feat: Add existing reviews for inequalities
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doi = {10/bqnqnb},
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urldate = {2023-09-29},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {scoping\_review},
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keywords = {definition,review::scoping},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RV4IJ7ZL/Arksey_O'Malley_2005_Scoping studies.pdf}
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}
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@ -2393,7 +2393,7 @@
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doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2022.08.012},
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abstract = {This paper compiles a systematic review of research papers that identify the effect of international trade and trade liberalization policies on socio-economic targets linked to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). A comprehensive overview of the existing literature is provided, focusing on papers that identify causality and cov-ering topics that have not been systematically analyzed previously. While existing literature reviews have fo-cused on the effects of trade openness on economic growth, its consequences for other social-and sustainable -related goals have received much less attention. We restrict the review to social-and sustainability-related SDGs and classify the empirical findings in four categories. First, we analyze the extent to which trade affects pov-erty (SDGs-1, 2, 8). The findings indicate that trade increases average incomes in most cases and that trade re-forms that include the agricultural sector generally reduce poverty. Second, we examine labor market outcomes and analyze how international trade affects wages, unemployment, and informality (SDGs-1, 5, 8). We find that with more trade, employment and wages increase in the most dynamic sectors, but decrease in others with increases in informality in some developing countries. The third bloc documents papers that evaluate whether trade is good or bad for environmental quality, evaluating how trade reforms and increases in openness affect the environment at the macro and micro level (SDGs-3, 7, 11, 12, 15). The reviewed research indicates that the effects of trade on environmental quality are complex and depend on the sectors that liberalize and the ex-istence of environmental standards linked to trade agreements. The fourth category concerns the effect of trade flows on food security, hence questioning whether opening the economies could contribute to better per-formance in SDG-2 and SDG-9. In this area, the literature is still incipient and deals mainly with correlations. More research is needed to better define the concept of food security and related indicators and to collect better data. In summary, this systematic review should guide policymakers in developing countries in the decision-making pro-cess related to trade and industrial policies. The main recommendation is to consider the main findings when de-signing new trade policy strategies concerning both unilateral trade liberalization and free trade agreements negotiations.(c) 2022 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review}
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keywords = {review::systematic}
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}
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@article{Barsoum2019,
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@ -5726,7 +5726,7 @@
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doi = {10.1111/jmwh.13243},
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abstract = {Introduction Returning to paid employment is one of the reasons women stop breastfeeding earlier than they planned to. This systematic review aimed to provide insight into the experiences and views of women and employers on breastfeeding and returning to paid employment, with findings used to inform practice and policy. Methods The review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published in English. JBI's meta-aggregative approach informed data analysis. The studies in this analysis included women who stopped breastfeeding before, and those who continued breastfeeding after, returning to paid employment and the employers, work managers, or supervisors of women who continued breastfeeding after returning to paid employment. Results Twenty-six articles presenting findings from 25 studies were included and critically appraised. Synthesized findings showed that women experienced physical and emotional difficulties and described gender and employment inequalities in accessing and receiving the support they needed. Women reported that the importance of their own motivation and having workplace legislation in place facilitated breastfeeding during employment. Support from employers, colleagues, and family members, as well as access to convenient child care, helped women continue breastfeeding on return to paid employment. Employers' personal experiences influenced their views on breastfeeding and working, and the need for more education and communication between employers and employers on breastfeeding in the workplace was recognized. Discussion Support from family, work colleagues, and employers was important to reduce the physical and emotional challenges women experienced when combing breastfeeding with return to paid employment. Gender inequalities, especially in low- and middle-income countries, in accessing support exacerbated the difficulties women experienced. Limited data were identified regarding employers' experiences and views, suggesting an urgent need for further research to explore employers' and work colleagues' experiences and views.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::health,outcome::rtw,review::qualitative,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NNBJSYFS/Chang et al_2021_Women's and Employers' Experiences and Views of Combining Breastfeeding with a.pdf}
