colleagues with research experience, and post-graduate students. Further, the commitment to flexible learning and delivery strategies is comparatively stronger in Unitechs, and poses additional demands on accounting academics' overall workload. Perceptions of gender-based discrimination by female academic accountants are generally stronger than their male counterparts, particularly, in New universities. These results raise several issues for academic accountants at both the institutional and individual level in terms of equal employment opportunities, management of research programmes, development of teaching strategies and individual time management.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {academic accountants,accounting education,flexible delivery,institutional differentiation,research performance}
}

@article{Subramaniam2022,
  title = {Employment of Young People with Mental Health Conditions: Making It Work},
  author = {Subramaniam, Mythily and Zhang, Yunjue and Shahwan, Shazana and Vaingankar, Janhavi Ajit and Satghare, Pratika and Teh, Wen Lin and Roystonn, Kumarasan and Goh, Chong Min Janrius and Maniam, Yogeswary and Tan, Zhuan Liang and Tay, Benjamin and Verma, Swapna and Chong, Siow Ann},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {44},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2033--2043},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2020.1822932},
  abstract = {Purpose The current study was undertaken to understand and describe the meaning of work as well as the barriers and facilitators perceived by young people with mental health conditions for gaining and maintaining employment. Materials and Methods Employing a purposive and maximum variation sampling, 30 young people were recruited and interviewed. The respondents were Singapore residents with a mean age of 26.8 years (SD = 4.5, range 20-34 years); the majority were males (56.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), of Chinese ethnicity (63.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and employed (73.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), at the time of the interview. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Three global themes emerged from the analyses of the narratives, which included (i) the meaning of employment, (ii) barriers to employment comprising individual, interpersonal and systemic difficulties and challenges participants faced while seeking and sustaining employment and (iii) facilitators of employment that consisted of individual and interpersonal factors that had helped the young persons to gain and maintain employment. Conclusions Stigma and discrimination emerged as one of the most frequently mentioned employment barriers. These barriers are not insurmountable and can be overcome both through legislation as well as through the training and support of young people with mental health conditions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,discrimination,employment,mental disorder,stigma,support}
}

@article{Suchman2018,
  title = {Accrediting Private Providers with {{National Health Insurance}} to Better Serve Low-Income Populations in {{Kenya}} and {{Ghana}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Suchman, Lauren},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-018-0893-y},
  abstract = {Background: Small private providers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are well positioned to fill gaps in services to low-income populations using Social Health Insurance (SHI) schemes. However, we know little about the practical challenges both private providers and patients face in the context of SHI that may ultimately limit access to quality services for low-income populations. In this paper, we pull together data collected from private providers, patients, and SHI officials in Kenya and Ghana to answer the question: does participation in an SHI scheme affect private providers' ability to serve poorer patient populations with quality health services? Methods: In-depth interviews were held with 204 providers over three rounds of data collection (2013, 2015, 2017) in Kenya and Ghana. We also conducted client exit interviews in 2013 and 2017 for a total of 106 patient interviews. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in Kenya and Ghana respectively in 2013 for a total of 171 FGD participants. A total of 13 in-depth interviews also were conducted with officials from the Ghana National Health Insurance Agency (NHIA) and the Kenya National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) across four rounds of data collection (2013, 2014, 2016, 2017). Provider interviews covered reasons for (non) enrollment in the health insurance system, experiences with the accreditation process, and benefits and challenges with the system. Client exit interviews covered provider choice, clinic experience, and SHI experience. FGDs covered the local healthcare landscape. Interviews with SHI officials covered officials' experiences working with private providers, and the opportunities and challenges they faced both accrediting providers and enrolling members. Transcripts were coded in Atlas.ti using an open coding approach and analyzed thematically. Results: Private providers and patients agreed that SHI schemes are beneficial for reducing out-of-pocket costs to patients and many providers felt they had to become SHI-accredited in order to keep their facilities open. The SHI officials in both countries corroborated these sentiments. However, due to misunderstanding of the system providers tended to charge clients for services they felt were above and beyond reimbursable expenses. Services were sometimes limited as well. Significant delays in SHI reimbursement in Ghana exacerbated these problems and compromised providers' abilities to cover basic expenses without charging patients. While patients recognized the potential benefits of SHI coverage and many sought it out, a number of patients reported allowing their enrollment to lapse for cost reasons or because they felt the coverage was useless when they were still asked to pay for services out-of-pocket at the health facility. Conclusions: Our data point to several major barriers to SHI access and effectiveness for low-income populations in Ghana and in Kenya, in addition to opportunities to better engage private providers to serve these populations. We recommend using fee-for-service payments based on Diagnosis Related Group rather than a capitation payment system, as well as building more monitoring and accountability mechanisms into the SHI systems in order to reduce requests for informal out-of-pocket payments from patients while also ensuring quality of care. However, particularly in Ghana, these reforms should be accompanied by financial reform within the SHI system so that small private providers can be adequately funded through government financing.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ghana,Healthcare access,Low-income,Private providers,Social health insurance}
}

@article{Sudo2017,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Women}}'s {{Labor Force Participation}}: {{An Explanation}} of {{Changes}} in {{Household Income Inequality}}},
  author = {Sudo, Naoki},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
  volume = {95},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1427--1449},
  issn = {0037-7732},
  doi = {10.1093/sf/sox011},
  abstract = {Some previous studies of the relationship between women's labor force participation and household income inequality indicate that the promotion of the former has an equalizing effect on the latter; other studies insist that the promotion of women's labor force participation has a widening effect on household income inequality by way of the tendency toward assortative marriage. Hence, the relationship between women's labor force participation and household income inequality is unclear in the literature. This study aims to clarify the mechanism through which the interaction between household income and marriage produces social inequality by using mathematical and simulation-based approaches. The presented findings suggest that the promotion of women's labor force participation has a temporary widening effect on household income inequality, but an attenuating effect in the long run. They also state that assortative marriage itself has no widening effect on household income inequality, but rather an accelerating effect on widening inequality. Finally, by applying the model of that mechanism to Japan, I examine changes in household income inequality in that country.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Suh2017,
  title = {Determinants of {{Female Labor Force Participation}} in {{South Korea}}: {{Tracing}} out the {{U-shaped Curve}} by {{Economic Growth}}},
  author = {Suh, Moon-Gi},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
  volume = {131},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {255--269},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1},
  abstract = {This paper attempts to investigate the structural relationship between economic growth and female labor force participation in Korea. The recurring issue of whether women's integration to the society is critical becomes salient once again, but with little consideration of its meaning and potential consequences. It extends further the research theme that the degree of female labor force participation relies on the extent to which social context is reflected in the time-series data for the country from 1980 to 2014. While multiple theories are being espoused in this research, effects traced across levels of analysis and over substantial temporality lead up to a system of dynamic causal relationships, using contingency table and log-linear analysis. It appears to be supported in the regression analysis that the country travels through the U-shaped curve over time whereas income inequality displays greater impact on women's employment. The empirical estimates of social transformation credit this trend to family structure and wife's education, as the second pivot that, at least, noneconomic causal factors are also operative.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic growth,Educational attainment,Family structure,Women's employment}
}

@article{SumoyGete-Alonso2021,
  title = {{DOSSIER ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND CARING FOR PEOPLE}},
  author = {{Sumoy Gete-Alonso}, Monica},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {REVISTA CATALANA DE DRET PUBLIC},
  number = {62},
  pages = {177--215},
  issn = {1885-5709},
  doi = {10.2436/rcdp.i62.2021.3652},
  abstract = {This dossier brings together a series of resources related to the main social policies, measures and actions that have been carried out (or are in the pipeline) by the administration before or during the COVID-19 in order to meet the needs of citizens in general or of certain groups in particular, especially those in exceptionally fragile situations and/or at risk of social exclusion. Thus, in this dossier, experts in the field and those newly initiated alike will find legal norms, bibliography and reports that refer to general social policies, the management and provision of public services, policies for the recognition and democratisation of the care work, policies to support families and carers, time use policies, as well as policies and benefits aimed at preventing and eradicating the feminisation of poverty, gender-based violence and inequality, loneliness and neglect of the elderly, homelessness, income or energy poverty or residential exclusion (e.g. policies on minimum living income or other guaranteed incomes). They will also find materials that reflect on the different ways in which ethics of care is applied, is no longer applied or could be applied in the relations between public administration and the citizenry.},
  langid = {catalan},
  keywords = {ethics of care,management of public services,minimum vital income,social benefits,social distribution of care work,social policies,time use policies}
}

@article{Sun2022,
  title = {Tourism, Job Vulnerability and Income Inequality during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: {{A}} Global Perspective},
  author = {Sun, Ya-Yen and Li, Mengyu and Lenzen, Manfred and Malik, Arunima and Pomponi, Francesco},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH EMPIRICAL INSIGHTS},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2666-9579},
  doi = {10.1016/j.annale.2022.100046},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the vulnerability of tourism workers, but no detailed job loss figures are available that links tourism vulnerability with income inequality. This study evaluates how reduced international tourism consumption affects tourism employment and their income loss potential for 132 countries. This analysis shows that higher proportions of female (9.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and youth (10.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) experienced unemployment whilst they were paid significantly less because they worked in tourism (-5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and if they were women (-23\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Variations in policy support and pre-existing economic condition further created significant disparities on lost-income subsidies across countries. With the unequal financial burden across groups, income and regions, the collapse of international travel exacerbates short-term income inequality within and between countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Employment vulnerability,Inequality,Tourism workers,Women,Youth}
}

@article{Sun2023,
  title = {{{COVID-19}} and Income Profile: {{How}} Communities in the {{United States}} Responded to Mobility Restrictions in the Pandemic's Early Stages},
  author = {Sun, Qianqian and Zhou, Weiyi and Kabiri, Aliakbar and Darzi, Aref and Hu, Songhua and Younes, Hannah and Zhang, Lei},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {REGIONAL SCIENCE POLICY AND PRACTICE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {541--558},
  issn = {1757-7802},
  doi = {10.1111/rsp3.12598},
  abstract = {Mobility interventions in communities play a critical role in containing a pandemic at an early stage. The real-world practice of social distancing can enlighten policymakers and help them implement more efficient and effective control measures. A lack of such research using real-world observations initiates this article. We analyzed the social distancing performance of 66,149 census tracts from 3,142 counties in the United States with a specific focus on income profile. Six daily mobility metrics, including a social distancing index, stay-at-home percentage, miles traveled per person, trip rate, work trip rate, and non-work trip rate, were produced for each census tract using the location data from over 100 million anonymous devices on a monthly basis. Each mobility metric was further tabulated by three perspectives of social distancing performance: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebest performance,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveeffort,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveconsistency.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace We found that for all 18 indicators, high-income communities demonstrated better social distancing performance. Such disparities between communities of different income levels are presented in detail in this article. The comparisons across scenarios also raise other concerns for low-income communities, such as employment status, working conditions, and accessibility to basic needs. This article lays out a series of facts extracted from real-world data and offers compelling perspectives for future discussions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Sundby2014,
  title = {A Rollercoaster of Policy Shifts: {{Global}} Trends and Reproductive Health Policy in {{The Gambia}}},
  author = {Sundby, Johanne},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {9},
  number = {8, SI},
  pages = {894--909},
  issn = {1744-1692},
  doi = {10.1080/17441692.2014.940991},
  abstract = {Global trends influence strategies for health-care delivery in low- and middle-income countries. A drive towards uniformity in the design and delivery of healthcare interventions, rather than solid local adaptations, has come to dominate global health policies. This study is a participatory longitudinal study of how one country in West Africa, The Gambia, has responded to global health policy trends in maternal and reproductive health, based on the authors' experience working as a public health researcher within The Gambia over two decades. The paper demonstrates that though the health system is built largely upon the principles of a decentralised and governed primary care system, as delineated in the Alma-Ata Declaration, the more recent policies of The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance have had a major influence on local policies. Vertically designed health programmes have not been easily integrated with the existing system, and priorities have been shifted according to shifting donor streams. Local absorptive capacity has been undermined and inequalities exacerbated within the system. This paper problematises national actors' lack of ability to manoeuvre within this policy context. The authors' observations of the consequences in the field over time evoke many questions that warrant discussion, especially regarding the tension between local state autonomy and the donor-driven trend towards uniformity and top-down priority setting.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {donor driven,global health policy,local health systems,private,public}
}

@article{Sung2022,
  title = {Genderad Families: States and Societies in Transition},
  author = {Sung, Sirin and Smyth, Lisa},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {305--312},
  issn = {2158-2041},
  doi = {10.1080/21582041.2022.2091155},
  abstract = {Family life has changed significantly in recent decades for both women and men. Fertility rates have dropped, numbers divorcing have increased, and the proportion of children born outside marriage has grown. At the same time, we have seen significant changes in state forms and institutions, with marketization becoming embedded in centrally planned economies as well as welfare states. Women increasingly participate in labour markets and higher education, as expectations of equal opportunity have expanded. Despite obvious improvements in female employment and educational attainment, however, gender inequalities persist, not least in law, policy, labour markets, and family roles. Women continue to provide the bulk of informal multigenerational care. Work and family policies vary across the globe, yet policy analysis from a gender perspective is scarce. This editorial considers research from around the world, including Europe, the former Soviet bloc, Japan, and China, to develop an understanding of the tensions and shifts in the gendered organisation of family lives. Changes and continuities in gendered inequalities shaping family life are examined, with a focus on the intersection of state, labour market, and family, as they reproduce and reshape gender norms and inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {equality,family,Gender,labour market,policy}
}

@article{Sunikka-Blank2019,
  title = {Gender, Domestic Energy and Design of Inclusive Low-Income Habitats: {{A}} Case of Slum Rehabilitation Housing in {{Mumbai}}, {{India}}},
  author = {{Sunikka-Blank}, Minna and Bardhan, Ronita and Haque, Anika Nasra},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ENERGY RESEARCH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {53--67},
  issn = {2214-6296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.020},
  abstract = {Women's involvement in decision-making in domestic energy remains an under-researched area, especially in the urban context. This research adopts a gendered perspective in exploring slum rehabilitation housing in India. Based on a household survey and a focus group discussion (FGD), women's household and working practices are explored in interview narratives and systems analysis. The findings show that the relocation to slum rehabilitation housing (SRH) has radically changed women's household routines (cooking, comfort, childrearing, working and entertainment practices) and that women are more affected by the relocation than men. Changed practices, poor design of SRH and lack of outdoor space have radically increased electricity use and living costs in all the surveyed households. The economic pressure forces women into lowly paid jobs or informal economy, creating a vicious circle where women's time poverty further reduces their social capital and opportunities for self-development in terms of education or formal employment. A comparison of SRH typologies shows that building design has great influence both on gendered use of space and electricity use, advocating a courtyard typology. Further, interviews with policy-makers reveal a dis-juncture between the occupant realities and the policy objectives. The paper argues that gender equality can and should be influenced through energy and housing policies and offers a conceptual framework for inclusive SRH to address this dis-juncture.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Design,Domestic energy use,Gender,Inequality,Slum rehabilitation housing}
}

@article{Sutherns2022,
  title = {Mapping the {{Multiple Health System Responsiveness Mechanisms}} in {{One Local Health System}}: {{A Scoping Review}} of the {{Western Cape Provincial Health System}} of {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Sutherns, Tammy and Olivier, Jill},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {67--79},
  doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2021.85},
  abstract = {Background: Despite governments striving for responsive health systems and the implementation of mechanisms to foster better citizen feedback and strengthen accountability and stewardship, these mechanisms do not always function in effective, equitable, or efficient ways. There is also limited evidence that maps the diverse array of responsiveness mechanisms coherently across a particular health system, especially in low-and middle-income country (LMIC) contexts. Methods: This scoping review presents a cross-sectional \textbackslash textasciigravemap' of types of health system responsiveness mechanisms; the regulatory environment; and evidence available about these; and assesses what is known about their functionality in a particular local South African health system; the Western Cape (WC) province. Multiple forms of indexed and grey literature were synthesized to provide a contextualized understanding of current \textbackslash textasciigraveformal' responsiveness mechanisms mandated in national and provincial policies and guidelines (n = 379). Various forms of secondary analysis were applied across quantitative and qualitative data, including thematic and time-series analyses. An expert checking process was conducted, with three local field experts, as a final step to check the veracity of the analytics and conclusions made. Results: National, provincial and district policies make provision for health system responsiveness, including varied mechanisms intended to foster public feedback. However, while some are shown to be functioning and effective, there are major barriers faced by all, such as resource and capacity constraints, and a lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities. Most mechanisms exist in isolation, failing to feed into an overarching strategy for improved responsiveness. Conclusion: The lack of synergy between mechanisms or analysis of varied forms of feedback is a missed opportunity. Decision-makers are unable to see trends or gaps in the flow of feedback, check whether all voices are heard or fully understand whether/how systemic response occurs. Urgent health system work lies in the research of macro \textbackslash textasciigravewhole' systems responsiveness (levels, development, trends).},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Accountability,Feedback Mechanism,Health System,Responsiveness,South Africa}
}

@article{Swendeman2009,
  title = {Empowering Sex Workers in {{India}} to Reduce Vulnerability to {{HIV}} and Sexually Transmitted Diseases},
  author = {Swendeman, Dallas and Basu, Ishika and Das, Sankari and Jana, Smarajit and {Rotheram-Borus}, Mary Jane},
  year = {2009},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {69},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1157--1166},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.035},
  abstract = {The Sonagachi Project was initiated in Kolkata, India in 1992 as a STD/HIV intervention for sex workers. The project evolved to adopt strategies common to women's empowerment programs globally (i.e., community mobilization, rights-based framing, advocacy, micro-finance) to address common factors that support effective, evidence-based HIV/STD prevention. The Sonagachi model is now a broadly diffused evidence-based empowerment program. We previously demonstrated significant condom use increases among female sex workers in a 16 month replication trial of the Sonagachi empowerment intervention (n = 110) compared to a control community (n = 106) receiving standard care of STD clinic, condom promotion, and peer education in two randomly assigned rural towns in West Bengal, India (Basu et al., 2004). This article examines the intervention's impacts on 21 measured variables reflecting five common factors of effective HIV/STD prevention programs to estimate the impact of empowerment strategies on HIV/STD prevention program goals. The intervention which was conducted in 2000-2001 significantly: 1) improved knowledge of STDs and condom protection from STD and HIV, and maintained STD/HIV risk perceptions despite treatment: 2) provided a frame to motivate change based on reframing sex work as valid work, increasing disclosure of profession, and instilling a hopeful future orientation reflected in desire for more education or training; 3) improved skills in sexual and workplace negotiations reflected in increased refusal, condom decision-making, and ability to change work contract, but not ability to take leave; 4) built social support by increasing social interactions outside work, social function participation, and helping other sex workers; and 5) addressed environmental barriers of economic vulnerabilities by increasing savings and alternative income, but not working in other locations, nor reduced loan taking, and did not increase voting to build social capital. This study's results demonstrate that, compared to narrowcast clinical and prevention services alone, empowerment strategies can significantly impact a broader range of factors to reduce vulnerability to HIV/STDs. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Common factors,Empowerment,HIV,India,Intervention trial,Prevention,Replication,Sex workers,Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)}
}

@article{Taghizadeh-Hesary2020,
  title = {The Impact of Monetary and Tax Policy on Income Inequality in {{Japan}}},
  author = {{Taghizadeh-Hesary}, Farhad and Yoshino, Naoyuki and Shimizu, Sayoko},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {WORLD ECONOMY},
  volume = {43},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2600--2621},
  issn = {0378-5920},
  doi = {10.1111/twec.12782},
  abstract = {This paper assesses the effects of the most recent monetary policy behaviour of the Bank of Japan (in particular, zero interest rate policy and negative interest rate policy) and Japanese tax policy on income inequality in this country during the period of 2002Q1 to 2017Q3. The vector error correction model (VECM) that develops in this research shows that increase in money stock (m1) through Quantitative Easing (QE) and Quantitative and Qualitative Easing (QQE) policies of theBOJsignificantly increases the income inequality. On the contrary, Japanese tax policy was effective in reducing the income inequality. Variance decomposition results show that increasing of income inequality by monetary policy is larger when comparing to decreasing effects of tax policy on income inequality. Cointegration andVECMresults show that monetary policy has both short-run and long-run impacts but for tax policy paper could not find any significant short-run impact on income inequality. In addition, paper found that technological progress only in long-run can reduce the income inequality by increasing the marginal productivity of labour with positive impacts on employment and wages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income inequality,Japanese economy,monetary policy,tax policy}
}

@article{Tak2014,
  title = {The Effect of In-Office Waiting Time on Physician Visit Frequency among Working-Age Adults},
  author = {Tak, Hyo Jung and Hougham, Gavin W. and Ruhnke, Atsuko and Ruhnke, Gregory W.},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {118},
  pages = {43--51},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.053},
  abstract = {Disparities in unmet health care demand resulting from socioeconomic, racial, and financial factors have received a great deal of attention in the United States. However, out-of-pocket costs alone do not fully reflect the total opportunity cost that patients must consider as they seek medical attention. While there is an extensive literature on the price elasticity of demand for health care, empirical evidence regarding the effect of waiting time on utilization is sparse. Using the nationally representative 2003 Community Tracking Study Household Survey, the most recent iteration containing respondents' physician office visit frequency and estimated in-office waiting time in the United States (N = 23,484), we investigated the association between waiting time and calculated time cost with the number of physician visits among a sample of working-age adults. To avoid the bias that literature suggests would result from excluding respondents with zero physician visits, we imputed waiting time for the essential inclusion of such individuals. On average, respondents visited physician offices 3.55 times, during which time they waited 28.7 mm. The estimates from a negative binomial model indicated that a doubling of waiting time was associated with a 7.7 percent decrease (p-value {$<$} 0.001) in physician visit frequency. For women and unemployed respondents, who visited physicians more frequently, the decrease was even larger, suggesting a stronger response to greater waiting times. We believe this finding reflects the discretionary nature of incremental visits in these groups, and a consequent lower perceived marginal benefit of additional visits. The results suggest that in-office waiting time may have a substantial influence on patients' propensity to seek medical attention. Although there is a belief that expansions in health insurance coverage increase health care utilization by reducing financial barriers to access, our results suggest that unintended consequences may arise if in-office waiting time increases. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health policy,Medical care demand,Time cost,USA,Waiting time}
}

@article{Takizawa2021,
  title = {Association {{Between Maternal Working Status}} and {{Unintentional Injuries Among}} 3 to 4-{{Month-Old Infants}} in {{Japan}}},
  author = {Takizawa, Masaaki and Kawachi, Ichiro and Fujiwara, Takeo and Kizuki, Masashi and Nawa, Nobutoshi and Kino, Shiho},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {414--427},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-020-03083-2},
  abstract = {Objectives Globally, unintentional injuries are one of the leading causes of infant death. Established risk factors for injuries during infancy include single parent households, socioeconomic disadvantage and maternal postpartum depression. We sought to examine whether maternal working status is associated with unintentional injury among infants in Japan. Methods We used data from an original questionnaire targeting mothers who participated in a 3 or 4-month health check-up program in Aichi prefecture, Japan. Experience of any type of unintentional injury was used as the primary outcome, and we also examined the experience of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefalls\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenear-drowning\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as secondary outcomes. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for covariates. We also performed propensity score matching in order to balance covariates between paid employment and unpaid employment groups. Results Among 6,465 valid responses (response rate, 67\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 9.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of infants experienced unintentional injuries. After matching on propensity for maternal employment (based on 26 covariates), we found that infants of mothers in paid employment were 1.35 times (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.74) more likely to experience injures, including 1.60 times higher likelihood of falls (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.14-2.24). Near-drowning was not significantly associated with maternal employment. We also found that father's employment status was positively associated with risk of falls. Conclusion Both multivariable logistic analysis and propensity score matching analysis revealed that maternal paid employment status was associated with unintentional injuries among Japanese infants. To prevent infant injuries, comprehensive support for working families should be considered.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Infant,Maternal working status,Propensity score,Unintentional injury}
}

@article{Tamminga2020,
  title = {Long-Term Employment Status and Quality of Life after Cancer: {{A}} Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study from Diagnosis up to and Including 5 Years Post Diagnosis},
  author = {Tamminga, Sietske J. and Jansen, Lyanne P. and {Frings-Dresen}, Monique H. W. and {de Boer}, Angela G. E. M.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {901--907},
  issn = {1051-9815},
  doi = {10.3233/WOR-203234},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer survivors are able to return to work. However, little is known about their work situation 5 years after diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore fluctuations in employment status and its association with quality of life 2, 3, and 5 years after cancer diagnosis of 65 cancer survivors employed at diagnosis. METHODS: In association with a randomised controlled trial (RCT), questionnaires were administrated to eligible cancer survivors at diagnosis, 2, 3, and 5 years thereafter comprising of validated questionnaires related to work (i.e. Work Ability Index (WAI), cancer, and quality of life (QOL) (i.e. SF-36, VAS QOL). The RCT studied a hospital-based work support intervention in female breast and gynaecological cancer survivors who were treated with curative intent and had paid work at diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and longitudinal multi-level analysis were employed. RESULTS: Sixty-five of the 102 eligible cancer survivors participated, who were primarily diagnosed with breast cancer (63\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Two and 5 years after cancer diagnosis respectively 63 (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and 48 (81\textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants were employed. Reasons for not being employed after 5 years included receiving unemployment benefits (7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), voluntary unemployment (3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), receiving disability benefits (3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and early retirement (3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Longitudinal multi-level analysis showed that employed cancer survivors reported in general statistically significant better quality of life outcomes at 5 years follow-up compared to those not being employed. CONCLUSIONS: We found high employment rates and few fluctuations in employment status. The steepest decline in employment rate occurs after the first two years of diagnosis. Employed participants reported better quality of life outcomes. Survivorship care should therefore focus on the population at risk possibly within the first two years after diagnosis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cancer survivorship,labour participation,Neoplasm,unemployment,work disability}
}

@article{Tanga2014,
  title = {Interplay between Economic Empowerment and Sexual Behaviour and Practices of Migrant Workers within the Context of {{HIV}} and {{AIDS}} in the {{Lesotho}} Textile Industry},
  author = {Tanga, Pius Tangwe and Tangwe, Magdaline Nji},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {SAHARA J-JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HIV-AIDS},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187--201},
  issn = {1729-0376},
  doi = {10.1080/17290376.2014.976250},
  abstract = {Economic empowerment brings with it a wide range of consequences, both positive and negative. The objective of this paper was to examine the relationship between economic empowerment and the sexual behaviour and practices of migrant workers within the context of HIV and AIDS in the Lesotho textile industry. Data for this paper were extracted from the findings of a larger study which had been conducted concerning HIV and AIDS in the textile industry in Lesotho. Using in-depth interviews, data were collected from 40 participants who were purposively selected from five factories which had been chosen randomly. Empowerment theory was used as a lens to provide meanings for the experiences of the participants. The findings show that the participants were empowered only in certain respects in terms of Kabeer's empowerment model of \textbackslash textasciigravepower to' and \textbackslash textasciigravepower within', on one hand, and in terms of Malhotra's comprehensive empowerment framework at the household level, on the other, as being employed in the industry enabled them to participate in the economy. Employment in the sector provided the participants with the means to be able to acquire basic needs and the ability to participate in household decision-making: for the female participants, the ability to make independent sexual decisions was also enhanced. These improvements were greeted enthusiastically, particularly by the female participants, given their previously disadvantaged status as a result of coming from rural patriarchal villages with gender-defined hegemonic notions of respectability. The findings also indicate that environmental factors and others, such as meagre salaries, encouraged some of the female workers to engage in transactional sex, while some of the male participants tended to increase their sexual relationships as a result of acquiring employment and income from the industry. It is the contention of the authors of this study that true empowerment requires both vital resources and individual and collective participation, particularly for the women, who are more vulnerable than men. Finally, we conclude that the opportunities provided by economic empowerment have given the participants a new social meaning for their situation and an awareness about their place in power relations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic empowerment,HIV and AIDS,migrant workers,options and choices,sexual behaviour and practices}
}

@article{Tangsuksan2020,
  title = {Factors {{Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding}} among {{Urban Employed Mothers}}: {{A Case-Control Study}}},
  author = {Tangsuksan, Pornnapa and Ratinthorn, Ameporn and Sindhu, Siriorn and Spatz, Diane L. and Viwatwongkasem, Chukiat},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PACIFIC RIM INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING RESEARCH},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {54--72},
  issn = {1906-8107},
  abstract = {Promoting exclusive breastfeeding among urban employed mothers is a complex phenomenon. Understanding the multiple level factors related to this and how they influence employed mothers' regarding exclusive breastfeeding could help identify strategies to support mothers continuing exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to identify maternal, social, and workplace level factors and the interaction effects among those factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding for six months among urban employed mothers. This case-control study investigated among 57 cases (exclusive breastfeeding for six months) and 228 controls (non-exclusive breastfeeding for six months) in six purposively-selected hospital settings in Bangkok, Thailand between September 2015 and June 2016. Data were collected through six self-administered questionnaires; Demographic Questionnaire, Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, Perceived Self-efficacy in Breastfeeding Questionnaire, Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire, Perceived Breastfeeding Support Assessment Tool, and Infant Feeding Form, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results revealed that maternal factors (family income, attitudes, intention, confidence, and knowledge) and workplace factors (maternity leave and working times) co-predicted exclusive breastfeeding six months. In the interaction effect model, the interaction effect between workplace policy on maternity leave and attitudes toward breastfeeding also exerted significant influence. The findings suggest that multiple level interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding in employed women are needed. In clinical practice, nurses and midwives should implement antepartum interventions including assessment of maternal attitudes and intentions to breastfeed, providing breastfeeding knowledge to increase mothers' confidence, and advice about planning to combine breastfeeding and employment. Of great concern was a finding that more than 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the non-EBF mothers reported not having sufficient breastfeeding facility support in the workplace. Workplace policies should be reviewed in terms of sufficient paid maternity leave, workplace breastfeeding support, and an appropriate number of working hours, and this has implications for governments and multiple workplaces across the country. Nurses have a significant role to play in advocating for and contributing to such policies to increase the numbers of women successfully breastfeeding longer whilst employed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Case-control study,Employed mothers,Exclusive breastfeeding,Influencing factors}
}

@article{Taniguchi2002,
  title = {Women's Employment Exit and Reentry: Differences among Whites, Blacks, and {{Hispanics}}},
  author = {Taniguchi, H and Rosenfeld, {\relax RA}},
  year = {2002},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {432--471},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00009-1},
  abstract = {We investigate the determinants of employment transitions with samples from white, black, and Hispanic women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We argue that one needs to take into consideration both family- and job-related factors to explain women's work patterns and that the ways employment and home context combine to influence transitions may vary by race and ethnicity. We find African-American women, followed by Latinas, leave the work force more quickly than white women. These differences are due more to levels of job-related variables than to distributions of family characteristics across race/ethnic groups. On the other hand, only when we control for job-related variables do we see that African Americans, followed by Hispanic women, return to paid work faster than whites, suggesting that these women reenter employment faster than would be expected given their lower levels of previous job rewards and resources. Separate models of exits and returns by race and ethnicity show somewhat different patterns of family effects across groups, while varying effects of wages and occupational variables indicate different degrees and types of labor market disadvantage for blacks and Latinas. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Tanser2015,
  title = {{{HIV}} Treatment Cascade in Migrants and Mobile Populations},
  author = {Tanser, Frank and Baernighausen, Till and Vandormael, Alain and Dobra, Adrian},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN HIV AND AIDS},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {430--438},
  issn = {1746-630X},
  doi = {10.1097/COH.0000000000000192},
  abstract = {Purpose of review Health policy makers aspire to achieve an HIV treatment \textbackslash textasciigravecascade' in which diagnostic and treatment services are accessed early and routinely by HIV-infected individuals. However, migrants and highly mobile individuals are likely to interact with HIV treatment programs and the healthcare system in ways that reflect their movement through time and place, affecting their successful progression through the HIV treatment cascade. We review recent research that has examined the challenges in effective and sustained HIV treatment for migrants and mobile populations. Recent findings Mobility is associated with increased risk of antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence, lost to follow-up, deterioration in CD4 count, HIV-related death, development of drug resistance and general noncontinuity of HIV care. Migrants' slow progression through the HIV treatment cascade can be attributed to feelings of confusion, helplessness; an inability to effectively communicate in the native language; poor knowledge about administrative or logistical requirements of the healthcare system; the possibility of deportation or expulsion based on the legal status of the undocumented migrant; fear of disclosure and social isolation from the exile or compatriot group. Travel or transition to the host country commonly makes it difficult for migrants to remain enrolled in ART programs and to maintain adherence to treatment. Summary Existing public health systems fail to properly account for migration, and actionable knowledge of the health requirements of migrants is still lacking. A large body of research has shown that migrants are more likely to enter into the healthcare system late and are less likely to be retained at successive stages of the HIV treatment cascade. HIV-infected migrants are especially vulnerable to a wide range of social, economic and political factors that include a lack of direct access to healthcare services; exposure to difficult or oppressive work environments; the separation from family, friends and a familiar sociocultural environment. Realizing the full treatment and preventive benefits of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy will require reaching all marginalized subpopulations of which migrants are a particularly large and important group.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antiretroviral therapy,HIV epidemiology,key populations,migration}
}

@article{Tantivess2009,
  title = {Strengthening {{Cost-Effectiveness Analysis}} in {{Thailand}} through the {{Establishment}} of the {{Health Intervention}} and {{Technology Assessment Program}}},
  author = {Tantivess, Sripen and Teerawattananon, Yot and Mills, Anne},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {PHARMACOECONOMICS},
  volume = {27},
  number = {11},
  pages = {931--945},
  issn = {1170-7690},
  doi = {10.2165/11314710-000000000-00000},
  abstract = {Capacity is limited in the developing world to conduct cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of health interventions. In Thailand, there have been concerted efforts to promote evidence-based policy making, including the introduction of economic, appraisals within health technology assessment (HTA). This paper reviews the experience of this lower middle-income country, with an emphasis on the creation of the Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), including its mission, management structures and activities. Over the past 3 decades, several HTA programmes were implemented in Thailand but not sustained or developed further into a national institute. As a response to increasing demands for HTA evidence including CEA information, the HITAP was created in 2007 as an affiliate unit of a semi-autonomous research arm of the Ministry Of Public Health. An advantage of this HTA programme over previous initiatives was that it was hosted by a research institute with long-term experience in conducting health systems and policy research and capacity building of its research staff, and excellent research and policy networks. To deal with existing impediments to conducting health economics research, the main strategies of the HITAP were carefully devised to include not only capacity strengthening of its researchers and administrative staff, but also the development of essential elements for the country's health economic evaluation methodology. These included, for example, methodological guidelines, standard protocols and benchmarks for resource allocation, many of which have been adopted by national policy-making bodies including the three major public health insurance plans. Networks and collaborations with domestic and foreign institutes have been sought as a means of resource mobilization and exchange. Although the HITAP is well financed by a number of government agencies and international organizations, the programme is vulnerable to shortages of qualified research staff, as most staff work on a part-time or temporary basis. To enhance the utilization of its research findings by policy makers, practitioners and consumers, the HITAP has adopted the principles of technical excellence, policy relevance, transparency, effective communication and participation of key stakeholders. These principles have been translated into good practice at every step of HTA management. In 2007 and 2008, the HITAP carried out assessments of a wide range of health products, medical procedures and public health initiatives. Although CEA and other economic evaluation approaches were employed in these studies, the tools and underlying efficiency goal were considered inadequate to provide complete information for prioritization. As suggested by official stakeholders, some of the projects investigated broader issues of management, feasibility, performance and socio-political implications of interventions. As yet, it is unclear what role HITAP research and associated recommendations have played in policy decisions. It is hoped that the lessons drawn on the creation of the HITAP and its experience during the first 2 years, as well as information on its main strategies and management structures, may be helpful for other resource-constrained countries when considering how best to strengthen their capacity to conduct economic appraisals of health technologies and interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4G7W6SX7/Tantivess et al_2009_Strengthening Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Thailand through the Establishment.pdf}
}

@article{Tanwir2018,
  title = {Breaking the Silicon Ceiling: {{Gender}} Equality and Information Technology in {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Tanwir, Maryam and Khemka, Nitya},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {GENDER TECHNOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {109--129},
  issn = {0971-8524},
  doi = {10.1080/09718524.2018.1496695},
  abstract = {In a rapidly globalizing world, high growth sectors like information technology (IT) hold the key to narrow or broaden the gulf between men and women at work. However, there is a serious underrepresentation of women in the technology sector, particularly in leadership roles. This gulf between men and women at work is likely to widen unless immediate action is taken. ICT jobs can provide women with greater opportunities and higher wages, compared to the low-skill jobs that women are often crowded into. Yet, achieving gender neutrality and inclusivity in the IT sector is an uphill task. This paper focuses on the challenges, opportunities and conditions that can be created to facilitate the participation of urban, educated women of Pakistan in the IT sector. Although the empowerment aspects of individualization in the workplace for women are tangible, in Pakistan, there are a number of socio-cultural barriers and an implicit gender bias in education and employment which prevents greater participation of women in the IT sector. The paper also sets out specific recommendations for the government and private sectors to further increase gender inclusivity in employment. In doing so, it draws upon primary research and current behavioral economic insights and makes the case that a multi-sectoral effort involving the private sector, government, and macro-social environment is critical to radically disrupting bias, providing norm-changing solutions, and ensuring rapid gains to the economy from the inclusion of women in the sector.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender,gender stereotype,information technology,Pakistan,unconscious bias,work force participation}
}

@article{Tapela2018,
  title = {A {{Step Toward Timely Referral}} and {{Early Diagnosis}} of {{Cancer}}: {{Implementation}} and {{Impact}} on {{Knowledge}} of a {{Primary Care-Based Training Program}} in {{Botswana}}},
  author = {Tapela, Neo M. and Peluso, Michael J. and Kohler, Racquet E. and Setlhako, Irene I. and Botebele, Kerapetse and Gabegwe, Kemiso and Nkele, Isaac and Narasimhamurthy, Mohan and Mmalane, Mompati and Grover, Surbhi and Barak, Tomer and Shulman, Lawrence N. and Lockman, Shahin and {Dryden-Peterson}, Scott},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {2234-943X},
  doi = {10.3389/fonc.2018.00187},
  abstract = {Introduction: Health system delays in diagnosis of cancer contribute to the glaring disparities in cancer mortality between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. In Botswana, approximately 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cancers are diagnosed at late stage and median time from first health facility visit for cancer-related symptoms to specialty cancer care was 160 days (IQR 59-653). We describe the implementation and early outcomes of training targeting primary care providers, which is a part of a multi-component implementation study in Kweneng-East district aiming to enhance timely diagnosis of cancers. Methods: Health-care providers from all public facilities within the district were invited to participate in an 8-h intensive short-course program developed by a multidisciplinary team and adapted to the Botswana health system context. Participants' performance was assessed using a 25-multiple choice question tool, with pre- and post assessments paired by anonymous identifier. Statistical analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare performance at the two time points across eight sub-domains (pathophysiology, epidemiology, social context, symptoms, evaluation, treatment, documentation, follow-up). Linear regression and negative binomial modeling were used to determine change in performance. Participants' satisfaction with the program was measured on a separate survey using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: 176 participants attended the training over 5 days in April 2016. Pooled linear regression controlling for test version showed an overall performance increase of 16.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% after participation (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% 01 15.2-18.4). Statistically significant improvement was observed for seven out of eight subdomains on test A and all eight subdomains on test B. Overall, 71 (40.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) trainees achieved a score greater than 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% on the pretest, and 161 (91.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) did so on the posttest. Participants reported a high degree of satisfaction with the training program's content and its relevance to their daily work. Conclusion: We describe a successfully implemented primary health care provider focused training component of an innovative intervention aiming to reduce health systems delays in cancer diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa. The training achieved district-wide participation, and improvement in the knowledge of primary health-care providers in this setting.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Botswana,cancer early diagnosis,health system delays,primary care,primary care providers,sub-Saharan Africa,training}
}

@article{Tasseron-Dries2021,
  title = {Family Involvement in the {{Namaste}} Care Family Program for Dementia: {{A}} Qualitative Study on Experiences of Family, Nursing Home Staff, and Volunteers},
  author = {{Tasseron-Dries}, Petra E. M. and Smaling, Hanneke J. A. and Doncker, Sarah M. M. M. and Achterberg, Wilco P. and {van der Steen}, Jenny T.},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES},
  volume = {121},
  issn = {0020-7489},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103968},
  abstract = {Background: Family caregivers may experience difficulty maintaining meaningful contact with a relative with advanced dementia. Nevertheless, some family caregivers prefer to remain involved in the care of their relative after admission to a nursing home. Family involvement in the care is important but little is known about how this works in practice and what exactly is needed to improve it. Objectives: To examine experiences of family caregivers, staff and volunteers with family caregiver participation in the Namaste Care Family program, a psychosocial intervention to increase quality of life for people with advanced dementia that may help family caregivers to connect with their relative. Further, we aimed to examine facilitators of and barriers to family participation. Design: Descriptive exploratory qualitative design using semi-structured interviews. Setting: Ten nursing homes in the Netherlands. Participants: Ten family caregivers, 31 staff members and 2 volunteers who participated in the Namaste Care Family Program. Methods: Qualitative interview study using thematic analysis. Interviews were held with family caregivers, staff members, and volunteers about their experiences with the Namaste Care Family program. Results: In general, family caregivers experienced their involvement in the Namaste Care Family program as positive, particularly the meaningful connections with their relative. However, putting family involvement into practice was challenging. We identified three themes covering facilitators for and barriers to participation: (1) Preferences of family caregivers for activities with their relative (Activities): practical activities matching one's own interests were seen as facilitating, while perceived lack of knowledge and reluctance to engage with other residents were barriers. (2) Communication between family caregivers, staff and volunteers (Communication): providing clear information about the program to family caregivers facilitated their involvement. Feeling insecure inhibited family involvement. (3) Personal context of family caregivers (Personal circumstances): feeling fulfillment and being appreciated facilitated involvement. Older age, having a family of their own, a job and complex family relations were barriers to family caregiver involvement. Conclusion: To optimize family involvement, it is important to adopt a family-centered approach and provide training and guidance. Making a personal, comprehensive plan with family caregivers and offering them guidance can help them overcome their uncertainty and remove barriers to being more involved with a care program aiming to improve the quality of life of their relative. Also recommended is training for staff to improve communication with family caregivers. The Namaste study is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR5692). (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dementia,Experiences,Family caregivers,Family involvement,Nursing home,Qualitative research,Quality of life}
}

@article{Tattevin2020,
  title = {Advocacy for {{Increased International Efforts}} for {{Antimicrobial Stewardship Actions}} in {{Low-and Middle-Income Countries}} on {{Behalf}} of {{Alliance}} for the {{Prudent Use}} of {{Antimicrobials}} ({{APUA}}), {{Under}} the {{Auspices}} of the {{International Society}} of {{Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}} ({{ISAC}})},
  author = {Tattevin, Pierre and Levy Hara, Gabriel and Toumi, Adnene and Enani, Mushira and Coombs, Geoffrey and Voss, Andreas and Wertheim, Heiman and Poda, Armel and Daoud, Ziad and Laxminarayan, Ramanan and Nathwani, Dilip and Gould, Ian and APUA and ISAC},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.3389/fmed.2020.00503},
  abstract = {Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a set of coordinated strategies to improve the use of antimicrobials, to enhance patient outcomes, reduce antimicrobial resistance, and decrease unnecessary costs. The pioneer years of AMS were restricted to high-income countries (HIC), where overconsumption of antibiotics was associated with emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. AMS in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is also necessary. However, programs effective in HIC may not perform as well in LMIC, because (i) While decreased consumption of antibiotics may be an appropriate target in overconsuming HIC, this may be dangerous in LMIC, where many patients die from the lack of access to antibiotics; (ii) although AMS programs in HIC can be designed and monitored through laboratory surveillance of resistance, surveillance programs are not available in many LMIC; (iii) the heterogeneity of health care systems implies that AMS programs must be carefully contextualized. Despite the need to individually tailor AMS programs in LMIC, international collaborations remain highly valuable, through the dissemination of high-quality documents and educational material, that may be shared, adapted where needed, and adopted worldwide. This process, facilitated by modern communication tools, combines many benefits, including: (i) saving time, a precious dimension for health care workers, by avoiding the duplication of similar works in different settings; (ii) taking advantage of colleagues skills, and initiatives, through open access to the work performed in other parts of the world; (iii) sharing experiences, so that we all learn from each others' successes and failures.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and middle,antibiotics,antimicrobial stewardship,education,income countries,low,resistance}
}

@article{Taukobong2016,
  title = {Does Addressing Gender Inequalities and Empowering Women and Girls Improve Health and Development Programme Outcomes?},
  author = {Taukobong, Hannah F. G. and Kincaid, Mary M. and Levy, Jessica K. and Bloom, Shelah S. and Platt, Jennifer L. and Henry, Sarah K. and Darmstadt, Gary L.},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {31},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1492--1514},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czw074},
  abstract = {This article presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that promoting gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment (GEWE) leads to better health and development outcomes. We reviewed the literature across six sectors-family planning (FP); maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); nutrition; agriculture; water, sanitation and hygiene; and financial services for the poor-and found 76 studies from low and middle-income countries that met our inclusion criteria. Across these studies, we identified common GEWE variables that emerged repeatedly as significant predictors of sector outcomes. We grouped these variables into 10 thematic categories, which we termed \textbackslash textasciigravegender-related levers'. These levers were then classified by the strength of evidence into Wedges, Foundations and Facilitators. Wedges are gender-related levers that had strong associations with improved outcomes across multiple sectors. They include: \textbackslash textasciigravecontrol over income/assets/resources', \textbackslash textasciigravedecision-making power' and \textbackslash textasciigraveeducation'. Elements of these levers overlap, but combined, they encapsulate agency. Increasing female agency promotes equality and broadly improves health and development for women, their families and their communities. The second classification, Foundations, displayed strong, positive associations across FP, MNCH and nutrition. Foundations have a more proximal relationship with sector outcomes and include: \textbackslash textasciigraveequitable interpersonal relationships', \textbackslash textasciigravemobility' and \textbackslash textasciigravepersonal safety'. Finally, the third group of levers, Facilitators, was associated with improved outcomes in two to three sectors and include: \textbackslash textasciigraveaccess to information', \textbackslash textasciigravecommunity groups', \textbackslash textasciigravepaid labour' and \textbackslash textasciigraverights'. These levers make it easier for women and girls to achieve their goals and are more traditional elements of development programmes. Overall, gender-related levers were associated with improvements in a variety of health and development outcomes. Furthermore, these associations were cross-sectoral, suggesting that to fully realize the benefits of promoting GEWE, the development community must collaborate in co-ordinated and integrated ways across multiple sectors. More research is needed to identify the mechanisms by which gendered interventions work and under what circumstances.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9WPGW57Z/Taukobong et al_2016_Does addressing gender inequalities and empowering women and girls improve.pdf}
}

@article{Tavares2022,
  title = {Older {{Europeans}}' Experience of Unmet Health Care during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic (First Wave)},
  author = {Tavares, Aida Isabel},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-022-07563-9},
  abstract = {Background During the COVID-19 pandemic the utilization of health services has changed. People were living in a very different social, economic and epidemiological context. Unmet health care is expected to happen. The purposes of this work are i) to compare the differences between unmet care across countries, ii) to find the main factors which are associated with unmet health care, which includes giving up and postponing medical care, as well as denial of medical care provision by the health services, and iii) to determine if health systems' characteristics and government decisions on lockdown were related to unmet care. Methods We have used the most recent dataset collected by the SHARE-COVID Survey during the summer of 2020. These data cover all EU countries and are applied to people over 50. We have estimated a set of logistic regressions to explain unmet health care. Results The results indicate that women, people who are slightly younger, with higher education and income, who find it hard to make ends meet each month, and people with poorer health were more likely to experience unmet health care. We also found that in health systems with high out-of-pocket payments people are more likely to give up health care while in countries with previous high levels of unmet health needs this likelihood was the opposite; people in countries with a high number of beds per capita and with a Beveridge-type health system were reporting less postponement of health care. Conclusion Some policy measures may be suggested such as social and economic measures to mitigate loss of income, expansion of the points and forms of access to health care to improve utilisation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19 pandemic,Europe,SHARE,Unmet health care}
}

@article{Taylor-Gooby2015,
  title = {Can \textbackslash{{textasciigraveNew Welfare}}' {{Address Poverty}} through {{More}} and {{Better Jobs}}?},
  author = {{Taylor-Gooby}, Peter and Gumy, Julia M. and Otto, Adeline},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--104},
  issn = {0047-2794},
  doi = {10.1017/S0047279414000403},
  abstract = {New welfare has been prominent in recent European social policy debates. It involves mobilising more people into paid work, improving human capital and ensuring fairer access to opportunities. This programme is attractive to business (more workers, better human capital and reduced social conflict to enhance productivity and profitability) and to citizens (more widely accessible job-opportunities with better rewards): a relatively low-cost approach to the difficulties governments face in maintaining support and meeting social goals as inequalities widen. The generalmove towards \textbackslash textasciigravenewwelfare' gathered momentum during the past two decades, given extra impetus by the 2007-09 recession and subsequent stagnation. While employment rates rose during the prosperous years before the crisis, there was no commensurate reduction in poverty. Over the same period the share of economic growth returned to labour fell, labour markets were increasingly de-regulated and inequality increased. This raises the question of whether new welfare's economic goals (higher employment, improved human capital) and social goals (better job quality and incomes) may come into conflict. This paper examines data for seventeen European countries over the period 2001 to 2007. It shows that new welfare is much more successful at achieving higher employment than at reducing poverty, even during prosperity, and that the approach pays insufficient attention to structural factors, such as the falling wage share, and to institutional issues, such as labour market deregulation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Tchitchoua2023,
  title = {Export Diversification and Income Inequality in {{Central Africa}}: {{An}} Analysis of the Employment Channel},
  author = {Tchitchoua, Jean and Tsomb Tsomb, Etienne Inedit Blaise and Madomo, Johny},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT},
  issn = {0963-8199},
  doi = {10.1080/09638199.2023.2203785},
  abstract = {This paper analyses the effect of export diversification on income inequality in Central Africa through the employment channel. The sample consists of 9 countries over the period 2000-2019. A quadratic regression is applied to a panel data model using the random effect and the two stages least squares methods. The results show that export diversification increases income inequality in Central Africa. However, this effect is non-linear with the form of an inverted U. Increasing the number of wage workers reduces the marginal effect of export diversification on income inequality while increasing the number of unpaid workers increases this effect. Moreover, diversification is less likely to reduce income inequality when it increases male employment than when it increases female employment. The effect of diversification on income inequality remains non-linear in an inverted U-shape for CEMAC countries' members (CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States) and oil-producing countries, while it is non-linear in a U-shape for non-CEMAC countries and non-oil-producing countries. We recommend that Central African countries promote the diversification of exports while encouraging new productive activities to generate more paid jobs and to favor female employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Tempesti2020,
  title = {Fringe {{Benefits}} and {{Chinese Import Competition}}},
  author = {Tempesti, Tommaso},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL},
  volume = {86},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1307--1337},
  issn = {0038-4038},
  doi = {10.1002/soej.12426},
  abstract = {While many studies have quantified the impact of Chinese import competition on U.S. wages, to my knowledge this is the first study to also estimate the effect on fringe benefits. This is important because in the United States, fringe benefits are now more than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of compensation. I first argue that if trade affects the share of benefits in compensation, focusing on wages and ignoring fringe benefits may give us misleading estimates of the effect of trade on workers' total compensation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I track the subsequent outcomes of workers who were working in manufacturing in 1996. Similar to Autor et al. (2014), I find that exposure to Chinese competition negatively affects wage income. As to fringe benefits, the effect on participation in a defined benefit retirement plan and the availability of vacation days is negative and significant. The effects on other benefits are usually negative but imprecisely estimated. The effect on the overall dollar value of benefits is negative and significant. However, in percentage terms, the effect on benefits is smaller than the effect on wages. This suggests that, in percentage terms, the impact of Chinese import competition on overall compensation is less severe than the one found in Autor et al. (2014) for wages.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Teo2018,
  title = {Whose {{Family Matters}}? {{Work-Care-Migration Regimes}} and {{Class Inequalities}} in {{Singapore}}},
  author = {Teo, Youyenn},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {44},
  number = {7-8},
  pages = {1133--1146},
  issn = {0896-9205},
  doi = {10.1177/0896920517748498},
  abstract = {Scholars have highlighted the multiple dimensions of care and its intersections with migratory patterns to collectively show that there are wide-ranging and sometimes unintended consequences to the global intensification of migrant care labor. This article focuses not on migrant workers themselves, nor on people who hire them. Instead, it throws into the mix a class of people who do not have access to migrant care workers, but who nonetheless live in a society where norms and standards are set by people who do. I argue that under the current work-care-migration regime in Singapore, low-income families' needs are overlooked. As feminist scholars and activists challenge existing state policies, societal norms, and corporate practices, we must continually insert into conversation the question of class variations and inequalities. The article makes the case for an expanded view in thinking about the effects of paid domestic work on public policy and the wellbeing of various groups in society and along the global care chain.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {class inequalities,domestic labor,global care chain,migration,poverty,public policy,Singapore}
}

@article{Tesfai2017,
  title = {Racialized {{Labour Market Incorporation}}? {{African Immigrants}} and the {{Role}} of {{Education-Occupation Mismatch}} in {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Tesfai, Rebbeca},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION},
  volume = {55},
  number = {4},
  pages = {203--220},
  issn = {0020-7985},
  doi = {10.1111/imig.12352},
  abstract = {U.S. immigration policy debates increasingly center on attracting highly-skilled immigrants. African immigrants, in particular, exhibit high levels of over-education. But questions remain about whether African immigrants' skills are appropriately utilized in the U.S. labour market. This paper uses U.S. Census and American Community Survey data to determine whether Africans' over-education leads to a corresponding wage disadvantage. I also investigate whether search and match, imperfect transferability, or queuing theory describes African immigrants' wage outcomes. I find that, while African and Asian immigrants have similarly high rates of college education and over-education, Africans experience significantly larger wage disadvantages due to over-education. African immigrants' low wages are closer to that of U.S. and Caribbean-born blacks indicating that queuing theory describes their wage disadvantage. These findings suggest the need for policy addressing racial disparities in the labour market rather than new immigration policy.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Thevenon2012,
  title = {Reconciling {{Work}}, {{Family}} and {{Child Outcomes}}: {{What Implications}} for {{Family Support Policies}}?},
  author = {Thevenon, Olivier and Luci, Angela},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {31},
  number = {6},
  pages = {855--882},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-012-9254-5},
  abstract = {This paper discusses the potential of family policies to reconcile the multiple objectives that they are expected to serve, over and above their role in offsetting the economic cost of children. We start by emphasizing the need to consider the multiple challenges that family policies in European Union-and/or OECD-countries have to address through a broadening of the standard economic approach to the cost of children. Policies indeed aim to reduce the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedirect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace monetary cost of raising children, but they also aim to minimise the indirect cost arising from the incidence of children on the parents' work-life balance and on the aggregate level of employment. Moreover, motives for policy intervention such as concerns about child development, gender equity or aggregate fertility levels are not fully captured by cost measurements. We thus analyse how, and to what extent, family policies can successfully reconcile these multidimensional objectives. We offer a holistic approach, pointing out that a coherent family policy mix supporting working parents with preschool children is the only way to reconcile or limit the conflicts between work, family and child outcomes. Three main dichotomies are identified to explain cross-country differences in family policy packages: the emphasis on poverty alleviation; the supposed antagonism between fertility and female employment; and the potential conflict between this latter and child development. Ways to reconcile these objectives and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of family policies are further discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child poverty,Costs of children,Family policy,Fertility,Women's labour market participation,Work-life balance}
}

