48 lines
3.1 KiB
YAML
48 lines
3.1 KiB
YAML
cite: Mukhopadhaya2003
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author: Mukhopadhaya, P.
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year: 2003
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title: "Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore"
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publisher: International Journal of Educational Development
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uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7
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pubtype: article
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discipline: education
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country: Singapore
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period: 1980-1995
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maxlength:
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targeting:
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group:
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data: Census Reports, Yearbook of Statistics Snagopre
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design: observational
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method: regressions with multivariate decomposition
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sample:
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unit:
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representativeness: national, census
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causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
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theory:
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limitations: higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder
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observation:
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- intervention: education
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institutional: 0
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structural: 1
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agency: 0
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inequality: migration; generational; income; ethnicity
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income
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findings: non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting
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channels: primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes: only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
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annotation: |
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A study on the income inequality in Singapore and how national education policies impact this inequality, looking especially at the 'Yearly Awards' scheme and the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools'.
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It finds that, generally, income inequality for migrants in Singapore is relatively high, primarily due to generated between-occupational income inequalities and migration policies which further stimulate occupational segregation.
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Then, for the higher-education interventions, it identifies issues which may exacerbate the existing inequalities along these lines:
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Already-advantaged (high-income) households generally stem from non-migration households and are also reflected in higher representation of high-achievement education brackets.
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The education policies thus may exacerbate income inequality through their bad targeting when considering inter-generational academic achievements with high-education households remaining the primary beneficiaries of the policies, a finding which is more significant for the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools' than the 'Yearly Awards' scheme which has fewer benefit accruals to wealthier households.
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More generally, the study suggests that the system of financing for higher education in Singapore aiming for providing equal education opportunity for all, may in fact further disadvantage poorer, low-income households that have a low-education parental background.
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