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}
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@ -5876,7 +5876,7 @@
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doi = {10.1007/s12571-021-01171-x},
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abstract = {Mounting concerns over food insecurity have emerged as a key agenda in many recent global development dialogues, on accounts of observed and expected health outcomes. The present study attempts a reflective summary around a yet little-explored aspect of food insecurity: health and social ramifications of coping behaviours (adaptive strategies to improve food availability, accessibility, utilisation, and stability), with specific emphasis on women and children. We conducted a systematic literature with different search engines and databases to identify a diversity of recent journal articles, reports, working papers, white papers, proceedings, dissertations, newspaper articles, book chapters, and grey literature, published in the post-2000s period. We thus identified two broad generic categories in the relevant global literature: coping behaviours that are (a) non-food (livelihood alterations) and (2) food-based. For women, the former includes outdoor employment, selling asset bases, borrowing food and/or money, and purchasing food on credit. Food-based coping strategies included reduced daily meal portion sizes and reducing the frequency of food uptake or skipping meals altogether (i.e., Food Rationing); nutritional switch (i.e., Food Stretching); and Food Sharing. Coping behaviours involving children primarily include dropping out of school, begging, stealing, and Food Seeking (i.e., eating outside home, with relatives or friends, or at charitable institutions). The likely health outcomes included stunting and wasting, disrupted socio-cognitive development among children. A subsidiary idea to conduct this study was to offer the concerned authorities an insight into the breadth of coping behaviours, so as to help them anticipate targeted and gender-responsive interventions on a priori basis. We offer a discourse on what we refer to as time poverty, especially for farm women, resulting from obligatory outdoor employment, mostly as farm labourers to highlight a social paradox: women provide massive contributions in the translation of high value goods and services of a vibrant global agricultural system, and yet are among the first victims of food insecurity themselves. This situation contradicts a number of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and aggravates gender disparity. In final section we appeal for more targeted, evidence-based research to establish direct causal linkages between food insecurity and coping behaviours, distinguishing them from life-as-usual scenarios. To that end, we present a brief critique on Coping Strategy Index (CSI) -a widely used tool to evaluate severity of coping behaviours.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::poverty,integrated,outcome::educational,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DA48J8QM/Chaudhuri et al_2021_Coping Behaviours and the concept of Time Poverty.pdf}
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}
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@ -8055,7 +8055,7 @@
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keywords = {Conge-nital Zika syndrome,Human rights,Public policies}
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}
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@article{DePaz-Banez2020,
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@article{dePaz-Banez2020,
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title = {Is {{There Empirical Evidence}} on {{How}} the {{Implementation}} of a {{Universal Basic Income}} ({{UBI}}) {{Affects Labour Supply}}? {{A Systematic Review}}},
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author = {{de Paz-Banez}, Manuela A. and {Asensio-Coto}, Maria Jose and {Sanchez-Lopez}, Celia and Aceytuno, Maria-Teresa},
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year = {2020},
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@ -8066,7 +8066,7 @@
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doi = {10.3390/su12229459},
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abstract = {The objective of this article is to determine, as conclusively as possible, if the implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) would lead to a significant reduction in the working age population labour supply. If this were true, implementation of a UBI may not be sustainable. To do this, we will compile empirical evidence from studies over the last few decades on the effects of implementation of a UBI on employment. We apply the PRISMA methodology to better judge their validity, which ensures maximum reliability of the results by avoiding biases and making the work reproducible. Given that the methodologies used in these studies are diverse, they are reviewed to contextualize the results taking into account the possible limitations detected in these methodologies. While many authors have been writing about this issue citing experiences or experiments, the added value of this article is that it performs a systematic review following a widely tested scientific methodology. Over 1200 documents that discuss the UBI/employment relationship have been reviewed. We found a total of 50 empirical cases, of which 18 were selected, and 38 studies with contrasted empirical evidence on this relationship. The results speak for themselves: Despite a detailed search, we have not found any evidence of a significant reduction in labour supply. Instead, we found evidence that labour supply increases globally among adults, men and women, young and old, and the existence of some insignificant and functional reductions to the system such as a decrease in workers from the following categories: Children, the elderly, the sick, those with disabilities, women with young children to look after, or young people who continued studying. These reductions do not reduce the overall supply since it is largely offset by increased supply from other members of the community.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {integrated,intervention::basic\_income,outcome::labour\_supply,relevant,review::systematic},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QSDCV6EM/de Paz-Banez et al_2020_Is There Empirical Evidence on How the Implementation of a Universal Basic.pdf}