@article{Thirumurthy2021,
  title = {The Effect of Providing Women Sustained Access to {{HIV}} Self-Tests on Male Partner Testing, Couples Testing, and {{HIV}} Incidence in {{Kenya}}: A Cluster-Randomised Trial},
  author = {Thirumurthy, Harsha and Bair, Elizabeth F. and Ochwal, Perez and Marcus, Noora and Putt, Mary and Maman, Suzanne and Napierala, Sue and Agot, Kawango},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {LANCET HIV},
  volume = {8},
  number = {12},
  pages = {E736-E746},
  issn = {2352-3018},
  abstract = {Background HIV self-testing can overcome barriers to HIV testing, but its potential as an HIV prevention strategy for women in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We examined whether sustained provision of self-tests to women promotes testing among sexual partners and reduces HIV incidence. Methods We conducted a pair-matched cluster-randomised trial in 66 community clusters in Siaya County, Kenya. Clusters were communities with a high prevalence of transactional sex, including beach communities along Lake Victoria and inland communities with hotspots for transactional sex such as bars and hotels. Within clusters, we recruited HIV-negative women aged 18 years or older with two or more sexual partners within the past 4 weeks. In each of the 33 cluster pairs, we randomly assigned clusters to an intervention and comparison group. In intervention clusters, we provided participants with multiple self-tests at regular intervals and encouraged secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners. In comparison clusters, we provided participants referral cards for facility-based testing. Follow-up visits and HIV testing occurred at 6-month intervals for up to 24 months. The primary outcome of HIV incidence among all participants who contributed at least one HIV test was analysed using discrete-time mixed effects models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03135067. Findings Between June 4, 2017, and Aug 31, 2018, we enrolled 2090 participants (1033 in the 33 intervention clusters and 1057 in the 33 comparison clusters). Participants' median age was 25 years (IQR 22-31) and 1390 (66.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2086 participants reported sex work as an income source. 1840 participants completed the 18-month follow-up and 570 participants completed the 24-month follow up, which ended on March 25, 2020, with a median follow-up duration of 17.6 months. HIV incidence was not significantly different between the intervention and comparison groups (1.2 vs 1.0 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio 12, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.6-2.3, p=0.64). Social harms related to study participation occurred in three participants (two in the intervention group and one in the comparison group). Interpretation Sustained provision of multiple self-tests to women at high risk of HIV infection in Kenya enabled secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners but did not affect HIV incidence. Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Thomassen2022,
  title = {Barriers and {{Facilitators}} of {{Re-Employment}} among {{Senior Workers}}: {{Prospective Cohort Study}}},
  author = {Thomassen, Kristina and Sundstrup, Emil and Vinstrup, Jonas and Seeberg, Karina Glies Vincents and Andersen, Lars Louis},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {18},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph191811536},
  abstract = {Re-entering the labour market after a period of unemployment can be challenging for seniors. This study investigates personal as well as circumstantial barriers and facilitators of re-employment. Unemployed seniors in Denmark ({$>$}= 50 years, n = 1636) from the first wave (mid-2018) of the SeniorWorkingLife study were prospectively followed until March 2020 in national registers on labour market participation. Using weighted logistic-regression-modelled odds ratios (ORs), we estimated the association between personal and circumstantial factors at baseline and re-employment during follow-up. During follow-up, 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% re-entered paid employment. The desire to have a job (reference: not having the desire to have a job) increased the likelihood of re-employment (OR 2.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.14-4.85). Contrastingly, a higher age (60-63 vs. 50-54 years; OR 0.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.16-0.79) and poor health (OR 0.32, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.16-0.61) decreased the likelihood of re-employment. Sex, education and belief that age constitutes a barrier to re-employment were not associated with the likelihood of re-employment. Unemployed seniors desiring to have a job are more likely to get a job. However, a higher age and poor health are important barriers that should be taken into account, e.g., by ensuring employment opportunities for these groups in society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {occupational,re-employment,return to work,seniors,unemployment,unemployment characteristics,worker}
}

@article{Thompson2001,
  title = {New Insights into the Value of Transit - {{Modeling}} Inferences from {{Dade County}}},
  author = {Thompson, {\relax GL}},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {TRANSIT PLANNING, INTERMODAL FACILITIES, AND MARKETING: PUBLIC TRANSIT},
  series = {{{TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD-SERIES}}},
  number = {1753},
  pages = {52--58},
  issn = {0361-1981},
  abstract = {Whether transit accessibility influences labor force participation and income of different racial and ethnic groups is examined. The methodology involves the use of two-stage least-squares analysis to control for possible reverse causality in two of the explanatory variables: transit accessibility and auto ownership. Earlier literature on spatial mismatch theory suggests that transit accessibility should make a difference in unemployment rates for African Americans confined to inner city ghettos. In contrast, more recent literature suggests that other variables, such as workplace discrimination, are far more significant explanatory variables. Because all of these studies used measures of transit accessibility that failed to show the ease with which residents of a geographic area could access jobs in the entire region, this study attempts to do so. The transit accessibility measure is first calculated for traffic analysis zones (TAZs) in Dade County, Florida, and it is then used as one of several explanatory variables in models of African American, Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic white labor force participation; median zonal household income; and automobile ownership in TAZs. This research finds that transit accessibility does not explain labor force participation of any of the groups, but it helps explain household income as well as auto ownership. Higher transit accessibility is concluded to either directly or indirectly increase wage rates significantly for auto-disadvantaged groups.},
  isbn = {0-309-07214-X},
  langid = {english},
  note = {80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board, WASHINGTON, D.C., JAN, 2001}
}

@article{Thoresen2021,
  title = {Three {{Year Longitudinal Study}} of {{Graduate Employment Outcomes}} for {{Australian Apprentices}} and {{Trainees}} with and without {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Thoresen, Stian H. and Cocks, Errol and Parsons, Richard},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISABILITY DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION},
  volume = {68},
  number = {5},
  pages = {702--716},
  issn = {1034-912X},
  doi = {10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648},
  abstract = {People with disabilities in Australia face significant employment barriers. Research and policy initiatives over the past fifteen years have consistently emphasised the benefits of vocational education and training generally, and apprenticeship and traineeships specifically, as leading to positive vocational pathways and employment outcomes for people with disabilities. However, there is a dearth of evidence of graduate outcomes for apprentices and trainees with disabilities. This paper presents the employment outcomes including hours of work and salaries for a cohort of apprenticeship and traineeship graduates with and without disabilities across a three-year longitudinal Australian study. Overall, there are positive employment outcomes for the research participants although graduates without a disability achieved better outcomes than graduates with disabilities and participants in receipt of the disability support pension had significantly lower wages than other participants with disabilities. There are indications that the gap in outcomes between graduates with and without disabilities has reduced over time, although generalisability of the findings may be limited by the observational study design. Nevertheless, the study has confirmed positive employment and related outcomes for apprenticeship and traineeship graduates with disabilities, which were sustained, or arguably improved, over the three-year period covered by the study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Apprenticeships,Australia,employment,graduate outcomes,longitudinal study,people with disabilities,traineeships,vocational education and training}
}

@article{Thulien2019,
  title = {Evaluating the {{Effects}} of a {{Rent Subsidy}} and {{Mentoring Intervention}} for {{Youth Transitioning Out}} of {{Homelessness}}: {{Protocol}} for a {{Mixed Methods}}, {{Community-Based Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  author = {Thulien, Naomi S. and Kozloff, Nicole and McCay, Elizabeth and Nisenbaum, Rosane and Wang, Andrea and Hwang, Stephen W.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS},
  volume = {8},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1929-0748},
  doi = {10.2196/15557},
  abstract = {Background: Although the risk factors associated with young people entering and becoming entrenched in street life have been thoroughly investigated, peer-reviewed evidence is scarce to nonexistent for rigorous interventions targeting social integration outcomes for young people who have experienced homelessness. From the limited research that has been done, emerging evidence signals that, although structural supports such as subsidized housing and social service providers are important, these resources alone are insufficient to help young people integrate into the mainstream society. Objective: The overarching aim of this study is to assess whether and how rent subsidies and mentorship influence social integration outcomes for formerly homeless young people living in market rent housing in 3 Canadian cities. The primary outcome measures for this study are community integration (psychological and physical) and self-esteem at 18 months. Secondary outcomes include social connectedness, hope, and academic and vocational participation at 18 months. Exploratory outcomes include income, perceived housing quality, engulfment, psychiatric symptoms, and participant perspectives of intervention barriers and facilitators. Methods: This is a convergent mixed methods, open-label, 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 1:1 allocation embedded within a community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) framework. The intervention will provide 24 young people (aged 16-26 years), who have transitioned out of homelessness and into market rent housing within the past year, with rent subsidies for 24 months. Half of the young people will also be randomly assigned an adult mentor who has been recruited and screened by 1 of our 3 community partners. Data collection will occur every 6 months, and participants will be followed for 30 months. Results: Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Providence, St Joseph's, and St Michael's Healthcare Research Ethics Board (number 18-251). Enrollment took place from April 2019 to September 2019. Preliminary analysis of the baseline quantitative and qualitative data is underway. Conclusions: This pilot RCT will be the first to test the impact of economic and social support on meaningful social integration for formerly homeless young people living in market rent housing. We believe that the mixed methods design will illuminate important contextual factors that must be considered if the intervention is to be scaled up and replicated elsewhere. Importantly, the CBPAR framework will incorporate the perspectives of the community, including formerly homeless young people, who are in the best position to determine what might work best in the context of their lives.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {community integration,homeless youth,housing,mentorship,qualitative research,randomized controlled trial}
}

@article{Thyen1999,
  title = {Employment, Child Care, and Mental Health of Mothers Caring for Children Assisted by Technology},
  author = {Thyen, U and Kuhlthau, K and Perrin, {\relax JM}},
  year = {1999},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {103},
  number = {6, 1},
  pages = {1235--1242},
  issn = {0031-4005},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.103.6.1235},
  abstract = {Objective. This study examines 1) the way that children with chronic conditions are cared for at home and assisted by technology affects maternal employment and child care; 2) the social and clinical factors associated with the decision of a mother to quit employment to care for a child at home; and 3) the way in which care at home and the decision of a mother to quit a job affects maternal mental health. Design. The 6-month postdischarge status of 70 mothers of children assisted by technology (study group) was compared with the 6-month postdischarge status of 58 mothers of children (matched for age and gender) hospitalized for acute illnesses (comparison group). Between January and December 1993, we gathered information on sociodemographic status, employment status and changes in employment, severity of the child's condition, child care and nursing services at home, family support, and maternal mental health. Results. One third of mothers in the study group reported that they quit employment to take fare of a child at home with only 37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% remaining employed outside the home, compared with 69.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of comparison group mothers. Single caretakers were 15 times more likely to quit employment compared with mothers in two-parent families. Availability of child care had an independent effect on a mother's decision to quit a job, whereas the severity of the child's condition did not. Child care hours were significantly lower in study group families and were provided mostly by relatives compared with daycare facilities and regular babysitters in comparison families. Family support was highest among employed mothers in both the study and the comparison groups and lowest in study group mothers who were neither employed currently nor before the child's illness or who had quit employment to care for the child. Family income was significantly lower in families with a child assisted by technology. Families in the study group had 20-fold higher uncompensated health care costs than did the comparison group. Mothers caring for a child assisted by technology reported less good mental health than did comparison group mothers, and employment seems to mediate this relationship. Conclusions. Caring for a child assisted by technology seems to create barriers to maternal employment diminishing family resources at a time when financial needs actually may increase. Lack of family support and child care services increase the likelihood that mothers of children assisted by technology will stay out of the labor force. Remaining employed buffers the negative effects of care at home on maternal mental health. Health policies for children with chronic health problems should address issues of financial burdens and the labor force participation of their caretakers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child care,chronic illness,employment,family support,home care,quality of life,technology assisted}
}

@article{Tian2023,
  title = {On Tiptoe: {{Identity}} Tension and Reconciliation among {{Shanghai}} Stay-at-Home Mothers},
  author = {Tian, Felicia F. F. and Chen, Lin},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
  issn = {0968-6673},
  doi = {10.1111/gwao.12973},
  abstract = {It is well documented that motherhood influences gendered outcomes in work institutions. However, how paid work influences women's private sphere and sense of self remains unclear and could vary across societies. This article focuses on identity construction among 28 college-educated stay-at-home mothers in Shanghai. The findings from semi-structured, in-depth interviews reveal tension negotiation and reconciliation within these mothers' multiple self-identities. Despite choosing to voluntarily leave their paid jobs and become stay-at-home mothers, participants differentiated between their maternal identity and their stay-at-home mother identity; in particular, they perceived motherhood as more valuable and socially acceptable than the choice to be a stay-at-home mother (i.e., participants readily identified as mothers but hesitated to describe themselves as stay-at-home mothers). To avoid this tension and protect their self-image, participants incorporated aspects of their previous working identity into their stay-at-home mother identity, such as taking part-time jobs and framing their childrearing experience as a future career asset. The results help explain how the notion of work shapes women's self-image, even when they leave the labor market. Overall, the findings reinforce mothering imperatives and identities and the need to understand them from a cross-cultural perspective in relation to societal prevailing gender norms.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Tica2022,
  title = {Managing the Impact of Globalization and Technology on Inequality},
  author = {Tica, Josip and Globan, Tomislav and Arcabic, Vladimir},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ECONOMIC RESEARCH-EKONOMSKA ISTRAZIVANJA},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1035--1060},
  issn = {1331-677X},
  doi = {10.1080/1331677X.2021.1952466},
  abstract = {This article tests the relative importance of globalization and technological change in explaining income inequality at higher and lower development levels. Besides, the article analyses the effectiveness of a set of policy measures for fighting inequality. We use relative pre-tax income shares as a proxy for inequality. Several linear and non-linear threshold panel data models with GDP per capita as the threshold variable are estimated for 42 countries over the period from 1994 to 2016. We find that technology is the most important generator of inequality, while the effect of various globalization measures is weak and often insignificant. We find limited evidence that the effect of globalization differs with respect to the level of GDP per capita. Our results suggest that full employment policies in the low inflation environment are the most efficient solution for the inequality problem. Higher employment and low inflation rate decrease the inequality level. Other than that, we do not find other policy measures that satisfy the one-size-fits-all criteria for tackling inequality. Instead, a set of efficient policy measures against inequality, including expenditures on education, minimum wage policies, and lending rates, depend on the development level and idiosyncratic policies and institutions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment rate,globalization,Inequality,openness,technology,threshold model}
}

@article{Tiderington2020,
  title = {Employment {{Experiences}} of {{Formerly Homeless Adults With Serious Mental Illness}} in {{Housing First Versus Treatment First Supportive Housing Programs}}},
  author = {Tiderington, Emmy and Henwood, Benjamin F. and Padgett, Deborah K. and Smith, Bikki Tran},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION JOURNAL},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {253--260},
  issn = {1095-158X},
  doi = {10.1037/prj0000391},
  abstract = {Objective: This paper examines how formerly homeless adults with serious mental illness living in Housing First (HF) and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravetreatment first\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (TF) supportive housing programs experience employment. Research questions include: How do these individuals experience employment in the context of their mental health recovery? What do they perceive as the benefits of and obstacles to attaining employment? Are there programmatic differences in their employment experiences? Method: Case study analyses of data from a federally funded qualitative study were conducted of 40 individuals purposively sampled from HF and TF programs. Data were independently analyzed and consensually discussed to develop crass-case themes. Results: Three themes emerged: (a) the meaning of work, (b) working within the system, and (c) balancing treatment requirements and work. While none of the study participants had full-time jobs, more HF program clients had part-time employment than their TF counterparts. Of the 12 employed participants. all but 2 worked within their respective programs. Participants in both groups described similar benefits of obtaining employment. but TF program requirements inhibited job-seeking. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: These findings provide insight into the challenges of obtaining employment for formerly homeless individuals with serious mental illness residing in supportive housing. Despite the motivation to work, individual, structural. and organizational factors impeded employment. To address this problem. factors at each of these levels will need to be considered. Interventions such as supported employment offer promise to supportive housing programs committed to employment as a contributor to recovery.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,homeless,Housing First,recovery,supportive housing}
}

@article{Timmons2014,
  title = {{{DO PEOPLE WITH SPECIFIC SKILLS WANT MORE SOCIAL INSURANCE}}? {{NOT IN THE UNITED STATES}}},
  author = {Timmons, Jeffrey F. and Nickelsburg, Jerry},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLITICS},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {457--482},
  issn = {0954-1985},
  doi = {10.1111/ecpo.12043},
  abstract = {Skill specificity is thought to increase preferences for social insurance (Iversen and Soskice, 2001, American Political Science Review 95,875), especially where employment protections are low, notably the United States (Gingrich and Ansell, 2012, Comparative Political Studies 45, 1624). The compensating differentials literature, by contrast, suggests that neither skill specificity, nor labor market protections affect preferences when wages adjust for differences in risks and investment costs. We examine these competing predictions using U.S. data on general and specific skills. Absolute and relative skill specificity have a robust positive correlation with income, but are negatively correlated with preferences for social protection. Our results strongly support the compensating differentials approach.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Tipuric2020,
  title = {{UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME: UTOPIA OR FUTURE REALITY}},
  author = {Tipuric, Darko and Garaca, Zeljko and Krajnovic, Ana},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {EKONOMSKI PREGLED},
  volume = {71},
  number = {6},
  pages = {632--656},
  issn = {0424-7558},
  doi = {10.32910/ep.71.6.4},
  abstract = {The global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic has further stimulated the interest in the universal basic income (UBI). Proponents believe that UBI, in addition to reducing poverty and economic inequality, can be a useful instrument for mitigating the effects of the crisis and at the same time an important bulwark in creating a completely different economic and social paradigm. UBI reaches beyond economic policies and is a matter of moral and social commitment; it is at the same time a program and an ideal that radically changes society by strengthening mutual responsibility and solidarity, strengthening reliability in institutions. The implementation of the UBI places justice as a stronghold of social reality; it connects the categories of economic and social value and blurs established assumptions between labour, capital and well-being. The paper presents the basic features of UBI and some obstacles in its implementation. The possible role that basic income can play in the changes in the structure of employment and productivity brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution are discussed and examples of countries that have designed pilot projects of customized UBI according to different models are given. Criticisms of the concept are presented, among others, that UBI violates the principles of rational economic behaviour and the intrinsic meaning that work brings to people; the problem of moral aberration or the inadequacy of the role of the state to take full responsibility from the individual to cover the necessary costs of living; as well as the problem of the huge costs that states may have in designing and implementing UBI rograms, which is ultimately reflected in possible tax increases or inflationary risks. Special attention in the paper is paid to the issue of economic sustainability of UBI.},
  langid = {croatian},
  keywords = {COVID-19,economic crisis,guaranteed minimum income,social welfare,universal basic income}
}

@article{Tiwari2022,
  title = {Reproductive {{Burden}} and {{Its Impact}} on {{Female Labor Market Outcomes}} in {{India}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Longitudinal Analyses}}},
  author = {Tiwari, Chhavi and Goli, Srinivas and Rammohan, Anu},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {41},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2493--2529},
  issn = {0167-5923},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-022-09730-6},
  abstract = {We use nationally representative data from two waves of the Indian Human Development Survey to examine the role of inter-temporal changes in fertility behavior in influencing female labor market outcomes. Our multivariate regression estimates show that an increase in the number of children reduces labor force participation and earnings. We further investigated the impact of fertility changes on transitions from the labor market. The results show that women who had more than three children in both rounds of the survey had a 3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% points higher probability of exiting from the labor market than their counterparts with two or fewer children net of other socio-demographic factors. Disaggregated analyses by caste, economic, educational status, and region show that the probability of dropping out of the labor market due to fertility changes varies by region and is greater for non-poor and primary to secondary schooling women and those from socially disadvantaged castes than poor, non-educated, and socially advantageous women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Female labor-force participation,India,Reproductive burden}
}

@book{Todorova2020,
  title = {{{WORK-LIFE BALANCE}}: {{CHALLENGES OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE LABOR MARKET IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA VS EUROPEAN UNION}}},
  author = {Todorova, Biljana and Radulovikj, Makedonka},
  editor = {Duic, D and Petrasevic, T and Novokmet, A},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {EU 2020 - LESSONS FROM THE PAST AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE},
  series = {{{EU}} and {{Comparative Law Issues}} and {{Challenges Series}} - {{ECLIC}}},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {2459-9425},
  abstract = {Work-life balance is the term used to describe practices in achieving a balance between the demands of employees' family (life) and work lifes. Employers today strive to augment job satisfaction in the workforce for it is conducive to lower employee turnover, higher engagement, and greater productivity. Besides the feminists, who discuss women's inequality with men in the family and the separation of the family responsibilities, the term \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework-life balance\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, addressing the aspects of achieving this balance, starts to be more commonly used in employment policies. The dramatic increase in female labor force participation in the labor market, as a result of the collapse of the so-called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model, often results in a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedouble burden\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for paid women. On the other hand, there is a tendency among employers to increase workforce satisfaction because it has been shown to reduce employee turnover and produce higher engagement and increased productivity. Policies for the harmonization of work and private life are covered by social legislation and labor legislation. The International Labor Organization defines the work-life balance as one of the greatest challenges of our time. One of the aims of the European Social Rights Pillar is the Work-life balance Initiative which addresses the challenges of work-family balance faced by working parents and carers. Therefore, a directive on the balance between the working and professional life of parents and carers have recently been adopted in the European Union. It sets several new or higher standards for absent parents, paternity and guardianship and enforces a greater use of flexible employment contracts. Its aim is to increase the inclusion of women in the labor market and to promote greater use of parental leave by male workers. Motivated by this, a comparative analysis and critical overview is made between the policies existing in the member states of the European Union and the Republic of North Macedonia which are directly related to the promotion of family-work balance. The purpose of this paper is to see how the Macedonian labor and the legal system is prepared to respond to the challenge posed by this Directive and to provide suggestions and guidance that would improve the situation in the domestic labor market.},
  isbn = {978-953-8109-33-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,family policies,flexibility,labor law legislation,work,work-life balance},
  note = {International Scientific Conference on Lessons from the Past and Solutions for the Future (EU), Josip Juraj Strossmayer Univ Osijek, Faculty of Law, Osijek, CROATIA, SEP 10-11, 2020}
}

@article{Toma2016,
  title = {The Role of Migrant Networks in the Labour Market Outcomes of {{Senegalese}} Men: How Destination Contexts Matter},
  author = {Toma, Sorana},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4},
  pages = {593--613},
  issn = {0141-9870},
  doi = {10.1080/01419870.2015.1078480},
  abstract = {Research on the role of co-ethnic ties in immigrants' labour market outcomes has reached mixed conclusions. Some argue they are a valuable resource, increasing immigrants' labour force participation and wages; others find negative effects such as trapping workers in low-quality employment. Thus far very few quantitative studies have investigated systematically the circumstances under which migrant networks work. Taking advantage of unique data on Senegalese men in France, Italy and Spain, this paper shows that the receiving context shapes the role of pre-migration ties. In France, where the Senegalese community is well-established and socio-economically diverse, networks lead to better economic prospects. In contrast, pre-migration ties in Italy and Spain mostly lead to the perpetuation of ethnic niches developed by the Senegalese in small and precarious trade activities. The article emphasizes the benefits of adopting a comparative and diachronic approach and calls for future work on the factors shaping the role of networks.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {destination context,Europe,labour market,Migrant networks,social capital,sub-Saharan African immigrants}
}

@article{Tomasi2017,
  title = {{Quality of prenatal services in primary healthcare in Brazil: indicators and social inequalities}},
  author = {Tomasi, Elaine and Aguiar Fernandes, Pedro Agner and Fischer, Talita and Vinholes Siqueira, Fernando Carlos and {da Silveira}, Denise Silva and Thume, Elaine and Silva Duro, Suele Manjourany and Saes, Mirelle de Oliveira and Nunes, Bruno Pereira and Fassa, Anaclaudia Gastal and Facchini, Luiz Augusto},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {CADERNOS DE SAUDE PUBLICA},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  issn = {0102-311X},
  doi = {10.1590/0102-311X00195815},
  abstract = {The aim of this study was to describe quality indicators for prenatal care in Brazil as part of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB). The study analyzed number of prenatal visits, vaccination status, prescription of ferrous sulfate, physical examination, orientation, and laboratory tests, based on which a summary quality indicator was constructed. Data were collected in 2012-2013 during interviews conducted by External Evaluators of the PMAQ-AB, with 6,125 users who had done their last prenatal follow-up in Family Health units. During prenatal follow-up, 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported six or more visits, more than 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% received a tetanus booster and prescription of ferrous sulfate, 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported having received all the procedures in the physical examination, 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% received all the orientation, and 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% had all the recommended laboratory tests. Only 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% of interviewees had received adequate prenatal care, including all the recommended measures, and there was a significantly higher proportion of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecomplete\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace care in pregnant women that were older, with higher income, in the Southeast region of Brazil, in municipalities with more than 300,000 inhabitants, and in those with HDI in the upper quartile. There are persist social and individual inequalities that can be targeted by measures to upgrade the teams' work processes.},
  langid = {portuguese},
  keywords = {Health Inequalities,Prenatal Care,Primary Health Care,Quality of health Care}
}

@article{Tomaszewski2021,
  title = {Beyond {{Graduation}}: {{Socio-economic Background}} and {{Post-university Outcomes}} of {{Australian Graduates}}},
  author = {Tomaszewski, Wojtek and Perales, Francisco and Xiang, Ning and Kubler, Matthias},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION},
  volume = {62},
  number = {1},
  pages = {26--44},
  issn = {0361-0365},
  doi = {10.1007/s11162-019-09578-4},
  abstract = {Research consistently shows that higher-education participation has positive impacts on individual outcomes. However, few studies explicitly consider differences in these impacts by socio-economic background (SEB), and those which do fail to examine graduate trajectories over the long run, non-labor outcomes and relative returns. We address these knowledge gaps by investigating the short- and long-term socio-economic trajectories of Australian university graduates from advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds across multiple domains. We use high-quality longitudinal data from two sources: the Australian Longitudinal Census Dataset and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. Low-SEB graduates experienced short-term post-graduation disadvantage in employment and occupational status, but not wages. They also experienced lower job and financial security up to 5 years post-graduation. Despite this, low-SEB graduates benefited more from higher education in relative terms-that is, university education improves the situation of low-SEB individuals to a greater extent than it does for high-SEB individuals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,Higher education,Longitudinal trajectories,Panel data,Post-graduate outcomes}
}

@article{Tong2021,
  title = {Determinants of Transcultural Self-Efficacy among Nurses in {{China}}: {{A}} Cross-Sectional Study},
  author = {Tong, Ling and Tong, Tong and Wang, Jingping and Li, Yao and Noji, Ariko},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {NURSING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH SCIENCES},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {880--887},
  issn = {1441-0745},
  doi = {10.1111/nhs.12876},
  abstract = {In this cross-sectional study, we explored the current status and the correlates of self-perceived transcultural self-efficacy among nurses working in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, China. A total of 336 nurses (age range, 24-50 years) completed the Chinese version of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool. The majority of respondents were female (94.64\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and 67.26\textbackslash textbackslash\% were government employees. Between group differences were assessed using the rank sum test. Most nurses had a below-moderate level of self-perceived transcultural self-efficacy in all subscales (Cognitive \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace67.69\textbackslash textbackslash\%]; Practical \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace71.65\textbackslash textbackslash\%], Affective \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace66.75\textbackslash textbackslash\%]). Age, professional title, employment type, and income level had a significant influence on all three subscale scores of the survey instrument. Our findings highlight the need for inclusion of transcultural nursing in the continuing education curricula for nurses. Nursing managers should target continuing education based on the demographic characteristics of nurses. Hospital managers should consider minimizing the pay disparity between government-employed and temporary nurses. These initiatives can help improve the quality of nursing care in a cross-cultural milieu.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {continuing education,cross-cultural,cross-sectional study,nurse,transcultural self-efficacy}
}

@article{Topor2019,
  title = {Recovery and Economy; Salary and Allowances: A 10-Year Follow-up of Income for Persons Diagnosed with First-Time Psychosis},
  author = {Topor, Alain and Stefansson, Claes-Goran and Denhov, Anne and Bulow, Per and Andersson, Gunnel},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {54},
  number = {8},
  pages = {919--926},
  issn = {0933-7954},
  doi = {10.1007/s00127-019-01655-4},
  abstract = {PurposePersons with severe mental health problems (SMHP) point out financial strain as one of their main problems. De-institutionalisation in welfare countries has aimed at normalisation of their living conditions. The aim of the study was to follow the changes in income and source of income during a 10-year period for persons with a first-time psychosis diagnosis (FTPD).MethodsData were gathered from different registers. Data from persons with FTPD were compared to data on the general population. Two groups with different recovery paths were also compared: one group without contact with the mental health services during the last five consecutive years of the 10-year follow-up, and the other with contact with both 24/7 and community-based services during the same period.ResultsSMHP led to poverty, even if the financial effects of SMHP were attenuated by welfare interventions. Even a recovery path associated with work did not resolve the inequalities generated by SMHP.ConclusionsAttention should be paid to the risks of confusing the effects of poverty with symptoms of SMHP and thus pathologizing poverty and its impact on human beings. Adequate interventions should consider to improve the financial situation of persons with SMHP.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Financial strain,Long-term follow-up,Poverty,Psychosis,Recovery}
}

@article{Toroyan2004,
  title = {The Impact of Day Care on Socially Disadvantaged Families: An Example of the Use of Process Evaluation within a Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {Toroyan, T and Oakley, A and Laing, G and Roberts, I and Mugford, M and Turner, J},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6},
  pages = {691--698},
  issn = {0305-1862},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00481.x},
  abstract = {Aim This paper describes a process evaluation that was conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial of out-of-home pre-school day care. The evaluation aimed to: (1) describe the intervention; (2) document the day care received by participating families; (3) describe the social context of the trial; and (4) provide data to assist in the interpretation of trial outcomes. Methods The setting for the trial was an out-of-home day care Centre in Hackney, East London. Process data were collected through the use of questionnaires, interviews, and researcher field-notes. Data from questionnaires were collected from 120 mothers and included data on 143 children. Interviews were undertaken with 21 participating mothers. Staff also completed questionnaires and the Head of the Centre was interviewed. The quality of care provided was assessed using the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale. Results Process data collected during the trial suggest that the day care provided was education-led, flexible in catering to families' needs, and was of a very high quality. The social context of the trial resulted in financial pressures, which may well have influenced the intervention provided. Data collected through in-depth interviews suggested that it may be the flexibility of day care that is particularly important in allowing women to return to paid employment, but that the loss of benefits when starting work may have meant no increase in household income. Conclusion The paper illustrates the value of conducting a process evaluation alongside a randomized trial, particularly where complex interventions are involved. In this case, where the intervention was not provided by the research team, the evaluation allowed an insight into the content of a multifaceted intervention, which is useful in interpreting the trial's results, and in explaining the possible effects of the social context on the intervention.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {evaluation,household income,pre-school day care,randomization,social intervention}
}

@article{Tovar2019,
  title = {Maternal Vegetable Intake during and after Pregnancy},
  author = {Tovar, Alison and Kaar, Jill L. and McCurdy, Karen and Field, Alison E. and Dabelea, Dana and Vadiveloo, Maya},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {19},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-019-2353-0},
  abstract = {BackgroundImproved understanding of vegetable intake changes between pregnancy and postpartum may inform future intervention targets to establish healthy home food environments. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the changes in vegetable intake between pregnancy and the postnatal period and explore maternal and sociodemographic factors that are associated with these changes.MethodsWe examined sociodemographic, dietary, and health characteristics of healthy mothers 18-43y from the prospective Infant Feeding Practices II cohort (n=847) (2005-2012). Mothers completed a modified version of the diet history questionnaire, a food-frequency measure, developed by the National Cancer Institute. We created four categories of mothers, those that were: meeting vegetablerecommendations post- but not prenatally (n=121; improved intake), not meeting vegetable recommendations during pregnancy and postnatally (n=370; stable inadequate), meeting recommendations pre- but not postnatally (n=123; reduced intake), and meeting recommendations at both time points (n=233; stable adequate). To make our results more relevant to public health recommendations, we were interested in comparing the improved vegetable intake group vs. stable inadequate vegetable intake group, as well as those that reduced their vegetable intake compared to the stable adequate vegetable intake group. Separate multivariable-adjusted logistic regression were used to examine sociodemographic predictors of improved vs. stable inadequate and reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake.ResultsWomen with improved vegetable intake vs. stable inadequate smoked fewercigarettes while women with reduced vegetable intake vs. stable adequate were more likely to experience less pregnancy weight gain. In adjusted models, employed women had greater odds of reduced vegetable intake (OR=1.64 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.14-2.36). In exploratory analyses, employment was associated with greater odds of reduced vegetable intake among low-income (OR=1.79; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.03-3.1), but not higher income women (OR=1.31; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.94-1.84). After further adjustment for paid maternity leave, employment was no longer associated with vegetable intake among lower income women (OR: 1.53; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.76-3.05).ConclusionsMore women with reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake were lower income and worked full time. Improved access to paid maternity leave may help reduce disparities in vegetable quality between lower and higher income women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Maternity leave,Pregnancy,Vegetable intake}
}

@article{Towne2017,
  title = {Health \& Access to Care among Working-Age Lower Income Adults in the {{Great Recession}}: {{Disparities}} across Race and Ethnicity and Geospatial Factors},
  author = {Towne, Samuel D. and Probst, Janice C. and Hardin, James W. and Bell, Bethany A. and Glover, Saundra},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {182},
  pages = {30--44},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.005},
  abstract = {In the United States (US) and elsewhere, residents of low resource areas face health-related disparities, and may experience different outcomes throughout times of severe economic flux. We aimed to identify individual (e.g. sociodemographic) and environmental (e.g. region, rurality) factors associated with self reported health and forgone medical care due to the cost of treatment in the US across the Great Recession (2008-2009). We analyzed nationally representative data (2004-2010) using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in the US. Individual and geospatial factors (rurality, census region) were used to identify differences in self-reported health and forgone medical care due to the cost. Adjusted-analyses taking into account individual and geospatial factors among those with incomes {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000 identified multiple differences across time, sex, education, disability, rurality and Census Region for health. Similar analyses for forgone medical care found that those in the Recovery and the Recession were more likely to report forgone care than before the Recession. Having insurance and/or being employed (versus unemployed) was a protective factor in terms of reporting fair/poor health and having to forgo health care due to cost. Policies affecting improvements in health and access for vulnerable populations (e.g., low-income minority adults) are critical. Monitoring trends related to Social Determinants of Health, including the relationship between health and place (e.g. Census region, rurality), is necessary in efforts targeted towards ameliorating disparities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to care,Health and place,Health disparities,Recession,Rural health}
}

@article{Tracy2010,
  title = {Neo-Liberal Economic Practices and Population Health: A Cross-National Analysis, 1980-2004},
  author = {Tracy, Melissa and Kruk, Margaret E. and Harper, Christine and Galea, Sandro},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {HEALTH ECONOMICS POLICY AND LAW},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {171--199},
  issn = {1744-1331},
  doi = {10.1017/S1744133109990181},
  abstract = {Although there has been substantial debate and research concerning the economic impact of neo-liberal practices, there is a paucity of research about the potential relation between neo-liberal economic practices and population health. We assessed the extent to which neo-liberal policies and practices are associated with population health at the national level. We collected data on 119 countries between 1980 and 2004. We measured neo-liberalism using the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) Index, which gives an overall score as well as a score for each of five different aspects of neo-liberal economic practices: (1) size of government, (2) legal structure and security of property rights, (3) access to sound money, (4) freedom to exchange with foreigners and (5) regulation of credit, labor and business. Our measure of population health was under-five mortality. We controlled for potential mediators (income distribution, social capital and openness of political institutions) and confounders (female literacy, total population, rural population, fertility, gross domestic product per capita and time period). In longitudinal multivariable analyses, we found that the EFW index did not have an effect on child mortality but that two of its components: improved security of property rights and access to sound money were associated with lower under-five mortality (p = 0.017 and p = 0.024, respectively). When stratifying the countries by level of income, less regulation of credit, labor and business was associated with lower under-five mortality in high-income countries (p = 0.001). None of the EFW components were significantly associated with under-five mortality in low-income countries. This analysis suggests that the concept of \textbackslash textasciigraveneo-liberalism' is not a monolithic entity in its relation to health and that some \textbackslash textasciigraveneo-liberal' policies are consistent with improved population health. Further work is needed to corroborate or refute these findings.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Trani2017,
  title = {{Socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities in Morocco and Tunisia: Inequalities, cost and stigma}},
  author = {Trani, Jean-Francois and Bakhshi, Parul and Lopez, Dominique and Gall, Fiona and Brown, Derek},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ALTER-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DISABILITY RESEARCH},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {215--233},
  issn = {1875-0672},
  doi = {10.1016/j.alter.2016.09.005},
  abstract = {Two household surveys completed with qualitative interviews were carried out in 2013 and 2014 in Morocco and Tunisia, two countries which ratified the United Nations convention of the rights of persons with disabilities and actively engaged in innovative policies to promote those rights. The two surveys look at inequalities among persons with disabilities in terms of capabilities, i.e. real opportunities a person has to live the life she values. Based on the capability approach of Amartya Sen, analysis presented in this study show an important gap in terms of education, employment and health related quality of life - a somehow more narrow perspective on wellbeing than the one proposed by Sen, but nevertheless interesting to compare two populations - for persons with disabilities compared to the rest of the population in both countries. If the situation seems improved for the new generation compared to their parents' generation, access to education - which is a right for children with disabilities in Morocco and Tunisia - is far from being secured in both countries. Similarly, access to employment of persons with disabilities remains uncertain, in more precarious jobs and for lower wages than the rest of the working age population. Social exclusion that persons with disabilities face - as shown in the case of education and employment - have a considerable cost in terms of health related quality of life estimated to be the equivalent of a reduction of 20 and 18 years, respectively in Morocco and Tunisia, of the average life expectancy of persons in good health and without a disability. The recent policy against discrimination and for the promotion of the rights of the persons with disabilities are going in the right direction but a strong political will is required for them to become long term. Civil society has an important role to play to keep the current momentum. (C) 2016 Association ALTER. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {Capability approach,Disability,Morocco,Social exclusion,Stigma,Tunisia}
}

@article{Treas2012,
  title = {Apron Strings of Working Mothers: {{Maternal}} Employment and Housework in Cross-National Perspective},
  author = {Treas, Judith and Tai, Tsui-o},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {41},
  number = {4},
  pages = {833--842},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.01.008},
  abstract = {This paper asks whether maternal employment has a lasting influence on the division of household labor for married women and men. Employing multi-level models with 2002 ISSP survey data for 31 countries, we test the lagged accommodation hypothesis that a long societal history of maternal employment contributes to more egalitarian household arrangements. Our results find that living in a country with a legacy of high maternal employment is positively associated with housework task-sharing, even controlling for the personal socialization experience of growing up with a mother who worked for pay. In formerly socialist countries, however, there is less gender parity in housework than predicted by the high historical level of maternal employment. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cross-national research,Division of household labor,Eastern Europe,Gender,Institutionalization,Maternal employment,Multi-level models,Social change}
}

@article{Trembath2010,
  title = {Employment and {{Volunteering}} for {{Adults With Intellectual Disability}}},
  author = {Trembath, David and Balandin, Susan and Stancliffe, Roger J. and Togher, Leanne},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {235--238},
  issn = {1741-1122},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1741-1130.2010.00271.x},
  abstract = {Employment is a fundamental part of adult life. Adults with intellectual disability (ID) face multiple barriers to employment, however, and are underrepresented in the paid workforce. Formal volunteering has been promoted as both a stepping stone and an alternative to employment for some adults with disability. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of research findings relating to volunteering and employment for work-age adults with ID. Few studies have examined the experiences of adults with ID who volunteer. The findings indicate that volunteering alone is unlikely to lead to employment for adults with ID. However, some adults with ID view volunteering as a meaningful and desirable alternative to paid work. There is a need for further research to examine the relationship between volunteering and employment for adults with ID. In addition, there is a need for practice guidelines to ensure that the outcomes for adults with ID who volunteer, and those who seek paid employment, are successful.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Trevisan2016,
  title = {The Impact of Acute Health Shocks on the Labour Supply of Older Workers: {{Evidence}} from Sixteen {{European}} Countries},
  author = {Trevisan, Elisabetta and Zantomio, Francesca},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {43},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {171--185},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.04.002},
  abstract = {We investigate the consequences of experiencing an acute health shock, namely the first onset of myocardial infarction, stroke or cancer, on the labour supply of older workers in Europe. Despite its policy relevance to social security sustainability, the question has not yet been empirically addressed in the European context We combine data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and cover sixteen European countries, representative of different institutional settings, in the years spanning from 2002 to 2013. The empirical strategy builds on the availability of an extremely rich set of health and labour market information as well as of panel data. To remove the potential confounding bias, a selection on observables strategy is adopted, while the longitudinal dimension of data allows controlling for time invariant unobservables. Implementation is based on a combination of stratification and propensity score matching methods. Results reveal that experiencing an acute health shock on average doubles the risk of an older worker leaving the labour market, and is accompanied by a deterioration in physical functioning and mental health, as well as by a reduction in perceived life expectancy. Men's labour market response appears driven by the onset of impairment acting as a barrier to work. In the case of women, preferences for leisure and financial constraints seem to play a prominent role. Heterogeneity in behavioural responses across countries - with the largest labour supply reductions observed in the Nordic and Eastern countries, and England - are suggestive of a relevant role played by social security generosity. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Europe,Health shocks,Labour supply,Older workers,Propensity score matching}
}

@article{Trexler2018,
  title = {Models of Brain Injury Vocational Rehabilitation: {{The}} Evidence for Resource Facilitation from Efficacy to Effectiveness},
  author = {Trexler, Lance E. and Parrott, Devan R.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {49},
  number = {2},
  pages = {195--203},
  issn = {1052-2263},
  doi = {10.3233/JVR-180965},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Resource Facilitation (RF) is an intervention developed to improve return to work (RTW) following brain injury. RF is an individualized treatment specializing in connecting patients and caregivers with community-based resources and services to mitigate barriers to return to work. OBJECTIVES: Examine the effectiveness of the RHI RF program for a clinical prospective cohort of participants referred to this program from the State Vocational Rehabilitation agency. METHODS: Participants were 243 participants with data drawn from the two sources: 33 from previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) control groups who did not receive RF and 210 from clinical patients discharged from the RHI RF program. RESULTS: At discharge from RF, a greater proportion of the treatment group obtained employment than the control group \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceX-(1)(2) = 5.39,p = 0.018]. When controlling for baseline level of disability, treatment group significantly predicted employment outcome (Wald = 4.52, p = 0.033) and participants in the treatment group were 2.3 times more likely to return to work than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Previous RCTs have studied the RHI RF model and demonstrated significant efficacy. The findings from the present study are consistent with the employment rates found in the previous RCT's following RF, and also provide initial support for the clinical effectiveness of RF.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brain injuries,employment,rehabilitation,return to work,vocational}
}

@article{Trezzini2021,
  title = {Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Labour Market Participation as Experienced by Disabled People Living in {{Switzerland}}},
  author = {Trezzini, Bruno and Schuller, Victoria and Schupbach, Sabrina and Bickenbach, Jerome},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {36},
  number = {6},
  pages = {925--951},
  issn = {0968-7599},
  doi = {10.1080/09687599.2020.1768053},
  abstract = {Forming part of a larger project on how disabled people exercise active citizenship in nine European countries, this study examined factors that enhance or hamper disabled peoples' opportunities to participate fully and on equal terms with others in the domain of work. Twenty-six, gender-balanced life course interviews with persons living in Switzerland and representing four impairment groups and three age cohorts were conducted. Applying qualitative content analysis, we found that over the entire work life course environmental factors such as support structures and attitudes were most salient (as compared to personal factors and impairment effects), and that facilitating and impeding factors cut across impairment groups and age cohorts. To achieve parity of participation and to enhance people with disabilities' active citizenship and opportunities to access, and flourish in, the labour market, society has to both recognize their rights and provide sufficient economic resources to remove existing barriers.Points of interest Having a paid job is an important aspect and sign of a person's social participation and inclusion. We collected personal stories of disabled people living in Switzerland to identify the barriers and support they experienced in finding and maintaining a suitable paid job. Most of the barriers identified were environmental and could have been addressed by workplace adjustments and policy changes. The diversity of the disabled interviewees was reflected in the barriers and support they experienced. However, the presence or absence of support from family members, job counsellors, employers and work colleagues played an important role across different types of disabilities. Recognizing and understanding the barriers that disabled people experience with regard to paid employment will help to develop appropriate social responses and individual strategies for self-help.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {active citizenship,barriers and facilitators,lived experience,parity of participation,qualitative research,work and employment}
}

@article{Tripathi2023,
  title = {A Pandemic Impact Study on Working Women Professionals: Role of Effective Communication},
  author = {Tripathi, Shalini Nath and Sethi, Deepa and Malik, Nishtha and Mendiratta, Aparna and Shukla, Manisha},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {544--563},
  issn = {1356-3289},
  doi = {10.1108/CCIJ-09-2022-0107},
  abstract = {PurposeThe study aims to develop an in-depth understanding of challenges faced by Indian women professionals during the pandemic and the human resource (HR) initiatives like effective communication, taken by the organizations to mitigate the plight of these professionals.Design/methodology/approachA mix of two qualitative research methods namely focus groups in-depth and one-to-one in-depth interviews was used. A total of 32 females working with different organizations participated.FindingsThe thematic analysis revealed themes related to challenges faced by working women-gendered burnout, mental health issues, increased household responsibilities, job insecurity, work-life conflict, gender inequalities, reduced internal communication and financial independence, domestic violence and exploitation. The major themes that emerged for the organizational initiatives were flexible working hours, equal women representation in response to planning and decision making, driving transformative change for gender equality, paid leaves for family care, caregiving bonus, leadership development seeds, increased female recruitments, transparent communication and counseling sessions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study establishes a holistic understanding of the plight of Indian women professionals and the consequent organizational interventions accompanied by transparent communication. It adds rigor to the evolving literature on COVID-19 and enriches the theoretical narrative of policy adaptations by industry practitioners for aligning them with employee needs. This helps in routing the policy design and implementation in light of the challenges faced.Originality/valueThe study presents an in-depth understanding of challenges faced by women employees; and provides a foundation for identifying human resource management (HRM) interventions customized for working females. It also proposes a framework implementable in the recovery phase, deploying critical strategic shifts like reflection, recommitment and re-engagement of the women workforce in order to maximize their efficacy for rapidly evolving organizational priorities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Trlifajova2019,
  title = {Work Must Pay: {{Does}} It? {{Precarious}} Employment and Employment Motivation for Low-Income Households},
  author = {Trlifajova, Lucie and Hurrle, Jakob},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {376--395},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/0958928718805870},
  abstract = {One of the core dilemmas of current welfare politics is the question of how to ensure social protection while providing incentives to seek employment at the same time. A way to address this dilemma is to base policies and policy models on the principle notion that \textbackslash textasciigravework must pay'; in other words, income from employment should be higher than the social support of the unemployed. However, how accurately do these approaches and models represent the reality of benefit recipients, particularly in the context of increased employment precariousness? In this article, we use the cases of two disadvantaged regions in Czech Republic in order to contrast the presumptions of \textbackslash textasciigravemaking work pay' policies with the everyday experience of welfare recipients. As we show, their situations are strongly shaped by current changes in the labour market, particularly the precarious character of accessible employment and high levels of indebtedness. The modelling of financial employment incentives and the public policies based on these calculations often do not correspond with the reality of welfare recipients that are often cycling in and out of precarious forms of employment. However, the authors' main claim is that the very idea of the \textbackslash textasciigravework must pay' approach focuses on the wrong question. A truly functioning financial incentive would need to focus not solely on the difference in income between those who work and those who do not work, but rather should analyse what type of arrangements allow working households to rise permanently above the poverty line.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Activation,Czech Republic,dualization,in-work poverty,labour market,making work pay,unemployment,welfare}
}

@article{Troger2015,
  title = {The Role of Education for Poverty Risks Revisited: {{Couples}}, Employment and Profits from Work-Family Policies},
  author = {Troger, Tobias and Verwiebe, Roland},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {286--302},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/0958928715589068},
  abstract = {This article explores the specific effects of work-related family policies on poverty risks among various educational groups. Based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data (2005-2010) and policy indicators drawn from the Multilinks project, we estimated a series of multilevel models for approximately 123,000 households with children below the age of 6years in 25 European countries. The results emphasize clear education-specific differences and thus are essential for the ongoing social-policy discourse. Interestingly, with respect to infant childcare, the strongest poverty-reducing effect was identified among women with mid-level education and their families, followed by low-educated women. In contrast, full-time care for children aged 3-5years reduced the poverty risk only among women with mid- and high-level education and their families, whereas a medium length of well-paid parental leave was observed to be of particular importance to low-qualified mothers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Couples,education,employment,family policy,poverty}
}

@article{Truche2023,
  title = {Delivery of Essential Pediatric Congenital Surgical Care within {{Brazil}}'s Universal Health Coverage System: A National Survey of Pediatric Surgeons},
  author = {Truche, Paul R. and Naus, Abbie E. and Botelho, Fabio and Ferreira, Julia and Bowder, Alexis and Caddell, Luke and Zimmerman, Kathrin and Faria, Isabella Maria de Freitas and Lopes, Bellisa Caldas and Costa, Eduardo Correa and Dantas, Fernanda Lage Lima and Cavalcante, Augusto J. S. A. and Carvalho, Carlos A. L. B. and Abib, Simone and Mooney, David P. and Alonso, Nivaldo},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {WORLD JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  doi = {10.1136/wjps-2022-000534},
  abstract = {ObjectiveIn this study, we assess the delivery of congenital pediatric surgical care under Brazil's system of universal health coverage and evaluate differences in delivery between public and private sectors. MethodsA cross-sectional national survey of pediatric surgeons in Brazil was conducted. Participants were asked which of 23 interventions identified through the Disease Control Priorities 3 (Surgical Interventions for Congenital Anomalies) they perform and to report barriers faced while providing surgical care. Responses were weighted by state and stratified by sector (public vs private). ResultsA sample of 352 responses was obtained and weighted to represent 1378 practicing pediatric surgeons registered in Brazil during the survey time. 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% spend the majority of their time working in the public sector ('Sistema unico de Saude' and Foundation hospitals), and most of them also work in the private sector. Generally, Brazilian pediatric surgeons have the expertise to provide thoracic, abdominal, and urologic procedures. Surgeons working mostly in the public sector were more likely to report a lack of access to essential medications (25\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.01) and a lack of access to hospital beds for surgical patients (52\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 32\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.01). ConclusionsBrazilian pediatric surgeons routinely perform thoracic, abdominal, and urologic surgery. Those working in government-financed hospitals face barriers related to infrastructure, which may impact Brazilians who rely on Brazil's universal health coverage system. Policies that support pediatric surgeons working in the public sector may promote the workforce available to provide congenital pediatric surgical care.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Trujillo2016,
  title = {Building a Culture of Health: {{A}} New Framework and Measures for Health and Health Care in {{America}}},
  author = {Trujillo, Matthew D. and Plough, Alonzo},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {165},
  pages = {206--213},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.043},
  abstract = {For generations, Americans' health has been unequally influenced by income, education, ethnicity, and geography. Health care systems have operated largely apart from each other and from community life. The definition of health has been the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveabsence of illness,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace rather than the recognition that all aspects of our lives should support health. Today, a growing number of communities, regions, and states are working to redefine what it means to get and stay healthy by addressing the multiple determinants of health. The requirements of federal health care reform are changing who has access to care, how care is paid for and delivered, and how patients and providers interact. Coordinated efforts to promote wellness and prevent diseases are proliferating among a diverse set of stakeholders. These developments in health and in society present a window of opportunity for real societal transformation-a chance to catalyze a national movement that demands and supports a widely shared, multifaceted vision for a Culture of Health. To address this challenge, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has embarked on a strategic direction to use the tools of a large national philanthropy to catalyze a social movement which we are calling Building a Culture of Health. This article presents the Foundation's new model for a Culture of Health, the trans-disciplinary research that developed a set of metrics that tie to the model, and the community engagement activities undertaken in the development of both the model and metrics. The model and associated metrics and extensive communication, in addition to partnership, and grant funding strategies, represent a culture change strategy being implemented over 20 years. Addressing underlying inequities in health affirming life conditions and improving social cohesion across diverse groups to take action to improve theses condition lay at the heart of this strategy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Civic engagement,Community,Health,Social capital,Social cohesion,Values}
}

@article{Tsapko-Piddubna2021,
  title = {{{INCLUSIVE GROWTH POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT}}: {{THE CASE OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES}}},
  author = {{Tsapko-Piddubna}, Olga},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {BALTIC JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {233--239},
  issn = {2256-0742},
  doi = {10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-233-239},
  abstract = {The article highlights the necessity of inclusive growth and development concept implementation in times of economic and social instability as it is widely recognized as the one that can and should tackle the common long existing problems like poverty, inequality, and insecurity. Thus, the subject of this research is to compare the patterns of inclusive growth and development across economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE); and to investigate the driving policies and institutions to countries' inclusive growth and development. The research objective is to highlight policies that would increase equality, economic well-being, and as a result, the competitiveness of CEE countries. Methods. For this purpose, the comparative analysis of CEE countries' inclusive growth and development patterns was done; and the empirical evaluation was done to observe relationship between the Inclusive Development Index and indicators that described economic policies and institutional factors relevant to inclusiveness. In a comparative analysis and a cross-country regression model (for both dependent and independent variables), a recently developed by World Economic Forum performance metric was used. Results. The main findings suggest that the Czech and Slovak Republics are the best performing among CEE countries in inclusive growth and development patterns. On the contrary, Ukraine, Moldova, and Russian Federation are the worst. Economic growth of these countries has not transformed well into social inclusion. Still, there is a great potential for all CEE economies to improve their social inclusiveness in comparison with EU-28 and Norway (the most inclusive economy in 2018). Results of the empirical research indicate that redistributive fiscal policy has little influence on inclusive growth and development. Nevertheless, it should create a public social protection system that is engaged in decreasing poverty, vulnerability, and marginalization without hampering economic growth. Besides, an effective and inclusive redistributive state system of CEE economies should accentuate on supporting human economic opportunities. According to the results of the regression model, positive strong influence on inclusive growth and development is associated with the employment and labour compensation policy that allows people to directly increase their incomes and feel active and productive members of society; the basic services and infrastructure policy which is a necessary ground for present and future human and economic development; the asset building and entrepreneurship policy provides diminishing inequality and rising economic opportunities by fostering medium and small business creation and enlarging possibilities of home and other asset ownership. Altogether these policies would increase broad-based human economic opportunities and consequently both equality, economic well-being, and CEE economies' competitiveness in the long run. The counter-intuitive effect observed in the regression model between education and skills development policy and country's inclusive growth and development needs further investigations, as education is important for social mobility and decrease in income and wealth inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic opportunity,inclusive growth and development,inequality}
}

