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scoping_review.qmd
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@ -598,6 +598,8 @@ This points to a spread capturing both institutional, as well as structural and
<!-- {{++ TODO: describe intervention types with complete dataset ++}} --> <!-- {{++ TODO: describe intervention types with complete dataset ++}} -->
# Synthesis: A multitude of lenses
This section will present a synthesis of evidence from the scoping review. This section will present a synthesis of evidence from the scoping review.
The section will also present a discussion on the implications of the current evidence base for policy and underscore key knowledge gaps. The section will also present a discussion on the implications of the current evidence base for policy and underscore key knowledge gaps.
@ -675,7 +677,7 @@ The channels for the policies effects are two-fold in that there is an inequalit
as well as the concentration of workers at the minimum level mattering --- the probable channel for a larger impact on women since they make up larger parts of low-income and minimum wage households in Romania. as well as the concentration of workers at the minimum level mattering --- the probable channel for a larger impact on women since they make up larger parts of low-income and minimum wage households in Romania.
Limitations to the study are some remaining unobservables for the final inequality outcomes (such as other wages or incomes), the sample over-representing employees and not being able to account for any tax evasion or behavioural changes in the model. Limitations to the study are some remaining unobservables for the final inequality outcomes (such as other wages or incomes), the sample over-representing employees and not being able to account for any tax evasion or behavioural changes in the model.
### Paid leave and child care ### Paid leave & child care
<!-- maternity leave and benefits --> <!-- maternity leave and benefits -->
@Broadway2020 study the introduction of universal paid maternal leave in Australia, looking at its impacts on mothers returning to work and the conditions they return under. @Broadway2020 study the introduction of universal paid maternal leave in Australia, looking at its impacts on mothers returning to work and the conditions they return under.
@ -726,7 +728,7 @@ It also finds significantly positive impacts on the human capital of the childre
This suggests childcare costs being removed through a quasi-subsidy reducing the required childcare time burden on mothers, increasing parental agency and employment choices. This suggests childcare costs being removed through a quasi-subsidy reducing the required childcare time burden on mothers, increasing parental agency and employment choices.
Some limitations to the study include a relatively small overall sample size, as well as employment effects becoming insignificant when the effect is measured on randomization alone (without an additional instrumental variable). Some limitations to the study include a relatively small overall sample size, as well as employment effects becoming insignificant when the effect is measured on randomization alone (without an additional instrumental variable).
### Unionization and collective action ### Unionization & collective action
@Alexiou2023 study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality. @Alexiou2023 study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality.
It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions. It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions.
@ -901,7 +903,7 @@ as well as having to make the assumption of no population growth for measures to
## Agency-oriented ## Agency-oriented
### Training & Accommodation ### Training & accommodation
Similarly, @Shepherd-Banigan2021 undertake a qualitative study on the significance of vocational and educational training provided for disabled veterans in the United States. Similarly, @Shepherd-Banigan2021 undertake a qualitative study on the significance of vocational and educational training provided for disabled veterans in the United States.
It finds that both the vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency, autonomy and motivation but impacts can be dampened if the potential for disability payment loss due to the potential for job acquisition impedes skill development efforts. It finds that both the vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency, autonomy and motivation but impacts can be dampened if the potential for disability payment loss due to the potential for job acquisition impedes skill development efforts.
@ -933,9 +935,7 @@ On the other hand, having participated in a youth-transition training programme,
It thereby highlights the gendered dimension of employment probabilities and points to a necessity to focus training and rehabilitation efforts along multiple dimensions. It thereby highlights the gendered dimension of employment probabilities and points to a necessity to focus training and rehabilitation efforts along multiple dimensions.
Some limitations of the study include its limited generalizability, having a sample located in a single state, as well as a dataset intended for service provision not academic pursuits possibly introducing unreliability in its data and not measuring service quality. Some limitations of the study include its limited generalizability, having a sample located in a single state, as well as a dataset intended for service provision not academic pursuits possibly introducing unreliability in its data and not measuring service quality.
### Financial agency ### Direct transfers
#### Direct transfers
@Emigh2018 study the effects of direct state transfers to people in poverty in the post-socialist market transition countries of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. @Emigh2018 study the effects of direct state transfers to people in poverty in the post-socialist market transition countries of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
It first looks at the correlations of socio-demographic characteristics with poverty to find that in each country there was an increased probability for poverty of low-education, larger and predominantly Roma households. It first looks at the correlations of socio-demographic characteristics with poverty to find that in each country there was an increased probability for poverty of low-education, larger and predominantly Roma households.
