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02-data/processed/relevant/Bailey2012.yml Normal file
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author: Bailey, M. J., Hershbein, B., & Miller, A. R.
year: 2012
title: The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages
publisher: "Economic journal: applied economics"
uri: https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.225
pubtype: article
discipline: economics
country: United States
period: 1968-1989
maxlength:
targeting: implicit
group: young women
data: longitudinal administrative National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS-YW)
design: quasi-experimental
method: linear regression models, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with recentered influence function (RIF) procedure
sample: 5159
unit: individual
representativeness: national
causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
theory:
limitations: dataset does not capture access to contraception beyond age 20 and social multiplier effects (e.g. changed hiring/promotion patterns)
observation:
- intervention: technological change (contraception)
institutional: 0
structural: 1
agency: 0
inequality: gender; income
type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
measures: hourly wage distribution (gendered)
findings: early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s
channels: increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers
direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
notes:
annotation: |
A study on the effects of the introduction of legal access to contraceptive measures for women in the United States, measuring the impacts on closing the gender gap through the gendered hourly working wage distribution.
The study finds that of the closing gender pay gap from 1980 to 2000, legal access to 'the pill' as contraceptive from an early age contributed by nearly percent in the 1980s and over 30 percent in the 1990s.
Thus, overall the authors estimate that nearly one third of total female wage gains during this time were attributable to legal access to contraception.
The primary channels identified are greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading, and increased labour market experience made possible due to no early exit.
The authors also argue that the pill spurred individual agency to invest in personal human capital and career.
However, there are some limitations to the findings: The dataset cannot capture specific access to contraception beyond age 20, which makes the window of analysis more restricted and especially focused on the segment of women under 21.
Additionally, the study can not control for social multiplier effects such as employers reacting with changed hiring or promotion patterns or expectations about marriage and childbearing, as well as the overall coinciding paradigmatic change in norms and ideas about women's work and end of the national baby boom.

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02-data/processed/relevant/Davies2022.yml
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limitations: fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts
observation:
- intervention: paid leave (childcare)
institutional: 0
institutional: 1
structural: 1
agency: 1
agency: 0
inequality: gender
type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative

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02-data/processed/relevant/Dustmann2012.yml Normal file
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author: Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.
year: 2012
title: Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes
publisher: "Economic journal: applied economics"
uri: https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190
pubtype: article
discipline: economics
country: Germany
period: 1979-1992
maxlength: 40
targeting: explicit
group: working mothers
data: national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008)
design: quasi-experimental
method: difference-in-difference analysis
sample: 13000
unit: individual
representativeness: national
causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
theory:
limitations: sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification
observation:
- intervention: paid leave (6 months childcare)
institutional: 1
structural: 1
agency: 0
inequality: gender
type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
measures: income
findings: sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth
channels: provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits
direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
- intervention: paid leave (36 months childcare)
institutional: 1
structural: 1
agency: 0
inequality: gender
type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
measures: income
findings: marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave
channels: long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection
direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
- intervention: paid leave (childcare)
institutional: 1
structural: 1
agency: 0
inequality: gender
type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
measures: employment (rtw share)
findings: sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period
channels:
direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
notes: no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income
annotation: |
A study interested in the long-run effects on children's outcomes of increasing the period of paid leave for mothers in Germany.
While the study focuses on the children's outcomes, it also analyses the effects on the return to work rates and cumulative incomes of the policies within the first 40 months after childbirth.
It finds that, while short-term increases of paid leave periods (up to 6 months) significantly increased incomes, over longer periods (10-36 months) the cumulative incomes in fact decreased significantly,
marginally for low-wage mothers for 10 month periods, and across all wage segments for 36 month periods.
For the share of mothers returning to work, it finds that there is a significant increase in the months away from work among all wage segments for all paid leave period increases, positively correlated with their length.
Still similar numbers of mothers return once the leave period ends, though with significant decreases for leave periods from 18 to 36 months.
For its analysis of long-term educational outcomes on children, however, it does not find any evidence for the expansions improving children's outcomes, even suggesting a possible decrease of educational attainment for the paid leave extension to 36 months.
Some limitations of the study include its sample being restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave and some control group identification restrictions possibly introducing some sampling bias.