@article{Tsiboe2016,
  title = {Non-Farm Work, Food Poverty, and Nutrient Availability in Northern {{Ghana}}},
  author = {Tsiboe, Francis and Zereyesus, Yacob A. and Osei, Evelyn},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES},
  volume = {47},
  number = {A},
  pages = {97--107},
  issn = {0743-0167},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.027},
  abstract = {Despite the significant economic development in Ghana, northern Ghana has made little progress. Nationally, households engaged in the non-farm work are less likely to be categorized as poor, relative to those engaged in farming only. Given the well-established positive nexus between non-farm work and food security, this study extends the literature by analyzing the nexus between different types of non-farm work (own business, wage employment, and their combination) and household food nutrient availability in northern Ghana. Results from an application of a linear regression with endogenous treatment effects model to a sample of 3488 farming households and 5770 individuals indicate that, non-farm work positively affects food nutrient availability; and that farming households that own non-farm business are superior in terms of their nutrient availability and the extent of food security. Furthermore, households participating in the labor market in search of supplemental income do not appear to have better food security status relative to those engaged in farming only. Finally, females participating in non-farm work provide the largest contribution to household food nutrient availability. The study recommends the implementation of policies and building of infrastructure that foster the creation of non-farm income generating opportunities in northern Ghana, coupled with a framework that enables women to take advantage of these opportunities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Food security,Gender differences,Ghana,Non-farm work,Nutrition,Poverty}
}

@article{Tumlinson2022,
  title = {Absenteeism {{Among Family Planning Providers}}: {{A Mixed-Methods Study}} in {{Western Kenya}}},
  author = {Tumlinson, Katherine and Britton, Laura E. and Williams, Caitlin R. and Wambua, Debborah Muthoki and Onyango, Dickens Otieno},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING},
  volume = {37},
  number = {5},
  pages = {575--586},
  issn = {0268-1080},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czac022},
  abstract = {Public-sector healthcare providers are on the frontline of family planning service delivery in low- and middle-income countries like Kenya, yet research suggests public-sector providers are frequently absent. The current prevalence of absenteeism in Western Kenya, as well as the impact on family planning clients, is unknown. The objective of this paper is to quantify the prevalence of public-sector healthcare provider absenteeism in this region of Kenya, to describe the potential impact on family planning uptake and to source locally-grounded solutions to provider absenteeism. We used multiple data collection methods including unannounced visits to a random sample of 60 public-sector healthcare facilities in Western Kenya, focus group discussions with current and former family planning users, key informant interviews with senior staff from healthcare facilities and both governmental and non-governmental organizations, and journey mapping activities with current family planning providers and clients. We found healthcare providers were absent in nearly 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of unannounced visits and, among those present, 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% were not working at the time of the visit. In 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of unannounced visits, the facility had no providers present. Provider absenteeism took many forms including providers arriving late to work, taking an extended lunch break, not returning from lunch, or being absent for the entire day. While 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% of provider absences resulted from sanctioned activities such as planned vacation, sick leave, or off-site work responsibilities, nearly half of the absences were unsanctioned, meaning providers were reportedly running personal errands, intending to arrive later, or no one at the facility could explain the absence. Key informants and focus group participants reported high provider absence is a substantial barrier to contraceptive use, but solutions for resolving this problem remain elusive. Identification and rigorous evaluation of interventions designed to redress provider absenteeism are needed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Turley2013,
  title = {Slum Upgrading Strategies Involving Physical Environment and Infrastructure Interventions and Their Effects on Health and Socio-Economic Outcomes ({{Review}})},
  author = {Turley, Ruth and Saith, Ruhi and Bhan, Nandita and Rehfuess, Eva and Carter, Ben},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1469-493X},
  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD010067.pub2},
  abstract = {Background Slums are densely populated, neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are exceptionally poor. In situ slum upgrading, at its basic level, involves improving the physical environment of the existing area, such as improving and installing basic infrastructure like water, sanitation, solid waste collection, electricity, storm water drainage, access roads and footpaths, and street lighting, as well as home improvements and securing land tenure. Objectives To explore the effects of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of urban slum dwellers in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Where reported, data were collected on the perspectives of slum dwellers regarding their needs, preferences for and satisfaction with interventions received. Search methods We searched for published and unpublished studies in 28 bibliographic databases including multidisciplinary (for example Scopus) and specialist databases covering health, social science, urban planning, environment and LMIC topics. Snowballing techniques included searching websites, journal handsearching, contacting authors and reference list checking. Searches were not restricted by language or publication date. Selection criteria We included studies examining the impact of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment or infrastructure improvements (with or without additional co-interventions) on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of LMIC urban slum dwellers. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) were eligible for the main analysis. Controlled studies with only post-intervention data (CPI) and uncontrolled before and after (UBA) studies were included in a separate narrative to examine consistency of results and to supplement evidence gaps in the main analysis. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias for each study. Differences between the included study interventions and outcomes precluded meta-analysis so the results were presented in a narrative summary with illustrative harvest plots. The body of evidence for outcomes within the main analysis was assessed according to GRADE as very low, low, moderate or high quality. Main results We identified 10,488 unique records, with 323 screened as full text. Five studies were included for the main analysis: one RCT with a low risk, two CBAs with a moderate risk and two CBAs with a high risk of bias. Three CBAs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. Road paving only was evaluated in one RCT and water supply in one CBA. A total of 3453 households or observations were included within the four studies reporting sample sizes. Most health outcomes in the main studies related to communicable diseases, for which the body of evidence was judged to be low quality. One CBA with a moderate risk of bias found that diarrhoeal incidence was reduced in households which received water connections from a private water company (risk ratio (RR) 0.53; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 1.04) and the severity of diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.48; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.19 to 1.22). There was no effect for duration of diarrhoea. Road paving did not result in changes in parasitic infections or sickness in one RCT. After multicomponent slum upgrading, claims for a waterborne disease as opposed to a non-waterborne disease reduced (RR 0.64; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.27 to 0.98) in one CBA with a high risk of bias but there was no change in sanitation-related mortality in a CBA with a moderate risk of bias. The majority of socio-economic outcomes reported within the main studies related to financial poverty, for which the body of evidence was of very low quality. Results were mixed amongst the main studies; one RCT and two CBAs reported no effect on the income of slum dwellers following slum upgrading. One further CBA found significant reduction in monthly water expenditure (mean difference (MD) -17.11 pesos; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -32.6 to -1.62). One RCT also showed mixed results for employment variables, finding no effect on unemployment levels but increased weekly worked hours (MD 4.68; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.46 to 9.82) and lower risk of residents intending to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.60 to 1.01). There was no evidence available to assess the impact of slum upgrading on non-communicable diseases or social capital. Maternal and perinatal conditions, infant mortality, nutritional deficiencies, injuries, self-reported quality of life, education and crime were evaluated in one study each. Nine supporting studies were included that measured varying outcomes (6794 households or observations within eight studies reporting sample sizes). One CPI evaluated cement flooring only while three UBAs and five CPIs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. All studies but one had a high risk of bias. The studies reinforced main study findings for diarrhoea incidence and water-related expenditure. Findings for parasitic infections and financial poverty were inconsistent with the main studies. In addition, supporting studies reported a number of disparate outcomes that were not evaluated in the main studies. Five supporting studies included some limited information on slum dweller perspectives. They indicated the importance of appropriate siting of facilities, preference for private facilities, delivering synergistic interventions together, and ensuring that infrastructure was fit for purpose and systems were provided for cleaning, maintenance and repair. Authors' conclusions A high risk of bias within the included studies, heterogeneity and evidence gaps prevent firm conclusions on the effect of slum upgrading strategies on health and socio-economic wellbeing. The most common health and socio-economic outcomes reported were communicable diseases and indicators of financial poverty. There was a limited but consistent body of evidence to suggest that slum upgrading may reduce the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases and water-related expenditure. The information available on slum dwellers' perspectives provided some insight to barriers and facilitators for successful implementation and maintenance of interventions. The availability and use of reliable, comparable outcome measures to determine the effect of slum upgrading on health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing would make a useful contribution to new research in this important area. Given the complexity in delivering slum upgrading, evaluations should look to incorporate process and qualitative information alongside quantitative effectiveness data to determine which particular interventions work (or don't work) and for whom.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BJIJKMC5/Turley et al_2013_Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure.pdf}
}

@article{Turner2006,
  title = {Failing the Transition from Welfare to Work: {{Women}} Chronically Disconnected from Employment and Cash Welfare},
  author = {Turner, {\relax LJ} and Danziger, S and Seefeldt, {\relax KS}},
  year = {2006},
  month = jun,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY},
  volume = {87},
  number = {2},
  pages = {227--249},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00378.x},
  abstract = {Objectives. Although employment among welfare mothers increased substantially following the 1996 welfare reform, some former welfare recipients failed to find stable employment. We review the extent to which low-income mothers are without work and cash welfare for long periods of time and seek to understand the correlates of becoming chronically disconnected. Methods. We analyze data from a 1997-2003 panel study of single mothers who received cash welfare in an urban county in Michigan in February 1997. We develop a new measure of the extent to which former recipients are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechronically disconnected\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace from both employment and cash welfare and estimate regression models of the correlates of this economic outcome. Results. About 9 percent of respondents became chronically disconnected, defined as being without employment and cash welfare during at least one-quarter of the months during the 79-month study period. Important correlates of becoming chronically disconnected include having a physical limitation, having a learning disability, using illegal drugs or meeting the diagnostic screening criteria for alcohol dependence, and having no car or driver license. The chronically disconnected are more likely to have lost a job than to have lost welfare benefits and are more economically disadvantaged than those with regular sources of economic support. Conclusions. To reduce the number of women who fail to make a successful transition from welfare to work, more attention should be given to programs and policies that attempt to reconnect disconnected women to regular sources of economic support.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Turner2016,
  title = {Modeling {{Acequia Irrigation Systems Using System Dynamics}}: {{Model Development}}, {{Evaluation}}, and {{Sensitivity Analyses}} to {{Investigate Effects}} of {{Socio-Economic}} and {{Biophysical Feedbacks}}},
  author = {Turner, Benjamin L. and Tidwell, Vincent and Fernald, Alexander and Rivera, Jose A. and Rodriguez, Sylvia and Guldan, Steven and Ochoa, Carlos and Hurd, Brian and Boykin, Kenneth and Cibils, Andres},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {8},
  number = {10},
  doi = {10.3390/su8101019},
  abstract = {Agriculture-based irrigation communities of northern New Mexico have survived for centuries despite the arid environment in which they reside. These irrigation communities are threatened by regional population growth, urbanization, a changing demographic profile, economic development, climate change, and other factors. Within this context, we investigated the extent to which community resource management practices centering on shared resources (e.g., water for agricultural in the floodplains and grazing resources in the uplands) and mutualism (i.e., shared responsibility of local residents to maintaining traditional irrigation policies and upholding cultural and spiritual observances) embedded within the community structure influence acequia function. We used a system dynamics modeling approach as an interdisciplinary platform to integrate these systems, specifically the relationship between community structure and resource management. In this paper we describe the background and context of acequia communities in northern New Mexico and the challenges they face. We formulate a Dynamic Hypothesis capturing the endogenous feedbacks driving acequia community vitality. Development of the model centered on major stock-and-flow components, including linkages for hydrology, ecology, community, and economics. Calibration metrics were used for model evaluation, including statistical correlation of observed and predicted values and Theil inequality statistics. Results indicated that the model reproduced trends exhibited by the observed system. Sensitivity analyses of socio-cultural processes identified absentee decisions, cumulative income effect on time in agriculture, and land use preference due to time allocation, community demographic effect, effect of employment on participation, and farm size effect as key determinants of system behavior and response. Sensitivity analyses of biophysical parameters revealed that several key parameters (e.g., acres per animal unit or percentage of normal acequia ditch seepage) which created less variable system responses but which utilized similar pathways to that of the socio-cultural processes (e.g., socio-cultural or physical parameter change ! agricultural profit ! time in spent in agriculture ! effect on socio-cultural or physical processes). These processes also linked through acequia mutualism to create the greatest variability in system outputs compared to the remainder of tests. Results also point to the important role of community mutualism in sustaining linkages between natural and human systems that increase resilience to stressors. Future work will explore scenario development and testing, integration with upland and downstream models, and comparative analyses between acequia communities with distinct social and landscape characteristics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {acequia irrigation,community sustainability,connected hydrologic-human systems,coupled natural-human systems,dynamic hypothesis,leverage points,model development,sensitivity analysis,system dynamics}
}

@article{Tzannatos1999,
  title = {Women and Labor Market Changes in the Global Economy: {{Growth}} Helps, Inequalities Hurt and Public Policy Matters},
  author = {Tzannatos, Z},
  year = {1999},
  month = mar,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {551--569},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00156-9},
  abstract = {The paper examines the level and changes in female and male participation rates, employment segregation and female relative to male wages across the world economy. It finds sufficient evidence to support the view that labor markets in developing countries are transformed relatively quickly in the sense that gender differentials in employment and pay are narrowing much faster than they did in industrialized countries. The paper evaluates the inefficiencies arising from persisting gender differentials in the labor market and finds them to be potentially significant. The estimates also indicate that the resulting deadweight losses are borne primarily by women while men gain mainly in relative terms - there are no real winners from discrimination. The paper concludes that growth benefits women at large, inequalities can have significantly adverse effects on welfare, and market-based development alone can be a weak instrument for reducing inequality between the sexes. To break the vicious circle of women's low initial human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes compared to men's, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of women to training, enforceable equal pay and equal employment opportunities legislation, a taxation and benefits structure that treats reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within households, and a better accounting of women's work to include invisible production. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ugur2017,
  title = {Technology {{Adoption}} and {{Employment}} in {{Less Developed Countries}}: {{A Mixed-Method Systematic Review}}},
  author = {Ugur, Mehmet and Mitra, Arup},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {1--18},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.015},
  abstract = {The implications of technology adoption for productivity, income, and welfare have been studied widely in the context of less developed countries (LDCs). In contrast, the relationship between technology adoption and employment has attracted less interest. This systematic review evaluates the diverse yet sizeable evidence base that has remained below the radars of both reviewers and policy makers. We map the qualitative and empirical evidence and report that the effect of technology adoption on employment is skill biased and more likely to be observed when technology adoption favors product innovation as opposed to process innovation. Technology adoption is also less likely to be associated with employment creation when: (i) the evidence is related to farm employment as opposed to firm/industry employment; (ii) the evidence is related to low-income countries as opposed to lower middle-income or mixed countries; and (iii) the evidence is based on post-2001 data as opposed to pre-2001 data. There is also qualitative evidence indicating that international trade, weak forward and backward linkages, and weaknesses in governance and labor-market institutions tend to weaken the job creating effects of technology adoption. We conclude by calling for compilation of better quality survey data and further attention to sources of heterogeneity in modeling the relationship between technology adoption and employment in LDCs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P6MZJ39B/Ugur_Mitra_2017_Technology Adoption and Employment in Less Developed Countries.pdf}
}

@article{Ullah2016,
  title = {Extent of {{Child Social Exclusion}} in {{Pakhtun Culture}}: {{A Multidimensional Approach}}},
  author = {Ullah, Asad and Shah, Mussawar},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {APPLIED RESEARCH IN QUALITY OF LIFE},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {525--538},
  issn = {1871-2584},
  doi = {10.1007/s11482-014-9379-2},
  abstract = {The main objective of this paper was to investigate the association between socio-economic variables like Access to Services, Participation in Paid Work, Education/Skills, Health Status, State of Living Environment, Environment of Crimes at Community Level, Gender, Sufficiency of Family Income, Perception of Poverty and Religious Affiliation with Social Exclusion in Children. The results showed that there were indications of low likelihood of social exclusion among children with improved access to services, state of education and skills, state of health status and family income. Conversely, high likelihood of social exclusion is traced in those children who participated in paid work, lived in poor state of physical living environment; lived in environment of crimes at community level, from feminine gender, felt themselves poor and belonged to religious minority. Eliminating underage employment, provision of vital educational facilities encompassing the modern age needs, strict crime controlling measures through law enforcing agencies; drive for coordination between family and community for addressing gender based disparities in working environment under a sound package were suggested as some of the policy recommendations in the light of the study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bristol social exclusion matrix,Economic participation,Resources,Social exclusion}
}

@article{Ullrich2022,
  title = {Long-Term Outcomes among Localized Prostate Cancer Survivors: Prospective Predictors for Return-to-Work Three Years after Cancer Rehabilitation},
  author = {Ullrich, Anneke and Rath, Hilke Maria and Otto, Ullrich and Kerschgens, Christa and Raida, Martin and {Hagen-Aukamp}, Christa and Bergelt, Corinna},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SUPPORTIVE CARE IN CANCER},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {843--854},
  issn = {0941-4355},
  doi = {10.1007/s00520-021-06376-6},
  abstract = {Purpose This study aimed at (1) investigating the work status of men treated by radical prostatectomy due to diagnosis of localized prostate cancer (LPCa) three years after having attended a cancer rehabilitation program and (2) identifying prospective risk factors for not working at this time point. Methods In a longitudinal, questionnaire-based multicenter study, 519 working-age LPCa survivors reported on their work status 12 and 36 months following rehabilitation. Chi-square tests/t tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify prospective factors associated with not working at 36 months follow-up. Results Nearly three quarter of LPCa survivors (N = 377, 73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) worked 3 years after post-acute rehabilitation. Most participants (N = 365, 71\textbackslash textbackslash\%) showed continuous return-to-work (RTW) patterns as they worked both 1 and 3 years following rehabilitation. Multivariable regression analysis revealed older age, low or middle socio-economic status as well as resigned and unambitious work behavior and fatigue at the time of attending the rehabilitation program to be prospective factors for not working at 36 months follow-up. Low socio-economic status \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOdds ratio (OR) 4.81, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 2.07-11.16] and unambitious work behavior \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR 4.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.16-9.31] were the strongest predictors. Conclusion Long-term work retention is a realistic goal among LPCa survivors. The results contribute to the identification of at-risk LPCa survivors early in the RTW process. Special attention should be paid to social inequality. Further, interventions related to the management of fatigue and work-related coping styles could improve long-term RTW, as these were relevant, but potentially modifiable factors impeding work retention.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,Long term,Prostate cancer,Rehabilitation,Return to work,Survivorship}
}

@article{Ungerson2004,
  title = {Whose Empowerment and Independence? {{A}} Cross-National Perspective on \textbackslash textasciigravecash for Care' Schemes},
  author = {Ungerson, C},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {189--212},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X03001508},
  abstract = {This paper uses qualitative data from a cross-national study of \textbackslash textasciigravecash for care' schemes in five European countries (Austria, France, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom) to consider the concepts of empowerment and independence in relation to both care-users and care-givers. The paper locates the schemes along two axes, one of regulation/non-regulation, the other whether relatives can be paid or not. Each of the schemes has a different impact both on the care relationship and on the labour market for care. In The Netherlands where relatives can be paid, for example, a fully commodified form of informal care emerges; but in Austria and Italy with low regulation, a mix of informal and formal care-givers/workers has emerged with many international migrant workers. In the UK, direct payments allow care-users to employ local care-workers who deliver care for various lengths of time; while in France a credentialised system means that care-work is delivered by qualified workers but for very short intervals. The main conclusion is that none of these schemes have a simple outcome or advantage, and that the contexts in which they occur and the nature of their regulation has to be understood before drawing conclusions about their impact on empowerment and independence on both sides of the care relationship.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care-givers,care-users,care-work,cash for care,comparative social policy,direct payments,migrant labour,social care}
}

@article{Unnikrishnan2022,
  title = {Impact of an Integrated Youth Skill Training Program on Youth Livelihoods: {{A}} Case Study of Cocoa Belt Region in {{Ghana}}},
  author = {Unnikrishnan, Vidhya and Pinet, Melanie and Marc, Lukasz and Boateng, Nathaniel Amoh and Boateng, Ethel Seiwaa and Pasanen, Tiina and {Atta-Mensah}, Maya and Bridonneau, Sophie},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {151},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105732},
  abstract = {This paper assesses the impact of an integrated skills training program given to youth aged 17-25-year old living under the \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2/day poverty line in the cocoa belt region of Ghana. Despite being a leading producer of cocoa and having a burgeoning youth population, it is estimated that the average age of a cocoa farmer in Ghana is greater than 50 years. To introduce young people to cocoa farming and address the potential barriers they face in order to do that; a multi-faceted skills training programme was designed with the ultimate aim of improving and diversifying youth livelihoods. The training had three key components: i) cocoa academies (which includes agricultural practices; life skills and financial literacy); ii) business incubators (including entrepreneurial training, networks, mentoring) and iii) supporting enabling environment (access to land and finance). Combining quasi-experimental methods Propensity Score Matching with Difference in Differences, we estimate the causal effect of the programme on agricultural outcomes (farming, agricultural practices), financial behaviour outcomes (saving practices, mobile banking) and livelihood outcomes (employment, income, poverty likelihood) one year after the completion of training. The results of the impact evaluation suggest that compared to the control group (youth nonparticipants), youths who participated in the training adopt better agricultural practices (26 percentage points (pp)), cultivate cocoa (24 pp), and are more likely to engage in farming (22 pp). We also find a 28.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in income in the last seven days and hours worked by 12.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Youth also increase the use of banks for saving (16 pp), save using mobile money (6.7 pp), the use of Village Savings and Loan Associations (1.7 pp) and, in general, the use of mobile money for both sending and receiving transfers (10.6 pp). The sex-disaggregated sub-sample analysis provides other valuable insights on the intervention.(c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Impact,Livelihood strategies,Quasi-experiment,Training,Youths}
}

@article{Urmee2009,
  title = {A Survey of Solar {{PV}} Program Implementers in {{Asia}} and the {{Pacific}} Regions},
  author = {Urmee, Tania and Harries, David},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  journal = {ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {24--32},
  issn = {0973-0826},
  doi = {10.1016/j.esd.2009.01.002},
  abstract = {Numerous renewable energy electrification programs that have been implemented in developing countries over the past decade have met with relatively limited success. Much of the effort that has been invested in attempting to understand the causes of lack of success has focused on the identification of barriers. This narrow focus on only barriers, however, fails to consider other important factors that may contribute to the success or lack of success of programs. An email survey was used to obtain the views of those with responsibility for the implementation of solar PV home system programs in Asia and the Pacific region on their programs. The purpose of the survey was to better understand the factors that implementing agencies consider to be important in the designing and implementation of SHS programs. The survey results indicated that program objectives tend to be couched in very broad and administrative terms rather than in terms of the outcomes for system users, weakening the ability to make meaningful assessments of program success. Although best practice program guidelines were infrequently used, even where program implementers were aware of their existence, even more fundamental problems were found to beset some programs. Adequate funding support and the use of appropriate financing mechanisms were considered to be the most critical factors for program success and a variety of financing mechanisms were used, including micro-credit and a novel mechanism which indicated a maturation of program design. System maintenance and monitoring were considered important by most program implementers, although training was reported to be provided to both technicians and system users in a minority of cases and some program implementers expressed concerns over the timeliness of program monitoring and maintenance where this had been outsourced. Unit system cost varied from US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar7.20/Wp to US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar14.58/Wp between programs and was determined by factors such as remoteness, number of system program users and reliance on imported equipment. The program outcomes commonly regarded to be achieved were increased gender equity, increased social activities, increased access to information and increased working hours. The majority of program implementers, however, did not regard their programs as having resulted in increased employment or household income. Factors seen as instrumental in limiting program success were lack of adequate government policy and funding support, lack of involvement of local communities in program design, and a lack of in-house technical know-how, and a lack of availability of components in locations proximate to users. The main conclusions from results of the survey are that the reasons behind program success or lack of success are complex, but that program success could be improved in many instances by following best practice guidelines, specifying program objectives in terms of outcomes for users, ensuring that adequate funding and policy support is available and that program implementers have adequate training in program management. The results were used to develop a comprehensive set of criteria that could be applied in the development of future programs. (C) 2009 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers,Program implementers,PV,Solar home systems (SHS),Success factors,Success indicators}
}

@article{Vaculikova2021,
  title = {Hidden Gender Differences in Formal and Non-Formal Adult Education},
  author = {Vaculikova, Jitka and Kalenda, Jan and Kocvarova, Ilona},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {STUDIES IN CONTINUING EDUCATION},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1},
  pages = {33--47},
  issn = {0158-037X},
  doi = {10.1080/0158037X.2020.1732334},
  abstract = {One of the most often repeated goals in modern society is making education available to all on equal terms, regardless of social origin, culture or individual characteristics such as age, gender or the socio-economic status of an individual. However, in relation to gender inequality within learning environments, in the Czech Republic the traditional roles of men and women are still deeply inscribed. The results of the present study are primarily based on an Adult Education Survey which provides high quality data on the participation rates of the Czech population in formal and non-formal adult learning and education (ALE). Despite equal gender participation rates in ALE, the presented findings show that men participate more in job-related training and job-related purposes, while women manage domestic tasks, a situation which reflects the predominance of women in part-time employment, earning a lower monthly income and obtaining less work-related learning. This socio-economic profile influences not only women's income but also affects their access to education and becomes the main barrier in the concrete form of family-related responsibilities and costs. Moreover, for women more personal-related learning has been shown to predominate as opposed to job-related education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers,formal education,gender,Lifelong learning,non-formal education}
}

@article{Vadivel2023,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Low Socioeconomic Background}} on a {{Child}}'s {{Educational Achievements}}},
  author = {Vadivel, Balachandran and Alam, Sohaib and Nikpoo, Iman and Ajanil, Bemnet},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {EDUCATION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {2023},
  issn = {2090-4002},
  doi = {10.1155/2023/6565088},
  abstract = {A child's educational achievements are based on multiple factors, including their family, their family's behavior, socioeconomic status, their behavior toward their parents, etc. The main objective of the study is to establish the relationship between the socioeconomic background of the children and their educational achievements and how it impacts their psychology. A descriptive survey research design was used to conduct this study. The target population was 50 students and either of their parents. The target was selected through random sampling. Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and different types of observation techniques were implied while collecting the data. The study concluded that most of the students with low socioeconomic status had poor achievements in their academics, which led them into the labor market at an early age. It has been found that parents with low socioeconomic backgrounds were less interested in educating their children. Kids from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more focused on employment instead of pursuing their studies after completing their secondary education. Such students end up in unskilled or blue-collar jobs. This study recommends free-of-cost vocational and technical education to such children to provide them with better livelihood opportunities. There is a need for parental education and awareness programs as well conducted by schools/universities and other concerned authorities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vahabi2013,
  title = {Perceived Barriers in Accessing Food among Recent {{Latin American}} Immigrants in {{Toronto}}},
  author = {Vahabi, Mandana and Damba, Cynthia},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-12-1},
  abstract = {Objective: In Canada, recent immigrant households experience more food insecurity than the general population, but limited information is available about the personal, cultural, and social factors that contribute to this vulnerability. This study focused on recent Latin American (LA) immigrants to explore their perceived barriers in acquiring safe, nutritious, and culturally-appropriate food. Design: A cross-sectional mixed-method design was applied to collect information from a convenience sample of 70 adult Spanish/Portuguese speakers who had arrived in Toronto within the last five years. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with primary household caregivers to obtain responses about barriers to acquiring food for their households; data were analyzed using a thematic analysis technique. Results: Four main categories of barriers were identified: limited financial resources; language difficulty; cultural food preferences; and poor knowledge of available community-based food resources and services. Inadequate income was the main impediment in accessing adequate food, and was related to affordability of food items, accessibility of food outlets and transportation cost, and limited time for grocery shopping due to work conditions. Language barriers affected participants' ability to obtain well-paid employment and their awareness about and access to available community-based food resources. Cultural barriers were related to food preferences and limited access to culturally-appropriate foods and resources. Conclusion: The main barrier to food security among our sample of LA newcomers to Toronto is limited financial resources, highlighting the need for policies and strategies that could improve their financial power to purchase sufficient, nutritious, and culturally-acceptable food. Linguistic barriers and limited information among newcomers suggest the need to provide linguistically-and culturally-appropriate information related to community-based food programs and resources, as well as accessible subsidized English language programs, in the community and at workplaces. Participatory community-based food programs can augment, in a socially acceptable manner, food resources and reduce the social stigma attached to food charity. Finally, it is crucial to monitor and evaluate existing social and community-based services for their accessibility, cultural appropriateness and diversity, and effectiveness.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada-Toronto,Community- based food programs,Cultural and Linguistic barriers,Food security,Recent Latin American immigrants}
}

@article{Vail2018,
  title = {The Power of Practice: Simulation Training Improving the Quality of Neonatal Resuscitation Skills in {{Bihar}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Vail, Brennan and Morgan, Melissa C. and Spindler, Hilary and Christmas, Amelia and Cohen, Susanna R. and Walker, Dilys M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12887-018-1254-0},
  abstract = {Background: Globally, neonatal mortality accounts for nearly half of under-five mortality, and intrapartum related events are a leading cause. Despite the rise in neonatal resuscitation (NR) training programs in low-and middle-income countries, their impact on the quality of NR skills amongst providers with limited formal medical education, particularly those working in rural primary health centers (PHCs), remains incompletely understood. Methods: This study evaluates the impact of PRONTO International simulation training on the quality of NR skills in simulated resuscitations and live deliveries in rural PHCs throughout Bihar, India. Further, it explores barriers to performance of key NR skills. PRONTO training was conducted within CARE India's AMANAT intervention, a maternal and child health quality improvement project. Performance in simulations was evaluated using video-recorded assessment simulations at weeks 4 and 8 of training. Performance in live deliveries was evaluated in real time using a mobile-phone application. Barriers were explored through semi-structured interviews with simulation facilitators. Results: In total, 1342 nurses participated in PRONTO training and 226 NR assessment simulations were matched by PHC and evaluated. From week 4 to 8 of training, proper neck extension, positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with chest rise, and assessment of heart rate increased by 14\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 19\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% respectively (all p {$<$}= 0.01). No difference was noted in stimulation, suction, proper PPV rate, or time to completion of key steps. In 252 live deliveries, identification of non-vigorous neonates, use of suction, and use of PPV increased by 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% respectively (all p {$<$} 0.01) between weeks 1-3 and 4-8. Eighteen interviews revealed individual, logistical, and cultural barriers to key NR skills. Conclusion: PRONTO simulation training had a positive impact on the quality of key skills in simulated and live resuscitations throughout Bihar. Nevertheless, there is need for ongoing improvement that will likely require both further clinical training and addressing barriers that go beyond the scope of such training. In settings where clinical outcome data is unreliable, data triangulation, the process of synthesizing multiple data sources to generate a better-informed evaluation, offers a powerful tool for guiding this process.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers to Care,Bihar,India,Neonatal resuscitation,Simulation Training}
}

@article{Valentini2023,
  title = {Robotization, Employment, and Income: Regional Asymmetries and Long-Run Policies in the {{Euro}} Area},
  author = {Valentini, Enzo and Compagnucci, Fabiano and Gallegati, Mauro and Gentili, Andrea},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS},
  issn = {0936-9937},
  doi = {10.1007/s00191-023-00819-5},
  abstract = {This work correlates the impact of robotization on employment and households' income at the regional scale with the level of investment in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and education policies. This kind of policy, by raising the qualitative and quantitative levels of human capital, contributes to improving the complementarity effect between humans and robots, thus mitigating the substitution effect. To this end, we compute the Adjusted Penetration of Robots (APR) (a metric used to measure the extent to which robots are being used in a particular industry or sector) at the sectoral level, combining the International Federation of Robotics database for the stock of robots, EUROSTAT Regional database, and the STructural ANalysis database on 150 NUTS-2 regions of the Euro area. We then perform a spatial stacked-panel analysis on the investment in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and education level. Results supports the idea that regions that invest more in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and have higher levels of human capital can turn the risk of robotization into an increase in both income and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequantity of work,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by enhancing complementarity between robots and the labor force. On the contrary, regions investing less in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and having lower levels of human capital may suffer a reduction in households' disposable income.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Valentova2016,
  title = {Generation and the Propensity of Long Career Interruptions Due to Childcare under Different Family Policy Regimes: {{A}} Multilevel Approach},
  author = {Valentova, Marie},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {31},
  number = {6},
  pages = {701--725},
  issn = {0268-5809},
  doi = {10.1177/0268580916662387},
  abstract = {This article analyses the generation gap in the duration of long-term career interruptions due to childcare among mothers of two children, and how the differences are moderated by a country's predominant family policy regime. The outcomes of the multilevel analysis reveal that mothers born after 1960 have significantly lower odds of interrupting their career for longer than 10 years compared with older women. A country's predominant family policy model plays a significant role in explaining the propensity of long career breaks. Mothers from countries with post-socialist, Southern European and pro-egalitarian models exhibit lower odds of having long-term career interruptions than those in pro-traditionalist countries. Differences between generations are moderated by countries' family policy models. Among younger generations, the propensity to take long career breaks is lower in post-socialist and non-interventionist regimes than in countries with a pro-traditionalist family policy legacy. Resume Cet article analyse le fosse entre les generations au travers de la duree des interruptions prolongees de carriere liees a la garde des enfants chez les meres de deux enfants, et comment ces differences sont influencees par le regime predominant de politique familiale en vigueur dans chaque pays. Les resultats de l'analyse multiniveau montrent que les meres nees apres 1960 sont nettement moins susceptibles que les femmes plus agees d'interrompre leur carriere plus de dix annees d'affilee. Le modele predominant de politique familiale d'un pays contribue de maniere significative a expliquer la propension aux interruptions de carriere de longue duree. Dans les pays aux modeles postsocialistes, du sud de l'Europe et qui favorisent l'egalite, les meres sont moins susceptibles d'interrompre durablement leur carriere que celles de pays protraditionalistes. Les differences entre les generations sont moderees par les modeles de politique familiale du pays. Parmi les jeunes generations, la propension aux interruptions de carriere prolongees est moindre dans les regimes postsocialistes et non interventionnistes que dans les pays au passe de politique familiale protraditionaliste. Resumen En este articulo se analiza la brecha generacional en la duracion de las interrupciones de largo plazo en la carrera profesional debido al cuidado de los ninos entre las madres de dos hijos, y como las diferencias se ven afectadas por el regimen de politica familiar predominante en cada pais. Los resultados del analisis multinivel revelan que las madres nacidas despues de 1960 tienen probabilidades significativamente menores de interrumpir su carrera durante mas de diez anos en comparacion con las mujeres de mas edad. El modelo de politica familiar predominante en cada pais juega un papel importante para explicar la propension a tener interrupciones largas en la carrera profesional. Las madres de los paises con modelos post-socialistas, del Sur de Europa y pro-igualitarios tienen menores probabilidades de tener interrupciones de largo plazo en su carrera que las madres de paises pro-tradicionalistas. Las diferencias entre generaciones son moderadas por los modelos de politica familiar de los paises. Entre las generaciones mas jovenes, la propension a tener interrupciones largas de carrera es mas baja en los regimenes post-socialistas y no intervencionistas que en paises con una herencia politica familiar pro-tradicionalista.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Analisis multinivel,analyse multiniveau,Career interruptions,childcare,cuidado de ninos,family policy,garde des enfants,interrupciones de carrera profesional,interruptions de carriere,multilevel analysis,policy regimes,politica familiar,politique familiale,regimenes de politica publica,regimes de politique publique}
}

@article{Valet2021,
  title = {Preferences for Work Arrangements: {{A}} Discrete Choice Experiment},
  author = {Valet, Peter and Sauer, Carsten and Tolsma, Jochem},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {7},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0254483},
  abstract = {This study investigates individual preferences for work arrangements in a discrete choice experiment. Based on sociological and economic literature, we identified six essential job attributes-earnings, job security, training opportunities, scheduling flexibility, prestige of the company, and gender composition of the work team-and mapped these into hypothetical job offers. Out of three job offers, with different specifications in the respective job attributes, respondents had to choose the offer they considered as most attractive. In 2017, we implemented our choice experiment in two large-scale surveys conducted in two countries: Germany (N = 2,659) and the Netherlands (N = 2,678). Our analyses revealed that respondents considered all six job attributes in their decision process but had different priorities for each. Moreover, we found gendered preferences. Women preferred scheduling flexibility and a company with a good reputation, whereas men preferred jobs with high earnings and a permanent contract. Despite different national labor market regulations, different target populations, and different sampling strategies for the two surveys, job preferences for German and Dutch respondents were largely parallel.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{ValientePalma2019,
  title = {{Is cooperativism helping to keep the population in Andalusia?}},
  author = {Valiente Palma, Lidia},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {49--74},
  issn = {0213-8093},
  doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.97.13046},
  abstract = {Rationale and current interest in topic Rural areas in Andalusia present clear disadvantages as compared to urban areas, such as lack of infrastructure, scarcity of basic services or lack of economic dynamics, causing a rural exodus and thus giving rise to territorial imbalances in the region. This rural exodus, in turn, has a limiting influence on the generation of economic dynamics, resulting in an increasingly ageing population and reducing opportunities for territorial development. In the face of this problem, cooperatives -societies of the social economy- may play a significant role in terms of their capacity for attaching a population to its territory, due to the existence of a relationship with the surroundings in which they operate, as demonstrated by the available literature on this topic (Garcia-Gutierrez, 1999; Buendia and Garcia, 2003; Coque, 2005; Mozas and Bernal, 2006; Cunat and Coll, 2007; Puentes and Velasco, 2009; Calvo and Gonzalez, 2011; Demoustier, 2011; Draperi, 2014; Guzman, Santos and Barroso, 2016; Perez and Valiente, 2017). Moreover, there is significant cooperativism in this region (with 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cooperatives and 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the employment these generate nationwide located in Andalusia) as well as consolidated institutional recognition of these organisations (as evinced by the laws which regulate them, as well as by the Pactos Andaluces por la Economia Social \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAndalusia Agreements for the Social Economy] or by the various support programs for cooperative organisations).This represents an opportunity for the creation of economic dynamics and for attaching the population to its territory through the promotion of social economy societies. Objectives The main objective of this work consists in determining whether cooperative societies in Andalusia may be contributing to the maintenance of the region's population, especially in rural areas, to a greater extent than mercantile businesses. In addition to confirming whether this occurs throughout the entire population, we have separated out the populations of women and young people, due to the difficulties currently faced by these groups in joining the labour market (the main reason for emigration, especially in rural areas) and to their strategic interest in terms of consolidating the region's population, passing the inter-generational torch in local economic activities. A comparison of cooperative societies with mercantile businesses is carried out in order to lay the foundations for the establishment of strategies and policies for the specific promotion of cooperativism, in the event that the behaviour seen in these social economy organisations differs from that of mercantile businesses. Methodology In working towards the stated objective, and after an exploratory analysis of the variables used, spatial econometrics techniques were applied which take into account the location of the data in a given geographic space for the variables under study: spatial distribution and autocorrelation analysis graph-sand the application of spatial regression. Calculation of the models was carried out with GeoDa software. With respect to the variables used, these were the following: percentage of total emigration, percentage of emigration of young people and percentage of emigration of women were considered as dependent, proxy variables for the attachment of population to territory; the number of cooperatives out of the total number of businesses was established, as well as the number of mercantile businesses (public limited companies and limited liability companies) out of the total number of businesses, expressed as percentages, served as explanatory variables. These variables were obtained for the various Andalusian municipalities (a total of 770) for 2015. In addition, for the purpose of determining whether differences exist in emigration between rural and non-rural municipalities, a dummy variable was added, termed rural municipality or territory. Results, practical conclusions and research limitations The results obtained provide indications that cooperativism may be contributing to an attachment of the population to its territory (as compared to mercantile businesses, where a significant relationship was not seen), since the regression analyses demonstrated that the variable for percentage of cooperative societies is significant in explaining the variability seen in emigration. Moreover, both show an inverse relationship. The same was obtained when the said dependent variables used were percentage of emigration of women and young people. In other words, the proportion of cooperatives inversely influence these emigration rates, which is not the case for mercantile businesses. Based on the aforementioned and given that, on the one hand, difficulties in attaching a population to its territory are further complicated in rural Andalusian municipalities, especially for women and young people and, on the other hand, cooperativism inversely influences emigration from rural municipalities, the creation of quality, sustainable employment through cooperatives societies of social economy- may represent an opportunity for reducing problems of depopulation in these areas. Another result obtained is that the cooperative business culture may be spread to neighbouring regions to a lesser extent than that of the conventional business sector. If cooperativism can contribute to an attachment of population to territory, the application of specific policies and strategies for reducing emigration from rural areas -promoting the development of cooperative societies for the creation of quality, sustainable employment and thus spreading cooperative culture to a greater extent-becomes at once a challenge and an opportunity for Andalusia. From another perspective, business synergies between cooperativism and conventional businesses may be encouraged, making the most of the opportunity offered by the latter for spreading their culture to neighbouring regions to a greater degree than cooperativism. In this way, spreading the principles and values of cooperativism in the Andalusian region can be achieved at the same time as contributing to an attachment of population to territory, through a potential business inter-cooperation. Among the conclusions drawn, one also finds the need to carry out specific strategies and policies for promoting cooperativism in Andalusia, derived from results showing more heterogeneous behaviour in the region than seen in the conventional business sector. With regard to the limitations of this work, it should be noted that, in the first place, the analysis carried out is static in nature, based on specific moment in time (the year 2015), which represents a limitation for analysing the evolutionary dynamic followed by both cooperatives societies and emigration in Andalusia. In the second place, percentage of emigration was taken as a proxy or indicative variable, with respect to the difficulty in attaching a population to its territory. However, the presence of other factors must be taken into account: it may be that the percentage of emigration is low or null as a result of considerable ageing in the population, such that depopulation or difficulty in attaching population to territory would be caused, rather, by a lack of demographic growth. This work has established a number of future lines of research stemming in part from the very limitations indicated above, among which are the analysis of the evolutionary dynamic between cooperativism and emigration for the purpose of identifying the relationship these have followed over time; as well as consideration of other factors indicating capacity for attaching population to territory, such as the previously mentioned rate of demographic growth.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {Andalusia,cooperative societies,emigration,spatial regression,territory}
}

@article{Valverde2022,
  title = {Projecting Years in Good Health between Age 50-69 by Education in the {{Netherlands}} until 2030 Using Several Health Indicators-an Application in the Context of a Changing Pension Age},
  author = {Valverde, Jose R. Rubio and Mackenbach, Johan P. and De Waegenaere, Anja M. B. and Melenberg, Bertrand and Lyu, Pintao and Nusselder, Wilma J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-13223-8},
  abstract = {Objective We investigate whether there are changes over time in years in good health people can expect to live above (surplus) or below (deficit) the pension age, by level of attained education, for the past (2006), present (2018) and future (2030) in the Netherlands. Methods We used regression analysis to estimate linear trends in prevalence of four health indicators: self-assessed health (SAH), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) functional limitation indicator, the OECD indicator without hearing and seeing, and the activities-of-daily-living (ADL) disability indicator, for individuals between 50 and 69 years of age, by age category, gender and education using the Dutch National Health Survey (1989-2018). We combined these prevalence estimates with past and projected mortality data to obtain estimates of years lived in good health. We calculated how many years individuals are expected to live in good health above (surplus) or below (deficit) the pension age for the three points in time. The pension ages used were 65 years for 2006, 66 years for 2018 and 67.25 years for 2030. Results Both for low educated men and women, our analyses show an increasing deficit of years in good health relative to the pension age for most outcomes, particularly for the SAH and OECD indicator. For high educated we find a decreasing surplus of years lived in good health for all indicators with the exception of SAH. For women, absolute inequalities in the deficit or surplus of years in good health between low and high educated appear to be increasing over time. Conclusions Socio-economic inequalities in trends of mortality and the prevalence of ill-health, combined with increasing statutory pension age, impact the low educated more adversely than the high educated. Policies are needed to mitigate the increasing deficit of years in good health relative to the pension age, particularly among the low educated.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ill-health,Retirement,Socioeconomic position}
}

@article{VanCampen2009,
  title = {When Work and Satisfaction with Life Do Not Go Hand in Hand: {{Health}} Barriers and Personal Resources in the Participation of People with Chronic Physical Disabilities},
  author = {{van Campen}, Cretien and Cardol, Mieke},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56--60},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.014},
  abstract = {People with chronic physical disabilities participate less in both paid and voluntary work and are less satisfied with their lives than people without health problems. Governments and scientists have suggested that participation in employment is the main road to well-being. We analysed national survey data on the participation in work and satisfaction with life, comparing people with a chronic illness and a physical disability (n = 603) to people with a chronic illness but without a physical disability (n = 1199) and the general population (n = 6128) in the Netherlands. The results show that the relationship between happiness and work is different for people with a chronic illness and a physical disability, as compared to the other two populations. Fewer people with a chronic illness and disability were categorized as \textbackslash textasciigravesatisfied people with work' (i.e. participating in work and satisfied with their life), while most people belonged to a group of \textbackslash textasciigravesatisfied people without work' and, surprisingly, not to the expected group of \textbackslash textasciigravedissatisfied people without work'. In order to explain this exceptional distribution we modelled satisfied participation in work as an outcome of a balance between personal resources and barriers. By means of discriminant regression analysis, we identified the severity of motor disability as the main barrier, and education level and age, as the main resource factors that distinguish between \textbackslash textasciigravesatisfied people with work' and others among the group of people with a chronic illness and a physical disability. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chronic illnesses,Life satisfaction,Physical disabilities,The Netherlands,Work}
}

@article{Vandana2022,
  title = {Environmental Impact Assessment of Laterite Quarrying from {{Netravati-Gurpur}} River Basin, {{South West Coast}} of {{India}}},
  author = {Vandana, M. and John, Shiekha E. and Sunny, Syam and Maya, K. and Padmalal, D.},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY},
  issn = {1387-585X},
  doi = {10.1007/s10668-022-02741-5},
  abstract = {Mining and quarrying provide the basic raw materials for sustaining human well-being and are critical for achieving economic developments. At the same time, environmental degradation and its associated social impacts and inequalities have become a grave reality of mining sector that affects all nations, individually and/or collectively. Assessment of the environmental impacts arising from mining and quarrying is critical to limit the environmental problems within the barest minimum levels. Although many impact assessment studies are available on mining/quarrying of different major and minor minerals, not many studies exist on quarrying for laterite blocks which is being widespread in many of the fast developing tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world like India. Therefore, this paper evaluates the impact of laterite quarrying for construction blocks, in one of the twin river basins in SW India, the Netravati-Gurpur river basin, where the activity is widespread. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method was used to evaluate the impacts of laterite quarrying as it allows a comprehensive analysis of the results based on the individual environmental score obtained for each component. RIAM is a valuable assessment tool, owing to its capability in quick, collective and reliable evaluation of the impacts that can aid decision making and minimization of environmental impacts, especially at early planning stages. Data pertaining to resource extraction, identification of impacting actions, mapping of mining hotspots, etc., were collected from primary and secondary sources through systematic field work and sample collection, questionnaire surveys within the local community and other stakeholders such as mine operators, labourers, officials of Government departments, etc. A total of 21 laterite quarries are located in the basin with a total production of 5.7 million laterite bricks/year (0.115 x 10(6) ty(-1)). The impact assessment study revealed that the activity not only disturbs the natural environment especially, hydrology, air quality and noise levels, ecology, land use and soil stability but has profound influence on the socio-economic factors of human health and immunity, displacement, etc., of the quarrying-hit areas. The activity also recorded both long-term and short-term positive impacts as a source of employment and income generation. Additionally, the activity favours groundwater replenishment and agriculture productivity of the area where appropriate mine closure measures were taken up. However, the positive impacts of the activity are far outweighed by the fact that most impacts of laterite quarrying are of class - C (moderate negative impact) and - D (significant negative impact) owing to the long-term socio-environmental and bio-ecological implications of the activity. Thus, it is imperative that there is significant improvement in policy and regulatory framework and its implementation for mining and quarrying of building materials which is vital for meeting future development requirements.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Environmental impact assessment (EIA),Land degradation,Laterite quarrying,Netravati-Gurpur river basin,Sustainability}
}

@article{Vandenberghe2013,
  title = {Are Firms Willing to Employ a Greying and Feminizing Workforce?},
  author = {Vandenberghe, V.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {LABOUR ECONOMICS},
  volume = {22},
  number = {SI},
  pages = {30--46},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.07.004},
  abstract = {Are employers willing to employ more older individuals, in particular older women? Higher employment among the older segments of the population will only materialize if firms are willing to employ them. Although several economists have started considering the demand side of the labour market for older individuals, few have considered its gender dimension properly; despite evidence that lifting the overall senior employment rate in the EU requires significantly raising that of women older than 50. In this paper, we posit that labour demand and employability depend to a large extent on how the age/gender composition of the workforce affects firm's profits. Using unique firm-level panel data we produce robust evidence on the causal effect of age/gender on productivity (value added per worker), total labour costs and gross profits. We take advantage of the panel structure of data and resort to first differences to deal with a potential time-invariant heterogeneity bias. Moreover, inspired by recent developments in the production function estimation literature, we also address the risk of simultaneity bias (endogeneity of firm's age-gender mix choices in the short run) by combining first differences with i) the structural approach suggested by Ackerberg, Caves and Frazer (2006), ii) alongside more traditional IV-GMM methods (Blundell and Bond, 1998) where lagged values of labour inputs are used as instruments. Results suggest no negative impact of rising shares of older men on firm's gross profits, but a large negative effect of larger shares of older women. Another interesting result is that the vast and highly feminized services industry does not seem to offer working conditions that mitigate older women's productivity and employability disadvantage, on the contrary. This is not good news for older women's employability and calls for policy interventions in the Belgian private economy aimed at combating women's decline of productivity with age and/or better adapting labour costs to age-gender productivity profiles. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ageing workforce,Endogeneity and simultaneity bias,Gender,Linked employer-employee data,Productivity,Profitability}
}

@article{VanDenBroeck2023,
  title = {Structural Transformation and the Gender Pay Gap in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {{van den Broeck}, Goedele and Kilic, Talip and Pieters, Janneke},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0278188},
  abstract = {The focus of this study is the implications of structural transformation for gender equality, specifically equal pay, in Sub-Saharan Africa. While structural transformation affects key development outcomes, including growth, poverty, and access to decent work, its effect on the gender pay gap is not clear ex-ante. Evidence on the gender pay gap in sub-Saharan Africa is limited, and often excludes rural areas and informal (self-)employment. This paper provides evidence on the extent and drivers of the gender pay gap in non-farm wage- and self-employment activities across three countries at different stages of structural transformation (Malawi, Tanzania and Nigeria). The analysis leverages nationally-representative survey data and decomposition methods, and is conducted separately among individuals residing in rural versus urban areas in each country. The results show that women earn 40 to 46 percent less than men in urban areas, which is substantially less than in high-income countries. The gender pay gap in rural areas ranges from (a statistically insignificant) 12 percent in Tanzania to 77 percent in Nigeria. In all rural areas, a major share of the gender pay gap (81 percent in Malawi, 83 percent in Tanzania and 70 percent in Nigeria) is explained by differences in workers' characteristics, including education, occupation and sector. This suggests that if rural men and women had similar characteristics, most of the gender pay gap would disappear. Country-differences are larger across urban areas, where differences in characteristics account for only 32 percent of the pay gap in Tanzania, 50 percent in Malawi and 81 percent in Nigeria. Our detailed decomposition results suggest that structural transformation does not consistently help bridge the gender pay gap. Gender-sensitive policies are required to ensure equal pay for men and women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vanderburg2022,
  title = {Teacher and Caregiver Perceptions of Family Engagement in Teacher-Led Task-Shifted Child Mental Health Care in a Low-and-Middle-Income Country},
  author = {Vanderburg, Juliana L. and Bhattarai, Surekha and Ferrarone, Peter and Giri, Priscilla and Lamb, Molly M. and Giardina, Aileen A. and Hampanda, Karen and Gaynes, Bradley N. and Matergia, Michael and Cruz, Christina M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {17},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2946--2961},
  issn = {1744-1692},
  doi = {10.1080/17441692.2021.2002924},
  abstract = {The mental health needs of children in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) often go unmet due to a lack of qualified mental health professionals. Task-shifting the provision of mental health services to teachers may facilitate access to care. Family engagement in task-shifting may support mental health outcomes but is understudied in this context. The current study explored teacher and caregiver perceptions of family engagement within a teacher-led, task-shifted mental health intervention in an LMIC. Primary school teachers from five schools in Darjeeling, India delivered evidence-based, indicated mental health care to children with mental health needs throughout the school day. We conducted semi-structured interviews (SSIs) with teachers (n=17) and caregivers (n=21). SSIs were coded for themes related to family engagement. Teachers and caregivers were compared based on perceived levels of engagement. Participants reported three patterns of engagement: families who fully engaged; families who felt positively about teachers but displayed little engagement; and families with limited engagement. Barriers included logistical challenges and misconceptions about the programme. Many teachers implicated family engagement as a facilitator of the programme, suggesting that family involvement may support intervention outcomes. Future work could involve the development of an intervention component to better facilitate engagement in this context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {child mental health,family engagement,global mental health,LMIC,Task-shifting}
}

@article{VanDerHoeven2010,
  title = {Income {{Inequality}} and {{Employment Revisited}}: {{Can One Make Sense}} of {{Economic Policy}}?},
  author = {{van der Hoeven}, Rolph},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Human Development and Capabilities},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--84},
  publisher = {{Informa UK Limited}},
  issn = {1945-2829},
  doi = {10.1080/19452820903481459},
  abstract = {This article discusses growing inequalities in the context of employment and labour market policies and how the latter can contribute to lowering inequalities. It discusses what is meant by income inequality, why it is remains important to focus on income inequality, which measures of income inequality are relevant and how we have arrived at growing income inequality. A last section reviews what can be done about growing inequality. The current situation is dominated by globalization, which has influenced the functioning and outcome of various aspects of the labour market. Greater attention to labour market institutions and greater coherence between economic and labour market policies is therefore necessary to stem growing inequality. Past examples of combining growth with equitable income distribution are often examples of restrained capitalism. Either social pacts or government bureaucrats and political elites provided the restraint. The current crisis and the public concern for improved income equality might engender renewed political will to make employment creation and income distribution important objectives for economic policy-making.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KLC49AG8/van der Hoeven_2010_Income Inequality and Employment Revisited.pdf}
}

@article{VanDerLippe2019,
  title = {Organizational {{Work-Life Policies}} and the {{Gender Wage Gap}} in {{European Workplaces}}},
  author = {{Van der Lippe}, Tanja and Van Breeschoten, Leonie and Van Hek, Margriet},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {WORK AND OCCUPATIONS},
  volume = {46},
  number = {2},
  pages = {111--148},
  issn = {0730-8884},
  doi = {10.1177/0730888418791652},
  abstract = {Many organizations in Europe offer work-life policies to enable men and women to combine work with family life. The authors argue that the availability of organizational work-life policies can also reduce gender inequality in wages. The authors test their expectations using the European Sustainable Workforce Survey, with data from 259 organizations and their employees in 9 European countries. Multilevel analyses show that organizations that offer work-life policies have a smaller gender wage gap. Their findings also suggest that both the type and number of policies matter. Contrary to their expectations, dependent care policies, such as parental leave and childcare support, are less important for the gender wage gap than flexibility policies. Controlling for organizational culture regarding family supportiveness does not alter the results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender culture,gender wage gap,multilevel,organizations,work-life policies}
}

