feat(script): Extract Hardoy2015
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@ -6017,7 +6017,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected}
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urldate = {2023-11-24},
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urldate = {2023-11-24},
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abstract = {We ask whether cheaper child care can spur labor supply of mothers in an economy with high female labor supply. We exploit exogenous variation in child care prices induced by a public reform. A triple difference approach is put forward. The results show that reduced child care prices led to a rise in labor supply of mothers by approximately 5 \%. A ``back-of-the-envelope'' calculation estimates an elasticity of approximately -0.25, which is at the lower end compared to other studies, suggesting that labor supply is less elastic when female employment is high. Since a capacity-increase was introduced at the same time, the positive labor supply effect may be a result of both reduced prices and increased capacity.},
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abstract = {We ask whether cheaper child care can spur labor supply of mothers in an economy with high female labor supply. We exploit exogenous variation in child care prices induced by a public reform. A triple difference approach is put forward. The results show that reduced child care prices led to a rise in labor supply of mothers by approximately 5 \%. A ``back-of-the-envelope'' calculation estimates an elasticity of approximately -0.25, which is at the lower end compared to other studies, suggesting that labor supply is less elastic when female employment is high. Since a capacity-increase was introduced at the same time, the positive labor supply effect may be a result of both reduced prices and increased capacity.},
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langid = {english},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::generational,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::maternity\_benefit},
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keywords = {country::Norway,done::extracted,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,region::EU,relevant,type::maternity\_benefit},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I8FLUQ56/Hardoy_Schøne_2015_Enticing even higher female labor supply.pdf}
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I8FLUQ56/Hardoy_Schøne_2015_Enticing even higher female labor supply.pdf}
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}
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}
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02-data/processed/relevant/Hardoy2015.yml
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02-data/processed/relevant/Hardoy2015.yml
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author: Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.
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year: 2015
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title: "Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care"
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publisher: Review of Economics of the Household
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uri: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8
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pubtype: article
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discipline: economics
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country: Norway
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period: 1995-2006
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maxlength: 48
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targeting: implicit
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group: mothers
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data: Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees
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design: quasi-experimental
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method: triple-difference approach
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sample: 200_530
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unit: individual
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representativeness: national
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causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
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theory:
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limitations: simultaneous capacity extension may bias results
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observation:
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- intervention: subsidy (child care)
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institutional: 1
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structural: 1
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agency: 0
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inequality: gender; education; migration
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment probability
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findings: child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers
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channels: day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes:
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annotation: |
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A study on the labour force impacts for women of reductions in child care costs in Norway.
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It finds that overall the reductions in child care cost increased the female labour supply in the country (by about 5 per cent),
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while there were no significant impacts on mothers which already participated in the labour market.
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It also finds some internal heterogeneity, with the impact being strongest for low-education mothers and low-income households,
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a finding the authors expected due to day care expenditure representing a larger part of those households' budgets thus creating a larger impact.
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Though it may alternatively also be generated by the lower average pre-intervention employment rate for those households.
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Interestingly when disaggregating by native and immigrant mothers there is only a significant impact on native mothers,
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though the authors do not form an inference on why this difference would be.
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A limitation of the study is that there was a simultaneous child care capacity increase in the country,
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which may bias the labour market results due to being affected by both the cost reduction and the capacity increase.
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@ -6113,7 +6113,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected}
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urldate = {2023-11-24},
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urldate = {2023-11-24},
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abstract = {We ask whether cheaper child care can spur labor supply of mothers in an economy with high female labor supply. We exploit exogenous variation in child care prices induced by a public reform. A triple difference approach is put forward. The results show that reduced child care prices led to a rise in labor supply of mothers by approximately 5 \%. A ``back-of-the-envelope'' calculation estimates an elasticity of approximately -0.25, which is at the lower end compared to other studies, suggesting that labor supply is less elastic when female employment is high. Since a capacity-increase was introduced at the same time, the positive labor supply effect may be a result of both reduced prices and increased capacity.},
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abstract = {We ask whether cheaper child care can spur labor supply of mothers in an economy with high female labor supply. We exploit exogenous variation in child care prices induced by a public reform. A triple difference approach is put forward. The results show that reduced child care prices led to a rise in labor supply of mothers by approximately 5 \%. A ``back-of-the-envelope'' calculation estimates an elasticity of approximately -0.25, which is at the lower end compared to other studies, suggesting that labor supply is less elastic when female employment is high. Since a capacity-increase was introduced at the same time, the positive labor supply effect may be a result of both reduced prices and increased capacity.},
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langid = {english},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::generational,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::maternity\_benefit},
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keywords = {country::Norway,done::extracted,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,region::EU,relevant,type::maternity\_benefit},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I8FLUQ56/Hardoy_Schøne_2015_Enticing even higher female labor supply.pdf}
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I8FLUQ56/Hardoy_Schøne_2015_Enticing even higher female labor supply.pdf}
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}
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}
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@ -671,6 +671,17 @@ This suggests that the intervention reduced the opportunity costs for delaying t
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Some potential biases of the study are its inability to account for child-care costs, as well as not being able to fully exclude selection bias into motherhood.
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Some potential biases of the study are its inability to account for child-care costs, as well as not being able to fully exclude selection bias into motherhood.
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There also remains the potential of results being biased through pre-birth labour supply effects or the results of the financial crisis, which may create a down-ward bias for either the short- or long-term effects.
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There also remains the potential of results being biased through pre-birth labour supply effects or the results of the financial crisis, which may create a down-ward bias for either the short- or long-term effects.
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In a study on the labour force impacts for women @Hardoy2015 look at the effects of reducing child care costs in Norway.
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It finds that overall the reductions in child care cost increased the female labour supply in the country (by about 5 per cent),
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while there were no significant impacts on mothers which already participated in the labour market.
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It also finds some internal heterogeneity, with the impact being strongest for low-education mothers and low-income households,
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a finding the authors expected due to day care expenditure representing a larger part of those households' budgets thus creating a larger impact.
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Though it may alternatively also be generated by the lower average pre-intervention employment rate for those households.
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Interestingly when disaggregating by native and immigrant mothers there is only a significant impact on native mothers,
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though the authors do not form an inference on why this difference would be.
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A limitation of the study is that there was a simultaneous child care capacity increase in the country,
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which may bias the labour market results due to being affected by both the cost reduction and the capacity increase.
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@Clark2019 undertake an experimental study on the impacts of providing childcare vouchers to poor women in urban Kenya, estimating the impacts on their economic empowerment.
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@Clark2019 undertake an experimental study on the impacts of providing childcare vouchers to poor women in urban Kenya, estimating the impacts on their economic empowerment.
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The empowerment is measured through disaggregated analyses of maternal income, employment probability and hours worked.
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The empowerment is measured through disaggregated analyses of maternal income, employment probability and hours worked.
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It finds that, for married mothers there was a significantly positive effect on employment probability and hours worked, suggesting their increased ability to work through lower childcare costs increasing personal agency.
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It finds that, for married mothers there was a significantly positive effect on employment probability and hours worked, suggesting their increased ability to work through lower childcare costs increasing personal agency.
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