168 lines
5.6 KiB
YAML
168 lines
5.6 KiB
YAML
abstract: 'Background India''s abrupt nationwide Covid-19 lockdown internally
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displaced millions of migrant workers, who returned to distant rural
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homes. Documenting their labour market reintegration is a critical
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aspect of understanding the economic costs of the pandemic for India''s
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poor. In a country marked by low and declining female labour force
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participation, identifying gender gaps in labour market reintegration -
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as a marker of both women''s vulnerability at times of crisis and
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setbacks in women''s agency - is especially important. Yet most studies
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of pandemic -displaced internal migrants in India are small, rely on
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highly selected convenience samples, and lack a gender focus. Methods
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Beginning in April 2020 we enrolled roughly 4,600 displaced migrants who
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had, during the lockdown, returned to two of India''s poorest states into
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a cohort observational study which tracked enrolees through July 2021.
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Survey respondents were randomly selected from the states'' official
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databases of return migrants, with sampling stratified by state and
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gender. 85\% of enrolees (3950) were working prior to the pandemic. Our
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difference-in-means analysis uses three survey waves conducted in July
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to August 2020, January to March 2021, and June to July 2021. Our
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analysis focuses on a balanced panel of 1780 previously working enrolees
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(the 45\% of respondents present in the first wave that also
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participated in the subsequent two survey rounds). Primary outcomes of
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interest include labour market re-entry, earnings, and measures of
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vulnerability by gender. Findings Before the March 2020 national
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lockdown, 98\% (95\% CI {[}97,99]) of workers were employed in the
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non-agricultural sector. In July 2020, one month after the end of the
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lockdown, incomes plummet, with both genders earning roughly 17\% of
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their pre-pandemic incomes. 47\% (95\% CI {[}45,49]) were employed in
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agriculture and 37\% (95\% CI {[}35,39]) were unemployed. Remigration is
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critical to regaining income - by January 2021, male re-migrants report
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earnings on par with their pre-pandemic incomes, while men remaining in
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rural areas earn only 23\% (95\% CI {[}19,27]) of their pre-pandemic
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income. Remigration benefits women to a lesser extent - female
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re-migrants regain no more than 65\% (95\% CI {[}57,73]) of their
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pre-pandemic income at any point. Yet men and women struggle to
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remigrate throughout - by July 2021, no more than 63\% (95\% CI
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{[}60,66]) of men and 55\% (95\% CI {[}51,59]) of women had left their
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home villages since returning. Gender gaps in income recovery largely
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reflect higher rates of unemployment among women, both among those
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remaining in rural areas (9 percentage points (95\% CI {[}6,13]) higher
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than men across waves) and among those who remigrate (13 percentage
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points (95\% CI {[}9,17]) higher than men across waves). As a result, we
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observe gender gaps in well-being: relative to male counterparts, women
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across waves were 7 percentage points (95\% CI {[}4,10]) more likely to
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report reduced consumption of essential goods and fared 6 percentage
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points (95\% CI {[}4,7]) worse on a food insecurity index.
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Interpretation Displaced migrants of both genders experienced persistent
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hardships for over a year after the initial pandemic lockdown. Women
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fare worse, driven by both lower rates of remigration and lower rates of
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labour market re-entry both inside and outside home villages. Some women
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drop out of the labour force entirely, but most unem-ployed report
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seeking or being available to work. In short, pandemic-induced labour
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market displacement has far-reaching, long-term consequences for migrant
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workers, especially women.
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Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.'
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affiliation: 'Allard, J (Corresponding Author), Yale Univ, MacMillan Ctr, Inclus Econ,
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34 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
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Allard, Jenna; Moore, Charity Troyer, Yale Univ, MacMillan Ctr, Inclus Econ, 34
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Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
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Jagnani, Maulik, Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Econ, 1380 Lawrence St, Denver, CO 80204
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USA.
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Neggers, Yusuf, Univ Michigan, Gerald R Ford Sch Publ Policy, 735 S State St, Ann
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Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
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Pande, Rohini, Yale Univ, Dept Econ \& Econ Growth Ctr, 27 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven,
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CT 06511 USA.
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Schaner, Simone, Univ Southern Calif, Ctr Econ \& Social Res, 635 Downey Way, Los
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Angeles, CA 90089 USA.'
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article-number: '101631'
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author: Allard, Jenna and Jagnani, Maulik and Neggers, Yusuf and Pande, Rohini and
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Schaner, Simone and Moore, Charity Troyer
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author-email: jennifer.allard@yale.edu
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author_list:
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- family: Allard
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given: Jenna
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- family: Jagnani
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given: Maulik
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- family: Neggers
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given: Yusuf
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- family: Pande
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given: Rohini
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- family: Schaner
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given: Simone
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- family: Moore
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given: Charity Troyer
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101631
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earlyaccessdate: SEP 2022
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eissn: 2589-5370
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files: []
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journal: ECLINICALMEDICINE
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keywords: 'Domestic migrants; Covid-19 pandemic; panel; India; labour markets; food
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insecurity'
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keywords-plus: MIGRATION; AGE; MARRIAGE; LOCKDOWN
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language: English
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month: NOV
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number-of-cited-references: '52'
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orcid-numbers: Schaner, Simone/0000-0001-5722-4265
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papis_id: 2eed8bf1c1336b0ae1b23d15fe26aec1
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ref: Allard2022indianfemale
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times-cited: '2'
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title: 'Indian female migrants face greater barriers to post-Covid recovery than males:
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Evidence from a panel study'
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type: article
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unique-id: WOS:000860448700002
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usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
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usage-count-since-2013: '8'
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volume: '53'
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web-of-science-categories: Medicine, General \& Internal
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year: '2022'
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