@article{VanDerMei2021,
  title = {Barriers to and {{Facilitators}} of {{Sustained Employment}}: {{A Qualitative Study}} of {{Experiences}} in {{Dutch Patients With CKD}}},
  author = {{van der Mei}, Sijrike F. and Alma, Manna A. and {de Rijk}, Angelique E. and Brouwer, Sandra and Gansevoort, Ron T. and Franssen, Casper F. M. and Bakker, Stephan J. L. and Hemmelder, Marc H. and Westerhuis, Ralf and {van Buren}, Marjolijn and Visser, Annemieke},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES},
  volume = {78},
  number = {6},
  pages = {780--792},
  issn = {0272-6386},
  doi = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.04.008},
  abstract = {Rationale \textbackslash textbackslash\& Objective: Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for work disability and loss of employment, not all experience work disruption. We aimed to describe the barriers to and facilitators of sustained employment experienced by Dutch patients with CKD. Study Design: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Setting \textbackslash textbackslash\& Participants: 27 patients with CKD glomerular filtration rate categories 3b-5 (G3b-G5) from 4 nephrology outpatient clinics in The Netherlands. Analytical Approach: Content analyses with constant comparison of interview data based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Results: Participants were 6 patients with CKD G3b-G4, 8 patients receiving maintenance dialysis, and 13 patients with functioning kidney transplants. We identified health-related barriers (symptoms, physical toll of dialysis/transplantation, limited work capacity) and facilitators (few physical symptoms, successful posttransplantation recovery, absence of comorbidities, good physical condition), personal barriers (psychological impact, limited work experience) and facilitators (positive disposition, job satisfaction, work attitude, person-job fit), and environmental barriers and facilitators. Environmental barriers were related to nephrology care (waiting time, use of a hemodialysis catheter) and work context (reorganization, temporary contract, working hours, physical demands); environmental facilitators were related to nephrology care (personalized dialysis, preemptive transplant), work context (large employer, social climate, job requiring mental rather than physical labor, flexible working hours, adjustment of work tasks, reduced hours, remote working, support at work, peritoneal dialysis exchange facility), and support at home. Occupational health services and social security could be barriers or facilitators. Limitations: The study sample of Dutch patients may limit the transferability of these findings to other countries. Conclusions: The wide range of barriers and facilitators in all International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components suggests great diversity among patients and their circumstances. These findings underline the importance of personalized nephrology and occupational health care as well as the importance of individually tailored workplace accommodations to promote sustained employment for patients with CKD.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{VanDeVelde2019,
  title = {Gender Differences in Common Mental Disorders: A Comparison of Social Risk Factors across Four {{European}} Welfare Regimes},
  author = {{Van de Velde}, Sarah and Boyd, Anders and Villagut, Gemma and Alonso, Jordi and Bruffaerts, Ronny and De Graaf, Ron and Florescu, Silvia and Haro, Josep and {Kovess-Masfety}, Viviane and Investigators, EU-WMH},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {481--487},
  issn = {1101-1262},
  doi = {10.1093/eurpub/cky240},
  abstract = {Background: Decreasing gender differences in mental health are found largely in countries in which the roles of men and women have improved in terms of opportunities for employment, education, child care and other indicators of increasing gender equality. In this study, we examine how European welfare regimes influence this association between mental health and the social roles that men and women occupy. Methods: The EU-World Mental Health data are used, which covers the general population in 10 European countries (n = 37 289); Countries were grouped into four welfare regions: Liberal regime (Northern Ireland), Bismarckian regime (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and France), Southern regime (Spain, Italy, Portugal) and Central-Eastern regime (Romania and Bulgaria). The lifetime prevalence of mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders was determined by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Overall prevalence rates along with odds ratios by means of bivariate logistic regression models are calculated to compare the presence of common mental disorders in women versus men per welfare regime. Results: Overall prevalence of common mental disorders is highest in the Liberal regime and lowest in the Central/Eastern regime. The gender gap in mental disorders is largest in the Southern regime and smallest in the Liberal regime. Marital status and certain employment positions help to explain variation in mental disorders across and within welfare regimes. Conclusion: Most prominent pathways linking gender to mental ill-health being are related to marital status and certain employment positions. However, these pathways also show substantial variation across welfare regimes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{VanDuin2021,
  title = {Effects of {{IPS}} plus Cognitive Remediation in Early Psychosis: 18-Month Functioning Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {{van Duin}, Danielle and {de Winter}, Lars and Kroon, Hans and Veling, Wim and {van Weeghel}, Jaap},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH},
  volume = {236},
  pages = {115--122},
  issn = {0920-9964},
  doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.025},
  abstract = {Background: After a first episode of psychosis, cognitive impairments present an important barrier to successful (re-)entry into work and education. We assessed whether cognitive remediation (CR) as an add-on to Individual Placement and Support (IPS) can improve participation in regular employment and education. Method: Participants with early psychosis (N = 73) were randomly assigned to receive IPS supplemented with computerized CR, or IPS plus an active control intervention (computer games). The primary outcome was the number of hours spent in competitive employment or regular education, which was assessed every month during the 18-month study period. Secondary outcomes included employment rate, cognitive functioning, mental health (assessed at baseline, 6 and 18 months), and job duration (assessed after 18 months). Both patients and assessors were blind to treatment. Results: Participants receiving IPS + CR showed greater improvement of competitive employment over time in terms of hours worked (during follow-up period: 38.5 vs. 19.6 h, B = 2.94; Wald chi(2) = 5.39; P = .02) and employment rate (at T2: 62.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 25.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, chi 2 = 7.39; df = 1; P = .008), compared with the IPS + control group, particularly in the longer term. The number of hours spent in regular education was lower in the IPS + CR group, with more participants having ended education for a positive reason. There was a significant beneficial effect of adjunctive CR for executive functioning, subjective cognitive functioning, and empowerment. Conclusions: Augmenting IPS with CR has a significant impact on competitive employment in people with early psychosis, with beneficial effects being more pronounced after 18 months.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Add-on,Cognitive remediation,Early psychosis,Individual placement and support,RCT}
}

@article{VanHoang2020,
  title = {Forest Resources and Household Welfare: {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{North Central Vietnam}}},
  author = {Van Hoang, Cuong and Tran, Tuyen Quang and Nguyen, Yen Hai Thi and Nguyen, Lan Thanh},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM},
  volume = {44},
  number = {4},
  pages = {311--333},
  issn = {0165-0203},
  doi = {10.1111/1477-8947.12206},
  abstract = {Using secondary data from a socio-economic quantitative household survey of the North Central region of Vietnam, the main aim of our study is to analyze the causal effect of forest resources on household income and poverty. Based on the observed characteristics of a forest-based livelihood and forest-related activities, we use a propensity score matching (PSM) method to control for potential bias arising from self-selection. The PSM results indicate that households with a forest-based livelihood had a higher level of income and lower poverty rates than did those without. Interestingly, our findings confirm that a forest-based livelihood offers much higher income than any other type of livelihood adopted by local households. Also, the poverty rate among households with a forest-based livelihood is lower than those earning non-labor income or engaged in wage/crop and crop livelihoods. Among households and provinces, we find varying opportunities deriving from forest resources, suggesting that there are potential barriers hindering local households from pursuing a forest livelihood or participating in some forest activities. Therefore, government policy and regulations on forest management should focus on improving the access of households to forest resources, while enhancing the sustainability of these resources.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {forest resources,household income,livelihood,poverty,rural livelihood}
}

@article{VanLancker2012,
  title = {{{THE EUROPEAN WORLD OF TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT Gendered}} and Poor?},
  author = {Van Lancker, Wim},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {EUROPEAN SOCIETIES},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--111},
  issn = {1461-6696},
  doi = {10.1080/14616696.2011.638082},
  abstract = {Departing from growing concerns about in-work poverty and the proliferation of flexible employment, we investigate the association between temporary employment and poverty in a European comparative perspective. In doing so, we focus specifically on possible gender dimensions, because some are concerned that the impact of flexible employment on income security will be different for men and women and that gender inequality will increase. By means of a logistic multilevel model, we analyse recent EU-SILC data for 24 European countries. The results show that the temporarily employed have a higher poverty risk vis-a-vis permanent workers, mainly caused by lower wages. However, the risk factors to become working poor are similar. The poorly educated, young workers and those living in a single earner household with dependent children have an increased probability to live in poverty, whether they are employed on temporary or permanent basis. Differences between European welfare regimes demonstrate that policy constellations influence the magnitude of these risk factors. Counter-intuitively, temporary working women have a lower poverty risk than their male counterparts. They are better protected because they are more often secondary earners in a dual earning household, while men are more often primary earners. This article advances knowledge on the linkages between temporary employment, economic insecurity and gender differences in European welfare states.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {comparative,Europe,gender,in-work poverty,nonstandard work,temporary employment}
}

@article{VanNiekerk2021,
  title = {The Application of Social Innovation in Healthcare: A Scoping Review},
  author = {{van Niekerk}, Lindi and Manderson, Lenore and Balabanova, Dina},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF POVERTY},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2095-5162},
  doi = {10.1186/s40249-021-00794-8},
  abstract = {Background: Social innovation has been applied increasingly to achieve social goals, including improved healthcare delivery, despite a lack of conceptual clarity and consensus on its definition. Beyond its tangible artefacts to address societal and structural needs, social innovation can best be understood as innovation in social relations, in power dynamics and in governance transformations, and may include institutional and systems transformations. Methods: A scoping review was conducted of empirical studies published in the past 10 years, to identify how social innovation in healthcare has been applied, the enablers and barriers affecting its operation, and gaps in the current literature. A number of disciplinary databases were searched between April and June 2020, including Academic Source Complete, CIHAHL, Business Source Complete Psych INFO, PubMed and Global Health. A 10-year publication time frame was selected and articles limited to English text. Studies for final inclusion was based on a pre-defined criteria. Results: Of the 27 studies included in this review, the majority adopted a case research methodology. Half of these were from authors outside the health sector working in high-income countries (HIC). Social innovation was seen to provide creative solutions to address barriers associated with access and cost of care in both low- and middle-income countries and HIC settings in a variety of disease focus areas. Compared to studies in other disciplines, health researchers applied social innovation mainly from an instrumental and technocratic standpoint to foster greater patient and beneficiary participation in health programmes. No empirical evidence was presented on whether this process leads to empowerment, and social innovation was not presented as transformative. The studies provided practical insights on how implementing social innovation in health systems and practice can be enhanced. Conclusions: Based on theoretical literature, social innovation has the potential to mobilise institutional and systems change, yet research in health has not yet fully explored this dimension. Thus far, social innovation has been applied to extend population and financial coverage, principles inherent in universal health coverage and central to SDG 3.8. However, limitations exist in conceptualising social innovation and applying its theoretical and multidisciplinary underpinnings in health research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Barriers to care,Healthcare,Social innovation,Systems change}
}

@article{VanStiphout2015,
  title = {{{MEDUCATE}} Trial: Effectiveness of an Intensive {{EDUCATional}} Intervention for {{IT-mediated MEDication}} Management in the Outpatient Clinic - Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {{van Stiphout}, F. and {Zwart-van Rijkom}, J. E. F. and Aarts, J. E. C. M. and Koffijberg, H. and {Klarenbeek-deJonge}, E. and Krulder, M. and Roes, K. C. B. and Egberts, A. C. G. and {ter Braak}, E. W. M. T.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {TRIALS},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.1186/s13063-015-0744-8},
  abstract = {Background: Using information technology for medication management is an opportunity to help physicians to improve the quality of their documentation and communication and ultimately to improve patient care and patient safety. Physician education is necessary to take full advantage of information technology systems. In this trial, we seek to determine the effectiveness of an intensive educational intervention compared with the standard approach in improving information technology-mediated medication management and in reducing potential adverse drug events in the outpatient clinic. Methods/Design: We are conducting a multicenter, cluster randomized controlled trial. The participants are specialists and residents working in the outpatient clinic of internal medicine, cardiology, pulmonology, geriatrics, gastroenterology and rheumatology. The intensive educational intervention is composed of a small-group session and e-learning. The primary outcome is discrepancies between registered medication (by physicians) and actually used medication (by patients). The key secondary outcomes are potential adverse events caused by missed drug-drug interactions. The primary and key secondary endpoints are being assessed shortly after the educational intervention is completed. Sample size will be calculated to ensure sufficient power. A sample size of 40 physicians per group and 20 patients per physician will ensure a power of {$>$}90 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, which means we will need a total of 80 physicians and 1,600 patients. Discussion: We performed an exploratory trial wherein we tested the recruitment process, e-learning, time schedule, and methods for data collection, data management and data analysis. Accordingly, we refined the processes and content: the recruitment strategy was intensified, extra measures were taken to facilitate smooth conductance of the e-learning and parts were made optional. First versions of the procedures for data collection were determined. Data entry and analysis was further standardized by using the G-standard database in the telephone questionnaire.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Continuing medical education,CPOE,Information technology,Meaningful use,Medication management,Physicians}
}

@article{Varekamp2011,
  title = {Effect of Job Maintenance Training Program for Employees with Chronic Disease - a Randomized Controlled Trial on Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Fatigue},
  author = {Varekamp, Inge and Verbeek, Jos H. and {de Boer}, Angela and {van Dijk}, Frank J. H.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {37},
  number = {4},
  pages = {288--297},
  issn = {0355-3140},
  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3149},
  abstract = {Objective Employees with a chronic physical condition may be hampered in job performance due to physical or cognitive limitations, pain, fatigue, psychosocial barriers, or because medical treatment interferes with work. This study investigates the effect of a group-training program aimed at job maintenance. Essential elements of the program are exploration of work-related problems, communication at the workplace, and the development and implementation of solutions. Methods Participants with chronic physical diseases were randomly assigned to the intervention (N=64) or control group (N=58). Participants were eligible for the study if they had a chronic physical disease, paid employment, experienced work-related problems, and were not on long-term 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% sick leave. Primary outcome measures were self-efficacy in solving work- and disease-related problems (14-70), job dissatisfaction (0-100), fatigue (20-140) and job maintenance measured at 4-, 8-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. We used GLM repeated measures for the analysis. Results After 24 months, loss to follow-up was 5.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (7/122). Self-efficacy increased and fatigue decreased significantly more in the experimental than the control group \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace10 versus 4 points (P=0.000) and 19 versus 8 points (P=0.032), respectively]. Job satisfaction increased more in the experimental group but not significantly \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace6 versus 0 points (P=0.698)]. Job maintenance was 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the experimental and 91\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the control group, which was not a significant difference. Many participants in the control group also undertook actions to solve work-related problems. Conclusions Empowerment training increases self-efficacy and helps to reduce fatigue complaints, which in the long term could lead to more job maintenance. Better understanding of ways to deal with work-related problems is needed to develop more efficient support for employees with a chronic disease.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Varela2023,
  title = {A {{Qualitative Study}} to {{Compare Barriers}} to {{Improving Food Security}} among {{Households}} with {{Young Children}} in the {{US}} as {{Perceived}} by {{Different Types}} of {{Stakeholders}} before and during {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Varela, Elder Garcia and Zeldman, Jamie and Bolivar, Isabella and Mobley, Amy R.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {NUTRIENTS},
  volume = {15},
  number = {6},
  doi = {10.3390/nu15061438},
  abstract = {This qualitative study aimed to determine the perceived barriers of different community stakeholders' to providing resources for improving food security in households with young children in the U.S. Community stakeholders working with low-income families with children 0-3 years of age in Florida were recruited to represent healthcare (n = 7), community/policy development (n = 6), emergency food assistance (n = 6), early childhood education (n = 7), and nutrition education (n = 6) sectors. In 2020, one-on-one interviews were conducted with each stakeholder in via Zoom, using an interview script based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and questions to capture the impacts of COVID-19. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a deductive thematic approach. A cross-tab qualitative analysis was used to compare data across categories of stakeholders. Healthcare professionals and nutrition educators indicated stigma, community/policy development stakeholders indicated a lack of time, emergency food assistance personnel indicated a limited access to food, and early childhood professionals indicated a lack of transportation as the main barriers to food security prior to COVID-19. COVID-19 impacts included the fear of virus exposure, new restrictions, lack of volunteers, and a lack of interest in virtual programming as barriers to food security. As perceived barriers may vary with respect to providing resources to improve food security in families with young children and the COVID-19 impacts persist, coordinated policy, systems, and environmental changes are needed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vargas-Prada2018,
  title = {Influence of Paid Maternity Leave on Return to Work after Childbirth},
  author = {{Vargas-Prada}, Sergio and Garcia, Ana M. and Ronda, Elena and Estarlich, Marisa and Ballester, Ferran and Benavides, Fernando G.},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {MEDICINA DEL LAVORO},
  volume = {109},
  number = {4},
  pages = {243--252},
  issn = {0025-7818},
  doi = {10.23749/mdl.v109i4.7226},
  abstract = {Background: Paid maternity leave (ML) has been associated with better health outcomes in mothers and new-borns. However, its protective role in mothers' employment after childbirth remains unclear. Objective: To assess the association between paid ML and being employed 1-year after childbirth. Methods: As part of the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) cohort study, 507 Spanish women employed at 12th week of pregnancy, were asked about their employment status and job characteristics at 32nd week of pregnancy. One year after childbirth, they were re-interviewed about their employment status and if they had taken paid ML. Incidence of maternal employment 1-year after childbirth was estimated. Crude and adjusted associations with paid ML were assessed by logistic regression, and characterized by odds ratios (ORs) with associated 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CIs. Results: Information was obtained from 398 women. Of those, 290 (72.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were employed 1-year after childbirth. Incidence of maternal employment was lower for those who: i) didn't take paid ML, ii) were younger than 27 years; iii) had temporary contract, iv) had part-time jobs, v) reported less-favoured familiar social class, and vi) left the job before 32 weeks of pregnancy. Being employed 1-year after childbirth was more common in those who took paid ML (OR 2.7, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.6-4.5), also after adjusting for staying at work until advanced stages of pregnancy (OR 1.8, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.0-3.1). Conclusions: Taking paid ML seems to be associated with higher maternal employment rates 1-year after childbirth. Therefore, our findings suggest that protection of maternity might positively influence women's labour market participation after childbirth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,labour-force participation,Maternity leave,return to work}
}

@article{Varlamova2021,
  title = {Active {{Ageing Index}} in {{Russia-Identifying Determinants}} for {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Varlamova, Maria and Sinyavskaya, Oxana},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69--90},
  issn = {1874-7884},
  doi = {10.1007/s12062-020-09277-4},
  abstract = {This paper is aimed at the development of a tool analysing the AAI results for the Russian older citizens from different population groups, as well as at identifying factors underlying the inequalities in active ageing outcomes by calculation the AAI on the national and individual levels. The adaptation of the methodology of the AAI to the individual-level data and the limitations of the approach are explicitly explained. The older generations of Russia show relatively high levels of education, financial security and engagement in family care, especially in the care to children. The most significant potential for development have employment, volunteering, political engagement, physical activity, lifelong learning and use of the Internet. The calculation of the AAI at the individual level has revealed significant inequalities in the degree of realisation of potential in different areas of active ageing. The results of the project provide scientific evidence for the implementation of policy measures in the target groups. The high correlation of the index values with human capital indicators (health and education) underlines the importance of the early interventions aimed at promoting and supporting human capital at the earlier stages of the life course till the old age. The substantial positive connection of employment with other forms of activity stresses the necessity of developing a package of activation policy measures aimed at the retention of older adults in the labour market. At the same time, the statistical analysis showed the absence of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedilemma of choice\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace between certain types of activity of the older generation, for example, between caring for grandchildren and employment, or employment and volunteering - the potential in different areas may be increased simultaneously.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Active ageing,Active ageing index,Ageing,Public policy,Russia}
}

@book{Vasile2014,
  title = {Labour Mobility Impact on Sending Countries. {{Romanian EU}} Workers Case Study},
  author = {Vasile, Valentina},
  editor = {Luminita, C and Constantin, C and Valeriu, {\relax IF}},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE \textbackslash textasciigraveECONOMIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - THEORETICAL, EMPIRICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES', ESPERA 2013},
  series = {Procedia {{Economics}} and {{Finance}}},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {2212-5671},
  doi = {10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00152-X},
  abstract = {Free movement of workers is one of the four freedoms of EU law and and labour force relocation through temporary migration is a form of efficient distribution of resources on the EU labour market. Although it is estimated that the net effects labour mobility leads to win-win for both countries involved, the higher demand for qualified workforce and extending the average duration of temporary mobility increases win-win imbalance to the detriment of the country of origin. In sending countries, labour migration may lead to mitigation of the labour market by reducing unemployment and wage growth, but may also emphasize imbalances directly, or through spillover effects. As EU Romanians mobile workers are over 2.25 million (2011, WB) and the trend of growth continues, though more moderate in the crisis, the effects on the Romanian economy grow and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveadvantages of mobility\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace are significantly lower. In this paper we have estimated the main effects of the free movement of Romanian workers in the EU and identified appropriate policy measures to manage outflows. We used labour force survey data and estimates of BM and determined the impact on socio -economic variables such as GDP, the level and structure of employment, on state budget incomes, investment potential. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {EU workers,labour market,local development,sending countries,structural disequilibria},
  note = {1st International Conference on Economic Scientific Research - Theoretical, Empirical and Practical Approaches (ESPERA), Bucharest, ROMANIA, DEC 11-12, 2013}
}

@article{Vasta2010,
  title = {Work {{Strategies}} of {{Immigrants}} and the {{Construction}} and {{Circulation}} of {{Myths}} in {{London}}},
  author = {Vasta, Ellie and Erdemir, Aykan},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {ERDE},
  volume = {141},
  number = {1-2, SI},
  pages = {15--29},
  issn = {0013-9998},
  abstract = {The research presented in this paper emerges from the Immigrant Work Strategies and Networks Project. The project focused on the experiences of Ghanaian, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish and British-born respondents (both male and female) in London, between 2004 and 2006, using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. In this article, our goal is to explore the role of imperfect information in the immigrant settlement process and destination society policies. More specifically, we examine the nature of information used in two interlinked processes: 1) information used by the destination society to debate, design, and implement policy; 2) information used by immigrants to develop work strategies. We aim to demonstrate that a great deal of information immigrants and the destination society utilise, in making their decisions, is often based on the generation, circulation and reproduction of myths. Although migration myths of destination society members and immigrants are often conflicting, they seem to be reproduced within a shared regime of myth-making. In an attempt to analyse the dynamics and inter-linkages of the myth-making regime, we offer two new concepts, i.e. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehegemonic myths\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopportunity myths\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Our discussion on the construction and circulation of myths presents new opportunities to reinterpret the immigrant settlement process. We conclude that while hegemonic myths about migrants in the public arena are rarely affirmative, opportunity myths constructed by immigrants are far more complex. They can both reproduce inequalities or provide a basis for immigrant empowerment. Hegemonic myths, for example, have the potential to focus the debate on specific groups, or immigrants in general, where they can become either heroes or, more likely, villains. We argue that opportunity myths do play a major role in the perpetuation of migration to the UK. The inequalities and exploitation experienced by immigrants are essential in the circulation of opportunity myths as immigrants attempt to maintain impressions of the good life in the UK. Ironically, immigration myths, the erosion of social rights and ongoing discrimination contribute to the continual flow of incoming migrants. In other words, the more rights are eroded and the more difficult it becomes for immigrants to succeed, the more immigrants feel compelled to construct narratives of success. Unless migration policies deal with the right to work, social rights of immigrants and with the elimination of discrimination and racism, policy and public discourse are likely to lead to unintended results.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vasyltsiv2019,
  title = {{{SOCIAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE AND THE EU}}: {{ASPECTS OF CONVERGENCE AND IMPROVEMENT OF MIGRATION POLICY}}},
  author = {Vasyltsiv, Taras and Lupak, Ruslan and {Kunytska-Iliash}, Marta},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {BALTIC JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {50--58},
  issn = {2256-0742},
  doi = {10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-50-58},
  abstract = {Unresolved problems of social and economic development of Ukraine, exacerbated by critical negative consequences of military aggression and political instability, are accompanied by deep socio-economic contradictions and aggravation of large-scale social problems. At the same time, the qualitative system of social security, characteristic of the EU, is not formed. As a result, negative phenomena and trends are accumulated in social sphere there that manifest themselves in the critical deformations of social development, with the formation of threats of degradation and depopulation, the increase of environmental problems, deterioration of social structure, weakening of social guarantees of human rights that are evidenced and confirmed by mass and active labour migration of the Ukrainians abroad. Ensuring Ukraine's social security objectively requires an in-depth study based on a systematic approach, applying EU principles, provisions, practices, and standards. The purpose is to substantiate approaches and means of convergence of social security of Ukraine and the EU and develop recommendations for the improvement of migration policy. Methodology. As the methodological basis of the study, theories of socio-economic growth, modern concepts of institutional and structural economic reforms have been worked out, methods of statistical, structural-functional, and system analysis, grouping have been applied. Results. The imbalances of social security of Ukraine and the EU have been determined according to the following components: labour market and employment of population; reproduction of population and labour potential of the state; migration and food security. Areas of accelerated asymmetry increase in the social development of Ukraine and the EU, which serve as a key factor in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepushing out\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracethe population and high rates of labour migration from Ukraine to the EU Member States, have been identified. Strategic approaches and means of equalizing critical deformations and convergence of the system of social security of Ukraine in the process of integration into the EU have been determined; tools for improving the state migration policy have been developed, which implementation would result in improvement of the systemic and structural characteristics of labour potential migration. Conclusion. The study results obtained represent the existence of significant disparities in key indicators and components of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU. Low level of living standards and social protection of population serves as a factor in increasing the scope of external labour migration and, correspondingly, a critical weakening of human and labour potential of the state. Tools and means of the state policy of convergence of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU should focus on achieving the goal of systemic development of human capital and be implemented in the following directions: ensuring demographic security, upgrading health care system, renovating the quality of education, preserving cultural values, establishing a competitive labour market, improving housing affordability, social infrastructure development, systemic social insurance of population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {convergence of the social policy of Ukraine and the EU,human potential,migration,social security}
}

@article{Veeramani2022,
  title = {Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Labour Laws, and Gender Differences in Job Flows: {{Analysis}} of Manufacturing Industries across {{Indian}} States},
  author = {Veeramani, Choorikkad and Banerjee, Purna},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {152},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105802},
  abstract = {India's disappointing performance in creating productive employment for women, in spite of its increased integration with the world markets, contrasts with the experience of several countries in Asia. A number of studies have analysed the supply and demand side factors responsible for this situation. However, no study has examined the gender differences in job flows - job creation, destruction and reallocation. Net employment changes may conceal large changes in gross job flows and the associated adjustment costs. Using plant level panel data from India's formal manufacturing sector for the period 1998-2014, this paper estimates the magnitude of job flows and analyses the impact of industry-level changes in exchange rates on job flow dynamics of men and women across state-industries. Even as net employment grew sluggishly for women, we find that, the labour market was characterised by a simultaneous process of job destruction and creation. Our analysis provides evidence for an asymmetric impact of exchange rates on job flows, with depreciation (appreciation) resulting in higher (lower) gross job creation rates with no effect on job destruction rates. Exchange rate depreciation results in higher gross and net job creation rates for both men and women in states with flexible labour laws. In states with inflexible labour laws, however, depreciation causes an increase in gross job creation for women (but not for men) with no effect on net job creation. Exchange rate depreciation also causes women to face higher job reallocation than men, particularly in states with inflexible labour laws. Participation in global value chains and output tariff reductions are found to exacerbate the effects of exchange rate changes on women's job flows. Firms operating under rigid labour market conditions tend to employ female workers as a \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer' to adjust the workforce in response to short term fluctuations in export competitiveness. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Competitiveness,Exchange rate,India,Job flows,Women}
}

@article{Vega2019,
  title = {{INEQUALITIES AND REPRODUCTIVE CRISIS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE IN THE ECUADORIAN COAST. FAMILY STRATEGIES IN THE MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT AND EXTRACTIVE WORK}},
  author = {Vega, Cristina and Paredes, Myriam and Almeida, Andrea Nathaly},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {AIBR-REVISTA DE ANTROPOLOGIA IBEROAMERICANA},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {323--350},
  issn = {1695-9752},
  doi = {10.11156/aibr.140208},
  abstract = {This article analyzes the productive and reproductive strategies of the families of Coaque, a community on the Manabi coast near the epicenter of the earthquake that shook Ecuador on April 16, 2016. The reproductive crisis originated after the catastrophe highlighted the economic and social inequalities existing in this territory, where the thriving extractive industry of shrimp has become present in recent decades. Based on an ethnographic methodology and indepth interviews, it is concluded that the responses of the families oscillate between a closer connection to salaried work in this sector and the option for independent but unstable activities such as artisanal fishing and other self-support initiatives that allow a greater margin of action. The sources of income are articulated in a complex way, according to gender and age, with the requirements of attention to people, family organization and lifestyles in a period of vulnerability. Issues such as caring for children, reconstruction of housing, closeness to livelihoods or cooperation and daily transactions condition dependence on the model of agro-export development. There is evidence, therefore, of a series of tensions that worsen in the face of crisis conditions and that require a look at reproduction in post-disaster public policies.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {catastrophe,inequalities,Model of agro-export development,reproductive crisis,sustainability of life}
}

@article{Veira-Ramos2023,
  title = {Income Growth in the {{United Kingdom}} during Late Career and after Retirement: Growing Inequalities after Deindustrialisation, Educational Expansion and Development of the Knowledge-Based Economy},
  author = {{Veira-Ramos}, Alberto and Schmelzer, Paul},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
  volume = {43},
  number = {2},
  pages = {393--420},
  issn = {0144-686X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X21000581},
  abstract = {This article shows how late-life incomes from work and pensions evolved in the United Kingdom between 1991 and 2007, the year the Great Recession began. Our main contribution comes from focusing on changes across cohorts in different educational groups while also considering the gender divide. Our statistical analyses based on the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) suggest that deindustrialisation, the expansion of jobs in the knowledge economy and pension reforms affected senior workers' incomes before and after retirement. Highly qualified senior male workers have profited from increasing income across the cohorts more than any other social group. Such a trend is not observed among highly qualified female workers. Male and female low-qualified senior workers do not show major income loses, but have not benefited to the same extent as highly educated male workers. As a result, pension income inequalities between highly qualified men and the rest have increased. The increasing pensions gap between educational groups can be traced back to the improving situation on the labour market for highly qualified male workers, and to reforms benefiting private pension schemes, where the highly qualified are overrepresented. Thus, the shift in pension provisions towards private pension schemes is clearly disadvantageous for low-qualified male workers and for women of all educational levels, and contributes to the increase of social inequalities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vermesch2021,
  title = {Commuting Mode Share and Workplace-Based Public Transport Services: {{An}} Equity Perspective},
  author = {Vermesch, P. and Boisjoly, G. and Lachapelle, U.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {590--599},
  issn = {2213-624X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cstp.2021.02.013},
  abstract = {Forced car ownership, defined as owning a car despite having limited economic resources, is an increasingly prevalent issue that places low-income households under significant economic stress. This is largely due to the car-oriented development that has prevailed in the last decades in most metropolitan regions in North America and many other parts of the world. Knowing that the desire to access employment opportunities, combined with the lack of adequate transport alternatives, is a major factor contributing to the acquisition of a car among low-income households, this research investigates the use of cars to access employment locations from a social equity perspective. More specifically, this study seeks to understand the relationship between public transport services at the workplace and commuting mode share, by combining detailed workplace-based census data with public transport schedule data. The spatial dispersion of low-income employment across the territory is first assessed. A linear regression model is then conducted to examine the relationship between mode share and public transport services, while controlling for the socio-economic characteristics of the commuters working in these areas. Interactions terms are included to assess the differentiated impact of service frequency across income groups. The results show that employment locations with high shares of low-income (LI) workers are spatially dispersed across the territory and are not, as a general trend, favoured in terms of public transport provision. The results of the linear regression model demonstrate that, in addition to the proximity of a metro station, frequent bus services are strongly associated with a decrease of the modal share of car, especially in areas that concentrate larger shares of LI workers. This result, combined with the spatial dispersion of LI jobs, points towards the improvement of bus services as a key strategy to better serve LI jobs and thereby reduce car use and dependency among LI workers. More specifically, one potential avenue would be to explore the development of rapid bus corridors along commercial streets. Taken together, the results of the study shed light on the importance and possible equity benefits of transport policies aiming at developing frequent bus services to support lower use of cars among LI workers. By using census data aggregated at the work locations instead of at the place of residence, this study complements the research on travel behaviour and equity, which is typically based on the residential location of different socio-economic groups. The findings of this study are of relevance to researchers and policymakers wishing to explore potential levers to reduce car use among low-income households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Commuting mode share,Forced car ownership,Job decentralization,Public transport,Transport equity}
}

@article{Vermeulen2011,
  title = {A {{Participatory Return-to-Work Intervention}} for {{Temporary Agency Workers}} and {{Unemployed Workers Sick-Listed Due}} to {{Musculoskeletal Disorders}}: {{Results}} of a {{Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  author = {Vermeulen, Sylvia J. and Anema, Johannes R. and Schellart, Antonius J. M. and Knol, Dirk L. and {van Mechelen}, Willem and {van der Beek}, Allard J.},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {313--324},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-011-9291-7},
  abstract = {Introduction Within the labour force workers without an employment contract represent a vulnerable group. In most cases, when sick-listed, these workers have no workplace/employer to return to. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness on return-to-work of a participatory return-to-work program compared to usual care for unemployed workers and temporary agency workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders. Methods The workers, sick-listed for 2-8 weeks due to musculoskeletal disorders, were randomly allocated to the participatory return-to-work program (n = 79) or to usual care (n = 84). The new program is a stepwise procedure aimed at making a consensus-based return-to-work plan, with the possibility of a temporary (therapeutic) workplace. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome measure was time to sustainable first return-to-work. Secondary outcome measures were duration of sickness benefit, functional status, pain intensity, and perceived health. Results The median duration until sustainable first return-to-work was 161 days in the intervention group, compared to 299 days in the usual care group. The new return-to-work program resulted in a non-significant delay in RTW during the first 90 days, followed by a significant advantage in RTW rate after 90 days (hazard ratio of 2.24 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 1.28-3.94] P = 0.005). No significant differences were found for the measured secondary outcomes. Conclusions The newly developed participatory return-to-work program seems to be a promising intervention to facilitate work resumption and reduce work disability among temporary agency workers and unemployed workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Verra2022,
  title = {What's Important to You? {{Socioeconomic}} Inequalities in the Perceived Importance of Health Compared to Other Life Domains},
  author = {Verra, Sanne E. and Poelman, Maartje P. and Mudd, Andrea L. and {de Vet}, Emely and {van Rongen}, Sofie and {de Wit}, John and Kamphuis, Carlijn B. M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-12508-2},
  abstract = {Background: Pressing issues, like financial concerns, may outweigh the importance people attach to health. This study tested whether health, compared to other life domains, was considered more important by people in high versus low socioeconomic positions, with future focus and financial strain as potential explanatory factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 among N=1,330 Dutch adults. Participants rated the importance of two health-related domains (not being ill, living a long life) and seven other life domains (e.g., work, family) on a five-point scale. A latent class analysis grouped participants in classes with similar patterns of importance ratings. Differences in class membership according to socioeconomic position (indicated by income and education) were examined using structural equation modelling, with future focus and financial strain as mediators. Results: Three classes were identified, which were defined as: neutralists, who found all domains neutral or unimportant (3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample); hedonists, who found most domains important except living a long life, work, and religion (36.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and maximalists, who found nearly all domains important, including both health domains (60.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Of the neutralists, 38\textbackslash textbackslash\% considered not being ill important, and 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% considered living a long life important. For hedonists, this was 92\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 39\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively, and for maximalists this was 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Compared to belonging to the maximalists class, a low income predicted belonging to the neutralists, and a higher educational level and unemployment predicted belonging to the hedonists. No mediation pathways via future focus or financial strain were found. Conclusions: Lower income groups were less likely to consider not being ill important. Those without paid employment and those with a higher educational level were less likely to consider living a long life important. Neither future focus nor financial strain explained these inequalities. Future research should investigate socioeconomic differences in conceptualisations of health, and if inequalities in the perceived importance of health are associated with inequalities in health. To support individuals dealing with challenging circumstances in daily life, health-promoting interventions could align to the life domains perceived important to reach their target group and to prevent widening socioeconomic health inequalities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Verrall2023,
  title = {Practice Nursing: {{A}} Systematic Literature Review of Facilitators and Barriers in Three Countries},
  author = {Verrall, Claire and Willis, Eileen and Henderson, Julie},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {COLLEGIAN},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {254--263},
  issn = {1322-7696},
  doi = {10.1016/j.colegn.2022.09.005},
  abstract = {Background: Practice Nurses (PN) play an increasing role in chronic disease management, however, this role is poorly defined. Question: How do Practice Nurses in New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom manage chronic disease? Aim: This systematic review aims to identify the barriers and facilitators for practice nurses in New Zealand (NZ), Canada and the United Kingdom (UK) when caring for patients with a chronic disease. To determine how Practice Nurses in three high income countries manage chronic disease. Methods: We searched Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Liter-ature, (CINAHL), and MEDLINE in February 2021. The initial search yielded 495 articles. Four hundred and sixty-four articles were excluded because they did not address the research question or included the community nurse or nurse practitioner. Nine articles with a total sample size of 1050 PN participants met the inclusion criteria. Findings: Six main themes were identified that outline the barriers and facilitators to the role of the practice nurse when managing chronic disease: financial incentives, funding, power differences between the nurse and patient and the nurse and doctor, time, education, and role ambiguity. Discussion: Policy initiatives across the three countries were replicated with similar barriers and facilita-tors to the PN role. Conclusion: Working within a context driven by incentive funding and competing demands can be pro-hibitive to the effective management of chronic disease by the PN. (c) 2022 Australian College of Nursing Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vick2012,
  title = {Poverty and {{Severe Psychiatric Disorder}} in the {{U}}.{{S}}.: {{Evidence}} from the {{Medical Expenditure Panel Survey}}},
  author = {Vick, Brandon and Jones, Kristine and Mitra, Sophie},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {83--96},
  issn = {1091-4358},
  abstract = {Background: Previous studies have shown that persons with severe psychiatric disorders are more likely to be poor and face disparities in education and employment outcomes. Poverty rates, the standard measure of poverty, give no information on how far below the poverty line this group falls. Aims of the Study: This paper compares the poverty rate, poverty depth (distance from the poverty line) and poverty severity (inequality of incomes below the poverty line) of households with and without a working-age member with severe psychiatric disorder in the United States using data from the 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Methods: First, we perform multivariate analysis of the association between severe disorder and poverty depth using MEPS data. Second, we calculate poverty rates, depth, and severity for the subgroup of households having a member with disorder and compare to the subgroup of households without such a member. Results: In multivariate regressions, the presence of a household member with severe psychiatric disorder predicts a 52-percentage point increase in poverty depth and 3.10 times the odds of being poor. Poverty rate, depth, and severity are significantly greater for households of persons with disorder. Mean total incomes are lower for households of persons with severe disorder compared to other households while mean health expenditures are similar. Discussion: Severe psychiatric disorder is associated with greater depth of poverty and likelihood of being poor. We identify groups who are the most disadvantaged according to severity of income poverty among households with severe psychiatric disorder. These include households whose head has no high school education, who has been without work for the entire year, and who is black or Hispanic. While these characteristics are related to poverty for the overall sample, they correlate to heightened poverty severity when combined with severe disorder. Families face less severity than single persons but poverty rate, depth, and severity increase for both groups when combined with severe psychiatric disorder. Our study does not attempt to investigate the causes of poverty, focusing rather on improved poverty measurement. Implications for Health Care Provision and Use: We find that households of persons with disorder have a lower standard of living and face more severe forms of poverty. This may affect the health of their members through reduced access to health inputs, including access to health care. Implications for Health Policies: This paper shows that there is a strong association between severe psychiatric disorder and poverty, and points to a need to break this association. Both mental health policy and income assistance programs should consider using poverty rate, depth and severity measures to evaluate the economic benefits of current programs and target future programs to those facing the most severe poverty. Implications for Further Research: The results point to the need for additional research in a number of areas: trends in poverty for households with severe psychiatric disorders over time; mobility and persistence of poverty for this group; and the association of severe disorder to other, non-monetary dimensions of poverty, such as a lack of social integration.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vidal2019,
  title = {Changes in Gender Role Attitudes Following Couples' Residential Relocations},
  author = {Vidal, Sergi and Lersch, Philipp M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {1111--1152},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.39},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND Residential relocations of couple households are associated with increases in objective gender inequality within families in paid and unpaid work. Little is known about how couples' relocations affect subjective outcomes such as attitudes. OBJECTIVE We examine whether gender role attitudes change when families move residentially in Britain, empirically addressing potential explanations. We also assess heterogeneity in outcomes by relocation distance and relocation motive. METHOD We use linear fixed-effects regression on a representative sample of 6,415 partnered women and 6,220 partnered men from the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2007). RESULTS Our results show that, on average, an individual's gender role attitudes were not significantly altered following a couple's relocation. As an exception, we find that when couples exclusively relocated for the female partner's job, men's gender role attitudes became more egalitarian post-relocation. Preliminary evidence also suggests that women's gender role attitudes are potentially affected by their exposure to residential contexts. CONTRIBUTION Despite widespread evidence regarding increases in objective gender inequality following couple relocations in Britain, our findings suggest that this does not permeate into subjective outcomes such as attitudes. Beyond expanding the knowledge on subjective sources of gender inequality that follow couples' relocations, our results also contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of change in gender role attitudes over the life course.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vigdor2007,
  title = {The {{Katrina}} Effect: {{Was}} There a Bright Side to the Evacuation of Greater {{New Orleans}}?},
  author = {Vigdor, Jacob L.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1935-1682},
  abstract = {This paper uses longitudinal data from Current Population Surveys conducted between 2004 and 2006 to estimate the net impact of Hurricane Katrina-related evacuation on various indicators of well-being. While evacuees who have returned to the affected region show evidence of returning to normalcy in terms of labor supply and earnings, those who persisted in other locations exhibit large and persistent gaps, even relative to the poor outcomes of individuals destined to become evacuees observed prior to Katrina. Evacuee outcomes are not demonstrably better in destination communities with lower initial unemployment or higher growth rates. The impact of evacuation on total income was blunted to some extent by government transfer payments and by self-employment activities. Overall, there is little evidence to support the notion that poor underemployed residents of the New Orleans area were disadvantaged by their location in a relatively depressed region.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disaster,displacement,income,labor force participation}
}

@article{Vikram2018,
  title = {Mothers' Work Patterns and {{Children}}'s Cognitive Achievement: {{Evidence}} from the {{India Human Development}} Survey},
  author = {Vikram, Kriti and Chen, Feinian and Desai, Sonalde},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {207--224},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.003},
  abstract = {As female labor force participation increases globally, the relationship between maternal employment and children's development remains unclear. Using data from the India Human Development Survey (2005), we investigate the link between maternal employment and children's arithmetic and reading achievement. We develop a work pattern typology that goes beyond standard measures of employment and captures work intensity and its compatibility with child-rearing in a transitional economy. We find that the relationship between maternal employment and children's outcomes is not unidimensional. For example, children of self-employed mothers are not disadvantaged compared to those with stay-at-home mothers, but maternal employment in salaried jobs or wage work outside the home is negatively associated with cognitive skills in children. However, this negative association is reversed at higher levels of maternal education, suggesting greater access to resources and flexibility associated with better jobs mitigate the negative aspects of maternal employment posed by time constraints. Additionally, maternal employment is associated with maternal involvement in schoolwork and financial investment in academic activities, providing evidence that both time and resources devoted to children's education are significant.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children's cognitive skills,Education,India,Maternal employment}
}

@article{Villotti2018,
  title = {A Serial Mediation Model of Workplace Social Support on Work Productivity: The Role of Self-Stigma and Job Tenure Self-Efficacy in People with Severe Mental Disorders},
  author = {Villotti, Patrizia and Corbiere, Marc and Dewa, Carolyn S. and Fraccaroli, Franco and {Sultan-Taieb}, Helene and Zaniboni, Sara and Lecomte, Tania},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  volume = {40},
  number = {26},
  pages = {3113--3119},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2017.1377294},
  abstract = {Purpose: Compared to groups with other disabilities, people with a severe mental illness face the greatest stigma and barriers to employment opportunities. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between workplace social support and work productivity in people with severe mental illness working in Social Enterprises by taking into account the mediating role of self-stigma and job tenure self-efficacy. Method: A total of 170 individuals with a severe mental disorder employed in a Social Enterprise filled out questionnaires assessing personal and work-related variables at Phase-1 (baseline) and Phase-2 (6-month follow-up). Process modeling was used to test for serial mediation. Results: In the Social Enterprise workplace, social support yields better perceptions of work productivity through lower levels of internalized stigma and higher confidence in facing job-related problems. When testing serial multiple mediations, the specific indirect effect of high workplace social support on work productivity through both low internalized stigma and high job tenure self-efficacy was significant with a point estimate of 1.01 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.42, 2.28). Conclusions: Continued work in this area can provide guidance for organizations in the open labor market addressing the challenges posed by the work integration of people with severe mental illness.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {self-stigma,Severe mental illness,social enterprise,social support,work productivity}
}

@article{Virola-V2022,
  title = {Who Is Working on Ant Physiology? {{There}} Is Room to Improve International Collaborations},
  author = {{Virola-V}, Brenda Sofia and Abrego, Jeancarlos and Castillo, Dilma and Bonilla, Eleodoro and Galvez, Dumas},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {MYRMECOLOGICAL NEWS},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {115--125},
  issn = {1994-4136},
  doi = {10.25849/myrmecol.news\textbackslash_032:115},
  abstract = {Ants are an abundant and diverse group with worldwide distribution. Given their omnipresence, ecosystem services, and potential applications, ants may be excellent models for multiple lines of research such as physiology. However, the focus and worldwide distribution of ant physiology research are unknown. Given the evidence of scientific colonialism in multiple scientific areas -where credit and reward are not given to local scientists from developing nations when scien-tist s from wealthier nations travel for research -we examined the potential for such trends in studies of ant physiology. We investigated the frequency of studies and collaborations across countries during 2015 -2019, which simultaneously allowed us to estimate the most studied taxa. We found that the largest proportion of studies was done in Europe and North America. Collaboration trends were mainly among high-income countries. Nearly one third of the countries that served as sampling sites were not represented in authorship (mostly low-and middle-income). Furthermore, low-and middle-income countries show a lower proportion of authorship or co-authorship when these countries served as sampling sites, as compared with high-income countries. This disparity might indicate scientific colonialism in the field. However, collaborations between institutions from the sampling country and their foreign counterparts increased with the per capita Gross Domestic Product, suggesting a link between country's participation in international collaboration and its economic prosperity. How publications are circulated may further influence trends in scientific colonialism. Both the probability that a study reaches the public sphere (Altmetric) and the number of citations increase with the impact factor (IF) of the journal in which the article was published. Unfortunately, high-IF journals often show the highest Article Processing Charges, which can be a financial impediment for institutions in low-and middle-income countries. Our study highlights factors that influence the process of research in this field. The evidence of scientific colonialism in ant physiology that we highlight in this study calls for urgent measures to promote more equitable collaborative efforts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Altmetric,ant physiology,Formicidae,global science,Hymenoptera,impact factor,parachute science,scientific colonialism,systematic review}
}

@article{Viswanathan2021,
  title = {Growth and Human Development in the Regional Economy of {{Gujarat}}, {{India}}: An Analysis of Missed Linkages},
  author = {Viswanathan, P. K. and Bahinipati, Chandra Sekhar},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {25--47},
  issn = {0972-5792},
  doi = {10.1007/s40847-020-00144-8},
  abstract = {The case of Gujarat is often highlighted in the literature for the glaring mismatch between growth and human development (HD) outcomes. This paper makes a critical assessment of the growth and development scenario and their linkages with human development outcomes with particular focus on the important HD factors across the districts. The objectives of the paper are to: (i) analyse the broad trends in the major economic sectors, viz. agriculture, industries and employment and delineate the differences in the growth scenario across districts and (ii) examine the \textbackslash textasciigraveinclusive growth outcomes' across districts in the state based on the district-level HD indices and delineate the differences in the major HD factors. The broad trends in the growth of the major economic sectors reveal some disquieting aspects of growth of the state, characterised by stark differences in literacy and educational attainments across gender and districts, the decline in farming population coincided with marginalisation of farm holdings amidst growth of commercial agriculture, declining rural work participation, especially women work participation, and concentration of industrial growth confining to few districts. The analysis of district-level HDIs brings out disparate trends of the status of HDI, reflecting stark differences in the status of development of the critical components, viz. standard of living, availability of health infrastructure and educational attainments. Based on the analysis, we argue that Gujarat needs to strengthen and reorient its development priorities by accelerating public spending more on critical areas of public health infrastructure, provision of better healthcare services, nutritional security, education and skill development, women empowerment, etc., which are critical aspects of human development and inclusive growth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gujarat,Human development index,Inclusive growth,Public policy,Regional disparity}
}

@article{Vives2018,
  title = {Gender and {{Ageing}} at {{Work}} in {{Chile}}: {{Employment}}, {{Working Conditions}}, {{Work-Life Balance}} and {{Health}} of {{Men}} and {{Women}} in an {{Ageing Workforce}}},
  author = {Vives, Alejandra and Gray, Nora and Gonzalez, Francisca and Molina, Agustin},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH},
  volume = {62},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {475--489},
  issn = {2398-7308},
  doi = {10.1093/annweh/wxy021},
  abstract = {Objectives: In Chile, working after retirement age has grown substantially over the last years. This, in addition to the country's current discussion about extending retirement age, motivates the need of generating evidence on the occupational health and safety of the working old, with a special focus on women, who are critically disadvantaged in Chile's labour market. The objective of this paper is to describe and compare the ageing workforce of women and men in Chile in terms of labour market participation, employment and working conditions, work-life balance, and health.The social determinants of health and employment sustainability frameworks guide this study. Data Sources: Cross-sectional data from three publicly available sources: the Chilean Labour Force Survey, NENE (2010); the first Chilean Employment and working conditions survey, ENETS (20092010) and the second National Health Survey, ENS (2009). Methods: Participation rates and employment conditions (NENE and ENETS), working conditions, occupational health and work-life balance (ENETS) and chronic health conditions (ENS) were described by 5-year age groups separately for women and men. Descriptions cover all age groups in order to identify trends and patterns characteristic of older workers. Results: Rates of occupation decrease sharply after age 54 in women and 59 in men. Ageing women and men who continue to work are more likely to be in own-account (self-employed) work than younger workers; in the case of women, in households as domestic workers, and men, in agriculture. Social protection and workplace rights are markedly reduced in older workers. Part-time work increases from the age of 50 onwards, especially among women, but average working hours do not decrease under 30 h a week for either women or men. Interestingly, between ages 60 and 64, there is a peak increase of day and night shift-work among women, which co-occurs with a peak in domestic work, possibly corresponding to women working as caretakers of elderly people. Several workplace risks continue to be high into old age: intensive work and demanding physical work, especially in men, and the combination of paid and unpaid care work in women, which continues to be high up to the age of 70 years. The health of older workers is better than that of non-working people of the same age, a gap which is markedly larger for women than men and tends to increase among women as they age. Conclusion: Results indicate that Chileans working into old age face precarious jobs with limited protection and several adverse working conditions. Noteworthy, women carry the double burden of paid and unpaid work into their late years. In addition, results suggest they are affected more profoundly by the healthy worker effect whereby the health condition determines the probability of finding and keeping a job-also known as a health selection mechanism-which increases as they age. These employment and working conditions indicate that working into old age is not yet sustainable in Chile and counts as evidence that needs to be taken into account in discussions about delaying the retirement age in the country, as well as incorporating support systems to alleviate the double work burden of ageing working women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ageing workforce,employment conditions,gender,occupational health,work-life balance,working conditions}
}

@article{Vives2020,
  title = {The Importance of Using a Multi-Dimensional Scale to Capture the Various Impacts of Precarious Employment on Health: {{Results}} from a National Survey of {{Chilean}} Workers},
  author = {Vives, Alejandra and Benmarhnia, Tarik and Gonzalez, Francisca and Benach, Joan},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {9},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0238401},
  abstract = {Background Social epidemiologic research in relation to the health impacts of precarious employment has grown markedly during the past decade. While the multidimensional nature of precarious employment has long been acknowledged theoretically, empirical studies have mostly focused on one-dimensional approach only (based either on employment temporariness or perceived job insecurity). This study compares the use of a multidimensional employment precariousness scale (EPRES) with traditional one-dimensional approaches in relation to distinct health outcomes and across various socio-demographic characteristics. Methods We used a subsample of formal salaried workers (n = 3521) from the first Chilean employment and working conditions survey (2009-2010). Multilevel modified Poisson regressions with fixed effects (individuals nested within regions) and survey weights were conducted to estimate the association between general health, mental health and occupational injuries and distinct precarious employment exposures (temporary employment, perceived job insecurity, and the multidimensional EPRES scale). We assessed the presence of effect measure modification according to sex, age, educational level, and occupational class (manual/non-manual). Results Compared to one-dimensional approaches to precarious employment, the multidimensional EPRES scale captured a larger picture of potential health effects and differences across subgroups of workers. Patterns of effect measure that modification were consistent with the expectations that groups in greater disadvantage (women, older individuals, less educated and manual workers) were more vulnerable to poor employment conditions. Conclusions Multidimensional measures of precarious employment better capture its association with a breath of health outcomes, being necessary tools for research in order to strengthen the evidence base for policy making in the protection of workers' health.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Vlachantoni2012,
  title = {Financial Inequality and Gender in Older People},
  author = {Vlachantoni, Athina},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {MATURITAS},
  volume = {72},
  number = {2},
  pages = {104--107},
  issn = {0378-5122},
  doi = {10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.015},
  abstract = {Gender inequalities in the financial resources in later life result from the combined effect of women's atypical life courses, which include interrupted employment records and periods of care provision, and the fact that pension systems have generally been slow in mitigating \textbackslash textasciigravediversions' from continuous and full-time working lives. Gender differentials in financial resources can often result in a greater likelihood of facing poverty for older women compared to older men, and such risk can be experienced for longer periods for women, as a result of their higher life expectancy on average. For example, across the EU-27, 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% of men compared to 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women aged 65 and over faced a poverty risk, and at age 65, men can expect to live another 17 years on average, while women another 21 years. Although modern pension systems are increasingly recognising the diversity of women's patterns of paid and unpaid work, for example by accounting for periods of childcare in the calculation of the state pension, research continues to show a \textbackslash textasciigravepenalty' for women who have spent significant periods of their life providing care to children or dependent adults in and outside the household. Reducing such penalty is particularly important as population ageing and an increasing demand for formal and informal care are likely to present challenges with critical policy implications for societies and individuals alike. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {review},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LQ2GF9CL/Vlachantoni_2012_Financial inequality and gender in older people.pdf}
}

