160 lines
5 KiB
YAML
160 lines
5 KiB
YAML
abstract: 'Self-employment is one of the two main non-standard work forms
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(different from regular full-time employment) in Quebec and Canada.
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Although some research has documented the differences between the
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own-account self-employed and those who are employers, little is known
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about the diversity of situation among the own-account self-employed,
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the subcategory which underwent tremendous growth between 1976 and 2000,
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with a slight drop since that time. The present research, based on a
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sample of 293 respondents whose main job in 2000 was own-account
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self-employment, analyses such diversity through five dimensions: the
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worker''s characteristics, the type of clientele, the nature of the
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product, the organization of work (including remuneration) and finally
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the level and the type of protection against social and professional
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hazards.
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A multiple correspondence analysis revealed two main axes of opposition
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among the sample. The first axis spreads out between two extreme
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positions: at one end of the continuum stand the self-employed who are
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economically independent with a high number of customers, mostly
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individuals, while at the other end are those with only few customers,
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mostly firms, one of which provides half or more of the worker''s income.
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Generally speaking, the former tend to control their work while the
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latter tend to be controlled by their clients. The second axis opposes
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professionals, whose work requires a university degree, to other
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self-employed. The former tend to combine the advantages of a high level
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of education and experience, participation in the networks and a
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superior income, which allow them to purchase protection plans against
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social risks, especially health and disability insurance plans,
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professional training and individual pension plans. On the opposite end,
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non-professionals tend to have less experience, less participation in
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the networks, and a lower income; in general they do not acquire
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protection plans and rely on themselves and their families to address
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professional hazards and life''s hazards.
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A cluster analysis helped identify six types, five of which were
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statistically differentiated:
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- Non-professional independents who control their work but are lacking
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protection against risks;
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- Small, dependant producers whose customers mainly control the work;
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these self-employed are not especially associated with a specific
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professional profile nor with a specific level of protection;
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- Liberal professionals who mainly control their work but must deal with
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the intervention of outside forces in establishing pay rates and other
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contractual terms. Among the sample, they are the most protected against
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risks but have to pay for those protections;
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- Advisors and consultants who are set apart by controlling the
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contractual modalities more than the average self-employed; they also
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pay for protections but in a lower proportion than liberal
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professionals;
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- Other independents and those who combine self-employment and
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nonstandard work forms (part-time, temporary or contract employment);
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they have a great deal in common with the members of the first group,
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but are more educated;
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- A small group of professionals enjoying collective labour agreements,
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under which their clients share the cost of protection programs against
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certain social and professional risks.
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The results of this research tend to support the hypothesis related to
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the heterogeneity of the own-account self-employment category, beyond
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the traditional dichotomies comparing qualified professionals
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controlling their work to non-professionals with little qualification
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and control. Incidentally, the results explain part of this diversity by
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the blurring of boundaries between the two polar forms of work, wage and
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salary vs. self-employment, as they have been legally defined. Indeed, a
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portion of own-account self employed does not fully control its work
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while another part, smaller, does not bear all the risks linked to work.'
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affiliation: 'D''Amours, M (Corresponding Author), Ecole Affaires Publ \& Communautaires,
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Montreal, PQ, Canada.
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Ecole Affaires Publ \& Communautaires, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
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INRS Urbanisat Culture \& Societe, Montreal, PQ, Canada.'
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author: D'Amours, M and Crespo, S
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author-email: 'mdamours@alcor.concordia.ca
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crespo@inrs-ucs.uquebec.ca'
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author_list:
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- family: D'Amours
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given: M
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- family: Crespo
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given: S
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.7202/010921ar
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files: []
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issn: 0034-379X
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journal: RELATIONS INDUSTRIELLES-INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
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language: French
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month: SUM
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number: '3'
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number-of-cited-references: '20'
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pages: 459-489
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papis_id: d7fcf3850021f82ee9f341df2677dd4e
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ref: Damours2004dimensionsheterogene
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times-cited: '11'
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title: 'The dimensions of heterogeneity among own-account self-employed: Elements
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for a typology'
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type: article
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unique-id: WOS:000225275500001
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usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
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usage-count-since-2013: '16'
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volume: '59'
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web-of-science-categories: Industrial Relations \& Labor
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year: '2004'
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