@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ working time reductions significantly decrease aggregate demand through lower in
It also finds that through these channels of changing aggregate demand, the environmental outcomes are oppositional, with work time reduction decreasing and UBI increasing the overall ecological footprint. It also finds that through these channels of changing aggregate demand, the environmental outcomes are oppositional, with work time reduction decreasing and UBI increasing the overall ecological footprint.
One limitation of the study is the modeling assumption that workers will have to accept both lower income and lower consumption levels under a policy of work time reduction through stable labour market entry for the results to hold. One limitation of the study is the modeling assumption that workers will have to accept both lower income and lower consumption levels under a policy of work time reduction through stable labour market entry for the results to hold.
#### Microfinance ### Microfinance
@Al-Mamun2014 conduct a study on the impacts of an urban micro-finance programme in Malaysia on the economic empowerment of women. @Al-Mamun2014 conduct a study on the impacts of an urban micro-finance programme in Malaysia on the economic empowerment of women.
The programme introduced the ability for low-income urban individuals to receive collateral-free credit. The programme introduced the ability for low-income urban individuals to receive collateral-free credit.
@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ The authors suggest the primary channel is the newly increased bargaining power
[^1]: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, one of the largest redistribution programmes on the household level in the world, entitling each household to up to 100 days of work per year. [^1]: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, one of the largest redistribution programmes on the household level in the world, entitling each household to up to 100 days of work per year.
# Discussion # Discussion & policy implications
```{python} ```{python}
# dataframe containing each intervention inequality pair # dataframe containing each intervention inequality pair
@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ def regions_for_inequality(df, inequality:str):
return sns.countplot(df_temp, x="region", order=df_temp["region"].value_counts().index) return sns.countplot(df_temp, x="region", order=df_temp["region"].value_counts().index)
``` ```
## Gender inequality ## Gender inequalities
Gender inequality is the second most reviewed horizontal dimension of workplace inequality in the study sample, Gender inequality is the second most reviewed horizontal dimension of workplace inequality in the study sample,
with a variety of studies looking at it predominantly through the lens of female economic empowerment or through gender pay gaps. with a variety of studies looking at it predominantly through the lens of female economic empowerment or through gender pay gaps.
@ -1145,7 +1145,6 @@ focusing on the effects of interventions aimed at maternity support ---
childcare programmes, paid leave and maternity benefits. childcare programmes, paid leave and maternity benefits.
## Spatial inequality
```{python} ```{python}
#| label: tbl-spatial-crosstab #| label: tbl-spatial-crosstab
@ -1154,6 +1153,7 @@ childcare programmes, paid leave and maternity benefits.
crosstab_inequality(df_inequality, "spatial").sort_values("spatial", ascending=False) crosstab_inequality(df_inequality, "spatial").sort_values("spatial", ascending=False)
``` ```
## Spatial inequalities
```{python} ```{python}
#| label: fig-spatial-regions #| label: fig-spatial-regions
#| fig-cap: Regional distribution of studies analysing spatial inequalities #| fig-cap: Regional distribution of studies analysing spatial inequalities
@ -1166,7 +1166,6 @@ plt.tight_layout()
plt.show() plt.show()
``` ```
## Disability
```{python} ```{python}
#| label: tbl-disability-crosstab #| label: tbl-disability-crosstab
@ -1175,6 +1174,7 @@ plt.show()
crosstab_inequality(df_inequality, "disability").sort_values("disability", ascending=False) crosstab_inequality(df_inequality, "disability").sort_values("disability", ascending=False)
``` ```
## Disability inequalities
```{python} ```{python}
#| label: fig-disability-regions #| label: fig-disability-regions
#| fig-cap: Regional distribution of studies analysing disability inequalities #| fig-cap: Regional distribution of studies analysing disability inequalities
@ -1192,7 +1192,6 @@ There is a clear bias in studies on disability interventions towards studies und
based on the Veteran Disability system in the United States which has been the object of analysis for a wide variety of studies. based on the Veteran Disability system in the United States which has been the object of analysis for a wide variety of studies.
## Racial and migratory inequalities
```{python} ```{python}
#| label: tbl-migration-crosstab #| label: tbl-migration-crosstab
@ -1201,6 +1200,7 @@ based on the Veteran Disability system in the United States which has been the o
crosstab_inequality(df_inequality, "migration").sort_values("migration", ascending=False) crosstab_inequality(df_inequality, "migration").sort_values("migration", ascending=False)
``` ```
## Migration & ethnic inequalities
```{python} ```{python}
#| label: fig-migration-regions #| label: fig-migration-regions
#| fig-cap: Regional distribution of studies analysing racial and migration inequalities #| fig-cap: Regional distribution of studies analysing racial and migration inequalities