@article{Vlachou2018,
  title = {Experiences and {{Perspectives}} of {{Greek Higher Education Students}} with {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Vlachou, Anastasia and Papananou, Ioanna},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  pages = {206--221},
  issn = {0013-1881},
  doi = {10.1080/00131881.2018.1453752},
  abstract = {BackgroundIn Higher Education, inclusion and the enhancement of equality of opportunities and practices appeal as imperative, in most Western societies' laws. Inclusive education literature, however, reveals that despite inclusion's strong advocacy, delivery remains problematic, as beyond the surface of institutional policy, the reality of university life for students with disabilities may be one of continued exclusion and barriers to learning. Furthermore, in many countries, including Greece, the voices of students with disabilities appear significantly under-represented, not only in policy-making processes and practices, but also in the area of research.PurposeIn the light of the above, this paper aims to explore the experiences and perspectives of 32 students with disabilities on: education in Higher Education Institutions in Greece, the impending transition to paid employment and future aspirations.MethodThe paper is based on a qualitative study where data were collected through semi-structured interviews with university students with disabilities. Data were analysed according to the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis.FindingsComplex and rich accounts divulged specific issues, such as physical access and access to academic knowledge, quality of available support, interactions with tutors and fellow students, as well as perceived factors that may hinder the transition into the labour market. The results of the study also confirmed that students with disabilities are capable of asserting their needs, challenging institutional discrimination issues and proposing more inclusive alternatives.ConclusionThe findings indicate the need for reconsidering and refining institutional policies and practices in relation to issues of disability and education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {equity,Higher education,inclusion,participation,students with disabilities,teaching and learning}
}

@article{Vlachou2021,
  title = {Experiences of Workers with Disabilities Receiving Supported Employment Services in {{Greece}}},
  author = {Vlachou, Anastasia and Roka, Olga and Stavroussi, Panayiota},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--167},
  issn = {1744-6295},
  doi = {10.1177/1744629519871172},
  abstract = {People with disabilities (PwDs) are under-represented in the workforce, especially during times of economic recession. Supported employment is recognized as an effective practice for promoting work inclusion of PwDs, including people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). This study aimed at exploring the experiences of workers with ID or mental health conditions who received supported employment services in Greece. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine workers with ID and five with mental health conditions. The thematic analysis revealed that emotional pressure was experienced by the participants with mental health conditions and those with ID during the job search and the adaptation period, respectively. On-the-job training was available for the participants with ID and assistance in finding suitable job opportunities was given to those with mental health conditions. All participants highlighted the importance of maintaining employment. The findings can inform efforts on developing employment services targeting social and work inclusion for PwDs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,intellectual disabilities,mental health conditions,supported employment,workers with disabilities}
}

@article{Voermans2022,
  title = {Long-Term Social Restrictions and Lack of Work Activities during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: Impact on the Daily Lives of People with Intellectual Disabilities},
  author = {Voermans, Moniek A. C. and {den Boer}, Maria C. and Wilthagen, Ton and Embregts, Petri J. C. M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2147227},
  abstract = {PurposeLockdowns due to the Covid-19 pandemic may have had a disproportionate impact on the daily lives of people with intellectual disabilities. Many of them had to deal with limited social contacts for an extended period. This study explores in depth how people with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands experienced their daily lives, in particular due to lack of access to regular work activities.Materials and methodsEight participants with intellectual disabilities were interviewed. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was employed in conducting and analysing interviews.Results and conclusionsAnalysis yielded three overarching themes that are conceptually linked. Participants experienced a prolonged lack of social connections that resulted in experiences of social isolation and feelings of loneliness. This led to different kinds of struggles: either internal struggles involving negative thoughts or depressive feelings, or a perceived threat to their autonomous position in society. Meanwhile participants had to sustain their sense of self-worth in the absence of work activities. The findings emphasise the importance of social opportunities through the access to work activities for people with intellectual disabilities. Interventions are suggested to help reverse the increased social inequalities and enhance rehabilitation via work activities for people with intellectual disabilities.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABLITATIONMore awareness may be raised among authorities, employers and the general public about the significant value people with intellectual disabilities attribute to meaningful social connections, in particular through work activities.Also, more awareness may be raised about the potential adverse effects of the loss of work activities and social connections on the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities.Providing social support to others may help people with intellectual disabilities to construct social valued roles, either in or outside the work situation.Professionals and employers can support people with intellectual disabilities to find opportunities to provide social support to others.It is important to invest in sustainable and innovative post-pandemic community participation initiatives and particularly in accessible post-pandemic employment support, for example by organising paid in-company training placements.It is essential that professionals support people with intellectual disabilities to enhance their sources of resilience and coping strategies, that may have diminished as a result of the pandemic.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Covid-19,daytime activities,employment,intellectual disabilities,interpretative phenomenological analysis,job loss,meaning of work,social contacts}
}

@article{Vogel2020,
  title = {Help Me Help You: {{Identifying}} and Addressing Barriers to Child Support Compliance},
  author = {Vogel, Lisa Klein},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {110},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104763},
  abstract = {Many custodial mothers and their children rely on child support to meet basic needs; yet, most do not receive all of the support they are owed. Understanding why some fathers do not meet their formal support obligations is important for the well-being of children in single-parent families. Research about noncustodial fathers' compliance with formal support obligations has focused predominantly on quantitative analyses of individual, family, and structural factors affecting compliance, with a more limited body of qualitative work exploring noncustodial father perspectives. Generally missing are the perspectives of staff who work with noncustodial parents on overcoming compliance barriers. Staff provide unique and useful insights, given their vantage point from within systems and across fathers. However, staff perspectives alone are inadequate for understanding the full context of noncustodial parent experiences, as noncustodial parents possess a unique view into the child support system as customers. This article contributes to the evidence base on barriers to compliance with formal child support obligations by the sharing perspectives of staff who work with noncustodial fathers struggling to find work and pay child support on overcoming these barriers, and comparing their perspectives to those of noncustodial fathers. Data were gathered through interviews and surveys with child support, employment, and parenting staff conducted for the Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration, and are compared to perspectives of fathers gathered through focus groups for the same evaluation (Vogel, 2020). Results indicate five types of practical, system-based, and experiential factors contributing to noncompliance: (1) an array of barriers to employment; (2) insufficient income to meet obligations; (3) child support system-initiated barriers; (4) resistance to paying support without visitation access; and (5) prior interactions with the child support system. Findings suggest a number of policy changes that could help facilitate compliance among struggling noncustodial fathers, including: access to services to address practical barriers to work; system-level health care, child care, public infrastructure, and criminal justice reforms; administrative and statutory changes within child support to help address high burden orders, enforcement actions that impede employment, and state-owed arrearages; and providing pathways to visitation when safe and appropriate.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child support,Compliance barriers,Economic well-being,Mixed-methods analysis}
}

@article{Vogel2020a,
  title = {Barriers to Meeting Formal Child Support Obligations: {{Noncustodial}} Father Perspectives},
  author = {Vogel, Lisa Klein},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {110},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104764},
  abstract = {Changes in family demographic patterns and the erosion of the social safety net have contributed to the centrality of child support as a source of income for many families. Many custodial mothers and their children rely on child support to meet basic needs; yet, most do not receive all of the support they are owed. Given the importance of child support as a financial resource for many families, and the gap between child support owed and received, understanding why some fathers do not meet their formal support obligations is important for improving the well-being of children in single-parent families. This article contributes to the evidence base on barriers to compliance with formal child support obligations by the sharing perspectives of noncustodial fathers struggling to find work and pay child support. Data were gathered through focus groups with noncustodial fathers conducted for the Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration. Results indicate four types of factors contributing to noncompliance: (1) practical impediments, including income constraints, high-burden orders and obligations to other children; (2) system-imposed barriers; (3) noncustodial father preferences; and (4) prior interactions with the child support system. Findings from this study suggest a number of policy changes that could help facilitate compliance among struggling noncustodial fathers. These include access to services to help overcome practical barriers to work; administrative and statutory changes within child support to help address high burden orders, enforcement actions that impede employment, and state-owed arrearages; and changes to TANF pass-through policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child support,Compliance barriers,Economic well-being,Qualitative analysis}
}

@book{Vojtkova2018,
  title = {{{GLOBAL PROBLEM OF POVERTY WITH A FOCUS ON INCOME AND MATERIAL DEPRIVATION IN SLOVAKIA}}},
  author = {Vojtkova, Maria},
  editor = {Kliestik, T},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES},
  abstract = {Poverty as a global problem is also associated with a solution to material deprivation. In connection with the membership of Slovakia in the European Union, we have adopted European legislation in this area. Currently, there is a European 2020 strategy in the countries of the European Union, in which one of the five main targets are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCombating Poverty and Social Exclusion\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Target groups of the strategy are also people at the risk of material deprivation, disadvantaged job seekers, or people at risk of losing their job. Material deprivation is not only a threat to people who have problems with employment, but generally to persons who face some form of shortage in the items that their household cannot afford, because of their financial possibilities. Wages or other forms of income that represent the basic income of households may not be sufficient as an indicator of material deprivation. The relationship between income and material deprivation requires global attention in all EU countries as well as in Slovakia. The main objective of this article is to quantify the influence of selected factors on the equivalent disposable income of materially deprived and non-deprived Slovak households, their comparison and interpretation. The analysis will be based on the statistical survey on Income and Living conditions EU SILC. The effect of listed factors will be verified using the GLM procedure in SAS Enterprise Guide 5.1.},
  isbn = {978-80-8154-249-7},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {equivalent disposable income,EU SILC,generalized linear model,material deprivation,poverty},
  note = {18th International Scientific Conference on Globalization and Its Socio-Economic Consequences, Rajecke Teplice, SLOVAKIA, OCT 10-11, 2018}
}

@article{Volkov2020,
  title = {{BASIC INCOME IN SOME NORDIC COUNTRIES: THEORY AND PRACTICE}},
  author = {Volkov, Aleksey M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {MIROVAYA EKONOMIKA I MEZHDUNARODNYE OTNOSHENIYA},
  volume = {64},
  number = {9},
  pages = {48--52},
  issn = {0131-2227},
  doi = {10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-9-48-52},
  abstract = {The article describes development of the idea of unconditional basic income in some Nordic countries. There were active discussions in the early 1980s and in 1992-1994 in Denmark and experiment was conducted on the introduction of unconditional basic income in Finland in 2017-2018. Basic income has never been seriously considered in Denmark on a practical level. For the first time, interest in basic income arose in Denmark in the 1980s. Once again, the issue of basic income was on the official policy agenda in 1992-1994, when there was extensive discussion on this issue. In many ways, these debates were associated with the development of the system of unemployment benefits in the country at that time and a number of economic, institutional and political circumstances. The idea of basic income was considered as a fatal blow, either too controversial or unrealistic, showing that it would require considerable money. Thus, by the mid-1990s, this idea was categorically rejected and disappeared forever from the agenda in Denmark. The unconditional basic income in Finland has been discussed for the last 10 years. It was believed that due to the mass robotization and the introduction of artificial intelligence, a huge number of people would lose their jobs in the future, and the universal basic income will force people to accept temporary contract work which ultimately will increase labor mobility and efficiency. By the classical definition unconditional basic income is the regular payment of a certain amount of money to each member of the community without checking the financial situation or the need to do work. The experiment with unconditional basic income in Finland did not fully meet this definition. First, only the unemployed could take part in it. Secondly, the experiment participants continued to receive benefits from other support systems. The authorities decided to focus on the unemployed in order to understand whether unconditional basic income encourages employment. The 2,000 citizens selected by lottery were unemployed, poor, and were between the ages of 25 and 58 years old. They received 560 euros per month, while the payment did not stop even after they found a job. Intermediate results of the experiment were almost completely opposite to the expected. Requests of recipients of basic income to the labor market have only increased. They said they were not ready to grab any job, and made more and more demands. Both for employers and for trade unions such an outcome was an unpleasant surprise. The preliminary results of the experiment with an unconditional basic income showed that in the first year participants in the experiment were looking for a little more actively than other unemployed people. Although the Finnish authorities did not officially comment on anything, all the experts said that the two-year tests showed the project's inconsistency. First, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefree\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace money was in fact an unconditional unemployment benefit, that is, there was nothing new in the proposed version of the universal basic income. Secondly, the government did not conceal that the experiment with the basic income was not aimed at reducing the number of the poor or fighting inequality - its main task was \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepromoting employment\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. If all citizens received unconditional basic income, additional social spending would be about 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GDP. This is a lot, even taking into account the fact that Finland spends about 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GDP on social spending. A universal basic income can only be successful if provided on a continuous and universal basis. But it requires a lot of money and higher taxes which most people disagree with.},
  langid = {russian},
  keywords = {Denmark,experiment,Finland,unconditional basic income,unemployment,unemployment benefits}
}

@article{VonWachter2019,
  title = {Unemployment {{Insurance Reform}}},
  author = {{von Wachter}, Till},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE},
  volume = {686},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {121--146},
  issn = {0002-7162},
  doi = {10.1177/0002716219885339},
  abstract = {The Unemployment Insurance (UI) system is the largest general social insurance program for working-age individuals in the United States and currently insures more than 140 million workers against temporary income losses related to unemployment. UI has been the bedrock of U.S. social policy in recessions, but the system has remained largely unchanged since the mid-1970s despite substantial changes in the labor market that include deindustrialization, higher female participation, increases in wage inequality, and technological changes. This article summarizes existing empirical evidence on the state of the UI system and its effectiveness in achieving its stated goals. A range of reform proposals are discussed that aim to address both the well-known, long-term issues with UI, as well as UI's readiness to support the workforce of the twenty-first century.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {experience rating,firm behavior,unemployment insurance,worker behavior}
}

@article{Vukoja2018,
  title = {Critical Care Outcomes in Resource-Limited Settings},
  author = {Vukoja, Marija and Riviello, Elisabeth D. and Schultz, Marcus J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN CRITICAL CARE},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  pages = {421--427},
  issn = {1070-5295},
  doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000528},
  abstract = {Purpose of reviewThe burden of critical illness in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is substantial. A better understanding of critical care outcomes is essential for improving critical care delivery in resource-limited settings. In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature reporting on critical care outcomes in LMICs. We discuss several barriers and potential solutions for a better understanding of critical care outcomes in LMICs.Recent findingsEpidemiologic studies show higher in-hospital mortality rates for critically ill patients in LMICs as compared with patients in high-income countries (HICs). Recent findings suggest that critical care interventions that are effective in HICs may not be effective and may even be harmful in LMICs. Little data on long-term and morbidity outcomes exist. Better outcomes measurement is beginning to emerge in LMICs through decision support tools that report process outcome measures, studies employing mobile health technologies with community health workers and the development of context-specific severity of illness scores.SummaryOutcomes from HICs cannot be reliably extrapolated to LMICs, so it is important to study outcomes for critically ill patients in LMICs. Specific challenges to achieving meaningful outcomes studies in LMICs include defining the critically ill population when few ICU beds exist, the resource-intensiveness of long-term follow-up, and the need for reliable severity of illness scores to interpret outcomes. Although much work remains to be done, examples of studies overcoming these challenges are beginning to emerge.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {clinical trials,critical care,intensive care,low-income and middle-income countries,outcomes,resource-limited settings}
}

@article{Waddington2023,
  title = {Impact on Childhood Mortality of Interventions to Improve Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene ({{WASH}}) to Households: {{Systematic}} Review and Meta-Analysis},
  author = {Waddington, Hugh Sharma and Masset, Edoardo and Bick, Sarah and Cairncross, Sandy},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PLOS MEDICINE},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  issn = {1549-1277},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1004215},
  abstract = {Author summary Why was this study done? The biggest contributor to the global burden of infectious disease in childhood in developing countries is mortality due to respiratory and diarrhoeal infections, both of which are closely linked to deficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) availability and use by households.Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses of WASH-related morbidity have been conducted, but there is a shortage of rigorous, systematic evidence on the effectiveness of WASH interventions in reducing mortality. What did the researchers do and find? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of WASH interventions on all-cause and diarrhoea-related mortality in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs, incorporating evidence from 35 studies comprising 48 distinct WASH intervention arms.We found significant effects on all-cause mortality among children aged under 5 of interventions to improve the quantity of water available (34\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction), hygiene promotion when water supplies were accessible to households (29\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction), and community-wide sanitation (21\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction).We also found significant effects of WASH interventions on diarrhoea mortality among under 5s (45\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction), which were significantly larger when provided to communities that were at the lowest rungs of the sanitation ladder, compared to those that already had improved WASH. What do these findings mean? Interventions to prevent water-related mortality in childhood in endemic disease circumstances provide adequate water supplies to households, enabling domestic hygiene and safe excreta disposal in the household and community.Systematic reviews can provide new evidence for decision making, but the approach we present is reliant on trial authors and journals adhering to agreed standards of reporting. BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries (L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs), the biggest contributing factors to the global burden of disease in childhood are deaths due to respiratory illness and diarrhoea, both of which are closely related to use of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services by households. However, current estimates of the health impacts of WASH interventions use self-reported morbidity, which may fail to capture longer-term or more severe impacts. Reported mortality is thought to be less prone to bias than other reported measures. This study aimed to answer the question: What are the impacts of WASH interventions on reported childhood mortality in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs? Methods and findingsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, using a published protocol. Systematic searches of 11 academic databases and trial registries, plus organisational repositories, were undertaken to locate studies of WASH interventions, which were published in peer review journals or other sources (e.g., organisational reports and working papers). Intervention studies of WASH improvements implemented under endemic disease circumstances in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs were eligible, which reported findings at any time until March 2020. We used the participant flow data supplied in response to journal editors' calls for greater transparency. Data were collected by two authors working independently.We included evidence from 24 randomized and 11 nonrandomized studies of WASH interventions from all global regions, incorporating 2,600 deaths. Effects of 48 WASH treatment arms were included in analysis. We critically appraised and synthesised evidence using meta-analysis to improve statistical power. We found WASH interventions are associated with a significant reduction of 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the odds of all-cause mortality in childhood (OR = 0.83, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.74, 0.92, evidence from 38 interventions), and a significant reduction in diarrhoea mortality of 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% (OR = 0.55, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.35, 0.84; 10 interventions).Further analysis by WASH technology indicated interventions providing improved water in quantity to households were most consistently associated with reductions in all-cause mortality. Community-wide sanitation was most consistently associated with reductions in diarrhoea mortality. Around one-half of the included studies were assessed as being at \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemoderate risk of bias\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in attributing mortality in childhood to the WASH intervention, and no studies were found to be at \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelow risk of bias.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The review should be updated to incorporate additional published and unpublished participant flow data. ConclusionsThe findings are congruent with theories of infectious disease transmission. Washing with water presents a barrier to respiratory illness and diarrhoea, which are the two biggest contributors to all-cause mortality in childhood in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs. Community-wide sanitation halts the spread of diarrhoea. We observed that evidence synthesis can provide new findings, going beyond the underlying data from trials to generate crucial insights for policy. Transparent reporting in trials creates opportunities for research synthesis to answer questions about mortality, which individual studies of interventions cannot be reliably designed to address.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wagener2018,
  title = {Determinants of {{Employment}} in {{People Living}} with {{HIV}} in the {{Netherlands}}},
  author = {Wagener, Marlies N. and {van den Dries}, Lennert and Van Exel, Job and Miedema, Harald S. and {van Gorp}, Eric C. M. and Roelofs, Pepijn D. D. M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45--56},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-016-9692-8},
  abstract = {Objectives Since HIV has become a manageable chronic disease, employment is of increasing importance for people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to investigate the level of work participation among PLWH in the Netherlands, and the associated determinants of employment. Methods For this study the baseline measurements of a longitudinal cohort study with a 2-year follow-up, the TREVI project, were used. The TREVI project aims to study cognitive function disorders among PLWH in relation to their employment, productivity, and social functioning. From December 2012 until December 2013, data on cognitive functioning, measured by the HIV Dementia Scale, and medical data derived from patient records were collected. Employment status and possible determinants of employment were assessed by a digital survey. Chi square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted in order to investigate the level of employment and associated determinants of employment. Results This cross-sectional study revealed significant differences in the level of employment compared with Dutch reference data: i.e. in the age group 40-54 years PLWH had a significantly lower employment rate than the general Dutch population. Multivariate analysis showed that employment was negatively associated with a lower or higher age (reference: 40-54 years), a longer period since diagnosis, problems with physical functioning, and a higher score on the HADS Depression. Having paid work at diagnosis was positively associated with employment. Conclusion PLWH, particularly in the age of 40-54, in the Netherlands have a significant lower level of employment compared to the general population. Counseling should address reduced psychological and physical functioning in order to improve the position of PLWH on the labor market.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cohort study,Employment,HIV,Vocational guidance}
}

@article{Wagstaff1991,
  title = {On the Measurement of Horizontal Inequity in the Delivery of Health Care},
  author = {Wagstaff, Adam and {van Doorslaer}, Eddy and Paci, Pierella},
  year = {1991},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {169--205},
  publisher = {{Elsevier BV}},
  doi = {10.1016/0167-6296(91)90003-6},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3X5A9AZ6/Wagstaff et al_1991_On the measurement of horizontal inequity in the delivery of health care.pdf}
}

@article{Wahrendorf2017,
  title = {Who in {{Europe Works}} beyond the {{State Pension Age}} and under Which {{Conditions}}? {{Results}} from {{SHARE}}},
  author = {Wahrendorf, Morten and Akinwale, Bola and Landy, Rebecca and Matthews, Katey and Blane, David},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--285},
  issn = {1874-7884},
  doi = {10.1007/s12062-016-9160-4},
  abstract = {There is much research about those who exit the labour market prematurely, however, comparatively little is known about people working longer and about their employment and working conditions. In this paper, we describe the employment and working conditions of men and women working between 65 and 80 years, and compare them with previous conditions of those retired in the same age group. Analyses are based on wave 4 data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with information collected between 2009 and 2011 from 17,625 older men and women across 16 European countries. Besides socio-demographic and health-related factors (physical and mental health), the focus lies on employment conditions (e.g. employment status, occupational position and working hours) and on stressful working conditions, measured in terms of low control at work and effort-reward imbalance. In case of retired people, information on working conditions refer to the last job before retirement. Following descriptive analyses, we then conduct multivariable analyses and investigate how working conditions and poor health are related to labour market participation (i.e. random intercept models accounting for country affiliation and adjusted for potential confounders). Results illustrate that people working between the ages of 65 and 80 are more likely to be self-employed (either with or without employees) and work in advantaged occupational positions. Furthermore, findings reveal that psychosocial working conditions are generally better than the conditions retired respondents had in their last job. Finally, in contrast to those who work, health tends to be worse among retired people. In conclusion, findings deliver empirical evidence that paid employment beyond age 65 is more common among self-employed workers throughout Europe, in advantaged occupations and under-favourable psychosocial circumstances, and that this group of workers are in considerably good mental and physical health. This highlights that policies aimed at increasing the state pension age beyond the age of 65 years put pressure on specific disadvantaged groups of men and women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Extended working life,Share,Working conditions}
}

@article{Wahrendorf2021,
  title = {Adverse {{Employment Histories}}, {{Later Health Functioning}} and {{National Labor Market Policies}}: {{European Findings Based}} on {{Life-History Data From SHARE}} and {{ELSA}}},
  author = {Wahrendorf, Morten and Hoven, Hanno and Deindl, Christian and Lunau, Thorsten and Zaninotto, Paola},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {76},
  number = {1},
  pages = {S27-S40},
  issn = {1079-5014},
  doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbaa049},
  abstract = {Objectives: We investigate associations between adverse employment histories over an extended time period and health functioning in later life, and explore whether national labor market policies moderate the association. Methods: We use harmonized life-history data from the Gateway to Global Aging Data on two European studies (SHARE and ELSA) linked to health beyond age 50 (men = 11,621; women = 10,999). Adverse employment histories consist of precarious, discontinued, and disadvantaged careers between age 25 and 50, and we use depressive symptoms, grip strength, and verbal memory as outcomes. Results: Adverse employment histories between age 25 and 50 are associated with poor health functioning later in life, particularly repeated periods of unemployment, involuntary job losses, weak labor market ties, and disadvantaged occupational positions. Associations remain consistent after adjusting for age, partnership history, education and employment situation, and after excluding those with poor health prior to or during working life. We find no variations of the associations by national labor market policies. Discussion: Our study calls for increased intervention efforts to improve working conditions at early career stages. Despite the importance in shaping employment histories, the role of national policies in modifying the impact of employment on health is less clear.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment histories,Health functioning,Life course,Work stress}
}

@article{Waid2022,
  title = {Promoting Health and Social Equity through Family Navigation to Prevention and Early Intervention Services: A Proof of Concept Study},
  author = {Waid, Jeffrey and Tomfohrde, Olivia and Kutzler, Courtney},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-14320-4},
  abstract = {Background Health and social inequality are associated with multiple adverse childhood experiences including poverty, mental illness, and child maltreatment. While effective interventions currently exist for many health and social problems, large segments of the population experience barriers accessing needed services. In alignment with broader public health efforts to reduce health and social inequality in one state in the U.S.A., the current study describes the development and formative evaluation of a brief, low cost, portable model of prevention-oriented family service navigation called Navigate Your Way. Methods Caregivers of children experiencing significant unmet health or social service needs were recruited to the study. Participants completed an initial and closing telephone interview which included measures of past and current family health and social service utilization, service barriers, parenting stress, and child internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Between interviews participants created a family service plan and received 10 weeks of telephone and web-mediated family navigation, at which time process and fidelity of implementation data were collected. Frequency and descriptive statistics are provided for participant demographic characteristics, service barriers, intervention engagement, and primary and secondary study outcomes. Paired samples t-tests examined changes in study outcomes between initial and closing telephone interviews. Results Thirty two caregivers enrolled, twenty-nine completed the study. The age range was 20-59 (M = 39.5, SD = 10.0). The majority identified as female (96.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 31), racial/ethnic minority (56.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 18), and reported an average 10 barriers to care (M = 10.4, SD = 4.1). The most frequently reported service needs were mental health care, housing, food security, transportation, and health insurance. The mean duration of intervention delivery was 83 days. Most participants (82.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 24) were connected to one or more health or social services. Caregivers reported significant improvements to youth internalizing behaviors (d = 2.5, p = .05) and high levels of overall satisfaction with the navigation approach. Conclusion Telephone and web-mediated service navigation is a feasible and practical approach to supporting families in rapidly connecting to health and social care. Future research investigating the efficacy and implementation of Navigate Your Way in routine settings is indicated.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children,Equity,Families,Health,Inequality,Maltreatment,Navigation,Prevention,Social Work}
}

@article{Walega2021,
  title = {Self-Employment and over-Indebtedness in {{Poland}}: {{Modelling}} Income and Debt Repayments Distribution},
  author = {Walega, Agnieszka and Walega, Grzegorz},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ENTREPRENEURIAL BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS REVIEW},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {51--65},
  issn = {2353-883X},
  doi = {10.15678/EBER.2021.090404},
  abstract = {Objective: The objective of the article is to assess financial situation and debt repayments in households of self-employed individuals and compare them to these of other types of households. The article aims to identify the determinants of over-indebtedness. Research Design \textbackslash textbackslash\& Methods: The study focuses on households of self-employed. The results are based on a nationwide CATI survey conducted among 1107 Polish indebted households. Theoretical models of the income distribution (log-logistic, Burr III) and the power-exponential model were used to achieve the research goals. Findings: The economic status of indebted households differentiates income and debt repayments distributions. Self-employed households have a better financial situation and greater inequalities than households of the paid employees and individuals sustaining themselves from other sources of income. The debt repayments of entrepreneurs are higher than in households of paid employees but lower than in other groups of households. The determinants of over-indebtedness are essentially similar regardless of the work status, but the impact of income, number of loans, and debt type on over-indebtedness is greater for self-employed households. Implications \textbackslash textbackslash\& Recommendations: The results on the debt repayments distribution and determinants of over-indebtedness may be helpful in creating regulations that preventing household bankruptcies and policies aimed at combating social exclusion. Contribution \textbackslash textbackslash\& Value Added: Introducing the issue of self-employment into the discussion on income and debt distribution and identifying the over-indebtedness among households of self-employed. To assess the debt repayments, we adopt theoretical income distributions and unique source of data on Polish households in debt.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {debt repayments,household,income distribution,over-indebtedness,self-employed}
}

@article{Walraven2008,
  title = {Management of Post-Partum Hemorrhage in Low-Income Countries},
  author = {Walraven, Gijs and Wanyonyi, Sikolia and Stones, William},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BEST PRACTICE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& RESEARCH CLINICAL OBSTETRICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& GYNAECOLOGY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1013--1023},
  issn = {1521-6934},
  doi = {10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.002},
  abstract = {The provision of safe and effective delivery care for all women in poor countries remains elusive, resulting in a continuing burden of mortality in general and mortality from post-partum haemorrhage in particular. Deployment of a functional health system and effective linkage of the health system to communities are the necessary prerequisites for the provision of the life-saving technical interventions that will make a difference in individual cases. Sadly, two factors militate against progress: the mantra that \textbackslash textasciigravewe know what works' (resulting in some serious gaps in evidence for best practice in resource-poor settings) and a lack of large-scale investment in maternity services to counteract the degradation of infrastructure and depletion of human resources evident in many countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {barriers to access to care,developing countries,health systems,post-partum haemorrhage}
}

@article{WaltersI2021,
  title = {Barriers to Identifying Occupational Asthma among Primary Healthcare Professionals: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Walters I, Gareth and Barber, Christopher M.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {BMJ OPEN RESPIRATORY RESEARCH},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjresp-2021-000938},
  abstract = {Introduction Occupational asthma (OA) accounts for one in six cases of adult-onset asthma and is associated with a large societal cost. Many cases of OA are missed or delayed, leading to ongoing exposure to the causative agent and avoidable lung function loss and poor employment-related outcomes. Enquiry about work-related symptoms and the nature of work by healthcare professionals (HCPs) is limited, evident in primary and secondary care. Potential reasons cited for this are time pressure, lack of expertise and poor access to specialists. Aim To understand organisational factors and beliefs and behaviours among primary HCPs that may present barriers to identifying OA. Methods We employed a qualitative phenomenological methodology and undertook 20-45 min interviews with primary HCPs in West Midlands, UK. We used purposive and snowball sampling to include general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses with a range of experience, from urban and rural settings. Interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed professionally for analysis. Data were coded by hand, and thematic analysis was undertaken and determined theoretically until themes were saturated. Results Eleven HCPs participated (eight GPs, three nurses). Four themes were identified that were considered to impact on identification of OA: (1) training and experience, (2) perceptions and beliefs, (3) systems constraints, and (4) variation in individual practice. OA-specific education had been inadequate at every stage of training and practice, and clinical exposure to OA had been generally limited. OA-specific beliefs varied, as did clinical behaviour with working-age individuals with asthma. There was a focus on diagnosis and treatment rather than attributing causation. Identified issues regarding organisation of asthma care were time constraints, lack of continuity, referral pressure, use of guidelines and templates, and external targets. Conclusion Organisation and delivery of primary asthma care, negative OA-related beliefs, lack of formal education, and exposure to OA may all currently inhibit its identification.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asthma,asthma epidemiology,asthma guidelines,asthma in primary care,occupational lung disease}
}

@article{Wang2010,
  title = {Socioeconomic Status and the Risk of Major Depression: The {{Canadian National Population Health Survey}}},
  author = {Wang, J. L. and Schmitz, N. and Dewa, C. S.},
  year = {2010},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {64},
  number = {5},
  pages = {447--452},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech.2009.090910},
  abstract = {Background There are few longitudinal studies investigating the risk of major depression by socioeconomic status (SES). In this study, data from the longitudinal cohort of Canadian National Population Health Survey were used to estimate the risk of major depressive episode (MDE) over 6 years by SES levels. Methods The National Population Health Survey used a nationally representative sample of the Canadian general population. In this analysis, participants (n=9589) were followed from 2000/2001 (baseline) to 2006/2007. MDE was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form for Major Depression. Results Low education level (OR=1.86, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.28 to 2.69) and financial strain (OR=1.65, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.19 to 2.28) were associated with an increased risk of MDE in participants who worked in the past 12 months. In those who did not work in the past 12 months, participants with low education were at a lower risk of MDE (OR 0.43, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.25 to 0.76), compared with those with high education. Financial strain was not associated with MDE in participants who did not work. Working men who reported low household income (12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and participants who did not work and reported low personal income (5.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had a higher incidence of MDE than others. Conclusions SES inequalities in the risk of MDE exist in the general population. However, the inequalities may depend on measures of SES, sex and employment status. These should be considered in interventions of reducing inequalities in MDE. MDE history is an important factor in studies examining inequalities in MDE.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wang2010a,
  title = {Risk of {{Losing Insurance During}} the {{Transition}} into {{Adulthood Among Insured Youth}} with {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Wang, Grace and Grembowski, David and Watts, Carolyn},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--74},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-009-0470-5},
  abstract = {To compare insured youth (age 15-25 years) with and without disabilities on risk of insurance loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation 2001. Descriptive statistics characterized insured youth who maintained and lost insurance for at least 3 months over a 3-year time frame. We conducted logistic regression to calculate the association between disability and insurance loss. Adjustment variables were gender, race, ethnicity, age, work or school status, poverty status, type of insurance at study onset, state generosity, and an interaction between disability and insurance type. This study includes 2,123 insured youth without disabilities, 320 insured youth with non-severe disabilities, and 295 insured youth with severe disabilities. Thirty-six percent of insured youth without disabilities lost insurance compared to 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with non-severe disabilities and 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with severe disabilities (P = .07). Youth with non-severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.39; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.16, 0.93; P = .03) compared to youth without disabilities on public insurance. Further, youth with severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 81\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.19; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.09, 0.40; P {$<$} .001) compared to youth without disabilities. When examining youth with private insurance, we find that youth with severe disabilities have 1.63 times higher odds (OR: 1.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.03, 2.57; P = .04) of losing health insurance compared to youth without disabilities. Insurance type interacts with disability severity to affect odds of insurance loss among insured youth.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wang2013,
  title = {What Interventions Do Rural Doctors Think Will Increase Recruitment in Rural Areas: A Survey of 2778 Health Workers in {{Beijing}}},
  author = {Wang, Jinwen and Su, Jianglian and Zuo, Huijuan and Jia, Mingyan and Zeng, Zhechun},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
  volume = {11},
  doi = {10.1186/1478-4491-11-40},
  abstract = {Background: A shortage of health professionals in rural areas is a major problem facing China, as more than 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population lives in such areas. Strategies have been developed by the government to improve the recruitment of rural doctors. However, the inequitable distribution of doctors working in China has not improved significantly. The objective of this study was to explore the reasons for the poor recruitment and to propose possible strategies to improve the situation. Methods: Between September 2009 and November 2009 data were collected from 2778 rural doctors in Beijing, China. A quantitative survey was used to explore health workers' perceptions as to what factors would have the greatest impact on recruitment and whether access to training had been effective in increasing their confidence, enhancing their interest in practicing medicine and increasing their commitment to recruitment. Results: Rural doctors were generally older than average in China. Of the 2778 participants, only 7.23\textbackslash textbackslash\% had obtained a license as a qualified doctor. For 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the rural doctors, the job was part-time work. The survey showed that rural doctors considered the training strategy to be inadequate. In general, the initiatives identified by rural doctors as being of most value in the recruitment of doctors were those targeting retirement pension and income. Conclusions: From the perspective of rural doctors, specific initiatives that promised a secure retirement pension and an increased income were considered most likely to assist in the recruitment of rural doctors in Beijing.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Human resources,Recruitment,Rural doctor}
}

@article{Wang2014,
  title = {Risk of {{Losing Insurance During}} the {{Transition}} into {{Adulthood Among Insured Youth}} with {{Disabilities}}},
  author = {Wang, Grace and Grembowski, David and Watts, Carolyn},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL},
  volume = {18},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1583--1590},
  issn = {1092-7875},
  doi = {10.1007/s10995-008-0429-y},
  abstract = {To compare insured youth (age 15-25 years) with and without disabilities on risk of insurance loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 2001. Descriptive statistics characterized insured youth who maintained or who lost insurance for at least 3 months over a 3-year time frame. We conducted logistic regression to calculate the association between disability and insurance loss. Adjustment variables were gender, race, ethnicity, age, work or school status, poverty status, type of insurance at study onset, state generosity, and an interaction between disability and insurance type. This study includes 2,123 insured youth without disabilities, 320 insured youth with non-severe disabilities, and 295 insured youth with severe disabilities. Thirty-six percent of insured youth without disabilities lost insurance compared to 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with non-severe disabilities and 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with severe disabilities (P = .07). Youth with non-severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.39; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.16, 0.93; P = .03) compared to youth without disabilities on public insurance. Further, youth with severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 81\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.19; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.09, 0.40; P {$<$} .001) compared to youth without disabilities. When examining youth with private insurance, we find that youth with non-severe disabilities have 1.63 times higher odds (OR: 1.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.03, 2.57; P = .04) of losing health insurance compared to youth without disabilities. Insurance type interacts with disability severity to affect odds of insurance loss among insured youth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescent health,Disability,Insurance,Transition,Youth with special health care needs}
}

@article{Wang2018,
  title = {More than Double Jeopardy: {{An}} Intersectional Analysis of Persistent Income Disadvantages of {{Chinese}} Female Migrant Workers},
  author = {Wang, Yixuan and Cheng, Cheng and Bian, Yanjie},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {ASIAN JOURNAL OF WOMENS STUDIES},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {246--269},
  issn = {1225-9276},
  doi = {10.1080/12259276.2018.1469722},
  abstract = {Researchers have attributed the low wages of Chinese female migrant workers to the independent effects of gender and hukou (household registration). Using an intersectional perspective that recognizes the interplay of gender, birthplace, and hukou, this paper identifies six different groups of workers in China's urban labor market. Both in-depth interviews and survey data demonstrate that from 2003 to 2013, a decade seen as one of China's continuous economic growth and rising income inequality, female migrant workers earned the lowest wages among the six groups, and their income disadvantages were more than double the disadvantages of gender and hukou combined. This trend was persistent during this decade even after the workers' education, party membership, and labor market segregation were taken into account. These results imply a within-job wage differential for female migrant workers and a discriminatory wage policy that is tacitly observed by both state and private employers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,female migrant workers,hukou,income inequality,Intersectionality,patriarchy}
}

@article{Wang2018a,
  title = {Gender {{Inequalities}} in {{Labor Market Outcomes}} of {{Informal Caregivers}} near {{Retirement Age}} in {{Urban China}}},
  author = {Wang, Yafeng and Zhang, Chuanchuan},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2, SI},
  pages = {147--170},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2017.1383618},
  abstract = {This study examines the impacts of unpaid family care on labor supply and earnings of women and men near retirement age in urban China. Using the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variable approaches, it finds that grandchild care is negatively associated with both women's and men's labor force participation, while there are no effects for eldercare. For women caregivers, caring for grandchildren substantially lowers paid labor hours compared to noncaregivers. No significant relationships are found between eldercare and paid labor hours of women workers. For men workers, neither grandchild care nor eldercare is significantly associated with labor hours. The study also finds no statistically significant relationships between grandchild care and labor earnings for either women or men. Eldercare, however, is positively associated with the earnings of men workers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childcare,China,earnings,eldercare,Informal care,labor supply}
}

@article{Wang2018b,
  title = {Factors {{Associated With Recommendations}} for {{Assistive Technology Devices}} for {{Persons With Mobility Limitations Using Workplace Accommodation Services}}},
  author = {Wang, I-Ting and Lee, Shwn-Jen and Bezyak, Jill and Tsai, Mei-Wun and Luo, Hong-Ji and Wang, Jhin-Ren and Chien, Ming-Shan},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN},
  volume = {61},
  number = {4},
  pages = {228--235},
  issn = {0034-3552},
  doi = {10.1177/0034355217711865},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to identify the interactions between impairment-related and work-related factors associated with recommendations for specific assistive technology devices (ATDs) for persons with mobility limitations who used workplace accommodation (WA) services. A retrospective and secondary data analysis was conducted on 132 WA service users with mobility limitations in Taipei City from 2008 to 2012 using chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID). The CHAID analyses revealed interactions between impairment-related factors (difficulty walking and upper extremity pain) and work-related factors (frequent moving around outdoors), which were significantly associated with the recommendation of powered wheelchairs (p {$<$} .05). Interactions between the impairment-related factor (difficulty walking) and the work-related factor (frequent sitting for long periods of time) were associated with the recommendation of ergonomic chairs (p {$<$} .001) for persons with mobility limitations. By identifying the interactions between impairment-related and work-related factors in recommending workplace ATDs for persons with mobility limitations, this study provides evidence-based ATDs recommendations for persons with mobility limitations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {decision tree,technology assessment,vocational rehabilitation}
}

@article{Wang2021,
  title = {Tax Policy Implications for a Two-Engine Growing Economy},
  author = {Wang, Wei-Neng and Liu, Chia-Ying and Chang, Juin-Jen},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL},
  volume = {87},
  number = {3},
  pages = {979--1009},
  issn = {0038-4038},
  doi = {10.1002/soej.12473},
  abstract = {In an endogenous growth model with two engines of R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and capital, we investigate the environment of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveinclusive growth\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for tax reallocations (tax increases or tax credits) to gain broader benefits in terms of promoting the overall GDP growth without an increase in income inequality. Our results show that a tax increase in the capital-good sector can result in inclusive growth, boosting overall growth and reducing income inequality, provided that the status quo tax rate is not too high. Surprisingly, tax credits are not able to achieve such inclusive growth. While the GDP growth rises, a tax credit in the R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D sector not only increases income inequality but also decreases the aggregate employment, if the labor mobility cost between the final-good and R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D/capital-good sectors is relatively low. This provides a caution to policymakers given the fact that research tax credits have served as a common incentive to strengthen the R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D environment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inclusive growth,tax policy,two engines of growth,wage differential}
}

@article{Wang2021a,
  title = {Does {{Participation}} in {{Agricultural Value Chain Activities Influence Smallholder Fruit Grower Production Performance}}? {{A Cross-Sectional Study}} of {{Apple Farmers}} in {{Shandong}}, {{China}}},
  author = {Wang, Xiaolei and Sarkar, Apurbo and Wang, Hongyu and Zhang, Fuhong},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {HORTICULTURAE},
  volume = {7},
  number = {6},
  doi = {10.3390/horticulturae7060153},
  abstract = {The value chain comprises several factors and activities useful for strengthening production and distribution by connecting producers with suppliers, intermediaries, and marketplaces and collaboratively creating added value for products or goods. However, the values of agricultural products mostly depend on various factors and actors, which should be linked together for fostering added values. Thus, there may be strong ground for facilitating a smooth transition of the agricultural value chain (AVC) within the prospects of emerging countries. It could be a key means of promoting a profound connection between smallholder farmers and modern agriculture facilities. It could be especially crucial for the highly perishable and high-value product such as fruits. The main aims of the study are to evaluate the factors influencing smallholder apple farmers' participation in the agricultural value chain and determine whether participation in AVC improves farmers' production performance. The empirical setup of the study was chosen based on survey data of apple growers in Shandong, China. The propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) models were employed to craft the study's outcomes. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Fruit farmers' gender, total household expenditure, housing value, planting scale, planting years, degree of specialization, days of family labour input, and total days of employment have significant effects on their participation in AVC activities. (2) Fruit farmers' usage of improved fertilizers and organization participation supports a higher yield and net income per acre. (3) Participating in two kinds of AVC can significantly improve the yield per acre and net income per acre compared with only using one type of AVC (improved fertilizer). Policy makers should improve the existing policy by eliminating institutional barriers and enhancing human factors for farmers to participate in high-value chain activities. Governments should extend technical support, and enhance training facilities, and comprehensively promote the AVC among smallholder farmers. Finally, farmers' organizations (e.g., cooperatives and credit organizations) should come forward to help facilitate the effectiveness of AVC.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {apple industry,improve fertilizer use,production performance,smallholder farmers,value chain integration}
}

@article{Wang2021b,
  title = {Unequal Availability of Workplace Policy for Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 across Occupations and Its Relationship with Personal Protection Behaviours: A Cross-Sectional Survey},
  author = {Wang, Kailu and Wong, Eliza Lai Yi and Ho, Kin Fai and Cheung, Annie Wai Ling and Chan, Emily Ying Yang and Wong, Samuel Yeung Shan and Yeoh, Eng Kiong},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01527-x},
  abstract = {Background The evolving pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a severe threat to public health, and the workplace presents high risks in terms of spreading the disease. Few studies have focused on the relationship between workplace policy and individual behaviours. This study aimed to identify inequalities of workplace policy across occupation groups, examine the relationship of workplace guidelines and measures with employees' behaviours regarding COVID-19 prevention. Methods A cross-sectional online survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted to gather employees' access to workplace guidelines and measures as well as their personal protection behaviours. Statistical associations between these two factors in different occupations were examined using multiple ordinal logistic regressions. Results A total of 1048 valid responses across five occupational groups were analysed. Manual labourers reported lower availability of workplace guidelines and measures (76.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 89.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for all, P = 0.003). Employees with available workplace guidelines and measures had higher compliance of hand hygiene, wearing masks, and social distancing, and this association was more significant among managers/administrators and manual labourers. Conclusions Protection of the quantity and quality of employment is important. Awareness about the disease and its prevention among employers and administrators should be promoted, and resources should be allocated to publish guidelines and implement measures in the workplace during the pandemic. Both work-from-home arrangement and other policies and responses for those who cannot work from home including guidelines encouraging the health behaviours, information transparency, and provision of infection control materials by employers should be established to reduce inequality. Manual labourers may require specific attention regarding accessibility of relevant information and availability of medical benefits and compensation for income loss due to the sickness, given their poorer experience of workplace policy and the nature of their work. Further studies are needed to test the effectiveness of specific workplace policies on COVID-19 prevention.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Occupation,Personal protection behaviour,Prevention,Workplace policy}
}

@article{Wang2021c,
  title = {Stability and Mutual Impact of Perception of Parental Pressure and Infants' Social Support - {{A}} Study Based on the Difference between Employment Status and Household Income},
  author = {Wang, Yong},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION},
  issn = {0020-7209},
  doi = {10.1177/0020720921997059},
  abstract = {The purpose of this study is to explore the stability and interaction between parental pressure and social research report, as well as the role of employment status and family income levels in this process. This study used a special study on Korean children (PSKC) 2-4 waves. Use t-test, correlation and autoregressive cross-delay modeling to analyze the data. The main findings of this study are: First, over time, parental pressure and mother's social research report are consistent. Secondly, the pressure of motherhood and childcare has an obvious lagging effect on upbringing, and vice versa. Third, there is no significant difference between working mothers and non-working mothers in terms of the stability of working parents' pressure, social research report and social research report for children's pressure channels. However, parental pressure can only predict the social research report of working mothers. Fourth, there is no significant difference between the stability and interaction of these two structures in household income levels. In short, the results show that, over time, parental pressure is consistent with mother's social research report. The results also show that there is a significant cross-lag effect between the mothers' perceptions of mutual pressure analysis. In the process from parental pressure to social research report, I found the difference between working and non-working mothers. The advantage of this study is that the expected longitudinal design was adopted during infancy and the priority between the two structures can be considered. The results of this study can be used as a source of intervention plans to help parents withstand severe parenting pressure and lack of social research report.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {infants\textbackslash textbackslash\&apos,perception of parental pressure,social research report,Stability and mutual impact}
}

@article{Wanjala2009,
  title = {{{GENDER DISPARITIES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA}}: {{A SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX APPROACH}}},
  author = {Wanjala, Bernadette Mukhwana and Were, Maureen},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {227--251},
  issn = {1354-5701},
  doi = {10.1080/13545700902893114},
  abstract = {Realizing high economic growth and generating gainful employment present major challenges for Kenya. This paper analyzes the gendered employment outcomes of various investment options in Kenya using Social Accounting Matrix multiplier analysis. Results reveal that Kenya's agriculture sector accounts for the highest increase in employee compensation (mainly benefiting skilled labor and disproportionately benefiting men), while its manufacturing sector accounts for the largest share of job creation. Although women stand to benefit more from employment creation, most of these new jobs are informal with low wages. Kenya's gender disparities are a reflection of existing disparities in its labor market and socioeconomic structure. Therefore, policies aimed at addressing the constraints that limit women's effective participation in the Kenyan labor market, including increasing productivity and raising women's skills, are important for allowing men and women to benefit equally from employment and growth-promoting opportunities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Employment,gender analysis,social accounting}
}

@article{Warner2006,
  title = {An Update on Affirmative Businesses or Social Firms for People with Mental Illness},
  author = {Warner, Richard and Mandiberg, James},
  year = {2006},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES},
  volume = {57},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1488--1492},
  issn = {1075-2730},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.57.10.1488},
  abstract = {Social firms, or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveaffirmative businesses\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as they are known in North America, are businesses created to employ people with disabilities and to provide a needed product or service. This Open Forum offers an overview of the development and status of social firms. The model was developed in Italy in the 1970s for people with psychiatric disabilities and has gained prominence in Europe. Principles include that over a third of employees are people with a disability or labor market disadvantage, every worker is paid a fair-market wage, and the business operates without subsidy. Independent of European influence, affirmative businesses also have developed in Canada, the United States, Japan, and elsewhere. The success of individual social firms is enhanced by locating the right market niche, selecting labor-intensive products, having a public orientation for the business, and having links with treatment services. The growth of the social firm movement is aided by legislation that supports the businesses, policies that favor employment of people with disabilities, and support entities that facilitate technology transfer. Social firms can empower individual employees, foster a sense of community in the workplace, and enhance worker commitment through the organization's social mission.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Warren2001,
  title = {Female Finances: {{Gender}} Wage Gaps and Gender Assets Gaps},
  author = {Warren, T and Rowlingson, K and Whyley, C},
  year = {2001},
  month = sep,
  journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {465--488},
  issn = {0950-0170},
  doi = {10.1177/09500170122119110},
  abstract = {The size and source of the gender wage gap in Britain has been well researched. Women's typically lower status employment and their reduced, discontinuous career profiles when they have caring responsibilities have combined seriously to damage their ability to earn a decent wage. Such marked gender differences in employment patterns produce a substantial gender gap in levels of wealth too, yet despite this there has been less attention paid to the gendering of assets than there has to gender differentials in earnings and income. So to pull out these multi-dimensional effects of a gender disadvantaged labour market, this article explores the extent of wage and assets inequality in Britain in the mid 1990s. Analysis of the Family Resources Survey shows that women continue to have lower incomes than men even with their increased entry to the labour market, and have fewer chances to build up a safety net of savings in their working lives and a good income for their retirement. It would seem that in a future Britain where individuals will increasingly depend on private pensions rather than a state minimum, even if women continue to increase their participation levels, the poverty they face in old age will persist.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Waters2021,
  title = {Pathways from Socioeconomic Status to Early Academic Achievement: {{The}} Role of Specific Executive Functions},
  author = {Waters, Nicholas E. and Ahmed, Sammy F. and Tang, Sandra and Morrison, Frederick J. and {Davis-Kean}, Pamela E.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {321--331},
  issn = {0885-2006},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.09.008},
  abstract = {Among the many factors contributing to the SES-achievement gap, executive function (EF) skills have received a considerable amount of attention, given their role in supporting academic skill development. While recent work has demonstrated that global EF constructs mediate SES-achievement relations, less attention has been paid to unpacking the role of specific EF components in linking SES to achievement. Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1273) were analyzed to assess direct and indirect associations between SES indicators, preschool EF skills, and first-grade math and reading achievement. Using path analysis, we found parent education and working memory to be uniquely and most predictive of both achievement domains. Further, after controlling for baseline academic skills, verbal ability, and other child- and family-level covariates, only working memory mediated the association between parent education and children's math achievement. These findings offer a comprehensive look at the specific mechanisms through which socioeconomic disadvantage contributes to children's academic development and provide an initial step towards generating more precise targets for policies and interventions aimed at closing the achievement gap. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Academic achievement,Achievement gap,Executive function,Parent education,Socioeconomic status,Working memory}
}

@article{Watson2020,
  title = {Cultural \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBlind Spots}},\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Social Influence}} and the {{Welfare}} of {{Working Donkeys}} in {{Brick Kilns}} in {{Northern India}}},
  author = {Watson, Tamlin L. and Kubasiewicz, Laura M. and Chamberlain, Natasha and Nye, Caroline and Raw, Zoe and Burden, Faith A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.3389/fvets.2020.00214},
  abstract = {Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) work across the globe to improve the welfare of working equids. Despite decades of veterinary and other interventions, welfare issues persist with equids working in brick kilns. Engagement with all stakeholders is integral to creating abiding improvements to working equid welfare as interventions based purely on reactive measures fail to provide sustainable solutions. Equid owners, particularly those in low to middle-income countries (LMICs), may have issues such as opportunity, capacity, gender or socio-economic status, overriding their ability to care well for their own equids. These \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind spots\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace are frequently overlooked when organizations develop intervention programs to improve welfare. This study aims to highlight the lives of the poorest members of Indian society, and will focus on working donkeys specifically as they were the only species of working equids present in the kilns visited. We discuss culture, status, religion, and social influences, including insights into the complexities of cultural \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind spots\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which complicate efforts by NGOs to improve working donkey welfare when the influence of different cultural and societal pressures are not recognized or acknowledged. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we used the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping (EARS) tool, a questionnaire based equid welfare assessment tool, to assess the welfare of working donkeys in brick kilns in Northern India. In addition, using livelihoods surveys and semi-structured interviews, we established owner demographics, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion and their personal accounts of their working lives and relationships to their donkeys. During transcript analysis six themes emerged: caste, ethnicity, inherited knowledge; social status, and impacts of ethnic group and caste; social status and gender; migration and shared suffering; shared suffering, compassion; religious belief, species hierarchy. The lives led by these, marginalized communities of low status are driven by poverty, exposing them to exploitation, lack of community cohesion, and community conflicts through migratory, transient employment. This vulnerability influences the care and welfare of their working donkeys, laying bare the inextricable link between human and animal welfare. Cultural and social perspectives, though sometimes overlooked, are crucial to programs to improve welfare, where community engagement and participation are integral to their success.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {blindspots,brick kilns,culture,donkeys,welfare,working equids}
}

@article{Watts2018,
  title = {Perspectives of Oncology Nurses and Oncologists Regarding Barriers to Working with Patients from a Minority Background: {{Systemic}} Issues and Working with Interpreters},
  author = {Watts, K. J. and Meiser, B. and Zilliacus, E. and Kaur, R. and Taouk, M. and Girgis, A. and Butow, P. and Kissane, D. W. and Hale, S. and Perry, A. and Aranda, S. K. and Goldstein, D.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  issn = {0961-5423},
  doi = {10.1111/ecc.12758},
  abstract = {This study aimed to ascertain the systemic barriers encountered by oncology health professionals (HPs) working with patients from ethnic minorities to guide the development of a communication skills training programme. Twelve medical and five radiation oncologists and 21 oncology nurses were invited to participate in this qualitative study. Participants were interviewed individually or in a focus group about their experiences working with people from minority backgrounds. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. HPs encountered language and communication barriers in their interactions with patients and their families, which were perceived to impact negatively on the quality and amount of information and support provided. There was a shortage of, and poor processes for engaging, interpreters and some HPs were concerned about the accuracy of interpretation. HPs expressed a need for training in cultural awareness and communication skills with a preference for face-to-face delivery. A lack of funding, a culture of learning on the job, and time constraints were systemic barriers to training. Oncologists and oncology nurses encounter complex challenges in clinical interactions with minority patients and their families, including difficulties working with interpreters. Formal training programmes targeted to the development of culturally competent communication skills are required.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {communication skills,cultural competence,health professionals,minority patients,oncology}
}

@article{Webb2020,
  title = {Untangling Child Welfare Inequalities and the \textbackslash{{textasciigraveInverse Intervention Law}}' in {{England}}},
  author = {Webb, Calum and Bywaters, Paul and Scourfield, Jonathan and McCartan, Claire and Bunting, Lisa and Davidson, Gavin and Morris, Kate},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW},
  volume = {111},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104849},
  abstract = {This article addresses some potential limitations of key findings from recent research into inequalities in children's social services by providing additional evidence from multilevel models that suggest the socioeconomic social gradient and \textbackslash textasciigraveInverse Intervention Law' in children's services interventions are statistically significant after controlling for possible confounding spatial and population effects. Multilevel negative binomial regression models are presented using English child welfare data to predict the following intervention rates at lower super output area-level: Child in Need (n = 2707, middle super output area \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceMSOA] n = 543, local authority \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceLA] n = 13); Child Protection Plan (n = 4115, MSOA n = 837, LA n = 18); and Children Looked After (n = 4115, MSOA n = 837, LA n = 18). We find strong evidence supporting the existence of a steep socioeconomic social gradient in child welfare interventions. Furthermore, we find certain local authority contexts exacerbate this social gradient. Contexts of low overall deprivation and high income inequality are associated with greater socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhood intervention rates. The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and children looked after rates is almost five times stronger in local authorities with these characteristics than it is in local authorities with high overall deprivation and low income inequality. We argue that social policy responses addressing structural determinants of child welfare inequalities are needed, and that strategies to reduce the numbers of children taken into care must address underlying poverty and income inequality at both a local and national level.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child protection,Children's social care,Deprivation,Income inequality,Social work}
}

@article{Weden2006,
  title = {Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation Associated with Employment and Joblessness through Young Adulthood in the {{US}}},
  author = {Weden, {\relax MM} and Astone, {\relax NM} and Bishai, D},
  year = {2006},
  month = jan,
  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
  volume = {62},
  number = {2},
  pages = {303--316},
  issn = {0277-9536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.009},
  abstract = {The dynamics of labor force participation and joblessness during young adulthood influence access to social and material resources and shape exposure to different sources of psychosocial strain. Differences in these dynamics by race, ethnicity, and gender are related to changes in a behavioral determinant of poor health (tobacco use) for young adults aging into midlife. Using discrete-time hazards models, we estimate the relationship between labor force participation in the past year and smoking cessation for US adults (ages 14-21 years in 1979) followed in a population-representative sample until 1998 (i.e. the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth). We assess the unique role of racial, ethnic and gender differences in exposure, vulnerability, and reactivity to employment and joblessness by controlling for social and economic resources obtained through working and by controlling for early life factors that select individuals into certain labor force and smoking trajectories. There are three main findings: (1) joblessness is more strongly associated with persistent daily smoking among women than among men; (2) fewer social and economic resources for women out of the labor force compared to employed women explains their lower cessation rates; and (3) lower cessation among unemployed women compared to employed women can only partially be explained by these resources. These findings illustrate how differential access to work-related social and economic resources is an important mediator of poor health trajectories. Contextual factors such as social norms and psychosocial strains at work and at home may play a unique role among European American men and women in explaining gender differences in smoking (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender inequality,labor force participation,racial and ethnic differences,smoking cessation,USA}
}

@article{Wehby2017,
  title = {Impact of Child Health and Disability on Subsequent Maternal Fertility},
  author = {Wehby, George L. and Hockenberry, Jason M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {995--1016},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1007/s11150-015-9311-z},
  abstract = {The prevalence of chronic conditions among children has been rising in the past four decades. Despite the policy relevance and plausible mechanisms through which child disability and severe early life health conditions can impact subsequent maternal reproductive behavior, there has been limited investigation of this question particularly in the US. Child disability or severe early life health problems such as very preterm birth (VPTB) and very low birth weight (VLBW) can constrain household resources to have another child but may also increase parental demand for healthy children and modify allocation of resources between children. Empirical assessment of this question is complicated by unobservables such as maternal health and preferences. We examine whether giving birth to a child with disabilities or severe adverse birth outcomes including VPTB and VLBW impacts subsequent maternal fertility. We employ a mother fixed-effect duration model for maternal fertility over time as a function of the proportion of previously born children with disabilities/health conditions in order to account for time-invariant unobservables, using merged data from the 1993 National Health Interview Survey and 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. We find no evidence that having disabled children reduces subsequent live births when using the mother fixed-effect model, in contrast to the classical model using within and between mother variation which suggests a fertility decline. Similarly, we find no evidence that having VPTB or VLBW children reduces fertility. Overall, our findings indicate no impact of child disability or health conditions on subsequent maternal fertility. Additional analyses excluding women who may qualify for AFDC show overall a similar pattern of results, suggesting that the findings may be generalizable post the AFDC. Time-varying unobservables may still be at work, but they likely result in an opposite (negative) bias toward reduction in fertility.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child health,Disability,Disparities,Fertility,Household economics,Intergenerational effects}
}

@article{Wehman1995,
  title = {At the Crossroads: {{Supported}} Employment a Decade Later},
  author = {Wehman, P and Kregel, J},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  pages = {286--299},
  issn = {0274-9483},
  doi = {10.1177/154079699602000405},
  abstract = {Supported employment has grown rapidly within the past decade, fueled by the consumer empowerment and inclusion movements. The program has resulted in thousands of people with severe disabilities entering the labor force for the first time. Many consumers have expanded their vocational expectations, and employers have developed a new appreciation of the potential contribution individuals with disabilities can make to the work force. Unfortunately, despite these dramatic gains, the supported employment movement appears to have lost much of its early momentum and is increasingly at a crossroads. This article addresses major challenges that consumers and professionals alike must face. Conversion of day programs to integrated work options, expansion of program capacity, the need to insure consumer choice and self-determination, and the achievement of meaningful employment outcomes in a highly competitive economy are among the challenges that those dedicated to the supported employment movement must solve in the years ahead. Specific recommendations are offered to meet each challenge. Ultimately, the way to expand and reenergize the supported employment initiative will be to educate and empower more consumers and families.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {job placement,policy analysis,sheltered employment,supported employment}
}

@article{Wei2017,
  title = {Leisure Participation Patterns and Gender Wage Gap-Evidence from {{Chinese}} Manufacturing Industry},
  author = {Wei, Xiang and Ma, Emily and Wang, Pengfei},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CHINA FINANCE AND ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {2095-4638},
  doi = {10.1186/s40589-017-0046-2},
  abstract = {Background: This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women. The traditional view is that time and effort spent in childbearing activities are the major sources of gender wage gap. Women, particularly in Chinese society, are the major career of children and share a large portion of housework, thus lacking time for the accumulation of human capital. This directly affects women's employment status in the labor market as well as wage gaps with men. Methods: This study empirically examines the within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment in relationship to their leisure participation patterns. Data were collected via time diary survey from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblue-collar\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace employees of a Chinese factory, producing parts for cars. Results: The results showed that differences of time allocation in social time and passive leisure time between men and women contribute to gender wage gap. The study also uncovered the hidden gender discrimination in a male-dominated society. Conclusion: This study calls for institutional arrangements by the Chinese government to acknowledge women's need and rights in workplace.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,Gender,Leisure participation pattern,Wage gap}
}

@article{Weigt2018,
  title = {{{CAREWORK STRATEGIES AND EVERYDAY RESISTANCE AMONG MOTHERS WHO HAVE TIMED-OUT OF WELFARE}}},
  author = {Weigt, Jill},
  editor = {Taylor, T and Bloch, K},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {MARGINALIZED MOTHERS, MOTHERING FROM THE MARGINS},
  series = {Advances in {{Gender Research}}},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {195--212},
  issn = {1529-2126},
  doi = {10.1108/S1529-212620180000025012},
  abstract = {The Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity and Reconciliation Act of 1996, better known as Welfare Reform, implemented, in addition to many other features, a 60-month lifetime limit for welfare receipt. Research to date primarily documents individual-level barriers, characteristics, and outcomes of those who time out. Very little scholarly work considers experiences of mothering or carework after timing out. In this chapter, I ask, what kinds of carework strategies are used by women who have met their lifetime limits to welfare? What do the ways mothers talk about these strategies tell us about the discursive forces they are resisting and/or engaging? Using in-depth interviews at two points in time with women who have timed out of welfare (n = 32 and 23), this analysis shows how mothers' strategies and the ways they discuss them reveal covert material and symbolic resistance to key discourses - negative assumptions about welfare mothers and a culture of work enforcement - and the conditions shaping their lives (Hollander \textbackslash textbackslash\& Einwohner, 2004). Mothers use carework strategies very similar to those identified in many other studies (e.g., London, Scott, Edin, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Hunter, 2004; Morgen, Acker, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Weigt, 2010; Scott, Edin, London, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Mazelis, 2001), but they provide us with an understanding of carework in a new context. The three groups of strategies explored here - structuring employment and non-employment, protecting children, and securing resources - reveal raced, classed, and gendered labor in which women engage to care for children in circumstances marked by limited employment opportunities and limited state support. The policy implications of mothers' strategies are also discussed.},
  isbn = {978-1-78756-399-5; 978-1-78756-400-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carework,mothering,TANF,time limits,unpaid labor,Welfare}
}

@article{Weil2019,
  title = {Understanding the {{Present}} and {{Future}} of {{Work}} in the {{Fissured Workplace Context}}},
  author = {Weil, David},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {RSF-THE RUSSELL SAGE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {5},
  number = {5},
  pages = {147--165},
  issn = {2377-8253},
  doi = {10.7758/RSF.2019.5.5.08},
  abstract = {The fissuring of business structures fundamentally changes the nature of employment and work in industries and the economy as a whole. This article describes the core elements comprising fissuring, distinguishes them from the narrower concepts of contingent work and alternative work arrangements, and provides an estimate of its size. Work restructuring arising from fissuring alters wage determination inside and outside firms affected by it and provides an alternative explanation for a growing empirical literature on earnings inequality. The fissured workplace perspective requires different policies for the workplace and labor market than traditional approaches including those regarding worker rights and protections, employment responses to the business cycle, workforce education and training and job and career mobility.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {alternative work arrangement,earnings inequality,fissured workplace,future of work,wage determination}
}

@article{Weisner2011,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveIf You Work}} in {{This Country You Should Not}} Be {{Poor}}, and {{Your Kids Should}} Be {{Doing Better}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Bringing Mixed Methods}} and {{Theory}} in {{Psychological Anthropology}} to {{Improve Research}} in {{Policy}} and {{Practice}}},
  author = {Weisner, Thomas S.},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {ETHOS},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {455--476},
  issn = {0091-2131},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1548-1352.2011.01208.x},
  abstract = {New Hope (NH) was a successful poverty reduction program that offered a positive social contract to working-poor adults. If you worked full time, you were eligible to receive income supplements, childcare vouchers, health care benefits, a community service job, and client respect. NH did reduce poverty and increase income and earnings for some participants, and improved outcomes for some children. But in spite of relatively generous benefits, NH was only selectively effective. Only those not working when NH began and those with few barriers to work were positively affected by the program through achieving more work hours, poverty reduction, and income gains. Boys in program families benefited, girls did not. Take-up of NH benefits was typically partial and episodic; for instance, some parents would not use childcare programs for young children. Ethnographic evidence was essential for understanding these sometimes-surprising program impacts and their policy and practice implications, and was effectively combined with an experimental, random-assignment research design. Psychological anthropology can bring its traditions of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods and its focus on experience, context, and meaning to understanding and improving policies and practices within a scientific frame of the committed, fair witness. \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracemixed methods, policy and practice, family, poverty, adolescence]},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Weisshaar2018,
  title = {From {{Opt Out}} to {{Blocked Out}}: {{The Challenges}} for {{Labor Market Re-entry}} after {{Family-Related Employment Lapses}}},
  author = {Weisshaar, Katherine},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {83},
  number = {1},
  pages = {34--60},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  doi = {10.1177/0003122417752355},
  abstract = {In today's labor market, the majority of individuals experience a lapse in employment at some point in their careers, most commonly due to unemployment from job loss or leaving work to care for family or children. Existing scholarship has studied how unemployment affects subsequent career outcomes, but the consequences of temporarily opting out of work to care for family are relatively unknown. In this article, I ask: how do opt out parents fare when they re-enter the labor market? I argue that opting out signals a violation of ideal worker norms to employersnorms that expect employees to be highly dedicated to workand that this signal is distinct from two other types of resume signals: signals produced by unemployment due to job loss and the signal of motherhood or fatherhood. Using an original survey experiment and a large-scale audit study, I test the relative strength of these three resume signals. I find that mothers and fathers who temporarily opted out of work to care for family fared significantly worse in terms of hiring prospects, relative to applicants who experienced unemployment due to job loss and compared to continuously employed mothers and fathers. I examine variation in these signals' effects across local labor markets, and I find that within competitive markets, penalties emerged for continuously employed mothers and became even greater for opt out fathers. This research provides a causal test of the micro- and macro-level demand-side processes that disadvantage parents who leave work to care for family. This is important because when opt out applicants are prevented from re-entering the labor market, employers reinforce standards that exclude parents from full participation in work.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family,gender,opting out,parenthood,work}
}

@article{Weisstanner2021,
  title = {Insiders under Pressure: {{Flexibilization}} at the Margins and Wage Inequality},
  author = {Weisstanner, David},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {50},
  number = {4},
  pages = {725--744},
  issn = {0047-2794},
  doi = {10.1017/S0047279420000409},
  abstract = {The rise of flexible employment in advanced democracies has been predominantly studied in the insider-outsider framework of the dualization literature. However, against the background of rising income inequality, it seems questionable to assume that all labor market insiders are equally affected by flexibilization. This paper explores whether flexibilization increases wage inequality among labor market insiders. I argue that flexibilization exposes insiders to a set of wage risks that are concentrated among low- and middle-income insiders, creating downward wage pressure on those insiders. The empirical analysis, covering 22 democracies between 1985 and 2016, finds that the deregulation of non-standard employment is associated with declining wage shares of low-income and middle-income earners, while top earners benefit. These major distributional shifts imply an important qualification of the dualization literature: rather than pitting insiders against outsiders, flexibilization \textbackslash textasciigraveat the margins' seems to exacerbate divides among insiders.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dualization,flexibilization,insiders,labor market policy,outsiders,wage inequality}
}

@article{Welsh2018,
  title = {Losing the Workers Who Need Employment the Most: How Health and Job Quality Affect Involuntary Retirement},
  author = {Welsh, Jennifer and Strazdins, Lyndall and Charlesworth, Sara and Kulik, Carol T. and D'Este, Catherine},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {261--278},
  issn = {1030-1763},
  doi = {10.1080/10301763.2018.1522609},
  abstract = {Governments are encouraging workers to remain in employment beyond traditional retirement age. A tangible expression of this in Australia is the move to raise the Aged Pension access age from 65 to 67 by 2023. This policy assumes that the majority of workers will be able to extend their working lives. However, even at the age of 65, one-third of older workers have left their jobs involuntarily, with poor health an important reason for exit. Yet the significance of worker health for maintaining or limiting employment is not reflected in current policy architecture. This article draws on the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey and uses a prospective, longitudinal study design. Our analysis estimates the extent poor health limits working past 50 and the ways in which health-related risk are compounded by other forms of labour market disadvantage. We find that having a chronic health condition is associated with a five-fold increase in the risk of involuntary retirement from work. Moreover the overwhelming majority of those with a health condition will leave the labour market because of it. We also find evidence that labour market disadvantage linked to caregiving, occupation and job quality compounds health-related involuntary retirement.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Extended employment,involuntary retirement,job quality,older workers,worker health}
}

@article{Weng2021,
  title = {Health {{Service Access}} among {{Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers}} in {{Taiwan}}},
  author = {Weng, Shuen-Fu and Malik, Azis and Wongsin, Utoomporn and Lohmeyer, Franziska Michaela and Lin, Li-Fong and Atique, Suleman and Jian, Wen-Shan and Gusman, Yuherina and Iqbal, Usman},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {18},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph18073759},
  abstract = {The number of migrant workers in Taiwan increases annually. The majority is from Indonesia and most of them are female caregivers. This study aims to determine the access to health services and the associated factors among Indonesian female domestic workers in Taiwan. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from February to May 2019, using a structured questionnaire. Subsequently, multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and health service access. Two hundred and eighty-four domestic migrant workers were interviewed. Eighty-five percent of the respondents declared sickness at work, but only 48.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% seek health care services. Factors associated with health service access were marital status, income, and the availability of an attendant to accompany the migrant workers to the healthcare facilities. Language barrier and time flexibility were the main obstacles. Further research and an effective health service policy are needed for the domestic migrant workers to better access health care services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {global health,health service access,healthcare,migrant workers,public health,Taiwan}
}

@article{Wereta2018,
  title = {Effects of a Participatory Community Quality Improvement Strategy on Improving Household and Provider Health Care Behaviors and Practices: A Propensity Score Analysis},
  author = {Wereta, Tewabech and Betemariam, Wuleta and Karim, Ali Mehryar and Zemichael, Nebreed Fesseha and Dagnew, Selamawit and Wanboru, Abera and Bhattacharya, Antoinette},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
  volume = {18},
  doi = {10.1186/s12884-018-1977-9},
  abstract = {Background: Maternal and newborn health care intervention coverage has increased in many low-income countries over the last decade, yet poor quality of care remains a challenge, limiting health gains. The World Health Organization envisions community engagement as a critical component of health care delivery systems to ensure quality services, responsive to community needs. Aligned with this, a Participatory Community Quality Improvement (PCQI) strategy was introduced in Ethiopia, in 14 of 91 rural woredas (districts) where the Last Ten Kilometers Project (L10 K) Platform activities were supporting national Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC) strengthening strategies. This paper examines the effects of the PCQI strategy in improving maternal and newborn care behaviors, and providers' and households' practices. Methods: PCQI engages communities in identifying barriers to access and quality of services, and developing, implementing and monitoring solutions. Thirty-four intervention kebeles (communities), which included the L10 K Platform, BEmONC, and PCQI, and 82 comparison kebeles, which included the L10 K Platform and BEmONC, were visited in December 2010-January 2011 and again 48 months later. Twelve women with children aged 0 to 11 months were interviewed in each kebele. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the program's average treatment effects (ATEs) on women's care seeking behavior, providers' service provision behavior and households' newborn care practices. Results: The ATEs of PCQI were statistically significant (p {$<$} 0.05) for two care seeking behaviors - four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits and institutional deliveries at 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 6, 21) and 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 4, 17), respectively - and one service provision behavior - complete ANC at 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 11, 24). We found no evidence of an effect on remaining outcomes relating to household newborn care practices, and postnatal care performed by the provider. Conclusions: National BEmONC strengthening and government initiatives to improve access and quality of maternal and newborn health services, together with L10 K Platform activities, appeared to work better for some care practices where communities were engaged in the PCQI strategy. Additional research with more robust measure of impact and cost-effectiveness analysis would be useful to establish effectiveness for a wider set of outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community engagement,Maternal,Newborn,Quality improvement}
}

@article{Wessels2010,
  title = {{Dollarisation as Economic Solution for the Zimbabwean Demise}},
  author = {Wessels, Buks},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {TYDSKRIF VIR GEESTESWETENSKAPPE},
  volume = {50},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50--65},
  issn = {0041-4751},
  abstract = {Dollarisation as Economic Solution for the Zimbabwean Demise The Zimbabwean economic and political malaise has been going on for longer than a decade and has deteriorated unabated Runaway hyperinflation reaching unthinkable proportions, an almost hundred percent unemployment rate and a shattered currency with literally no external value or esteem characterise this demise. Fiscal profligacy funded by an ever increasing fiscal deficit has played its part in this socio-economic tragedy. This state of affairs would not have been possible if the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had fulfilled its role as protector of the nation currency. Sadly the Bank slavishly accommodated the government request for printing more money and did not render any sign of independence from government as a respected central bank should have done. As in many other cases of hyperinflation, this weakness provided the basis from which the evolving tragedy gained momentum. The gigantic proportions of the continuous socio-economic and political tragedy predict an even bleaker future for the country if not attended to in a decisive way. No instant political or economic solution exists for this appalling situation, but economic restoration has to start with certain basic steps of economic reform. This paper suggests official dollarisation as an alternative exchange rate regime with which to clear up the economic disorder that currently characterises the economic scene. The paper explains the term \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedollarisation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, its features and the underlying rationale of the regime as a super-fixed exchange rate system for Zimbabwe. Thereafter the possible advantages and disadvantages that Zimbabwe can obtain from the system are highlighted, accompanied by a brief discussion on randisation as a possible alternative solution. Especially important among the advantages is the fact that dollarisation will help to restore the lost credibility of the Zimbabwean policy-makers since it will now be imported externally from an anchor country and its currency. This will not only substantially decrease the inflation and interest rates, but it will also contribute to promoting saving, investment, economic growth and employment. It will, furthermore, stabilise the dysfunctional Zimbabwean credit system, enhance long term lending contracts and correct the misallocation of resources caused by, hyperinflation. These benefits must be balanced by certain costs of dollarisation, especially the loss of seigniorage income, the loss of monetary autonomy and national pride, as well as the loss of the lender-of-last-resort-function of the central bank. However, in the case of Zimbabwe these costs are found to be thoroughly overshadowed by the benefits derived from dollarisation. In addition, the Zimbabwean situation and the current stance of its economy actually fit the prerequisites for a country that should seriously contemplate dollarisation. Although dollarisation is supported as a possible solution for Zimbabwe, randisation may also work but will have to be considered with care. South Africa is indeed the biggest trading partner of Zimbabwe and also has deep financial ties with the latter Nevertheless, the volatility in the exchange rate of the rand and the possibility of loan default on South African loans to Zimbabwe are risks in need of contemplation. Another but less credible policy alternative for Zimbabwe, is to adopt a currency board arrangement where the exchange rate of the Zimdollar is not only firmly fixed to the South African rand, but also fully (100 per cent) covered by rand reserves cis a back-up measure of credibility. Yet, under the current circumstances dollarisation presents itself as a more likely system with which to obtain rapid and trustworthy results. Although dollarisation on its own will certainly help, it will not pose a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequick-fix\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for the Zimbabwean demise. Dollarisation can not compensate for corruption, disruptions in the social structure and a lack of transparency in the political and economic system. Furthermore, it can not compensate for a lack of human prudence in decision-making, a lack of protection of property rights and the absence of a rule of law. The latter aspects require fundamental and credible reforms on the political and juridical front, without which no economic rescue package will have any success whatsoever},
  langid = {afrikaans}
}

@article{Westbrook2022,
  title = {Contraceptive {{Access Through School-Based Health Centers}}: {{Perceptions}} of {{Rural}} and {{Suburban Young People}}},
  author = {Westbrook, Marisa and Martinez, Lisette and Mechergui, Safa and Scandlyn, Jean and Yeatman, Sara},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {HEALTH PROMOTION PRACTICE},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {425--431},
  issn = {1524-8399},
  doi = {10.1177/15248399211026612},
  abstract = {Purpose School-based health centers (SBHCs) have traditionally been concentrated in urban centers but have increasingly moved to rural and suburban settings. Adolescents living outside urban centers continue to experience barriers accessing contraceptives and reproductive health care. SBHCs are well positioned to reduce these barriers since they often offer convenient, in-school reproductive health care services. We describe the experiences of adolescents and emerging adults as they navigate access to contraceptives at SBHCs and nonschool locations in nonurban, low-income communities. Method We interviewed 30 sexually active individuals aged 15 to 21 living in rural and suburban communities in Colorado where high school SBHCs were recently introduced. Participants reflected on their experiences with or without in-school access to sexual and reproductive health services. Results Overall, young people supported within-school access to contraceptives, citing convenience, low cost, and greater confidentiality and privacy compared with out-of-school providers, particularly in rural areas. At the same time, findings point to the need for SBHCs to overcome adolescents' and emerging adults' misunderstanding of age requirements to access confidential contraceptive services and their remaining concerns around confidentiality in the school setting. Conclusions Our results indicate that SBHCs in low-income rural and suburban areas provide essential contraceptive services that young people access and value. Policy makers in nonurban communities should look to the SBHC model to reduce barriers for young people accessing reproductive health care, and health care providers should work to ensure confidentiality and to correct misinformation about their right to access contraceptive services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescent health,contraception,health care access,reproductive health,school health,school-based health centers}
}

@article{Western2005,
  title = {Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration},
  author = {Western, B and Pettit, B},
  year = {2005},
  month = sep,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {111},
  number = {2},
  pages = {553--578},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  doi = {10.1086/432780},
  abstract = {The observed gap in average wages between black men and white men inadequately reflects the relative economic standing of blacks, who suffer from a high rate of joblessness. The authors estimate the black-white gap in hourly wages from 1980 to 1999 adjusting for the sample selection effect of labor inactivity. Among working- age men in 1999, accounting for labor inactivity - including prison and jail incarceration - leads to an increase of 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% - 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the blackwhite wage gap. Adjusting for sample selectivity among men ages 22 - 30 in 1999 increases the wage gap by as much as 58\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Increasing selection bias, which can be attributed to incarceration and conventional joblessness, explains about two- thirds of the rise in black relative wages among young men between 1985 and 1998. Apparent improvement in the economic position of young black men is thus largely an artifact of rising joblessness fueled by the growth in incarceration during the 1990s.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Weyer2011,
  title = {Diversification of Educational Provision and School-to-Work Transitions in Rural {{Mali Analysing}} a Reconfiguration of Inequalities in Light of Justice Theories},
  author = {Weyer, Frederique},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5},
  pages = {573--575},
  issn = {0738-0593},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.02.007},
  abstract = {Based on an approach focusing on actors and in particular on educational trajectories, this paper analyses the effects of diversification of educational provision on inequalities in rural Mali. It shows that there are considerable gaps in the skills acquired by students, including within formal education. These gaps are perceived as illegitimate by education stakeholders. The skills developed though the familial apprenticeship - which is simultaneous with schooling - play a prominent role in workplace integration. At the same time, the skills acquired through schooling are put into practice for productive activities. Consequences of these results for education policies are also analyzed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Whitehouse2021,
  title = {Dimensions of {{Social Equality}} in {{Paid Parental Leave Policy Design}}: {{Comparing Australia}} and {{Japan}}},
  author = {Whitehouse, Gillian and Nakazato, Hideki},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SOCIAL INCLUSION},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {288--299},
  doi = {10.17645/si.vXiX.3863},
  abstract = {Paid parental leave policies in both Australia and Japan fit within Dobrotic and Blum's (2020) classification of a selective employment-based entitlement model, thus offering an extension of that category beyond Europe and illustrating the wide variation possible within it. In this article we develop indices for comparing employment-based parental leave policies on three dimensions of social equality: inclusion, gender equality and redistribution. This combination offers an extension of classificatory schemes for parental leave policies and a broader basis for comparative analysis. We compare Australia and Japan on these indices and present a qualitative exploration of the origins and implications of their similarities and differences. The analysis draws attention to tensions between the three indices, illustrating intersecting and conflicting influences on the potential for paid parental leave entitlements to contribute to the amelioration of social inequalities. Overall, the comparison highlights drivers of difference within employment-based entitlement systems and underlines the need for complementary measures to advance egalitarian outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Australia,gender equality,inclusion,Japan,leave policy design,paid parental leave,redistribution,social equality}
}

@article{Whiteneck2004,
  title = {Identifying Environmental Factors That Influence the Outcomes of People with Traumatic Brain Injury},
  author = {Whiteneck, {\relax GG} and Gerhart, {\relax KA} and Cusick, {\relax CP}},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEAD TRAUMA REHABILITATION},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {191--204},
  issn = {0885-9701},
  doi = {10.1097/00001199-200405000-00001},
  abstract = {Objectives: To determine the types of environmental barriers reported by persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify the relations between environmental barriers and such components of societal participation as employment, community mobility, social integration, and life satisfaction. Design: Seventy-three persons with TBI who were participating in the TBI Model Systems program at Craig Hospital were surveyed at 1 year, using a new measure of the environment, the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF), which rates frequency and impact of 25 barriers. Results: Transportation, the surroundings, government policies, attitudes, and the natural environment were the environmental barriers with the greatest reported impact. Those who were married, older, and unemployed or not in school reported the most barriers overall. Additionally, those reporting a greater impact from environmental barriers also reported lower levels of participation and life satisfaction. Conclusions: Although environmental barriers affect TBI survivors and play a role in their outcomes, their interplay with other, perhaps as yet unidentified, factors requires continued research. CHIEF may be a valuable tool for understanding the environment's role in the lives of people with TBI, and identifying the general environmental domains where interventions are needed to reduce their negative impact.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {brain injury,environment,environment design,social environment}
}

@article{Wignall2023,
  title = {Up-Skilling Women or de-Skilling Patriarchy? {{How TVET}} Can Drive Wider Gender Transformation and the Decent Work Agenda in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {Wignall, Ross and Piquard, Brigitte and Joel, Emily},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {102},
  issn = {0738-0593},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102850},
  abstract = {Despite decades of focus on gender and skills training, the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) landscape in Sub-Saharan Africa remains deeply gendered and rooted in wider structures of patriarchal inequality and exploitation. Engaging with recent theoretical moves toward gender-transformative and genderjust TVET programming, this paper explores how a gradual revisioning of TVET can be mobilised to challenge broader gender inequality and discrimination in precarious settings. Bringing together insights from feminist scholarship and the UN's decent work agenda, which seeks to align fair and secure working conditions with the aspirations of workers, we ask what a gender-transformative future for TVET might look like where labour rights, sustainable livelihoods and wellbeing are incorporated from the ground up. Drawing on findings from Cameroon and Sierra Leone, from the innovative \textbackslash textasciigraveGen-Up' project which aims to investigate possible gender-responsive TVET programmes and policies in collaboration with the TVET provider, the Don Bosco network we ask what is both possible and permissible in the fractious economic climate, where the focus on basic survival and income generation inhibits a genuine challenge to entrenched gender norms and stereotypes. For young women especially whose aspirations are multiply damaged by persistent discriminatory frameworks and who become further vulnerable at times of economic and social crisis, we ask whether current TVET programming is helping them escape the multiple forms of marginalisation they face. Even in cases where women may be portrayed as successful entrepreneurs or achieving sustainable livelihoods, the evidence suggests these individualistic narratives are leaving many young women behind. In this context of instability, precarity and increasing global and local socio-economic and gender inequalities we argue that only holistic TVET programming based on social and moral values and empowerment and proposing diverse pathways to decent work, creating forms of solidarity, collaboration and a contextualised enabling environment can act as both a lever for gender transformation and also an engine for broader socio-economic change fitting the \textbackslash textasciigraveDecent Work' vision and a constantly changing world of work.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{WILLIAMS1995,
  title = {{{US SOCIOECONOMIC AND RACIAL-DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH}} - {{PATTERNS AND EXPLANATIONS}}},
  author = {WILLIAMS, {\relax DR} and COLLINS, C},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {349--386},
  issn = {0360-0572},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025},
  abstract = {This chapter reviews recent studies of socioeconomic status (SES) and racial differences in health. It traces patterns of the social distribution of disease over time and describes the evidence for both a widening SES differential in health status and an increasing racial gap in health between blacks and whites due, in part, to the worsening health status of the African American population. We also describe variations in health status within and between other racial populations. The interactions between SES and race are examined, and we explore the link between health inequalities and socioeconomic inequality both by examining the nature of the SES gradient and by identifying the determinants of the magnitude of SES disparities over time. We consider the ways in which major social structures and processes such as racism, acculturation, work, migration, and childhood SES produce inequalities in health. We also attend to the ways in which other intervening factors and resources are constrained by social structure. Measurement issues are addressed, and implications for health policy and future research are described.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {HEALTH,RACE,RACISM,SOCIAL CLASS,SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS}
}

@article{Williams2001,
  title = {Coming and Going in {{Slovakia}}: International Labour Mobility in the {{Central European}} \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer Zone'},
  author = {Williams, {\relax AM} and Balaz, V and Kollar, D},
  year = {2001},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A},
  volume = {33},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1101--1123},
  issn = {0308-518X},
  doi = {10.1068/a33182},
  abstract = {The collision between economic systems after 1989 led to significant new forms of mobility. East Central Europe became a legally and institutionally constructed \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer zone' between Western Europe and the CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States-the former USSR. The opportunities for and costs of migration in the buffer zone were shaped by the \textbackslash textasciigravedouble territorial shock' of the transition: reinterationalisation and the withdrawal of massive state intervention in support of regional convergence. The authors provide a comparative study of mobility and migration into and out of the buffer zone, through case studies of Ukrainians working in Slovakia, and Slovakians working in Austria. Whereas the Ukrainians are largely confined to the secondary-labour market, the Slovakians are found in both segments of the dual labour market. This leads to different implications in respect of \textbackslash textasciigravebrain drain' and \textbackslash textasciigravebrain waste' of international skilled-labour mobility, as well as amplifying income differences. The overall effect in both cases is to contribute to the reproduction of economic inequalities in the buffer zone, and this is explored through an analysis of savings and investment and future employment intentions. The conclusions are particularly pessimistic in respect of the wage differentials required to persuade Ukrainian migrants to return to their country of origin.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Williams2008,
  title = {Moving {{Upstream}}: {{How Interventions That Address}} the {{Social Determinants}} of {{Health Can Improve Health}} and {{Reduce Disparities}}},
  author = {Williams, David R. and Costa, Manuela V. and Odunlami, Adebola O. and Mohammed, Selina A.},
  year = {2008},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE},
  number = {S},
  pages = {S8-S17},
  issn = {1078-4659},
  abstract = {There is considerable scientific and policy interest in reducing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare and health status. Currently, much of the policy focus around reducing health disparities has been geared toward improving access, coverage, quality, and the intensity of healthcare. However, health is more a function of lifestyles linked to living and working conditions than of healthcare. Accordingly, effective efforts to improve health and reduce gaps in health need to pay greater attention to addressing the social determinants of health within and outside of the healthcare system. This article highlights research evidence documenting that tackling the social determinants of health can lead to reductions in health disparities. It focuses both on interventions within the healthcare system that address some of the social determinants of health and on interventions in upstream factors such as housing, neighborhood conditions, and increased socioeconomic status that can lead to improvements in health. The studies reviewed highlight the importance of systematic evaluation of social and economic policies that might have health consequences and the need for policy makers, healthcare providers, and leaders across multiple sectors of society to apply currently available knowledge to improve the underlying conditions that impact the health of populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {healthcare,interventions,racial disparities,socioeconomic disparities}
}

@article{Williams2015,
  title = {Are {{Marginalised Populations More Likely}} to {{Engage}} in {{Undeclared Work}} in the {{Nordic Countries}}?},
  author = {Williams, Colin C. and Horodnic, Ioana},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ONLINE},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1360-7804},
  doi = {10.5153/sro.3719},
  abstract = {The aim of this paper is to evaluate the validity of the \textbackslash textasciigravemarginalisation thesis', which holds that marginalised populations are more likely to participate in the undeclared economy, in relation to Nordic societies. To do this, a 2013 special Eurobarometer survey is reported on who engages in undeclared work conducted in three Nordic nations, namely Denmark, Finland and Sweden involving 3,013 face-to-face interviews. Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, the finding is that the marginalisation thesis is valid in relation to some marginalised populations, namely those having difficulties paying their household bills, younger age groups, those defining themselves as working class and those who hold non-conformist norms, values and beliefs on tax compliance. Other marginalised populations however, including the unemployed, those living in rural areas and with less formal education, are revealed to be no more likely to engage in undeclared work than the employed, those in urban areas and with more years in education. Yet others marginalised populations, including women and people living in less affluent Nordic nations, are significantly less likely to participate in the undeclared economy than men and those living in more affluent Nordic countries, thus supporting the reinforcement thesis that undeclared work reinforces, rather than reduces, the disparities produced by the declared economy. The outcome is a call for a more nuanced understanding of the marginalisation thesis as valid for some marginalised populations but not others. The paper concludes by discussing the implications for theory and policy of this more variegated assessment of the marginalisation thesis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Informal Sector,Marginalisation,Nordic Societies,Scandinavia,Shadow Economy,Tax Morality}
}

@article{Williams2019,
  title = {From {{Diagnoses}} to {{Ongoing Journey}}: {{Parent Experiences Following Congenital Heart Disease Diagnoses}}},
  author = {Williams, Tricia S. and McDonald, Kyla P. and Roberts, Samantha D. and Chau, Vann and Seed, Mike and Miller, Steven P. and Sananes, Renee},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {44},
  number = {8},
  pages = {924--936},
  issn = {0146-8693},
  doi = {10.1093/jpepsy/jsz055},
  abstract = {Despite improved survival among children with congenital heart disease (CHD), the risk of psychosocial difficulties remains largely unchanged with an increased emphasis of improving support for parents as a mechanism to optimize outcomes. Objective: Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the current cross-sectional study examined parents' experiences at the time of their child's diagnosis, what they thought helped their child recover, barriers to support, and identified needs for future models of care. Method: The sample included 26 parents (22 mothers, 3 fathers, and 1 mother/father pair) of children with CHD, ranging in age between 6 months and 4 years with a mean age of 2 years. Results: Qualitative results were organized around five themes: (a) They (medical team) saved my child's life, (b) My child is going to be okay, (c) Not out of the woods, (d) Optimizing support for my child and myself, and (e) What still gets in the way. Parents uniformly expressed a need for greater mental health support for their children as well as programs to improve parents' skill and confidence, with no difference between age groups ({$<$} 2 years and {$>$} 2 years of age). Common barriers to service included distance and time off work. Conclusion: Parents' experiences informed both acute and long term implications following CHD diagnoses, and highlight current gaps in mental health care. Direction for clinical care and improved intervention opportunities are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {CHD,mental health,needs assessment,parent experiences,support}
}

@article{Williams2021,
  title = {Untreated Caries among {{US}} Working-Aged Adults and Association with Reporting Need for Oral Health Care},
  author = {Williams, Shanele and Wei, Liang and Griffin, Susan O. and {Thornton-Evans}, Gina},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION},
  volume = {152},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55--64},
  issn = {0002-8177},
  doi = {10.1016/j.adaj.2020.09.019},
  abstract = {Background. National data indicate that working-aged adults (20-64 years) are more likely to report financial barriers to receiving needed oral health care relative to other age groups. The aim of this study was to examine the burden of untreated caries (UC) and its association with reporting an unmet oral health care need among working-aged adults. Methods. The authors used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2011 through 2016 for 10,286 dentate adults to examine the prevalence of mild to moderate (1-3 affected teeth) and severe ({$>$}= 4 affected teeth) UC. The authors used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors that were associated with reporting an unmet oral health care need. Results. Low-income adults had mild to moderate UC (26.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) 2 times more frequently and severe UC (13.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) 3 times more frequently than higher-income adults. After controlling for covariates, the variables most strongly associated with reporting an unmet oral health care need were UC, low income, fair or poor general health, smoking, and no private health insurance. The model-adjusted prevalence of reporting an unmet oral health care need among low-income adults with mild to moderate and severe UC were 35.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 45.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Conclusions. The burden of UC among low-income adults is high; prevalence was approximately 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% with approximately 3 affected teeth per person on average. Reporting an unmet oral health care need appears to be capturing primarily differences in UC, health, and financial access to oral health care. Practical Implications. Data on self-reported unmet oral health care need can have utility as a surveillance tool for monitoring UC and targeting resources to decrease UC among low-income adults.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,oral health care for working-aged adults,oral health surveillance tool,self-reported oral health care need,unmet dental care need,untreated caries}
}

@article{Williams2022,
  title = {Evaluating the Wage Differential between the Formal and Informal Economy: A Gender Perspective},
  author = {Williams, Colin and Gashi, Ardiana},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {735--750},
  issn = {0144-3585},
  doi = {10.1108/JES-01-2021-0019},
  abstract = {Purpose Despite a widespread assertion that wages are lower in the informal than formal economy, there have been few empirical evaluations of whether this is the case and even fewer studies of the gender variations in wage rates in the formal and informal economies. Consequently, whether there are wage benefits to formal employment for men and women is unknown. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wage differential between formal and informal employment for men and women. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the wage differential between the formal and informal economy for men and women, data are reported from a 2017 survey involving 8,533 household interviews conducted in Kosovo. Findings Using decomposition analysis and after controlling for other determinants of wage differentials, the finding is that the net hourly earnings of men in formal employment are 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher than men in informal employment and 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher for women in formal employment compared with women in informal employment. Practical implications Given the size of the wage differential, the costs for employers will need to significantly increase in terms of the penalties and risks of detection if informal employment is to be prevented, along with more formal employment opportunities using active labour market policies for vulnerable groups, perhaps targeted at men (who constitute 82.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those in informal employment). Originality/value This is one of the first studies to evaluate the differentials in wage rates in the formal and economy from a gender perspective.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gender inequality,Informal economy,Kosovo,Public policy,Wage gap}
}

@article{Williams2023,
  title = {Remote Consultations in Primary Care across Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries: {{Implications}} for Policy and Care Delivery},
  author = {Williams, Sian and Barnard, Amanda and Collis, Phil and {de Sousa}, Jaime Correia and Ghimire, Suraj and Habib, Monsur and Jelen, Tessa and Kanniess, Frank and Mak, Vince and Martins, Sonia and Paulino, Ema and Pinnock, Hilary and Roman, Miguel and Sandelowsky, Hanna and Tsiligianni, Ioanna and {van der Steen}, Laurine and Donatelli, Fabio Weber},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {181--189},
  issn = {1355-8196},
  doi = {10.1177/13558196221140318},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic mandated a substantial switch in primary health care delivery from an in-person to a mainly remote telephone or video service. As the COVID-19 pandemic approaches its third year, limited progress appears to have been made in terms of policy development around consultation methods for the post-acute phase of the pandemic. In September 2020, the International Primary Care Respiratory Group convened a global panel of primary care clinicians - including family physicians, paediatricians, pharmacists, academics and patients - to consider the policy and health management implications of the move to remote consultations in the primary care setting. The group gave special consideration to how and how far remote consultations should be integrated into routine primary health care delivery. Remote consultations can be a useful alternative to in-person consultations in primary care not only in situations where there is a need for viral infection control but also for the routine delivery of chronic disease management. However, they may not be more time efficient for the clinician, and they can add to the workload and work-related stress for primary care practitioners if they remain the dominant consultation mode. Remote consultations are also less appropriate than in-person consultations for new disease diagnosis, dealing with multiple issues and providing complex care. Ensuring health care professionals have the appropriate skill set to effectively deliver remote consultations, administrative and/or IT support and appropriate reimbursement will be key to achieving optimal integration of remote consultations into routine clinical practice. Addressing digital access and digital literacy issues at a societal level will also be essential to ensure individuals have fair and equitable access to the internet and sufficient security for exchange of personal and health-related data.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Williamson1999,
  title = {Defining and Measuring Poverty: Implications for the Health of {{Canadians}}},
  author = {Williamson, {\relax DL} and Reutter, L},
  year = {1999},
  month = dec,
  journal = {HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {355--364},
  issn = {0957-4824},
  doi = {10.1093/heapro/14.4.355},
  abstract = {This paper examines the implications that the conceptualization and measurement of poverty have for policies that aim to improve the health of Canadians. in recent years, poverty has been identified as an issue of policy importance within the health sector in Canada. Policy makers are recognizing that efforts to improve the health of Canadians are related to the development and implementation of policies that decrease the proportion of people who live in poverty. At the same time, the Statistics Canada Low-income Cut-Offs (LICOs), which are the most commonly used tool for measuring poverty in Canada, are being called into question. One of the most frequently cited criticisms of the LICOs is that they are too high, and as such do not measure poverty. Critics who argue that the LICOs are too high disagree with the relative conceptualization of poverty which underlies the LICOs. In this paper, we discuss the LICOs, their underlying assumption that poverty is relative in nature, and the criticism that the LICOs are too high, in addition, we discuss the Sarlo/Fraser Institute poverty lines, which are based on the assumption that poverty is absolute in nature. The manner in which poverty is conceptualized and measured has implications for the types, characteristics and ultimately the success of policies that are developed to reduce poverty and its effect on health. We argue that the success of efforts to enhance the health of Canadians with a reduction in poverty depends on a commitment by policy makers to a relative conceptualization and measurement of poverty. We further contend that policy makers in the health sector cannot independently reduce poverty and its detrimental effects on health. The complex nature of poverty indicates the need for policy makers in the health sector to work collaboratively with their counterparts from a broad range of government and non-government sectors to develop an innovative network of social assistance, economic and employment policies that effectively reduce the proportion of Canadians who experience material and social deprivation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Canada,healthy public policy,poverty and health,poverty definitions and measures},
  note = {1st Annual Conference of the Parkland Institute, EDMONTON, CANADA, NOV 06-08, 1997}
}

@article{Wilson2016,
  title = {Black Youths, Joblessness, and the Other Side of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBlack Lives Matter}}'},
  author = {Wilson, William Julius},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES},
  volume = {39},
  number = {8, SI},
  pages = {1450--1457},
  issn = {0141-9870},
  doi = {10.1080/01419870.2016.1153689},
  abstract = {When income segregation is coupled with racial segregation, low-income blacks cluster in neighbourhoods that feature disadvantages along several dimensions including joblessness. Residents of these neighbourhoods are often innocent victims of crime, including violent crime, which frequently goes unnoticed or unreported in the media. They represent the other side of Black Lives Matter', which suggests the need for a broader vision that also highlights the plight of innocent victims of violent crimes in the inner city, and that recognizes the close association between such crimes and joblessness. I therefore call for a policy prescription that would enhance the employment prospects of jobless youth, who are disproportionally involved in criminal offenses, especially those stigmatized by prison records. In making the case for this public policy prescription, I challenge Orlando Patterson's assumptions, based largely on the research of Roger Waldinger, that young black males are reluctant to take low-wage employment by highlighting the important research of Stephen Petterson on reservation wages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {concentrated poverty,Income segregation,joblessness,public-sector employment,racial segregation}
}

@article{Wilson2023,
  title = {Community Perspectives and Experiences of Quality Maternal and Newborn Care in {{East New Britain}}, {{Papua New Guinea}}},
  author = {Wilson, Alyce N. and Melepia, Pele and Suruka, Rose and Hezeri, Priscah and Kabiu, Dukduk and Babona, Delly and Wapi, Pinip and Morgan, Alison and Vogel, Joshua P. and Beeson, James and Morgan, Christopher and {Kelly-Hanku}, Angela and Scoullar, Michelle J. L. and Nosi, Somu and Vallely, Lisa M. and Kennedy, Elissa and Bohren, Meghan A. and Homer, Caroline S. E.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-023-09723-x},
  abstract = {BackgroundQuality maternal and newborn care is essential for improving the health of mothers and babies. Low- and middle-income countries, such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), face many barriers to achieving quality care for all. Efforts to improve the quality of maternal and newborn care must involve community in the design, implementation, and evaluation of initiatives to ensure that interventions are appropriate and relevant for the target community. We aimed to describe community members' perspectives and experiences of maternal and newborn care, and their ideas for improvement in one province, East New Britain, in PNG.MethodsWe undertook a qualitative descriptive study in partnership with and alongside five local health facilities, health care workers and community members, using a Partnership Defined Quality Approach. We conducted ten focus group discussions with 68 community members (identified through church, market and other community-based groups) in East New Britain PNG to explore perspectives and experiences of maternal and newborn care, identify enablers and barriers to quality care and interventions to improve care. Discussions were transcribed verbatim. A mixed inductive and deductive analysis was conducted including application of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Quality Maternal and Newborn Care framework.ResultsUsing the WHO framework, we present the findings in accordance with the five experience of care domains. We found that the community reported multiple challenges in accessing care and facilities were described as under-staffed and under resourced. Community members emphasised the importance of good communication and competent, caring and respectful healthcare workers. Both women and men expressed a strong desire for companionship during labor and birth. Several changes were suggested by the community that could immediately improve the quality of care.ConclusionsCommunity perspectives and experiences are critical for informing effective and sustainable interventions to improve the quality of maternal and newborn care and increasing facility-based births in PNG. A greater understanding of the care experience as a key component of quality care is needed and any quality improvement initiatives must include the user experience as a key outcome measure. Plain English summaryImproving the care provided to, and experienced by, women and their families during pregnancy and childbirth is important for improving the health of mothers and babies. Community members should be involved in thinking about appropriate ways to improve care. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a country in the Pacific which faces multiple challenges to improving care during pregnancy and birth. We aimed to understand what community members think about care provided and experienced during labour and birth in East New Britain, a rural province of PNG. We worked with five health facilities, health workers and community members in East New Britain to develop a qualitative research project. We carried out 10 focus group discussions with community members in East New Britain to understand what the provision and experience of care was like during labour and birth, and ways that it could be improved. We found that community members identified multiple challenges in getting to facilities and many facilities were found to have not enough supplies, equipment, or staff. Community members wanted staff that were good at their work but also caring and respectful. Women wanted to have support people present during labour and birth and many men wanted to be present too. Our results show that it is important to understand what the community thinks about the quality of care during labour and birth and this information is helpful to design effective activities to improve the care provided and experienced.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wimmer2000,
  title = {The Minimum Wage and Productivity Differentials},
  author = {Wimmer, {\relax BS}},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {649--668},
  issn = {0195-3613},
  doi = {10.1007/s12122-000-1038-8},
  abstract = {A firm's ability to adjust its production process to economize on low-skilled labor when faced with a minimum wage increase will differ greatly depending on industry or occupation. For example, more capital-intensive means of cleaning hotel rooms or serving customers at restaurants may not be readily available without degrading service quality. In such situations, the productivity of labor is essentially capped, and firms have few options when the minimum wage increases. This simple observation has implications for studies that rely on microdata to examine the effects of minimum wage increases. If firms only increase prices in response to a minimum wage increase, Employment effects are likely small. If the goal of the minimum wage is to redistribute income from firms and consumers to workers, minimum-wage increases targeted at industries and occupations where such rigidities result in an inelastic demand for labor may achieve the desired goal at a lower cost than across-the-board increases. However such a scheme causes an inefficient allocation of labor and would be subjected to substantial political pressures that may lead to anomalous results. Additionally, it is unreasonable to conclude that policy makers have the necessary information to skillfully set the minimum wage.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Windle2020,
  title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Life Experiences}} on the {{Development}} of {{Resilience}} in {{Older People With Co-morbid Health Problems}}},
  author = {Windle, Gill and Bennett, Kate M. and MacLeod, Catherine and Team, CFAS WALES Res},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.3389/fmed.2020.502314},
  abstract = {Background:Co-morbidity is a major late-life challenge with poor outcomes, yet many older people are resilient. We consider an ecopsychosocial framework of resilience to investigate this disparity. This theorises that sources of resilience may be personal, social and structural. We explored older people's responses and reactions to significant life experiences, to understand resilience development for managing later life health challenges. Methods:We applied a two-stage, cross-sectional mixed-methods design to the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies Wales (CFAS Wales). Participants' defined quantitatively as resilient (high level of well-being despite co-morbidity) were identified in the wave 1 dataset. A sub-sample of the resilient participants aged 65+ were randomly selected for semi-structured interviews (N= 20). Qualitative thematic analyses were both inductive and deductive. Results:The analyses revealed four primary life experiences reflecting different developmental trajectories. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEarly years as formative\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework and employment as formative\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace occurred at normative developmental stages in the life-course. In contrast non-normative life events such as loss, bereavement, illness of self, and others underpinned the themes of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveadverse events and experiences\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecaring experiences.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Four potential mechanisms for resilience were central to these life experiences, reflecting reactions, actions, and development: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecharacter and self-identity;\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveapproach to life and insight;\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemeaningful relationships and belonging.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Conclusions:This work contributes further theoretical insights into the ecopsychosocial resilience framework. It highlights the process of interdependence between the individual and the wider environment, suggesting how the availability and accessibility of resources and human agency (protective factors), can influence, and be influenced by, the timing of significant events and experiences. In doing so, it corroborates international healthy ageing policy which recognises resilience as important for a public health response to support older people to adjust to changes and losses experienced in later life. It highlights the importance of current and future policies and services for supporting the management of adverse events earlier in the life-course, and recommends that policies and services take a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelong view\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on population health and well-being and consider the whole life-course, in addition to specific points in the ageing process.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adverse events,co-morbidites,health,healthy ageing,life course,resilience}
}

@article{Witt2018,
  title = {Impact of Lifetime Compared to Adolescent-Onset Mental Illness on Psychosocial Employment Quality in Adulthood: Analysis of a Nationally Representative {{French}} Cohort},
  author = {Witt, Katrina and Milner, Allison and Chastang, Jean-Francois and LaMontagne, Anthony D. and Niedhammer, Isabelle},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH},
  volume = {91},
  number = {7},
  pages = {887--900},
  issn = {0340-0131},
  doi = {10.1007/s00420-018-1331-6},
  abstract = {PurposeWe investigated prospective associations between mental illness and psychosocial employment quality using a nationally representative sample of the French working population by gender, primary diagnosis, and age of onset.Methods6234 employed French adults (aged 20-74years) were followed from 2006 to 2010. All respondents provided data on 26 indicators of psychosocial employment quality drawn from the Job-Strain Model, other job stressors, and indicators of working time stressors (i.e., shift work, night work, and long working hours).ResultsWe performed 272 statistical tests, of which 37 were significant following adjustment for age, poor socio-economic position during childhood, unemployment status at wave one, and anxiety or depression at wave two. Females with a lifetime diagnosis of any mental illness reported higher psychological and emotional demands at work, whilst males reported low decision latitude, tensions with the public, and work-life imbalance. In both genders a lifetime diagnosis of any mental illness was associated with role and ethical conflict. A lifetime diagnosis of major depression appeared to have stronger associations for females, whilst substance use disorder was associated with poorer psychosocial employment quality in males. Adolescent-onset mental illness might be associated with poorer psychosocial employment quality among men more so than among women.ConclusionsResults suggest that people with a history of mental illness who obtain employment tend to be employed in jobs characterized by poor psychosocial quality. Employment quality should be considered in vocational rehabilitation policies and practices aimed at optimizing employment participation in this population.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Job stress,Job-strain,Mental health,Psychosocial job quality}
}

@article{Witteveen2022,
  title = {Remote Mental Health Care Interventions during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: {{An}} Umbrella Review},
  author = {Witteveen, A. B. and Young, S. and Cuijpers, P. and {Ayuso-Mateos}, J. L. and Barbui, C. and Bertolini, F. and Cabello, M. and Cadorin, C. and Downes, N. and Franzoi, D. and Gasior, M. and John, A. and Melchior, M. and McDaid, D. and Palantza, C. and Purgato, M. and {Van der Waerden}, J. and Wang, S. and Sijbrandij, M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY},
  volume = {159},
  issn = {0005-7967},
  doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2022.104226},
  abstract = {Mitigating the COVID-19 related disruptions in mental health care services is crucial in a time of increased mental health disorders. Numerous reviews have been conducted on the process of implementing technology-based mental health care during the pandemic. The research question of this umbrella review was to examine what the impact of COVID-19 was on access and delivery of mental health services and how mental health services have changed during the pandemic. A systematic search for systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted up to August 12, 2022, and 38 systematic reviews were identified. Main disruptions during COVID-19 were reduced access to outpatient mental health care and reduced admissions and earlier discharge from inpatient care. In response, synchronous telemental health tools such as videoconferencing were used to provide remote care similar to pre-COVID care, and to a lesser extent asynchronous virtual mental health tools such as apps. Implementation of synchronous tools were facilitated by time-efficiency and flexibility during the pandemic but there was a lack of accessibility for specific vulnerable populations. Main barriers among practitioners and patients to use digital mental health tools were poor technological literacy, particularly when preexisting inequalities existed, and beliefs about reduced therapeutic alliance particularly in case of severe mental disorders. Absence of organizational support for technological implementation of digital mental health interventions due to inadequate IT infrastructure, lack of funding, as well as lack of privacy and safety, challenged implementation during COVID-19. Reviews were of low to moderate quality, covered heterogeneously designed primary studies and lacked findings of implementation in low- and middle-income countries. These gaps in the evidence were particularly prevalent in studies conducted early in the pandemic. This umbrella review shows that during the COVID-19 pandemic, practitioners and mental health care institutions mainly used synchronous telemental health tools, and to a lesser degree asynchronous tools to enable continued access to mental health care for patients. Numerous barriers to these tools were identified, and call for further improvements. In addition, more high quality research into comparative effectiveness and working mechanisms may improve scalability of mental health care in general and in future infectious disease outbreaks.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Continuity of care,COVID-19,e-mental health psychological interventions,Implementation,Mental health service delivery,Scalability}
}

@article{Wojciechowski2023,
  title = {Racial Disparities in Employment Following Adjudication for a Serious Offense},
  author = {Wojciechowski, Thomas},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {146--164},
  issn = {1478-601X},
  doi = {10.1080/1478601X.2023.2202393},
  abstract = {Prior research has highlighted persistent racial/ethnic disparities in employment and workforce engagement. That said, this research has yet to be extended to justice-involved youth. This is problematic, given that this is a population that may already face barriers to employment and certain racial/ethnic minority groups may then face additional barriers. This study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining whether or not racial/ethnic disparities in employment exist among justice-involved youth and whether these disparities vary across time since adjudication. The first seven waves of the Pathways to Desistance study were analyzed. Mixed effects modeling was used to examine whether or not racial/ethnic disparities in odds of past-year employment existed among justice-involved youth and whether these disparities were stable or variant across time. Results indicated that Black justice-involved youth reported lower odds of past-year employment compared to White and Latinx justice-involved youth. These disparities were also found to be stable across time. These results indicate that Black justice-involved youth should be a priority population for targeting with programming to improve employment prospects. Mentoring and skills development programs may be helpful in this regard.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Woldenhanna2001,
  title = {Income Diversification and Entry Barriers: Evidence from the {{Tigray}} Region of Northern {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Woldenhanna, T and Oskam, A},
  year = {2001},
  month = aug,
  journal = {FOOD POLICY},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {351--365},
  issn = {0306-9192},
  doi = {10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00009-4},
  abstract = {Farm households diversify their income sources into off-farm wage employment motivated by low farm income and availability of surplus family labor, whereas they enter into off-farm self employment to earn an attractive return. Farm households have upward-sloping, although inelastic, off-farm labor supply curves. Therefore, increasing the availability of off-farm activities and improving the wage rate received by farm households can expand the economic activity of the Tigray Regional State. Due to entry barriers, relatively wealthy farm households may dominate the most lucrative rural non-farm activities such as masonry, carpentry and petty trade. Hence the underlying factors that hinder participation in non-farm activities such as credit constraints and lack of skill may have to be addressed through the provision of credit and technical training for the poor. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {entry barrier,Ethiopia,income diversification,off-farm employment,Tigray}
}

@article{Wong2019,
  title = {Minimum Wage Impacts on Wages and Hours Worked of Low-Income Workers in {{Ecuador}}},
  author = {Wong, Sara A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {WORLD DEVELOPMENT},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {77--99},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004},
  abstract = {Minimum-wage policy aims to raise the real income of low-wage workers. Low-wage individuals may be adversely affected by minimum wages, however, although the empirical evidence on this point is not without controversy. We analyzed the effects of the January 2012 increase in monthly minimum wages on the wages and hours worked of low-wage workers in Ecuador. Individuals could have chosen to enter occupations covered by minimum-wage legislation or those that were not. We applied a difference-in-differences estimation to account for potential self-selection bias. We also relied on exogenous variations in minimum wages by sector, industry, and occupation. We constructed individual panel data from a household panel and performed estimates that also accounted for potential sample-selection bias. The results suggest a significant and positive effect on the wages of treated workers, increasing them by 0.41-0.48\textbackslash textbackslash\% for each 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in minimum wages, relative to the earnings of control workers. Our results also suggest that effects varied by type of worker: (i) women workers received lower wage increases, and their hours worked were significantly and negatively affected, both of which may suggest a failure of the minimum wage to reduce the gender wage gap at the bottom of the distribution, and (ii) the hours worked by young workers were significantly and positively affected, a result that is in agreement with results found elsewhere in the literature. These results persisted after applying robustness checks to account for different control groups, full- vs. part-time jobs, separate regressions for heterogeneous groups, and tests for potential attrition and sample-selection bias. The range of effects observed across disparate groups of workers suggests areas in which policy change could be useful. The income-compression effect we found suggests that further studies should address the effects of minimum wage on the drop in income inequality observed in the data. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Difference-in-difference,Ecuador,Heterogeneous effects,Hours worked,Latin America,Minimum wage}
}

@article{Wong2020,
  title = {Investigating {{Ethnic Disparity}} in {{Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation}} in the {{UK}}: {{Patient-Identified Reasons}} for {{Non-Donation}} among {{Family Members}}},
  author = {Wong, Katie and {Owen-Smith}, Amanda and Caskey, Fergus and MacNeill, Stephanie and Tomson, Charles R. V. and Dor, Frank J. M. F. and {Ben-Shlomo}, Yoav and Bouacida, Soumeya and Idowu, Dela and Bailey, Pippa},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE},
  volume = {9},
  number = {11},
  doi = {10.3390/jcm9113751},
  abstract = {There is ethnic inequity in access to living-donor kidney transplants in the UK. This study asked kidney patients from Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups why members of their family were not able to be living kidney donors. Responses were compared with responses from White individuals. This questionnaire-based mixed-methods study included adults transplanted between 1/4/13-31/3/17 at 14 UK hospitals. Participants were asked to indicate why relatives could not donate, selecting all options applicable from: Age; Health; Weight; Location; Financial/Cost; Job; Blood group; No-one to care for them after donation. A box entitled \textbackslash textasciigraveOther-please give details' was provided for free-text entries. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the association between the likelihood of selecting each reason for non-donation and the participant's self-reported ethnicity. Qualitative responses were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. In total, 1240 questionnaires were returned (40\textbackslash textbackslash\% response). There was strong evidence that Black, Asian and minority ethnic group individuals were more likely than White people to indicate that family members lived too far away to donate (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.25, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.30-4.58), were prevented from donating by financial concerns (aOR = 2.95, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.02-4.29), were unable to take time off work (aOR = 1.88, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.18-3.02), were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenot the right blood group\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (aOR = 1.65, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.35-2.01), or had no-one to care for them post-donation (aOR = 3.73, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.60-5.35). Four qualitative themes were identified from responses from Black, Asian and minority ethnic group participants: \textbackslash textasciigraveBurden of disease within the family'; \textbackslash textasciigraveDiffering religious interpretations'; \textbackslash textasciigraveGeographical concerns'; and \textbackslash textasciigraveA culture of silence'. Patients perceive barriers to living kidney donation in the UK Black, Asian and minority ethnic population. If confirmed, these could be targeted by interventions to redress the observed ethnic inequity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ethnic disparity,living kidney donation,living-donor kidney transplantation}
}

@article{Wong2022,
  title = {Employment {{Consequences}} of {{COVID-19}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}} and {{Employers}}},
  author = {Wong, Jasin and Ezeife, Nnaemezie and Kudla, Angelika and Crown, Deborah and Trierweiler, Robert and Capraro, Pamela and Tomazin, Stephanie and Su, Han and Pham, Tri and Heinemann, Allen W.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {464--472},
  issn = {1053-0487},
  doi = {10.1007/s10926-021-10012-9},
  abstract = {Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected the lives of people with disabilities (PWD). How the pandemic affects the employment of PWD and employers has yet to be determined. We aimed to investigate the employment consequences of the pandemic as experienced by PWD and employers. The research questions were: (1) What employment effects do PWD experience, and what business changes do employers encounter as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) What challenges have PWD encountered during the pandemic? Methods Cross-sectional online surveys of 733 PWD and 67 employers in the Midwestern United States. Results Compared to non-disabled peers, PWD encountered more challenges in employment during the pandemic. We found high percentages of both employers and PWD experiencing employment changes and business shutdown during the pandemic. For PWD whose employment was not affected, 14.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the participants (n = 107) expected a loss of income and worried about the economic uncertainty of the pandemic. Unemployment for PWD is high due to illness or disability, being laid-off or furloughed, business reductions, and not feeling safe to work. However, only about 18.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of unemployed PWD (n = 16) received pay or benefits for the time they were not working even though more than half filed for unemployment benefits. Conclusions The pandemic adversely affected employment of PWD as reported by workers and employers. Findings parallel the experience of the non-disabled workforce, but reveal vulnerabilities that reflect disability consequences and the need for job accommodations. Results reveal emergent needs for policy supports to reduce the disparities experienced by PWD in the workplace.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,Disabled persons,Employment,Return to work}
}

@article{Wood2023,
  title = {A Closer Look at Demand-Side Explanations for the {{Matthew}} Effect in Formal Childcare Uptake in {{Europe}} and {{Australia}}},
  author = {Wood, Jonas and Neels, Karel and Maes, Julie},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/09589287231186068},
  abstract = {Although formal childcare is considered a key social investment policy to combat inequality, available research indicates that in most European and other high-income countries parents with lower socio-economic positions are less likely to use formal childcare. As the literature on the underlying causes of this so-called Matthew effect has not yet converged, this article is the first to assess whether educational gradients in formal childcare uptake can be accounted for by micro-level employment potential and work-family attitudes in 14 European countries and Australia. Complementing available research on supply-side factors such as policy design features, this study indicates that a large part of the educational gradients in formal childcare uptake persist after controlling for socio-demographic background variables, employment potential, and work-family attitudes as micro-level predictors. However, this study also shows that a considerable part of the educational differentiation in formal childcare uptake reflects differential employment potential. This finding turns attention to policies other than childcare to enhance labour market outcomes for lower educated groups, which in turn might attenuate the Matthew effect in formal childcare. Furthermore, a positive relation between individual-level work-family attitudes and the uptake of formal childcare is also identified as a partial explanation for educational gradients in formal childcare uptake. Although the explanatory power of work-family attitudes as an underlying determinant of the Matthew effect is more limited compared to employment potential, such variation in the acceptance of maternal employment and formal childcare should also be considered in the design of inclusive work-family policies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Woodward2000,
  title = {Why Reduce Health Inequalities?},
  author = {Woodward, A and Kawachi, I},
  year = {2000},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH},
  volume = {54},
  number = {12},
  pages = {923--929},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech.54.12.923},
  abstract = {It is well known that social, cultural and economic factors cause substantial inequalities in health. Should we strive to achieve a more even share of good health, beyond improving the average health status of the population? We examine four arguments for the reduction of health inequalities. 1 Inequalities are unfair. Inequalities in health are undesirable to the extent that they are unfair, or unjust. Distinguishing between health inequalities and health inequities can be contentious. Our view is that inequalities become \textbackslash textasciigrave(unfair)' when poor health is itself the consequence of an unjust distribution of the underlying social determinants of health (for example, unequal opportunities in education or employment). 2 Inequalities affect everyone. Conditions that lead to marked health disparities are detrimental to all members of society. Some types of health inequalities have obvious spillover effects on the rest of society, for example, the spread of infectious diseases, the consequences of alcohol and drug misuse, or the occurrence of violence and crime. 3 Inequalities are avoidable. Disparities in health are avoidable to the extent that they stent from identifiable policy options exercised by governments, such as tax policy, regulation of business and labour, welfare benefits and health care funding. It follows that health inequalities are, in principle, amenable to policy interventions. A government that cares about improving the health of the population ought therefore to incorporate considerations of the health impact of alternative options in its policy setting process. 3 Interventions to reduce health inequalities are cost effective. Public health programmes that reduce health inequalities can also be cost effective. The case can be made to give priority to such programmes (for example, improving access to cervical cancer screening in low income women) on efficiency grounds. On the other hand, few programmes designed to reduce health inequalities have been formally evaluated using cost effectiveness analysis. We conclude that fairness is likely to be the most influential argument in favour of acting to reduce disparities in health, but the concept of equity is contested and susceptible to different interpretations. There is persuasive evidence for some outcomes that reducing inequalities will diminish \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravespill over\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace effects on the health of society at large. In principle, you would expect that differences in health status that are not biologically determined are avoidable. However, the mechanisms giving rise to inequalities are still imperfectly understood, and evidence remains to be gathered on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce such inequalities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Worthman2022,
  title = {Economic Opportunities for {{Mexican}} Women from Low Socioeconomic Status: Results from a Technical and Life Skills Training Program},
  author = {Worthman, Shaye S. and {Rueda-Barrios}, Adriana},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {IBEROAMERICAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {182--202},
  issn = {2254-2035},
  doi = {10.26754/ojs\textbackslash_ried/ijds.618},
  abstract = {This study presents the outcomes of a technical and life-skills training program in Mexico aimed to help women from low socioeconomic status (SES) find formal employment in sales, retail, and/or customer service. To determine the extent to which the program reached its target population and its impacts, researchers analyzed a national database of over sixty-eight thousand Mexican beneficiaries from 2016 to 2020 and conducted telephone surveys with a representative sample of women beneficiaries in Veracruz. Results from the national-level analysis of 5,326 women participants identified as low SES indicate that 23 \textbackslash textbackslash\% found better economic and educational opportunities. The state-level analysis of 94 low SES women in Veracruz was higher, with 40 \textbackslash textbackslash\% reporting to have found better opportunities; of those who reported salary information, roughly half improved their income. Lessons learned are discussed regarding reaching target populations and the potential of job training programs in developing countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic empowerment,gender inequality,job training,Latin America,Mexico}
}

@article{Wrede2008,
  title = {Equity and {{Dignity}} in {{Maternity Care Provision}} in {{Canada}}, {{Finland}} and {{Iceland}}},
  author = {Wrede, Sirpa and Benoit, Cecilia and Einarsdottir, Thorgerdur},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE},
  volume = {99},
  number = {2},
  pages = {S16-S21},
  issn = {0008-4263},
  doi = {10.1007/BF03403799},
  abstract = {Objective: In recent decades, governments around the globe have been under pressure to create more efficient and effective health care systems. Research shows, particularly in middle- and low-income countries, that many of these neo-liberal policies that have been enacted have had a largely negative effect with regard to equitable health services for lower-income populations and dignified working conditions for health providers. In this paper we highlight recent reforms in health care in Canada, focusing on formal care during pregnancy and childbirth, and compare these to parallel developments in two Nordic countries - Finland and Iceland. Method: We draw upon secondary data sources and primary research findings. Results: Our comparative analysis pays close attention to barriers in access to primary care services across the childbearing period for lower-income women in the three countries, as well as the factors that create poor working conditions for the predominantly female maternity care labour force. Discussion: As Canada struggles to deal with the crisis in its maternity care system, it could learn from developments in Finland and Iceland that promote teamwork among primary health care professionals and high-quality care for lower-income populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dignity,equity,Health care reform,lower-income populations,maternity care}
}

@article{Wright1997,
  title = {Nativity Ethnicity, and the Evolution of the Intraurban Division of Labor in Metropolitan {{Los Angeles}}, 1970-1990},
  author = {Wright, R and Ellis, M},
  year = {1997},
  month = apr,
  journal = {URBAN GEOGRAPHY},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {243--263},
  issn = {0272-3638},
  doi = {10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.243},
  abstract = {This paper examines how different groups fit into the Los Angeles economy. We systematically analyze change in the employment patterns in 20 different sectors for 1970, 1980, and 1990 for the three largest native-born ethnic groups (Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics) and the two largest foreign-born subpopulations (Hispanics and Asians). Given the size of the foreign-born population in Los Angeles and their concentration in low-wage jobs, we pay particular attention to shifts in the sectoral allocation of working immigrants and native-born Blacks and Hispanics. Our application of shift-share analysis to decompose employment change by sector by ethnic group reveals that in the expanding Los Angeles job market of the 1970s and 1980s, immigrants experienced major job gains-both relatively and absolutely. Native-born Whites gained absolutely in several sectors, but at a rate below that of growth in total employment, and thus became a proportionately smaller fraction of the work force. African Americans experienced complex labor-market outcomes. We show that the African American labor force grew faster than total regional employment in the 1970s, and that they held labor-market comparative advantage in several important sectors. In the 1980s, this position switched to one of comparative disadvantage throughout most of the economy as native Black employment grew more slowly than the region's total labor force. Native-barn Hispanics also lost labor-market comparative advantage as their employment growth also dipped below the regional growth rate in the 1980s. The results suggest that both nativity and ethnicity are important elements in the intraurban division of labor in Los Angeles and that the articulation of these elements may be shifting in response to persistent immigration. These outcomes have relevance to the important debates on urban restructuring, the so-called urban underclass, and immigration policy.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wright2020,
  title = {Integrating Depression Care within {{NCD}} Provision in {{Bangladesh}} and {{Pakistan}}: A Qualitative Study},
  author = {Wright, Jerome and Mazumdar, Papiya and Barua, Deepa and Lina, Silwa and Bibi, Humaira and Kanwal, Ateeqa and Mujeeb, Faiza and Naz, Qirat and Safi, Rahim and Ul Haq, Baha and Rana, Rusham Zahra and Nahar, Papreen and Jennings, Hannah and Sikander, Siham and Huque, Rumana and Nizami, Asad and Jackson, Cath and Grp, NIHR Global Hlth Res and IMPACT},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1752-4458},
  doi = {10.1186/s13033-020-00399-y},
  abstract = {Background Co-morbidity of depression with other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worsens clinical outcomes for both conditions. Low- and middle-income countries need to strengthen mechanisms for detection and management of co-morbid depression within NCDs. The Behavioural Activation for Comorbid Depression in Non-communicable Disease (BEACON) study explored the acceptability and feasibility of integrating a brief depression intervention (behavioural activation, BA) into NCD services in healthcare facilities in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Methods Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with 43 patients and 18 health workers attending or working in NCD centres in four healthcare facilities in Bangladesh and Pakistan, and with three policy makers in each country. The interviews addressed four research questions (1) how NCD care is delivered, (2) how NCD patients experience distress, (3) how depression care is integrated within NCD provision, and (4) the challenges and opportunities for integrating a brief depression intervention into usual NCD care. The data were analysed using framework analysis, organised by capability, opportunity and motivation factors, cross-synthesised across countries and participant groups. Results Patients and health workers described NCD centres as crowded and time pressured, with waiting times as long as five hours, and consultation times as short as five minutes; resulting in some patient frustration. They did not perceive direct links between their distress and their NCD conditions, instead describing worries about family and finance including affordability of NCD services. Health worker and policy maker accounts suggested these NCD centres lacked preparedness for treating depression in the absence of specific guidelines, standard screening tools, recording systems or training. Barriers and drivers to integrating a brief depression intervention reflected capability, opportunity and motivation factors for all participant groups. While generally valuing the purpose, significant challenges included the busy hospital environment, skill deficits and different conceptions of depression. Conclusions Given current resource constraints and priorities, integrating a brief psychological intervention at these NCD centres appears premature. An opportune first step calls for responding to patients' expressed concerns on service gaps in provisioning steady and affordable NCD care. Acknowledging differences of conceptions of depression and strengthening psychologically informed NCD care will in turn be required before the introduction of a specific psychological intervention such as BA.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioural activation,Depression,Depression care integration,Mental health policy,Mental-physical co-morbidity,NCD facilities,Non-communicable disease,South Asia}
}

@article{Wright2023,
  title = {Addressing Problems for Labour Not Problems of Labour: The Need for a Paradigm Shift in Work and Industrial Relations Policy},
  author = {Wright, Chris F.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {LABOUR AND INDUSTRY},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1, SI},
  pages = {11--21},
  issn = {1030-1763},
  doi = {10.1080/10301763.2022.2051230},
  abstract = {This article argues that the policy framework governing work and industrial relations in Australia and other liberal market economies is stuck in an outdated paradigm fixated on solving problems of labour that have diminished or no longer exist, such as excessive union power and overt forms of industrial conflict. This policy framework is poorly equipped for addressing increasingly urgent problems for labour, such as growing inequality and workforce insecurity. Drawing upon neo-pluralist ideas and the findings emerging from industrial relations research, the article presents recommendations for what a new industrial relations policy framework would look like. It advocates for the adoption of a neo-pluralist policy paradigm focused on the creation of quality employment, worker wellbeing, redistribution in bargaining and wage determination, fairer labour immigration policies, stronger protections against gender-based inequalities, and increased job security.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wu2012,
  title = {{{TOWARDS A MORE COMPLETE EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY}}},
  author = {Wu, Joseph S. K. and Ho, Chi Pui},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {660--676},
  issn = {1361-374X},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0106.12003},
  abstract = {The efficiency wage is an important topic in the theory of employment. In a traditional efficiency wage model, only the representative firm is optimizing against an assumed S-shaped effort supply function. This S-shaped supply curve is critical for the model and the absence of a derivation of the curve in the literature means that it is an incomplete theory. In the present paper, we extend the model by specifying a worker's representative utility function so that the corresponding argmax function will be the S-shaped effort supply curve. This will make the worker's decision process endogenous and will produce a more complete model. The importance of this extension is clear. The characterization of the utility function will make explicit the necessary conditions and crucial assumptions of the traditional model. More importantly, the extension will allow researchers to introduce employment compensation factors into the worker's utility function for analysis. This has important bearings on future development in employment theory. For example, a worker's satisfaction from shirking (net of dismissal risks), or his or her willingness to search for jobs (net of search cost), can now be included in his or her utility function to form an optimal work or search strategy. Incorporating the worker's optimization behaviour into the model will also enable researchers to study policy directed not just towards firms but also towards the worker's decision process. Furthermore, this approach provides a framework for researchers to generate comparative statics. These comparative statics can lead to interesting topics for econometric models or to further research within this field.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wu2015,
  title = {Women's {{Labor Force Participation}} in {{Urban China}}, 1990-2010},
  author = {Wu, Yuxiao and Zhou, Dongyang},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {CHINESE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW},
  volume = {47},
  number = {4},
  pages = {314--342},
  issn = {2162-0555},
  doi = {10.1080/21620555.2015.1036234},
  abstract = {Using a series of survey and census/mini-census data, this paper explores the trends of women's labor force participation (WLFP) and estimates the key factors affecting women's labor supply in urban China between 1990 and 2010. Our results show that WLFP in urban China had changed dramatically from 1990 to 2010. The rates of WLFP had dropped drastically during the 1990s and early 2000s. In 2003, WLFP showed a steady trend of increase. Since 2003, WLFP had become more and more responsive to incomes from other family members. Specifically, women from poorer families have been more likely to join the labor force over time. We argue that Chinese women's labor supply had been driven by different social or economic forces in different historical stages. From 1990 to 2003, the sharp decline of WLFP may have been caused by institutional transformation (market transition) starting from early 1980s and the radical layoff policy of publicly-owned enterprises (POEs) in the late 1990s. The steady increase of WLFP since 2003 may have been driven by the surge of living costs (e.g., housing, education, and healthcare) in urban China.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Wu2022,
  title = {Labor Mobility and Corporate Investment-{{Evidence}} from a {{Quasi-natural}} Experiment in {{China}}},
  author = {Wu, Ziqi and Xiao, Yi and Zhang, Jian},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
  volume = {80},
  pages = {1110--1129},
  issn = {1059-0560},
  doi = {10.1016/j.iref.2022.04.001},
  abstract = {This paper studies how labor supply affects corporate investment by exploiting an exogenous policy relaxation of urban household registration (hukou) in China. We find that following the staggered hukou policy change, low-skilled labor inflow leads to an increase in the capital expenditure of local firms, consistent with the complementarity hypothesis of low-skilled labor and physical capital. The results are stronger for firms that are less automated and more labor intensive and for regions with lower household income. Our findings suggest that labor mobility induced by labor market friction reduction stimulates corporate investments.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Capital-skill complementarity,Immigration,Investment,Low-skilled labor}
}

@article{Xie2017,
  title = {{{THE INCOME EFFECT OF MINIMUM WAGE FOR THE UNDERCLASS Is It Positive}} in {{China}}?},
  author = {Xie, Fusheng and Chen, Ruilin},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {WORLD REVIEW OF POLITICAL ECONOMY},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {503--541},
  issn = {2042-891X},
  doi = {10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.8.4.0503},
  abstract = {The ongoing debates on the impact of minimum wage have largely focused on the policy's employment effect for its theoretical implications, but the real question at stake here is its income effect, that is, whether or not it can increase the income of the underclass. Previous efforts have mostly relied on various forms of market imperfection to verify the theoretical integrity of this policy, whereas in this article we have raised another Marxian perspective, emphasizing the positive check of minimum wage on overtime work. Classical economists have long recognized the vulnerability of the working class when faced against capitalists, but only Marx has paid special attention to the complicated interaction between hourly/unit wage rates and the length of the working day, proposing that low wage rates would not only hurt workers by forcing them to work overtime, but that it would also hurt the capitalists as a class once large-scale labor degradation kicks in, endangering the very existence of a well-functioning working class for them to employ. Both the inherent conflict of interests between individual capitalists and capitalists as a class and workers' systematic disadvantage against capital serve to call for the intervention of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravevisible hand\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which is the establishment of a minimum wage. A theoretical model has been proposed to formalize this wage-hour mechanism for the underclass, emphasizing the special constraints they face when making labor supply decisions. We have discussed three different types of income effect, explaining how workers' income might increase with minimum wage and how firms might also benefit from such a process.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {income effect,minimum wage,unconditional quantile regression}
}

@article{Xu2007,
  title = {Urban Health Insurance Reform and Coverage in {{China}} Using Data from {{National Health Services Surveys}} in 1998 and 2003},
  author = {Xu, Ling and Wang, Yan and Collins, Charles D. and Tang, Shenglan},
  year = {2007},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {7},
  issn = {1472-6963},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-7-37},
  abstract = {Background: In 1997 there was a major reform of the government run urban health insurance system in China. The principal aims of the reform were to widen coverage of health insurance for the urban employed and contain medical costs. Following this reform there has been a transition from the dual system of the Government Insurance Scheme ( GIS) and Labour Insurance Scheme ( LIS) to the new Urban Employee Basic Health Insurance Scheme ( BHIS). Methods: This paper uses data from the National Health Services Surveys of 1998 and 2003 to examine the impact of the reform on population coverage. Particular attention is paid to coverage in terms of gender, age, employment status, and income levels. Following a description of the data between the two years, the paper will discuss the relationship between the insurance reform and the growing inequities in population coverage. Results: An examination of the data reveals a number of key points: a) The overall coverage of the newly established scheme has decreased from 1998 to 2003. b) The proportion of the urban population without any type of health insurance arrangement remained almost the same between 1998 and 2003 in spite of the aim of the 1997 reform to increase the population coverage. c) Higher levels of participation in mainstream insurance schemes ( i. e. GIS-LIS and BHIS) were identified among older age groups, males and high income groups. In some cases, the inequities in the system are increasing. d) There has been an increase in coverage of the urban population by non-mainstream health insurance schemes, including non-commercial and commercial ones. The paper discusses three important issues in relation to urban insurance coverage: institutional diversity in the forms of insurance, labour force policy and the non-mainstream forms of commercial and non-commercial forms of insurance. Conclusion: The paper concludes that the huge economic development and expansion has not resulted in a reduced disparity in health insurance coverage, and that limited cross-group subsidy and regional inequality is possible. Unless effective measures are taken, vulnerable groups such as women, low income groups, employees based on short-term contracts and rural-urban migrant workers may well be left out of sharing the social and economic development.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Xu2014,
  title = {Views of {{Chinese}} Parents and Transition Teachers on School-to-Work Transition Services for Adolescents with Intellectual Disability: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Xu, Tianxi and Dempsey, Ian and Foreman, Phil},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4},
  pages = {342--352},
  issn = {1366-8250},
  doi = {10.3109/13668250.2014.947920},
  abstract = {Background The use of effective theory and practice in school-to-work transition for adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) is essential to enhance transition outcomes. In China, little attention has been paid to these issues. The current study explored Chinese parents' and transition teachers' views on school-to-work transition services for adolescents with ID. Method Fourteen transition teachers and 14 parents across 7 cities in China were interviewed, and the interview data were thematically analysed. Results The results suggest that the chief reasons for poor transition outcomes in China include social bias toward and limited employability of adolescents with ID, lack of quality transition programs, and insufficient policy and financial support. Conclusions It is recommended that the Chinese government, employers, transition institutions, and families make changes to address the underachievement of postsecondary transition outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {China,intellectual disability,parent and transition teacher views,school-to-work transition}
}

@article{Xu2022,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of the {{Image}} of {{Destinations}} on {{Household Income}} and {{Distribution}}: {{Evidence From China}}'s {{Tourist Cities}}},
  author = {Xu, Sheng and Zhang, Yunzhi and Yin, Jinghua and Huang, Guan},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859327},
  abstract = {This paper examines the effect of the image of destinations on the wage income of resident households, and the corresponding income inequality, from a novel perspective. This work uses China's excellent tourism city image program, which is an urban planning policy implemented by the central government across cities to enhance the image of the city destination in the minds of tourists, and then promote tourist motivation and local tourism development to assess the effect on household wage income and its distribution. Results show that the program significantly increases household wage income by increasing employment opportunities, promoting business and population agglomeration, and improving urban infrastructure. Additionally, the image of the city destination promotion causes an increase in income inequality among households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {destination image,difference-in-differences,household income,income distribution,tourism development,tourist motivation,urban planning policy}
}

@article{Xu2023,
  title = {Migration and {{Rural Sustainability}}: {{Relative Poverty Alleviation}} by {{Geographical Mobility}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Xu, Ning and Li, Chang'an},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
  volume = {15},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.3390/su15076248},
  abstract = {Migration is an important way for rural labourers to break the uneven distribution of resources, earn more income and seek their own sustainable development. However, existing studies have focused more on rural-urban migration and less on geographical migration. Our study further enriches the existing research on poverty reduction and provides a theoretical reference for policy decisions to promote a balanced regional development. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012-2020, we conduct benchmark estimates through linear probability models and estimate the impact of migration on the relative poverty of the rural labourer through binary probit models. The results show that migration could significantly reduce the likelihood of a relatively poor state of rural labourers by around 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%; the greater the distance of migration, the greater the effects; and migration of rural labourers in the central region has the largest and most significant relative poverty reduction effect. Furthermore, migration could also compensate for the disadvantages of rural labourers who are unemployed, less educated and in poor health, making them less likely to be relatively poor. We also use multiple linear models to examine whether migration has a significant income-boosting effect on the rural people and found a positive result in which the effect reaches its highest in the central region at 22.95\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Therefore, it is necessary to further break down the barriers to geographical migration of rural labourers, strengthen the public transportation system and pay greater attention to Central China in order to better promote balanced development among regions.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Yan2017,
  title = {Hypertension Management in Rural Primary Care Facilities in {{Zambia}}: A Mixed Methods Study},
  author = {Yan, Lily D. and Chirwa, Cindy and Chi, Benjamin H. and Bosomprah, Samuel and Sindano, Ntazana and Mwanza, Moses and Musatwe, Dennis and Mulenga, Mary and Chilengi, Roma},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {1472-6963},
  doi = {10.1186/s12913-017-2063-0},
  abstract = {Background: Improved primary health care is needed in developing countries to effectively manage the growing burden of hypertension. Our objective was to evaluate hypertension management in Zambian rural primary care clinics using process and outcome indicators to assess the screening, monitoring, treatment and control of high blood pressure. Methods: Better Health Outcomes through Mentoring and Assessment (BHOMA) is a 5-year, randomized steppedwedge trial of improved clinical service delivery underway in 46 rural Zambian clinics. Clinical data were collected as part of routine patient care from an electronic medical record system, and reviewed for site performance over time according to hypertension related indicators: screening (blood pressure measurement), management (recorded diagnosis, physical exam or urinalysis), treatment (on medication), and control. Quantitative data was used to develop guides for qualitative in-depth interviews, conducted with health care providers at a proportional sample of half (20) of clinics. Qualitative data was iteratively analyzed for thematic content. Results: From January 2011 to December 2014, 318,380 visits to 46 primary care clinics by adults aged {$>$}= 25 years with blood pressure measurements were included. Blood pressure measurement at vital sign screening was initially high at 89. 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% overall (range: 70.1-100\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but decreased to 62.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% (range: 0-100\textbackslash textbackslash\%) by 48 months after intervention start. The majority of hypertensive patients made only one visit to the clinics (57.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Out of 9022 patients with at least two visits with an elevated blood pressure, only 49.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% had a chart recorded hypertension diagnosis. Process indicators for monitoring hypertension were {$<$} 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% and did not improve with time. In in-depth interviews, antihypertensive medication shortages were common, with 15/20 clinics reporting hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride stockouts. Principal challenges in hypertension management included 1) equipment and personnel shortages, 2) provider belief that multiple visits were needed before official management, 3) medication stock-outs, leading to improper prescriptions and 4) poor patient visit attendance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that numerous barriers stand in the way of hypertension diagnosis and management in Zambian primary health facilities. Future work should focus on performance indicator development and validation in low resource contexts, to facilitate regular and systematic data review to improve patient outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Antihypertensive medication,Hypertension,Mixed methods,Performance indicators,Quality improvement,Zambia}
}

@article{Yan2021,
  title = {Association between Transportation Barriers and Anticoagulation Control among an Inner-City, Low-Income Population: {{A}} Prospective Observational Cohort Study},
  author = {Yan, Connie H. and Naveed, Maryam and Alobaidi, Ali and Kopfman, Miranda and Nutescu, Edith A. and Sharp, Lisa K.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS},
  volume = {5},
  number = {7},
  doi = {10.1002/rth2.12605},
  abstract = {Background Anticoagulation with warfarin represents a transportation-sensitive treatment state. Transportation barrier is a common reason for not using health care services. Objective To assess the association between transportation barriers to anticoagulation clinic and anticoagulation control (AC) among an inner-city, low-income population. Patients/Methods Adults expected to be on chronic warfarin therapy were recruited from an ambulatory anticoagulation clinic. Participants completed a validated questionnaire that assessed transportation barriers to clinic, defined as self-reported trouble getting transportation to a clinic and a composite score of the presence of transportation barriers. Suboptimal AC was defined as time in therapeutic range (TTR) {$<$}60\textbackslash textbackslash\% over 6 months. Prevalence ratios with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, and annual household income, described the association of transportation trouble and barriers with AC. Results Of 133 participants, 42.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% had suboptimal AC. Mean age was 60.4 (SD, 13.6) years, and the majority of participants were women (62.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Participants with transportation trouble were more likely to report being disabled/unable to work (63.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 000 (45.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Mean TTR was significantly lower for participants with transportation trouble compared to those without (53.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD, 24.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%] vs 64.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD, 25.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%]; P = .03). Participants reporting transportation trouble or at least one transportation barrier were 1.60 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.07-2.39) and 1.68 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.01-2.80) times more likely, respectively, to have suboptimal AC compared to those without. Conclusion Inner-city, low-income individuals with transportation barriers were more likely to have suboptimal AC. Further research is warranted to evaluate the impact of alleviating patient-specific transportation barriers on anticoagulation outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anticoagulants,health care services,health outcome,transportation,warfarin}
}

@article{Yang2017,
  title = {Living on the {{Margin}}: {{Downward Mobility}} and the {{Plight}} of the {{Self-Employed}} in {{Neoliberal South Korea}}},
  author = {Yang, Myungji},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {KOREA OBSERVER},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {217--247},
  issn = {0023-3919},
  abstract = {This article examines the self-employed population as a precarious and insecure social class in Korea since the economic crisis in the late 1990s. Most self-employed workers experience economic hardship characterized by low incomes and high turnover rates despite long work hours and family help. These precarious conditions are often explained as the result of neoliberal economic restructuring that laid off salaried employees on a massive scale, pushed displaced workers into self-employment, and heightened intense competition among the self-employed. While this economic perspective explains intense competition and low incomes of the self-employed, I argue that particular state policies also accelerated the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveunmaking\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of the self-employed by not providing any effective protection. By looking at the experiences of understudied self-employed workers in Korea, this article engages in a critical understanding of globalization, labor, and social inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {globalization,precarity,self-employment,the state}
}

@article{Yee2020,
  title = {Caregiver Experience and Perceived Acceptability of a Novel near Point-of-Care Early Infant {{HIV}} Diagnostic Test among Caregivers Enrolled in the {{PMTCT}} Program, {{Myanmar}}: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
  author = {Yee, Win Lei and Than, Kyu Kyu and Mohamed, Yasmin and Htay, Hla and Tin, Htay Htay and Thein, Win and Kyaw, Latt Latt and Yee, Win Win and Aye, Moe Myat and Badman, Steven G. and Vallely, Andrew J. and Luchters, Stanley and {Kelly-Hanku}, Angela and Grp, AAMI Study},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {10},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0241245},
  abstract = {Background The majority of HIV infection among children occurs through mother-to-child transmission. HIV exposed infants are recommended to have virological testing at birth or 4-6 weeks of age but challenges with centralized laboratory-based testing in Myanmar result in low testing rates and delays in result communication and treatment initiation. Decentralized point-of-care (POC) testing when integrated in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services, can be an alternative to increase coverage of early infant diagnosis (EID) and timely engagement in HIV treatment and care. Aim This paper aims to explore experiences of caregivers of HIV-exposed infants enrolled in the PMTCT program in Myanmar and the perceived acceptability of point-of-care EID testing compared to conventional centralised laboratory-based testing. Methods This is a sub-study of the cluster randomised controlled stepped-wedge trial (Trial registration number: ACTRN12616000734460) that assessed the impact of near POC EID testing using Xpert HIV-1 Qual assay in four public hospitals in Myanmar. Caregivers of infants who were enrolled in the intervention phase of the main study, had been tested with both Xpert and standard of care tests and had received the results were eligible for this qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 caregivers. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated into English. Thematic data analysis was undertaken using NVivo 12 Software (QSR International). Results The majority of caregivers were satisfied with the quality of care provided by PMTCT services. However, they encountered social and financial access barriers to attend the PMTCT clinic regularly. Mothers had concerns about community stigma from the disclosure of their HIV status and the potential consequences for their infants. While medical care at the PMTCT clinics was free, caregivers sometimes experienced financial difficulties associated with out-of-pocket expenses for childbirth and transportation. Some caregivers had to choose not to attend work (impacting their income) or the adult antiretroviral clinic in order to attend the paediatric PMTCT clinic appointment. The acceptability of the Xpert testing process was high among the caregiver participants and more than half received the Xpert result on the same day as testing. Short turnaround time of the near POC EID testing enabled the caregivers to find out their infants' HIV status quicker, thereby shortening the stressful waiting time for results. Conclusion Our study identified important access challenges facing caregivers of HIV exposed infants and high acceptability of near POC EID testing. Improving the retention rate in the PMTCT and EID programs necessitates careful attention of program managers and policy makers to these challenges, and POC EID represents a potential solution.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Yeh2023,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Head Start}} on {{Low-Income Mothers}}},
  author = {Yeh, Catherine T. H. and Wodtke, Geoffrey T.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {SOCIUS},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {2378-0231},
  doi = {10.1177/23780231231192392},
  abstract = {Head Start is a federal antipoverty program that provides free childcare, preschool, and related services to disadvantaged families. Research on Head Start has focused almost exclusively on impacts among children. Using data from the Head Start Impact Study, a nationally representative field experiment, the authors estimate treatment effects on maternal employment, economic hardship, and depression. The authors find that Head Start admission generates some improvements among Black mothers but not among other subpopulations. In analyses accounting for treatment intensity, noncompliance, and program substitution, the authors find suggestive evidence that Head Start participation may lead to even greater improvements in these outcomes specifically among Black mothers who would otherwise look after their children at home and when they participate in the program full-time. In conclusion, Head Start likely improves outcomes for some groups of low-income mothers, but these effects are heterogeneous, and they may be small, dose-dependent, or otherwise difficult to detect for many women.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Yelland2015,
  title = {Bridging the {{Gap}}: Using an Interrupted Time Series Design to Evaluate Systems Reform Addressing Refugee Maternal and Child Health Inequalities},
  author = {Yelland, Jane and Riggs, Elisha and Szwarc, Josef and Casey, Sue and Dawson, Wendy and Vanpraag, Dannielle and East, Chris and Wallace, Euan and Teale, Glyn and Harrison, Bernie and Petschel, Pauline and Furler, John and Goldfeld, Sharon and Mensah, Fiona and Biro, Mary Anne and Willey, Sue and Cheng, I-Hao and Small, Rhonda and Brown, Stephanie},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1748-5908},
  doi = {10.1186/s13012-015-0251-z},
  abstract = {Background: The risk of poor maternal and perinatal outcomes in high-income countries such as Australia is greatest for those experiencing extreme social and economic disadvantage. Australian data show that women of refugee background have higher rates of stillbirth, fetal death in utero and perinatal mortality compared with Australian born women. Policy and health system responses to such inequities have been slow and poorly integrated. This protocol describes an innovative programme of quality improvement and reform in publically funded universal health services in Melbourne, Australia, that aims to address refugee maternal and child health inequalities. Methods/design: A partnership of 11 organisations spanning health services, government and research is working to achieve change in the way that maternity and early childhood health services support families of refugee background. The aims of the programme are to improve access to universal health care for families of refugee background and build organisational and system capacity to address modifiable risk factors for poor maternal and child health outcomes. Quality improvement initiatives are iterative, co-designed by partners and implemented using the Plan Do Study Act framework in four maternity hospitals and two local government maternal and child health services. Bridging the Gap is designed as a multi-phase, quasi-experimental study. Evaluation methods include use of interrupted time series design to examine health service use and maternal and child health outcomes over a 3-year period of implementation. Process measures will examine refugee families' experiences of specific initiatives and service providers' views and experiences of innovation and change. Discussion: It is envisaged that the Bridging the Gap program will provide essential evidence to support service and policy innovation and knowledge about what it takes to implement sustainable improvements in the way that health services support vulnerable populations, within the constraints of existing resources.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Partnerships,Process evaluation,Quality improvement,Refugee families,Time series design,Universal health services}
}

@article{Yeo2023,
  title = {{{THE SHRINKING MIDDLE}}: {{EXPLORING THE NEXUS BETWEEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY}}, {{GROWTH}}, {{AND INEQUALITY}}},
  author = {Yeo, Yeongjun and Hwang, Won-Sik and Lee, Jeong-Dong},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {874--901},
  issn = {2029-4913},
  doi = {10.3846/tede.2023.18713},
  abstract = {To implement specific actions to respond to challenges accompanied by technological advances, it is essential to realize the foreseen future at different levels. This study aims to gen-erate the forecasts of different prospects of different industries, labor market, and households, depending on the pervasiveness of the information and communication (ICT) software (SW) in production. For the analysis, we propose a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that explicitly incorporates diverse impact channels induced by ICT SW investments. Our simulation results suggest that the development of ICT SW technology can bring about both opportunities and challenges in the economic system. The results also show that advancements in ICT SW can aggravate inequalities within the economic system, while driving higher economic growth effects by accelerating the polarization of the labor market and wages/income distributions. Accord-ingly, our results suggest that policymakers should formulate tailored policy options to mitigate structural problems and widen income disparities driven by ICT-specific technological advances to achieve economic inclusiveness.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Yerkes2009,
  title = {Part-Time Work in the {{Dutch}} Welfare State: The Ideal Combination of Work and Care?},
  author = {Yerkes, Mara},
  year = {2009},
  month = oct,
  journal = {POLICY AND POLITICS},
  volume = {37},
  number = {4},
  pages = {535--552},
  issn = {0305-5736},
  doi = {10.1332/030557309X435510},
  abstract = {The Netherlands is often heralded for the success of its \textbackslash textasciigravepart-time model' of employment. Yet the supposed success of this model raises the question whether the Dutch part-time variant is the ideal gender-neutral policy approach. A comparative, longitudinal analysis of employment transitions in the Netherlands and the UK shows that while the Dutch part-time model may be unique, its outcomes are not. In both cases, gender inequality in employment transitions is evident. Gender inequality is apparent in Dutch care policy as well. Moreover, part-time work is quickly becoming the long-term norm for women's employment, even for women without care responsibilities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {care policy,comparative welfare states,gender,part-time work}
}

@article{Yerkes2019,
  title = {Creating Capabilities: {{Childcare}} Policies in Comparative Perspective},
  author = {Yerkes, Mara A. and Javornik, Jana},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY},
  volume = {29},
  number = {4},
  pages = {529--544},
  issn = {0958-9287},
  doi = {10.1177/0958928718808421},
  abstract = {This article analyses childcare services in six countries, assessing this policy instrument's potential to facilitate parents' capabilities for arranging childcare in a way they have reason to value. It draws on Sen's capability approach to conceptualize and assess childcare policy design across five key aspects of childcare provision (accessibility, availability, affordability, quality and flexibility) in a country-comparative perspective. The conceptualization of the multifaceted nature of childcare provides compelling insights into the complexity of comparing childcare services across countries. The ensuing analysis and comprehensive overview of national policies challenges the idea of a defamilialization policy cluster, which masks key distinctions between public and market service provision. The more nuanced conceptualization and operationalization of childcare policy design through the capability approach reveals parents' real opportunities for arranging childcare and the varying effects of policy design across gender and class. In addition, it goes beyond implicit commodification assumptions and opens up space for parents' potential desire for multiple care arrangement possibilities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Yeung2001,
  title = {Children's Time with Fathers in Intact Families},
  author = {Yeung, {\relax WJ} and Sandberg, {\relax JF} and {Davis-Kean}, {\relax PE} and Hofferth, {\relax SL}},
  year = {2001},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {136--154},
  issn = {0022-2445},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x},
  abstract = {This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine children's involvement with their fathers in intact families as measured through time spent together. Our findings suggest that although mothers still shoulder the lion's share of the parenting, fathers' involvement relative to that of mothers appears to be on the increase. A \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenew father\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace role is emerging on weekends in intact families. Different determinants of fathers' involvement were found on weekdays and on weekends. Fathers' wages and work hours have a negative relationship with the time they spend with a child on weekday's, but not on weekends. Mothers' work hours have no effect on children's time with fathers. On weekends, Black fathers were found to be less involved and Latino fathers more involved with their children than are White fathers. The weekday-weekend differential suggests that a simple gender inequality theory is not sufficient in explaining the dynamics of household division of labor in today's American families.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {family time use,fathers' involvement,household division of labor,parent-child relationship}
}

@article{Yiengprugsawan2009,
  title = {Tracking and {{Decomposing Health}} and {{Disease Inequality}} in {{Thailand}}},
  author = {Yiengprugsawan, Vasoontara and Lim, Lynette L-Y. and Carmichael, Gordon A. and Seubsman, Sam-Ang and Sleigh, Adrian C.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY},
  volume = {19},
  number = {11},
  pages = {800--807},
  issn = {1047-2797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.04.009},
  abstract = {PURPOSE: In middle-income countries, interest in the Study of inequalities in health has focused on aggregate types of health outcomes, like rates of mortality. This work moves beyond such measures to focus on disease-specific health outcomes with the use of national health survey data. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the national Health and Welfare Survey 2003, covering 52,030 adult aged 15 or older, were analyzed. The health outcomes were the 20 most commonly reported diseases. The age-sex adjusted concentration index (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace) of ill health was used as a measure of socioeconomic health inequality (values ranging from -1 to +1). A negative (or positive) concentration index shows that a disease was more concentrated among the less well off (or better off). Crude concentration indices (C) for four of the most common diseases were also decomposed to quantify determinants of inequalities. RESULTS: Several diseases, such as malaria (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.462), goiter (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.352), kidney stone (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.261), and tuberculosis (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.233), were strongly concentrated among those with lower incomes, whereas allergic conditions (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = 0.174) and migraine (01 = 0.085) were disproportionately reported by the better off. Inequalities were found to be associated with older age, low education, and residence in the rural Northeast and rural North of Thailand. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-equity health policy in Thailand and other middle-income countries with health surveys can now be informed by national data combining epidemiological, socioeconomic and health statistics in ways not previously possible. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:800-807. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Concentration index,Decomposition,Health inequality,Specific diseases,Thailand}
}

@article{Yip2009,
  title = {{{PURCHASING HEALTH CARE IN CHINA}}: {{EXPERIENCES}}, {{OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES}}},
  author = {Yip, Winnie and Hanson, Kara},
  editor = {Chernichovsky, D and Hanson, K},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {INNOVATIONS IN HEALTH SYSTEM FINANCE IN DEVELOPING AND TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES},
  series = {Advances in {{Health Economics}} and {{Health Services Research}}},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {197--218},
  issn = {0731-2199},
  doi = {10.1108/S0731-2199(2009)0000021011},
  abstract = {Objectives - Purchasing has been promoted as a key policy instrument to improve health system performance. Despite its widespread adoption, there is little empirical evidence on how it works, the challenges surrounding its implementation, its impact, and the preconditions for it to function effectively, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. The objective of this chapter is to analyze critically the extent to which purchasing could be, and has been used strategically in China and to identify modifications that are needed for purchasing to be effective in assuring that the government's new funding for health care will result in efficient and effective health services. Methods - We present a conceptual framework for purchasing, which identifies three critical principal-agent relationships in purchasing. We draw on evidence from secondary data, results of other research studies, interviews, and the impact evaluation of a social experiment in rural China that explicitly used purchasing to improve quality and efficiency. This information is used to examine purchasing relationships in urban social health insurance (SHI), the rural medical insurance scheme, and purchasing of public health services. Findings - To date, use of strategic purchasing is limited in China. Both the urban and the rural health insurance schemes act as passive third-party payers, failing to take advantage of the opportunities to strengthen incentives to improve quality and efficiency. This may be because as government agencies, the extent to which the Ministries of Health and Labor and Social Security can act independently from provider interests, or act in the best interest of the population, is unclear. Other important challenges include ensuring adequate representation of the population's views and preferences and making better use of the leverage provided by purchasing to create appropriate provider incentives, through better integration of financing and improved coordination among purchasers. Implications for policy - In designing purchasing arrangements, attention needs to be paid to all three principal agent relationships. Successful purchasing appears to require mechanisms to mobilize and represent community preferences and more strategic contracting with providers. More research is needed to strengthen the evidence on which purchasing arrangements work, which no not work, and under what conditions different purchasing configurations can work most effectively.},
  isbn = {978-1-84855-664-5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Yotebieng2019,
  title = {Research Priorities to Inform \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveTreat All}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Policy Implementation for People Living with {{HIV}} in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: A Consensus Statement from the {{International}} Epidemiology {{Databases}} to {{Evaluate AIDS}} ({{IeDEA}})},
  author = {Yotebieng, Marcel and Brazier, Ellen and Addison, Diane and Kimmel, April D. and Cornell, Morna and Keiser, Olivia and Parcesepe, Angela M. and Onovo, Amobi and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Castelnuovo, Barbara and Murnane, Pamela M. and Cohen, Craig R. and Vreeman, Rachel C. and Davies, Mary-Ann and Duda, Stephany N. and Yiannoutsos, Constantin T. and Bono, Rose S. and Agler, Robert and Bernard, Charlotte and Syvertsen, Jennifer L. and d'Amour Sinayobye, Jean and Wikramanayake, Radhika and Sohn, Annette H. and {von Groote}, Per M. and Wandeler, Gilles and Leroy, Valeriane and Williams, Carolyn F. and {Wools-Kaloustian}, Kara and Nash, Denis and Addison, Diane and Althoff, Keri and Brazier, Ellen and {Casteln-Uovo}, Barbara and Cohen, Craig R. and Cornell, Morna and Davies, Mary-Ann and Dominguez, Geral-Dina and Duda, Stephany N. and Freeman, Aimee and Jaquet, Antoine and Keiser, Olivia and Kimmel, April D. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Leroy, Valeriane and Markus, Janne and McKaig, Rosemary and Murnane, Pamela M. and Nash, Denis and Nsonde, Dominique and Onovo, Amobi and Parcesepe, Angela M. and d'Amour Sinayobye, Jean and Sohn, Ann-Ette H. and Von Groote, Per M. and Vreeman, Rachel C. and Wandeler, Gilles and Wikramanayake, Radhika and Williams, Carolyn F. and {Wools-Kaloustian}, Kara and Yiannoutsos, Constantin and Yotebieng, Marcel and Co, IeDEA Treat Sub-Saharan Africa},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1002/jia2.25218},
  abstract = {IntroductionTreat All - the treatment of all people with HIV, irrespective of disease stage or CD4 cell count - represents a paradigm shift in HIV care that has the potential to end AIDS as a public health threat. With accelerating implementation of Treat All in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there is a need for a focused agenda and research to identify and inform strategies for promoting timely uptake of HIV treatment, retention in care, and sustained viral suppression and addressing bottlenecks impeding implementation. MethodsThe Delphi approach was used to develop consensus around research priorities for Treat All implementation in SSA. Through an iterative process (June 2017 to March 2018), a set of research priorities was collectively formulated and refined by a technical working group and shared for review, deliberation and prioritization by more than 200 researchers, implementation experts, policy/decision-makers, and HIV community representatives in East, Central, Southern and West Africa. Results and discussionThe process resulted in a list of nine research priorities for generating evidence to guide Treat All policies, implementation strategies and monitoring efforts. These priorities highlight the need for increased focus on adolescents, men, and those with mental health and substance use disorders - groups that remain underserved in SSA and for whom more effective testing, linkage and care strategies need to be identified. The priorities also reflect consensus on the need to: (1) generate accurate national and sub-national estimates of the size of key populations and describe those who remain underserved along the HIV-care continuum; (2) characterize the timeliness of HIV care and short- and long-term HIV care continuum outcomes, as well as factors influencing timely achievement of these outcomes; (3) estimate the incidence and prevalence of HIV-drug resistance and regimen switching; and (4) identify cost-effective and affordable service delivery models and strategies to optimize uptake and minimize gaps, disparities, and losses along the HIV-care continuum, particularly among underserved populations. ConclusionsReflecting consensus among a broad group of experts, researchers, policy- and decision-makers, PLWH, and other stakeholders, the resulting research priorities highlight important evidence gaps that are relevant for ministries of health, funders, normative bodies and research networks.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Young-Hyman2022,
  title = {A {{Real Utopia Under What Conditions}}? {{The Economic}} and {{Social Benefits}} of {{Workplace Democracy}} in {{Knowledge- Intensive Industries}}},
  author = {{Young-Hyman}, Trevor and Magne, Nathalie and Kruse, Douglas},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {ORGANIZATION SCIENCE},
  volume = {34},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1353--1382},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  doi = {10.1287/orsc.2022.1622},
  abstract = {Given consistent evidence of its social benefits but questions about its market viability, this paper examines the conditions under which workplace democracy can be understood as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereal utopia \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave; a viable form of organization that is both economically productive and socially welfare enhancing. Conceptualizing democratic firms as organizations with formally distributed authority and collectivist norms, we argue that democratic firms will operate more productively in knowledge intensive industries, compared with conventional firms in the same industries, because they give authority to those with relevant knowledge and encourage intrafirm information sharing. Next, focusing on intrafirm wage inequality as a key social welfare outcome, we argue that knowledge-intensive sectors are also settings where the benefits of workplace democracy are likely to be greater. Knowledge intensive industries tend to generate greater intrafirm inequality through the adoption of market based employment policies and reliance on unique expertise, yet the formal structure and collectivist norms of democratic firms are likely to limit these mechanisms of inequality, generating inequality reductions. We test these hypotheses with longitudinal linked employer employee data from French cooperatives and conventional firms, including firms that shift organizational structures over time. We find robust support for our hypothesis about economic performance and moderate support for our hypothesis about social performance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {compensation,organizational design,organizational form,organizational structure,power and politics,social responsibility,wage inequality}
}

@article{Young2008,
  title = {The Shape of {{Aboriginal}} Learning and Work Opportunities in Desert Regions},
  author = {Young, Metta and Guenther, John},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {RANGELAND JOURNAL},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {177--186},
  issn = {1036-9872},
  doi = {10.1071/RJ07042},
  abstract = {Education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality, and lays a foundation for sustained economic growth. Aboriginal peoples of Australia experience \textbackslash textasciigraveoverwhelming' disadvantages across every indicator of social and economic well being when compared with non-Aboriginal peoples. This disadvantage is experienced across all sectors of education, and although Aboriginal students are participating at high rates in vocational education and training, their pass rates and qualification outcomes remain well below those of non-Aboriginal Australians. This paper maps the participation and outcomes for Aboriginal desert dwellers in the vocational education and training sector and relates these to factors such as: (1) compulsory school access, (2) remote area labour markets, (3) the state of housing and infrastructure on discrete desert settlements, and (4) the policy and program initiatives influencing land tenure, income security and labour force status. The provision of education services across desert regions epitomises the tensions generated when the drivers of desert living - remoteness, dispersed sparse and mobile populations, variable climate, geography, cultures, languages and histories - interact with the differing factors that shape mainstream vocational education. Although innovations in program delivery more consistent with learner needs and aspirations can and do emerge, they are often framed as pilot projects or materialise in parallel program interventions such as youth work or land care. This paper explores the nature of these tensions and identifies the characteristics of educational interventions that can improve outcomes for Aboriginal desert dwellers no matter where they choose to live.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {employment,livelihoods,remote communities,vocational and technical education}
}

@article{Young2010,
  title = {Return to Work Following Disabling Occupational Injury - Facilitators of Employment Continuation},
  author = {Young, Amanda E.},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
  volume = {36},
  number = {6},
  pages = {473--483},
  issn = {0355-3140},
  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.2986},
  abstract = {Objective Return to work following occupational injury is an important rehabilitation milestone; however, it does not mark the end of the return-to-work process. Following a return to the workplace, workers can experience difficulties that compromise their rehabilitation gains. Although there has been investigation of factors related to a return to the workplace, little attention has been paid to understanding what facilitates continued retum-to-work success as this paper aims to do. Methods This study used data gathered during one-on-one telephone interviews with 146 people who experienced a work-related injury that resulted in their being unable to return to their pre-injury job, but who returned to work following an extended period of absence and the receipt of vocational services. Results Numerous return-to-work facilitators were reported, including features of the workers' environmental and personal contexts, as well as body function, activities, and participation. Influences that stood out included a perception that the work was appropriate, supportive workplace relationships, and a sense of satisfaction/achievement associated with being at work. Conclusions The findings support the contention that initiatives aimed at improving return-to-work outcomes can go beyond the removal of barriers to include interventions to circumvent difficulties before they are encountered. Together with providing ideas for interventions, the study's findings offer an insight into research and theoretical development that might be undertaken to further the understanding of the return-to-work process and the factors that impact upon it.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Young2020,
  title = {Interlocking Systems of Oppression and Privilege Impact {{African Australian}} Health and Well-Being in Greater {{Melbourne}}: {{A}} Qualitative Intersectional Analysis},
  author = {Young, Charlotte},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES},
  volume = {76},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {880--898},
  issn = {0022-4537},
  doi = {10.1111/josi.12407},
  abstract = {Individual-level factors are typically identified as barriers to health and well-being for African Australians, whereas little attention is paid to the multiple intersecting dimensions of inequality. Without accounting for the interrelated nature of African Australians' social locations and intersecting systems of oppression/privilege, practice and policy responses may have limited impact. This qualitative empirical study utilizes intersectional analysis to understand concerns about African Australian health and well-being in Greater Melbourne gleaned from an Issues Paper produced by 50 African Australians, two group interviews, and 22 slow interviews. Participants included 35 African Australians and nine people of non-African backgrounds working with, and for, African Australians in the community sector. Systems of oppression/privilege that impact health outcomes for certain African Australians are found at the intersections of migration pathway, age, and gender and manifest within three Australian institutions, including via segregation and othering in education, labor market discrimination, and gendered racism in health care provision. As such, intersectional and equity-orientated practice and policy actions are recommended to shift the distribution of power across all social institutions and eradicate health inequities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {African Australian,equity,health,intersectionality,migration}
}

@article{Yousafzai2013,
  title = {Annual {{Research Review}}: {{Improved}} Nutrition - a Pathway to Resilience},
  author = {Yousafzai, Aisha K. and Rasheed, Muneera A. and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY},
  volume = {54},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {367--377},
  issn = {0021-9630},
  doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12019},
  abstract = {Background: Early child nutritional deficiencies are prevalent in low- and middle-countries with consequences linked not only to poor survival and growth, but also to poor development outcomes. Children in disadvantaged communities face multiple risks for nutritional deficiencies, yet some children may be less susceptible or may recover more quickly from malnutrition. A greater understanding is needed about factors which moderate the effects of nutrition-related risks and foster resilience to protect against or ameliorate poor development outcomes. Methods: A literature review was undertaken from August to December 2011 and updated in August 2012. Key word searches using terms Nutrition, Malnutrition, Child Development, Responsive Care, Stimulation, Low and Middle Income Countries and Resilience were undertaken using PubMed and Psychinfo. Results: Dietary adequacy is critical for growth and development, but current evidence indicates that nutrition supplementation alone is insufficient to foster resilience to protect against, mitigate, and recover from nutritional threats and to promote healthy development. The combination of nutrition interventions with stimulation and responsive care is necessary. Combined nutrition and psychosocial stimulation approaches can potentially work effectively together to promote protective factors and mitigate risks for poor cognitive, motor, social, and affective functioning helping children to adapt in times of adversity. However, there are gaps in our existing knowledge to combine nutrition and psychosocial stimulation interventions effectively and promote these interventions at scale. Conclusions: Research needs to address barriers at the level of family, community, programme, and policy which have prevented thus far the uptake of combined nutrition and psychosocial intervention strategies. Further investigations are needed on how to provide support to caregivers, enabling them to implement appropriate care for feeding and stimulation. Finally, the effect of combined interventions on pathways of care and protective mediators that foster resilience need to be better understood to determine focus areas for content of combined intervention curricula which help families in high-risk settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Maternal and child nutrition deficiencies,psychosocial stimulation,resilience,responsive feeding}
}

@article{Zack2022,
  title = {Facilitators and {{Barriers}} to {{Patient Attendance}} at a {{Free Health Center Produce Market}}},
  author = {Zack, Rachel M. and Bronico, Jackie V. Rodriguez and Babbin, Molly and Nguyen, Tra and Weil, Rachel and Granick, Jean and Fiechtner, Lauren and Mulugeta, Wudeneh and Odayar, Varshini and Cortes, Dharma E.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE},
  volume = {63},
  number = {3, 2},
  pages = {S131-S143},
  issn = {0749-3797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2022.03.034},
  abstract = {Introduction: Patient participation in healthcare system-sponsored efforts to address food insecurity varies widely. This mixed-methods study sought to understand the patient sociodemographic factors associated with and barriers and facilitators to the use of a monthly produce market held at Cambridge Health Alliance in partnership with The Greater Boston Food Bank. Methods: Baseline surveys (N=715) were conducted from February 2019 to March 2020 before market attendance, followed by 1-year follow-up surveys (n=514) and qualitative interviews (n=45). Robust Poisson regression estimated associations between sociodemographic characteristics and market attendance. Analyses were conducted from 2021 to 2022. Results: A total of 37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% attended the market {$>$}= 1 time. Market attendance was associated with being aged 30-49 years (Risk Ratio (RR)=1.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.00, 1.86), having a monthly household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1,000 (RR=1.73, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.29, 2.32), identifying as Asian (RR=2.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.58, 3.89), having a preferred language for medical care other than English (RR=1.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.03, 1.76), being retired (RR=1.90, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.17, 3.08), and living in the city of the market's location (RR=1.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.12, 1.63). Barriers included limited time (28\textbackslash textbackslash\%), work conflict (23\textbackslash textbackslash\%), forgetfulness (23\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and not knowing market location/date (22\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Interviews revealed that accessibility barriers (e.g., limited market hours, transportation issues, competing demands, medical conditions, long lines) were obstacles to attendance, whereas access to novel, healthy foods motivated attendance. Conclusions: Healthcare-based food distributions have the potential to reach patients with unmet food needs who cannot or would not access other forms of food assistance. Time constraints, physical limitations, and transportation challenges impact attendance; program modifications are necessary to improve accessibility. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Journal of Preventive Medicine.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zamberlan2021,
  title = {Work Less, Help out More? {{The}} Persistence of Gender Inequality in Housework and Childcare during {{UK COVID-19}}},
  author = {Zamberlan, Anna and Gioachin, Filippo and Gritti, Davide},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY},
  volume = {73},
  issn = {0276-5624},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100583},
  abstract = {By leveraging the UK COVID-19 lockdown, this paper examines the impact of changes in paid working hours on gender inequality, specifically time devoted to housework and childcare. We compare potential outcomes of similar couples who only differed in partners' losing (or maintaining) paid hours during the period from January/February 2020 to April 2020. We draw on wave 9 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study and the first wave of the Understanding Society COVID-19 study to evaluate competing hypotheses derived from time availability, relative resources and \textbackslash textasciigravedoing gender' perspectives. Following studies on the gendered division of unpaid labour, we also account for heterogeneous implications by analysing couples where partners' relative contributions to household labour income differ by gender. Our empirical results indicate that both men and women who lost paid hours increased the time devoted to domestic chores, but gender inequality strikes back, especially after breadwinner women lose paid hours. Overall, this paper provides fruitful insights into how theories of gender inequality in the division of domestic tasks could benefit from research on labour market shocks.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Breadwinner types,Childcare,COVID-19,Employment changes,Gender inequality,Housework}
}

@article{Zambrano2023,
  title = {Climate Crisis, Women and Children: Between Vulnerability and the Urgent Protection of Their Rights. {{Glimpses}} from the {{European}} Continent},
  author = {Zambrano, Karla},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES-MADRID},
  number = {53},
  pages = {31--48},
  issn = {1699-3950},
  doi = {10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2023.53.002},
  abstract = {Since the end of the 18th century, the burning and use of hydrocarbons has been the main source of energy used by mankind to achieve more developed societies, ignoring -at first - the high cost of natural resources involved. The use of this type of non-renewable energy has caused serious imbalances in the atmosphere and, in turn, a great impact on all the Earth's ecosystems, since any type of alteration in the atmosphere causes, as a consequence, further transformations in the rest of The conclusions reached by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are the results of more than 30 years of research dedicated to the study of the climate system and its alterations. It is not, therefore, a diffuse and banal reflection to be downplayed, quite the contrary, as it recreates the present and future scenario to which legal science must respond. Science, as usual, often leads the way in international rule-making and standard-setting processes, and has been decisive on climate change: there is an urgent need for a drastic reduction in the levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that human activities release into the atmosphere. Indeed, even if the Paris Agreement targets are met, resilience or adaptation and climate stability will be some of the greatest challenges facing humanity. There is now a clear scientific consensus on the unequivocal attribution of climate change to human activities. However, the impacts of climate variability are biased and the crosscutting issues that surround them, such as inequity and the vulnerability of multiple groups, such as women and children, are often displaced in the face of the severe damage already being done to the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, ice and biosphere, rapidly and pervasively. The greenhouse effect is an inherently discriminatory phenomenon because it affects systemically, unequally and disproportionately not only people belonging to a certain group, but also constitutes an emerging, progressive and increasingly frequent and intense damage to societies and nations that have not reached their maximum levels of development, or that lack the measures or the technology to adapt to climate variability. The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to identify the direct consequences of anthropogenic global warming on women and children, interweaving the scientific basis with legal science, which will allow us to contextualize the current state of the situation in an objective manner; on the other hand, it aims to define the position of the international community on both issues, from a critical point of view, a human rights-based approach, and with a special reference to the European jurisdictional progress, which could contribute to enhance the international climate cooperation. This also includes legal proposals based on the principles of equal treatment and opportunities between women and men, and intergenerational equity, the empowerment of citizens to receive quality environmental education, the participation and integration of both women and new generations in political decisions on issues that affect them, and their inclusion in the discussion and analysis of the impact of the climate emergency based on scientific knowledge. This research is based on the axis of different theoretical frameworks, and seeks both to establish connections between different areas of knowledge and to provide an international legal response to the problem of global warming for women and children through the analysis of international law and its implementation. In addition, this study is based on the principle of scientific evidence that underpins the work of the IPCC and, more specifically, will build on the efforts of Working Group II (WGII) of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) on impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. In the international legal sphere, this paper aims to link two areas of international law as major references: international human rights law and the legal framework regulating climate change in the international forum. With regard to the structure of this article, we will find an introduction to the state of the question, followed by the theoretical-methodological aspects that are intertwined in this research: the interweaving of postcolonial feminist theory, scientific knowledge and legal argumentation. The second section of this study aims to contextualize the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and the most vulnerable groups, with references to the contributions of Working Groups I and II of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report and other scientific studies that support the position of the vulnerability of women and children to the adverse effects of climate change. Within the second section, the IPCC has concluded that countries are already experiencing increasing impacts such as biodiversity loss, extreme weather events, land degradation, desertification and deforestation, sand and dust storms, persistent drought, sea level rise, coastal erosion, ocean acidification and mountain glacier retreat, causing severe disruption to societies, economies, employment, agricultural, industrial and commercial systems, global trade, supply chains and travel. It has also reported thata there has been a devastating impact on sustainable development, including poverty eradication and livelihoods, threatening food security and nutrition and water accessibility. Furthermore, a sub-section has been created that will detail some of the impacts of climate change specifically on women and children. In this sense, it is evident that women's reproductive rights are affected, there is an increase in vector-borne diseases with discriminatory tendencies based on gender, the manifestation of socio-economic inequalities linked to climate change, marginalisation, and the lack of capacity of children to adapt to climate change. The third section is devoted to providing a legal overview of the doctrine's position on the matter and the cases currently being heard in some courts where the plaintiffs are women and minors. This section highlights the impossibility of ignoring both the feminist approach and the intergenerational equity approach. It is also pointed out that in the elaboration of climate policies, it is not enough to draw up a list of insufficient and empty climate policies to comply with international commitments, since when it comes to demanding the jurisdictional protection of human rights in the context of the climate crisis, there are a series of complications rooted in the evidentiary capacity that governs any judicial procedure. The conclusions section contains both a synthesis of the different sections of this article, as well as a series of legally and socially viable proposals that contribute to the knowledge of climate change, its different impacts, policies for prevention and adaptation to the risks of extreme meteorological phenomena and, if necessary, keys that reinforce the path towards climate litigation.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zamfir2022,
  title = {Predictors of {{Economic Outcomes}} among {{Romanian Youth}}: {{The Influence}} of {{Education-An Empirical Approach Based}} on {{Elastic Net Regression}}},
  author = {Zamfir, Ana-Maria and Davidescu, Adriana AnaMaria and Mocanu, Cristina},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {19},
  number = {15},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph19159394},
  abstract = {Young people have to be provided with opportunities to access prosperous, resilient and fulfilling lives. Investing in education and skills is considered one of the most important ways to support young people's well-being and to enable them to enjoy good career prospects. Using the framework of human capital theory, we explored the role of education among the factors explaining wage variation among Romanian youth. We built our analysis on micro-data for Romania from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2020. In order to identify the most important factors influencing the wage distribution, we employed the elastic net regression approach. Moreover, we considered the phenomenon of expansion of education and ran the analysis by alternately using a traditional measure for education and a relative measure reflecting the theory of education as positional good. We ran the analysis for different cohorts of the population, focusing the discussion on the results for young people. Our findings confirm the importance of education for wage distribution together with other factors of influence, such as gender, degree of urbanization, region, sector of employment and working experience. Our conclusions are relevant for designing more effective educational and social policies to deal with various disadvantages faced by youth in Romania.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {earnings,expansion of education,human capital theory,youth}
}

@article{Zan2018,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Children}}'s {{Health}} on {{Mothers}}' {{Employment}}},
  author = {Zan, Hua and Scharff, Robert L.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {297--309},
  issn = {1058-0476},
  doi = {10.1007/s10834-017-9552-5},
  abstract = {When children have health problems, mothers face a tradeoff between the decision to work to satisfy increased expenses and the decision to stay home to fulfill enlarged caregiving needs, especially for children with chronic conditions. This research used an instrumental variables approach to investigate the labor market consequences of mothers due to burden to care children with health problems. We found mothers' employment probability increased by 0.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for every \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar100 of increased out-of-pocket medical spending, while employment probability fell by 1.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% for every half day of school/day care a sick child missed. By correcting for endogeneity we addressed a potential empirical bias. Analyses by subgroups showed that Hispanic mothers were less likely to work in the labor market with high caregiving burden. We also found that the effects of time burden on labor market outcomes were magnified for black mothers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Caregiving,Childcare burden,Children's health,Mothers' employment}
}

@article{Zandam2019,
  title = {Equity Analysis of Health System Accessibility from Perspective of People with Disability},
  author = {Zandam, Hussain and Juni, Muhamad Hanafiah},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GOVERNANCE},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4, SI},
  pages = {298--309},
  issn = {2059-4631},
  doi = {10.1108/IJHG-11-2018-0067},
  abstract = {Purpose Self-evaluated access and accessibility has been found to be associated with healthcare seeking and quality of life. Studies have shown that, however, a vast majority of individuals with disability living in poor countries have limited access to healthcare influenced by several barriers. The purpose of this paper is to compare the perception of general accessibility of health care services and its association with access barriers and other contextual factors between people with physical disabilities and counterparts without disability. Design/methodology/approach This study is a cross sectional survey involving 213 individuals with physical disabilities and 213 counterparts without disability sampled using a multi-stage method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with sections on socioeconomic and living conditions, education, health, employment and access to health care. Data analysis involved using chi(2) for proportions and T-test and multiple regressions (stepwise) method to determine significant factors that influence perception on accessibility. Findings The study finds that people with disabilities fared worse in various socioeconomic factors such as education, employment, income and assets possession. People with disabilities also experience more dimensional barriers and reported poor health system accessibility. The difference in accessibility continued after adjusting for other variables, implying that there are more inherent factors that explain the perception of access for people with disabilities. Practical implications - Governments should ensure equitable access to health care delivery for people with disabilities through equitable health policies and services that are responsive to the needs of people with disabilities and promote the creation of enabling environment to enhance participation in health care delivery. Originality/value The authors confirm that the paper has neither been submitted to peer review, nor is in the process of peer reviewing or accepted for publishing in another journal. The author(s) confirms that the research in this work is original, and that all the data given in the paper are real and authentic. If necessary, the paper can be recalled, and errors corrected. The undersigned authors transfer the copyright for this work to the International Journal of Health Governance. The authors are free of any personal or business association that could represent a conflict of interest regarding the paper submitted, and the authors have respected the research ethics principles.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zapata2021,
  title = {{Regional analysis of Spanish high-tech manufacturing exports to East Asian countries}},
  author = {Zapata, Amadeo Navarro},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES},
  number = {121},
  pages = {103--136},
  issn = {0213-7585},
  abstract = {In the last decades, the East Asian region has experienced important economic transformations that have led to important growth and economic development. A crucial part of this growth has been due to the contribution of the foreign sector, and more specifically the trade in manufactures, establishing a model of economic growth based largely on exports of this type of goods. The Spanish foreign sector has also undergone important changes in recent decades, although the need to expand foreign markets and the improvement of the technological intensity of manufactured exports are two pending tasks to be able to compete more efficiently in the international markets. The Spanish authorities have emphasised these needs and have been defined as objectives to be achieved in the different internationalisation strategies for the Spanish economy designed in recent years, and although improvements have been made, there is still ample scope to deepen the reforms needed to achieve a more efficient pattern of manufacturing specialisation. In most cases, the analysis of these deficiencies has been confined to the country, without paying special attention to the study of the regional aspect, and to the high regional geographic concentration in the Spanish production of manufactures with a higher technological content, highlighting the unavoidable need to implement economic policy tools to improve the supply of new products with high technological content. This article analyses the technological intensity of manufactures exported by the Spanish autonomous communities to the world and the main territories of East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, ASEAN, Hong Kong and Taiwan, for the period 2000 to 2016. As we mentioned before, this choice is based on the importance that these territories have achieved in the international markets of manufactures in general, and of manufactures with high technological intensity in particular, and also based on the low presence in the economic literature in Spain. This analysis fills a crucial gap in the economic literature regarding the technological intensity of manufactures exported by Spanish regions, and it is for this reason that our study aims to provide scientific evidence for the case of the technological intensity of manufactures exported by Spanish autonomous communities to the world and to the East Asian region. Therefore, it could serve as an important tool on the assessment of economic policy measures implemented to increase regional exports of manufactures with a higher technological content. This work can also be a good tool for Spanish companies that wish to internationalise their processes in the countries of the study, identifying market niches and difficulties in internationalising their processes in East Asian countries. Likewise, it can serve the Spanish authorities at national and regional level in charge of designing policies aimed at favouring these processes of business internationalisation, identifying comparative advantages, and reinforcing economic policy tools aimed at improving the financing, training and qualification of companies exporting manufactures with a high technological content. Thus, this article has a significant relevance due to the need to improve the regional export propensity of manufactures with a higher technological content, since achieving these objectives could help to attain greater economic growth, showing that product specialisation from the point of view of technological intensity is not neutral on potential of wealth creation. One of the aims of this paper is to determine the weight of the foreign manufacturing sector in the Spanish regional economies, since the measures and the scope of the economic policies to be implemented to improve the technological intensity of manufacturing will depend to a certain degree on the importance of this sector in each of the autonomous communities, and for this it will be essential to determine the technological breakdown of manufactures exported by the Spanish regions to the world and to the countries of East Asia, as well as to analyse the evolution of their technological pattern during the study period. This article also aims to determine the main manufactures with high technological intensity exported by the Spanish regions to the countries of East Asia, to analyse their level of concentration, and the degree of similarity of the distributions of exports of manufactures with high technological intensity among each of the Spanish autonomous communities, and that of Spain as a whole. The database used in this study is Datacomex of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism of Spain, which collects data on declared trade provided by the Department of Customs and Special Taxes of the State Agency of the Tax Administration. In the regional study of manufactures exported according to their technological content by Spain and by the Spanish regions to the world and the countries of East Asia, a statistical analysis is carried out using the technological classification established by the OECD, where manufactures are broken down into four groups: high technology manufactures, medium-high technology, medium-low technology, and low technology. The disaggregation of manufactures used in this article is at five-digit level, which provides a high level of disaggregation, avoiding the likely drawbacks derived from a high level of aggregation. In the analysis of the concentration of exported manufactures, we used the Theil concentration index, while in the study of the similarity between the distributions of exports to the world and to the East Asian countries regarding manufactures with high technological intensity, between the Spainsh regions and Spain as whole, we use the Finger-Kreinin index. From the analysis of the manufactures exports, it is observed that there is no clear relationship between the weight of the manufacturing sector in the regional economies and the volume of exports with high technological intensity. Although it is difficult to establish a pattern regarding the evolution of manufactures with high intensity exported by the Spanish regions, some autonomous communities, such as the Community of Madrid, have significantly increased the proportion of manufactures exported with high technological intensity as they increased their sales abroad in absolute terms, establishing a pattern of industrialisation focused on those manufactures with a higher added value. Moreover, from the analysis of manufactures exports to the countries of East Asia, we can conclude that exports values can be improved both in quantitative and qualitative terms, and that there is a significant concentration of manufactures exports in a few regions. Madrid, followed by Castilla-Leon and Andalucia are among the Spanish regions that showed a good performance during the study period, and among those that better adapted to the pattern of specialisation of Asian imports, on the other hand are regions such as Galicia, Cantabria, Extremadura or Murcia. Likewise, the evolution of the value of exports of manufactures with high technological intensity is very heterogeneous, and there is no a defined pattern. From the analysis of the concentration index, it is observed that a high concentration is associated with a low level of value exports, that is why as value of exports increases, there is a greater product diversification. Moreover, there is a greater concentration in manufactures exported to the East Asian countries than those exported to the rest of the world. Overall, from the results obtained by the Finger-Kreinin index, we can conclude that the Spanish regions have a distribution of exports of manufactures with a high technological intensity quite similar to that of the nation as a whole, that these distributions have been homogenised with that of the country as a whole over time, with a greater homogeneity in the case of those regions with high propensity to exports manufactures of high technological content.},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {East Asia,Exports,Manufacturing,Technology intensity}
}

@article{Zaqout2020,
  title = {Sustainable Sanitation Jobs: Prospects for Enhancing the Livelihoods of Pit-Emptiers in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Zaqout, Mariam and Cawood, Sally and Evans, Barbara E. and Barrington, Dani J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {329--347},
  issn = {0143-6597},
  doi = {10.1080/01436597.2020.1810560},
  abstract = {Manual pit-emptying - the removal of faecal sludge from pits and tanks using hands or basic tools - is a widespread practice in Bangladesh, and in other low- and middle-income countries. Despite this, little is known about the livelihoods of pit-emptiers. This paper analyses data from six cases of pit-emptying in three cities in Bangladesh, across three different operational modes: private cooperatives, government employees and self-employed workers. These cases describe the experiences of emptiers from diverse socio-economic, religious and ethnic backgrounds, operating across a formal-informal spectrum. We find that government employees and self-employed groups are deprived of basic rights, fear a loss of income brought about by mechanisation and cannot access alternative livelihoods. While the status of emptiers in private cooperatives has improved recently due to the support of governmental oranisations (GOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the extent to which these cooperatives are sustainable, without the ongoing support of NGOs or GOs, remains unclear. In all modes, sustainable livelihoods are hindered by deep-rooted social and financial barriers. Organisations can support pit-emptiers by designing sanitation interventions that prioritise the human right to decent work, focussing not only on the beneficiaries of universal sanitation, but also on those who work to implement this ambitious goal.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bangladesh,decent work,pit-emptying,sanitation workers,sustainable livelihoods}
}

@article{Zarate-Rueda2021,
  title = {Inclusive Education and Labour Market Insertion from a Capabilities Approach: A Phenomenological and Functional Diversity Perspective},
  author = {{Zarate-Rueda}, Ruth and {Murallas-Sanchez}, Daniella and {Ortega-Zambrano}, Catalina},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {RIE-REVISTA DE INVESTIGACION EDUCATIVA},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {265--282},
  issn = {0212-4068},
  doi = {10.6018/rie.427881},
  abstract = {This study focuses on the analysis of life experiences in the academic and work environment of professionals with functional diversity graduated from the Universidad Industrial de Santander-UIS. Our research has been conducted under the interpretative paradigm and uses a phenomenological approach in order to evaluate the participants' lived and felt experiences during and after their time at university. Our results have been validated through the use of triangulation, contrasting the information gathered from theory, reality and researchers. The results indicate that architectural and psychosocial barriers are an obstacle to the differential needs of students from the perspective of inclusive education; besides, it has been found that the labour market does not offer inclusive opportunities, and participation is limited. This has led us to conclude that there are gaps in access to education and work regarding equal opportunities and the respect for differences. Finally, we note that the implementation of Inclusive Education Policies at university is essential for the integration of this demographic, specifically in processes that combine the Capabilities and Human Rights approaches.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {capability,diversity,educational policy,inclusive education,labour market,phenomenology}
}

@article{Zartler2022,
  title = {Family Lives during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in {{European}} Societies: {{Introduction}} to the {{Special Issue}}},
  author = {Zartler, Ulrike and Suwada, Katarzyna and Kreyenfeld, Michaela},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {JFR-JOURNAL OF FAMILY RESEARCH},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--15},
  doi = {10.20377/jfr-808},
  abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveFamily Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Background: This Special Issue analyses how families, parents, and children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they have been coping with its related challenges in different societal contexts. Method: The studies collected in this Special Issue are based on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and data that have been gathered during 2020 in a range of European countries. It covers the first lockdown period, the reopening phases, and the months thereafter. Results: The 20 contributions of this Special Issue show that families shouldered large responsibilities during the pandemic. While the pandemic did not lead to radical shifts in gendered care patterns, mothers and fathers experienced the pandemic differently, with mothers reporting higher levels of stress. Moreover, there was great heterogeneity in how different types of families and children were affected by the pandemic. Single parents and parents and children in low-income households were most strongly affected in their social and economic wellbeing. Social and economic distress are strongly interwoven, and the developments during the pandemic aggravated existing social disparities. Conclusion: This Special Issue underlines the importance of the family for the functioning of societies during times of crisis. It also shows that policy makers often adopted a too narrow view of what constitutes a family and did not adequately address family diversity in their decision making. This Special Issue furthermore emphasized that there is a danger that the pandemic will increase disparities between families. Thus, parents and their children need adequate support measures that are tailored to their needs, and that are designed to alleviate these social, economic and educational disparities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {COVID-19,family dissolution,family lives,gender roles,intergenerational relations,parent-child relations,post-divorce families,social inequality,well-being,work-family balance}
}

@article{Zeinali2021,
  title = {The {{Use}} of {{Intersectional Analysis}} in {{Assessing Women}}'s {{Leadership Progress}} in the {{Health Workforce}} in {{LMICs}}: {{A Review}}},
  author = {Zeinali, Zahra and Muraya, Kui and Molyneux, Sassy and Morgan, Rosemary},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
  doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
  abstract = {Background: Human resources are at the heart of health systems, playing a central role in their functionality globally. It is estimated that up to 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the health workforce are women, however, this pattern is not reflected in the leadership of health systems where women are under-represented. Methods: This systematized review explored the existing literature around women's progress towards leadership in the health sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which has used intersectional analysis. Results: While there are studies that have looked at the inequities and barriers women face in progressing towards leadership positions in health systems within LMICs, none explicitly used an intersectionality framework in their approach. These studies did nevertheless show recurring barriers to health systems leadership created at the intersection of gender and social identities such as professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, and culture. These barriers limit women's access to resources that improve career development, including mentorship and sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition and respect at work for women, and increase the likelihood of women to take on dual burdens of professional work and childcare and domestic work, and, create biased views about effectiveness of men and women's leadership styles. An intersectional lens helps to better understand how gender intersects with other social identities which results in upholding these persisting barriers to career progression and leadership. Conclusion: As efforts to reduce gender inequity in health systems are gaining momentum, it is important to look beyond gender and take into account other intersecting social identities that create unique positionalities of privilege and/or disadvantage. This approach should be adopted across a diverse range of health systems programs and policies in an effort to strengthen gender equity in health and specifically human resources for health (HRH), and improve health system governance, functioning and outcomes. Keywords: Gender, Intersectionality, Health Systems, Health Workforce, Leadership, Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Copyright: (c) 2021 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Molyneux S, Morgan R. The use of intersectional analysis in assessing women's leadership progress in the health workforce in LMICs: a review. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::socio-demographic,intersectional,review},
  note = {systematic review of female leadership in health sector (LMICs) using intersectional analysis
\par
main findings: main barriers at intersection of gender and social identity of professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, culture
\par
channels: limiting women's access to career development resources: mentorship, sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition, respect at work for women
\par
main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professional work and childcare/domestic work, biased views effectiveness of men/women's leadership styles.},
  file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/34DLCESV/Zeinali et al_2021_The Use of Intersectional Analysis in Assessing Women's Leadership Progress in.pdf}
}

@article{Zelleke2018,
  title = {Work, {{Leisure}}, and {{Care}}: {{A Gender Perspective}} on the {{Participation Income}}},
  author = {Zelleke, Almaz},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {POLITICAL QUARTERLY},
  volume = {89},
  number = {2},
  pages = {273--279},
  issn = {0032-3179},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-923X.12518},
  abstract = {In The case for a participation income', Anthony Atkinson identified unconditionality as an obstacle to support for a citizen's income. He advocated prioritising the universality and individuality of a citizen's income but replacing its unconditionality with a participation' requirement. At the time, Atkinson's critique read as political realism: to eliminate means-testing, make a concession to the fear of free-riding. Ironically, Atkinson remained opposed to unconditionality despite his own critical contributions to documenting the growing income and wealth inequality that have increased support for an unconditional basic income. In this article I consider the participation' requirement from a gender perspective in order to uncover the problematic notions of dependence', independence', reciprocity, and free-riding that underlie normative arguments for conditional over unconditional benefits. Employing such a perspective demonstrates the superiority of unconditional benefits in achieving more efficient and effective income support and reducing inequalityAtkinson's core commitments throughout his distinguished career.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {basic income,citizen's income,gender,participation income,unconditionality,wealth inequality}
}

@article{Zeman2019,
  title = {Income {{Distribution}} and {{Economic Growth}}: {{Empirical Results}} for {{Slovakia}}},
  author = {Zeman, Juraj},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {EKONOMICKY CASOPIS},
  volume = {67},
  number = {5},
  pages = {459--480},
  issn = {0013-3035},
  abstract = {Relationship between income inequality and economic growth is ambiguous one but most mainstream economists view real income increase as a drag of economic growth as it leads to higher labor cost, lower competitiveness and reduction of employment. In this study we provide an alternative view and show that labor income increase may have also positive effect on growth. Which of these two effects dominates in a particular country depends on institutional and legal environment of that country, its macroeconomic conditions and also its economic policies. We test empirically two distinct economies - a small, very open economy of Slovakia and a large, closed economy of the Euro area. We find that in equilibrium, both economies are wage-led on average in the period 1993 - 2017 and hence it appears to be beneficial to pursue policies that would reduce income inequality.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zewde2022,
  title = {Impact of the 2008 {{Recession}} on {{Wealth-Adjusted Income}} and {{Inequality}} for {{US Cohorts}}},
  author = {Zewde, Naomi and Crystal, Stephen},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {780--789},
  issn = {1079-5014},
  doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbab141},
  abstract = {Objective To examine the distributional effects of the 2008 recession and subsequent recovery across generational cohorts. Methods Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (2007-2016), we constructed a measure of economic well-being accounting for income, household size, and annuitized value of assets. We examine trajectories of adjusted income and inequality, using Gini coefficients and income shares by decile, for the overall population and by cohort during the recession and recovery. Results Inequality declined temporarily during the recession, but reached new highs during the recovery. During recovery, population-level increases in economic resources were not reflected among below-median households, as the more concentrated financial assets rose while broader-based home equity and employment fell or remained stagnant. Inequality measures increased for cohorts in their primary working years (Generation-X and Baby Boomers), but not among the younger Millennials, who were at early stages of education, workforce entry, and household formation. Discussion The study illustrates an integrative approach to analyzing cumulative dis/advantage by considering interactions between historically consistent macrolevel events, such as economic shocks or policy choices affecting all cohorts, and the persistent life-course processes that tend to increase heterogeneity and inequality as cohorts age over time. Although recovery policies led to rapid recovery of financial asset values, they did not proportionately reach those below the median or their economic resource types. Results suggest that in a high-inequality environment, recovery policies from economic shocks may need tailoring to all levels of resources in order to achieve more equitable recovery outcomes and prevent exacerbating cohort inequality trajectories.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Generational outcomes,Wealth distribution trends,Wealth inequality}
}

@article{Zewdu2022,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Improved Our Life Because {{I}} Cut My Drinking\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Qualitative}} Analysis of a Brief Intervention for People with Alcohol Use Disorder in {{Ethiopian}} Primary Health Care},
  author = {Zewdu, Selamawit and Hanlon, Charlotte and Fekadu, Abebaw and Medhin, Girmay and Teferra, Solomon},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT},
  volume = {132},
  issn = {0740-5472},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108636},
  abstract = {Background: Despite global recommendations that brief, task-shared interventions are effective for addressing problematic alcohol use in primary health care (PHC), low-income countries have made few attempts to implement and scale-up these interventions. Aim: To explore perspectives and experiences of service users and providers on a brief intervention (BI) for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) delivered by nonspecialist health workers who are health officers and clinical nurses in PHC in a rural Ethiopian district. Methods: The study team conducted a qualitative study, comprising in-depth interviews with 26 purposively selected participants. The participants were 14 people who had been screened for probable AUD and were receiving the brief intervention; four caregivers without any intervention; and eight nonspecialist health workers who provided a single session brief intervention at four primary care health centers in Sodo district, south Ethiopia. The study used framework analysis. We grouped findings into five themes: acceptability, engagement in and barriers to care, implementation of the service, perceived impact of the BI, and unmet needs and expectations. Results: Participants perceived the intervention to be useful, and it was well-accepted by most service users and relatives. Participants reported reductions in alcohol consumption and benefits in terms of their capacity to work, increased earnings, less money wasted, and ability to provide for their families. However, most did not attend follow-up visits, often influenced by the belief that they did not have a serious problem and could handle it alone. Some did not believe AUDs to be treatable; others did not attend because of lack of money for transportation and stigma from peers. Providing BI did not affect PHC workers' routine work. However, they noticed a reluctance from people with probable AUD to speak openly about their drinking, and they were constrained by a shortage of space. They recommended training and involvement from community members, leaders, and health extension workers to raise awareness, increase acceptability, refer cases, and reduce stigma. Conclusion: The brief intervention that nonspecialist health workers in PHC delivered was acceptable, feasible, and perceived to have positive benefits. To extend the impact of the intervention, the community needs to be involved to address low awareness and to tackle stigma.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alcohol use disorders,and middle-income countries,Brief intervention,Implementation,Primary health care,Task-shifting}
}

@article{Zhang2002,
  title = {Employment, Emerging Labor Markets, and the Role of Education in Rural {{China}}},
  author = {Zhang, {\relax LX} and Huang, {\relax JK} and Rozelle, S},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {313--328},
  issn = {1043-951X},
  doi = {10.1016/S1043-951X(02)00075-5},
  abstract = {The overall goal of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing assessment of China's rural labor markets. To meet this goal, we have three specific objectives. First, we provide an update of the trends in off-farm labor participation and wages of the sample households and examine how labor market outcomes have changed for those with different levels of education. Second, we examine whether education in different time periods-the late 1980s, the early 1990s, and the mid-1990s-can be associated with increasing access to off-farm jobs. Finally, we examine how returns to education have changed during the course of the reform era. Both the descriptive data and the multivariate analysis robustly support the findings that, between the late 1980s and the mid-1990s, labor markets have improved in the sense that rural workers have been increasingly rewarded for their education both in terms of off-farm job access and higher wages. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {International Conference on Has China Become a Market Economy, UNIV AUVERGNE, CLERMONT FERRA, FRANCE, MAY 17-18, 2001}
}

@article{Zhang2015,
  title = {Class {{Differentiation}} in {{Rural China}}: {{Dynamics}} of {{Accumulation}}, {{Commodification}} and {{State Intervention}}},
  author = {Zhang, Qian Forrest},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3, SI},
  pages = {338--365},
  issn = {1471-0358},
  doi = {10.1111/joac.12120},
  abstract = {This paper develops a classification of the emerging agrarian class positions in China today. Using an instrument based on rural households' combination of market positions in four markets - land, labour, means of production and product - I identify five agrarian classes: the capitalist employer class, the petty-bourgeois class of commercial farmers, two labouring classes of dual-employment households and wage workers, and subsistence peasants. This classification is then used as a heuristic device to organize the empirical analysis that examines how dynamics of agrarian change drive class differentiation in rural China. For the capitalist employer class, the analysis focuses on their diverse paths of accumulation; for the petty-bourgeois commercial farmers, their contingent resilience and tendencies of differentiation; and for the two classes of labour, the commodification of their subsistence. The state plays important but varying roles in all these processes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accumulation,capitalism,China,class differentiation,commodification,state intervention}
}

@article{Zhang2015a,
  title = {Wives' {{Relative Income}} and {{Marital Quality}} in {{Urban China}}: {{Gender Role Attitudes}} as a {{Moderator}}},
  author = {Zhang, Huiping},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES},
  volume = {46},
  number = {2},
  pages = {203+},
  issn = {0047-2328},
  abstract = {This study attempted to examine the impact of relative income on marital happiness and instability among urban Chinese women. Using a sample of 1104 married women in Beijing, this study found that wives' relative income was negatively associated with marital happiness, and positively associated with marital instability to a small extent. Traditional breadwinner role attitudes were positively associated with marital happiness, and negatively associated with marital instability. Feminine role attitudes were not associated with any dimension of marital quality. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that the moderating role of feminine role attitudes on marital happiness was supported. In other words, the negative impact of wives' income advantage on marital happiness was buffered by egalitarian feminine role attitudes. The implications of the findings for theoretical verification and family-friendly policy making are discussed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zhang2019,
  title = {The {{Relationship Between Public Sector Employment}} and {{Population Health}}: {{Evidence From}} the 1980s and {{Its Contemporary Implications}}},
  author = {Zhang, Wei and Wu, Qingjun},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3},
  pages = {555--581},
  issn = {0020-7314},
  doi = {10.1177/0020731419833530},
  abstract = {This article explores the relationship between public sector employment and population health both theoretically and quantitatively. First, we build a theoretical framework to situate public employment in the literature that explores the link between politics and health. We argue that public employment, as an instrument of pro-redistributive policies in both the labor market and the welfare state, improves equality and ultimately health. Second, based on a cross-country dataset from the 1980s, and by applying regression analysis and outlier identification techniques, we find that population health measured by life expectancy improves with the size of public employment. The association is stronger for countries with lower income and for women. When policymakers contemplate downsizing state enterprises and government functions, they should consider the health effect of public employment.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zhang2022,
  title = {Patrilineality, Fertility, and Women's Income: {{Evidence}} from Family Lineage in {{China}}},
  author = {Zhang, Lin},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {74},
  issn = {1043-951X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101805},
  abstract = {This study investigates how traditional patrilineal family institution influences women's income through fertility behavior by offering evidence from family lineage (zongzu) in China. We hypothesize that family with strong lineage-proxied by owning genealogy-has a negative effect on women's income through the son-targeting fertility behavior. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, this study confirms the hypothesis. Relative to the women whose first child is a son, the women marring into families owning genealogy indeed have more children and lower income, if their first child is a daughter. In contrast, such finding does not hold for the male sample. Preliminary evidence suggests that shorter work time can explain the findings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Fertility,Gender inequality,Lineage,One-child policy,Patrilineality}
}

@article{Zhang2022a,
  title = {Subjective {{Well-Being}} of {{Professional Females}}: {{A Case Study}} of {{Dalian High-Tech Industrial Zone}}},
  author = {Zhang, Yuqing and Gao, Ya and Zhan, Chengcheng and Liu, Tianbao and Li, Xueming},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904298},
  abstract = {The education level and social participation of contemporary Chinese women have reached their historical peak; work is fast becoming the dominant theme of their lives. However, influenced by traditional attitudes, women are still expected to undertake the main family care tasks, thus, facing dual constraints of family and work, which seriously affect their life happiness. Based on the theory of subjective well-being and feminist geography, this study used the questionnaire survey and in-depth interview results of professional females in Dalian High-tech Industrial Zone as basic data to explore the life satisfaction and emotional cognition in intra- and extra-household life of professional females (Professional females: In this study, they are the women who have received formal education and currently have full-time and steady job (including regular employees in the national systems and those who have signed labor contracts with labor units).). The following results were obtained: (1) Most professional females reported higher life satisfaction in intra- rather than extra-household life, and it varied with individual attributes, reflecting the internal differences among them. (2) The positive emotions of professional females came from the company of family and friends in intra-household life, and satisfaction with the working environment and treatment in extra-household life. (3) The negative emotions came from the pressure of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemarriage,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebirth,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and other traditional concepts in intra-household life. In extra-household life, it came from the health problems caused by working stress, interpersonal problems and gender inequality in the workplace, and the anxiety of age and future career development. Therefore, this study committed to revealing the living status and subjective feelings of contemporary professional females in China, hoping to improve women's life quality and enhance their life happiness from a theoretical and realistic perspective.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {emotional cognition,extra-household life,intra-household life,life satisfaction,professional females}
}

@article{Zhao2020,
  title = {Gender in {{Families}}: {{A Comparison}} of the {{Gendered Division}} of {{Child Care}} in {{Rural}} and {{Urban China}}},
  author = {Zhao, Sibo},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {CHILD \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& YOUTH CARE FORUM},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {511--531},
  issn = {1053-1890},
  doi = {10.1007/s10566-019-09541-5},
  abstract = {Background Understanding the regional differences in child care is critical as the gendered division of child care in the family remains unequal between husbands and wives in China. Objective The study aims to assess how child care time is divided differently between husband and wife within the families in urban and rural sectors, and how these divisions are associated with factors such as one's own or spouse's employment status, educational achievement, and earnings. Method We analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011), using the relative resources theory, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedoing gender\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace perceptive, as well as the gender attitudes model to explain gender differentials in child care among urban and rural families. Results The gender difference in child care continues to persist but with a variation between urban and rural sectors. In addition to the wife's own employment status, the husband's employment status as well as income has played important roles in influencing the child care division inside the household. Conclusions The relative resources theory explains the pattern of the gendered division of child care in rural sectors but cannot account for the patterns in urban sectors. Instead, patterns in urban women's child care time were more consistent with a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedoing gender\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace perspective and urban men's child care time were consistent with an egalitarian gender attitudes model.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child care,China,Gendered division,Inequality,Urban and rural families}
}

@article{Zhong2020,
  title = {The {{Grandmothers}}' {{Farewell}} to {{Childcare Provision}} under {{China}}'s {{Two-Child Policy}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Guangzhou Middle-Class Families}}},
  author = {Zhong, Xiaohui and Peng, Minggang},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SOCIAL INCLUSION},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {36--46},
  doi = {10.17645/si.v8i2.2674},
  abstract = {As China's one-child policy is replaced by the two-child policy, young Chinese women and their spouses are increasingly concerned about who will take care of the \textbackslash textasciigravesecond child.' Due to the absence of public childcare services and the rising cost of privatised care services in China, childcare provision mainly relies on families, such that working women's choices of childbirth, childcare and employment are heavily constrained. To deal with structural barriers, young urban mothers mobilise grandmothers as joint caregivers. Based on interviews with Guangzhou middle-class families, this study examines the impact of childcare policy reform since 1978 on childbirth and childcare choices of women. It illustrates the longstanding contributions and struggles of women, particularly grandmothers, engaged in childcare. It also shows that intergenerational parenting involves a set of practices of intergenerational intimacy embedded in material conditions, practical acts of care, moral values and power dynamics. We argue that the liberation, to some extent, of young Chinese mothers from childcare is at the expense of considerable unpaid care work from grandmothers rather than being driven by increased public care services and improved gender equality in domestic labour. Given the significant stress and seriously constrained choices in later life that childcare imposes, grandmothers now become reluctant to help rear a second grandchild. This situation calls for changes in family policies to increase the supply of affordable and good-quality childcare services, enhance job security in the labour market, provide supportive services to grandmothers and, most importantly, prioritise the wellbeing of women and families over national goals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childcare,intergenerational parenting,older women,two-child policy,urban China}
}

@article{Zhu2015,
  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveRights}} without {{Access}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{The Political Context}} of {{Inequality}} in {{Health Care Coverage}} in the {{US States}}},
  author = {Zhu, Ling and Clark, Jennifer H.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {STATE POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY QUARTERLY},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {239--262},
  issn = {1532-4400},
  doi = {10.1177/1532440014568569},
  abstract = {The question of how the American political process shapes inequality remains unsettled. While recent studies break ground by linking inequality to political institutions, much of this work focuses on national-level income inequality. The literature is lacking in its examination of inequality in other issue areas at the subnational level. This research explores how partisanship in government affects subnational-level inequality in health care coverage in the context of racial diversity. Using a new Gini-coefficient measure of inequality in health insurance coverage, we find a negative relationship between the seat share of Democratic representatives and inequality in health care coverage but only in states with racially diverse populations. Moreover, Democratic-controlled state legislatures mitigate the negative impact of racial diversity on inequality in health care coverage. These results highlight the importance of examining the partisan foundation of health care inequality in the context of racial diversity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health insurance coverage,inequality,party government,state politics}
}

@article{Zhu2019,
  title = {Exploring Determinants of Health Provider Choice and Heterogeneity in Preference among Outpatients in {{Beijing}}: A Labelled Discrete Choice Experiment},
  author = {Zhu, Jingrong and Li, Jinlin and Zhang, Zengbo and Li, Hao and Cai, Lingfei},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMJ OPEN},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023363},
  abstract = {Objective For a long time in China, public hospitals have been the most prominent provider of healthcare. However, recent policy reforms mean the private sector is experiencing rapid development. Thus, the purpose of this study is to detect whether the policies published by the government aimed to improve the quality of healthcare services were catering to patient's preferences. Participants and methods Our work uses dental care as an example of services provided in outpatient setting and takes advantage of a labelled discrete choice experiment with a random sample of respondents from Beijing. Participants were asked to make a choice between four healthcare providers with different attributes. Mixed logit and latent class models were used for the analysis. Result Care provided by high-level private hospitals and community hospitals were valued RMB154 and 216 less, respectively, than care provided by class A tertiary hospitals, while the most disliked provider was private clinics. This was the most valued attribute of dental care. Respondents also value: lower waiting times, the option to choose their doctor, lower treatment costs, shorter travel times and a clean waiting room. However, when the level of provider was analysed, the prevailing notion that patients in China were always likely to choose public services than private services no longer holds. Four classes of patients with distinct preferences for dental care provider choice were identified, which can partly be explained by age, income, experience and Hukou status-a household registration permit. Discussion The study to some extent challenged the overwhelming predominance of public healthcare providers in China. The preference heterogeneity we found was relatively large. Our findings are significant for providers in developing more specific services for patients and for policymakers in weighing the pros and cons of future initiatives in medical reform.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zhuang2023,
  title = {Income and {{Wealth Inequality}} in {{Asia}} and the {{Pacific}}: {{Trends}}, {{Causes}}, and {{Policy Remedies}}},
  author = {Zhuang, Juzhong},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ASIAN ECONOMIC POLICY REVIEW},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--41},
  issn = {1832-8105},
  doi = {10.1111/aepr.12399},
  abstract = {The Asia-Pacific region's rapid growth and poverty reduction in recent decades have been accompanied by rising income and wealth inequality. Technological progress, globalization, deregulation and market-oriented reform, and financialization have generated many new opportunities, but rewarded capital more than labor, benefited skilled workers more than the unskilled, widened spatial inequality, and produced a growing number of the superrich. For some countries, population aging has also contributed to rising inequality. The present paper provides an update on recent trends of income and wealth inequality in the Asia-Pacific region, examines causes behind rising inequality, and discusses policy actions needed to tackle inequality. It also assesses how the COVID-19 has likely worsened inequality in the region.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Ziersch2020,
  title = {Regional Primary Health Care Organisations and Migrant and Refugee Health: The Importance of Prioritisation, Funding, Collaboration and Engagement},
  author = {Ziersch, Anna and Freeman, Toby and Javanparast, Sara and Mackean, Tamara and Baum, Fran},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH},
  volume = {44},
  number = {2},
  pages = {152--159},
  issn = {1326-0200},
  doi = {10.1111/1753-6405.12965},
  abstract = {Objective: This paper examines whether Australian regional primary health care organisations - in this case, Medicare Locals (MLs) and Primary Health Networks (PHNs) - have engaged with migrant and refugee health, and what factors encourage work in this area. Methods: The study used mixed methods with surveys of ML (N=210) and PHN staff (N=66), interviews with ML (N=50) and PHN (N=55) staff, national consultations with migrant and refugee organisations (N=8 groups with 62 participants), and analysis of ML and PHN documents. Results: Needs assessment documents identified migrant and refugee health issues in 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% of MLs and 74\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PHNs. However, 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% of MLs and 55\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PHNs did not report any activities on migrant health, and 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not report any activities for refugees, respectively. Key factors identified by participants as associated with whether ML and PHN focus on migrant and refugee health were the determination of local priority areas, policy context and funding, collaboration with migrant and refugee organisations and communities, and mechanisms for engagement. Conclusions: Despite the importance of primary health care for migrants and refugees, there was relatively little attention paid to these population groups in MLs and PHNs, with a small number of notable exceptions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asylum seeker,migrant,policy,primary health care,refugee}
}

@article{Zimmerman2013,
  title = {Theorizing {{Inequality}}: {{Comparative Policy Regimes}}, {{Gender}}, and {{Everyday Lives}}},
  author = {Zimmerman, Mary K.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {SOCIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY},
  volume = {54},
  number = {1},
  pages = {66--80},
  issn = {0038-0253},
  doi = {10.1111/tsq.12003},
  abstract = {Sociological explanations of inequality are incomplete unless they fully recognize the importance of social policy regimes, the policy logics embedded within them, and how policy arrangements work to stratify and shape daily lives. In this address, I develop my arguments by examining two overlapping struggles of everyday life in the contemporary United States: balancing work and family on the one hand, and securing health-care services, both formal medical care and informal family care, on the other. Both struggles involve care deficits that are significantly more serious in the United States than in other high-income countries, in part because our policy regime contributes to rather than counters the gendered roots of workfamily conflict. Comparative studies hold a key to better understanding the link between policy regimes and everyday lives, as illustrated by the author's own comparative research in Finland and in the United States In terms of policies and policy logics that promote gender equity, paid parental leave for fathers has received much recent attention from social science scholars. Sociologists are challenged to become aware of comparative social policy scholarship and to approach inequalities and the related daily conflicts and strugglessuch as over care deficitsby including this work in their analyses.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Zoellner2022,
  title = {Fashioning Groups That Inhabit Society's Fringes: The Work of {{Australian VET}} Research into Disadvantage},
  author = {Zoellner, Don},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {JOURNAL OF EDUCATION POLICY},
  issn = {0268-0939},
  doi = {10.1080/02680939.2022.2156621},
  abstract = {Describing various demographic characteristics of disadvantaged students, the programs they study and their employment outcomes is a significant area of research interest in the vocational education and training (VET) sector. This article offers a preliminary exploration of how groups are problematised and the consequent influence on VET research into disadvantage in Australia. Creating categories provides the historical and political contexts that allow specific practices and descriptors to become dominant. The major methodological approach used is a post-structuralist discourse analysis of policy documents, government VET reviews and published research into equity groups. It is argued that rather than envisaging VET research into disadvantage as a repetitious recounting of these groups' lack of access to vocational education and training, other important agendas are being served by the continued inquiries into people that experience inequity. The influence of long-standing Australian discourses that valorise, mostly male, individual responsibility to be a self-regulating citizen who maintains ongoing employment ensures that policymakers require updated productive expert research into the population to support the specialist discourses of disadvantage.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disadvantage,discourse analysis,problematisation,research,VET}
}