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}
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@ -10147,7 +10147,7 @@
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doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105313},
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abstract = {This paper provides a narrative review of the literature that addresses the connection between women's reproductive health and women's economic activity. Women's reproductive health, gender equality and decent work, are all part of the Sustainable Development Goals and this review highlights how these Goals are interconnected. The review focuses on the relationship between fertility and women's work and provides a detailed discussion of the academic literature that identifies the causal effect of fertility on changes in female labor force participation. Fertility is captured by timing, spacing and number of chil-dren, and career advancement, job quality, and hours worked are addressed on the work side. The review contrasts the fertility-work nexus for low-, middle-and high-income countries separately, recognizing national income per capita as a moderator of the effect of fertility on female labor force participation. In low-income countries, where labor force participation is for the most part in the informal sector, women must adopt their own strategies for balancing child rearing and labor force participation, such as selection of job type, relying on other women in the household for childcare, and birth spacing to limit infants in their care. In middle-income countries, women juggle child rearing and labor force participation with the overarching issue of income inequality, and early childbearing and lone motherhood perpetuate poverty. For women in high-income countries, social protection policies can assist women in managing the balance of childrearing and work, but these policies do not address underlying issues of gender inequality. Despite these policies, career advancement is interrupted by childbearing. As the relationship between fertility and women's work varies by income per capita across countries, polices that support women in achieving balance in their desired family size and accessing decent work varies across countries. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7GFBLXCK/Finlay_2021_Women's reproductive health and economic activity.pdf}
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}
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@ -12958,7 +12958,7 @@
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doi = {10.1016/j.alter.2016.02.002},
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abstract = {The aim of this scoping review is to explore previous scientific studies relating to the scholarly understanding of societal participation of people with disabilities. Six relevant databases within social science were searched using societal participation of people with disabilities, or different combinations thereof, as search words. The criteria for inclusion were: working-age people with disabilities; societal participation; accounting for facilitators or/and barriers of participation; geographical focus on or link to Europe, peer-reviewed studies using quantitative or qualitative methods published in English between January 2012 and December 2013. Thirty-two studies met these inclusion criteria. Each study was analysed relating to four measures: identity of the participator group, type of participation; type of facilitators; type of barriers. The findings show that there is a dominating focus on labour market participation and that societal participation was studied mostly concerning disabled people in general instead of any specific group. The main barriers identified were related to financial factors, attitudes, health issues and unemployment. The most frequently identified facilitators were related to legislation and disability policies, as well as to support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Association ALTER.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::social,outcome::wage,relevant,review::scoping,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4C8EVVV6/Hastbacka et al_2016_Barriers and facilitators to societal participation of people with disabilities.pdf}
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}
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@ -15349,7 +15349,7 @@
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doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0269435},
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abstract = {Background Health policies in most high income countries increasingly recommend provision of routine outpatient care via remote (video and/or telephone) appointments, especially due to the pandemic. This is thought to improve access to care and promote efficiency within resource-constrained health services. There is limited evidence about the impact on existing inequalities in the invitation and uptake of health services when remote outpatient care is offered. Aim To systematically review the evidence on the offer and/or uptake of real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care, assessed according to key sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Seven electronic bibliographic databases were searched for studies reporting the proportion of patients with key characteristics (following PROGRESS Plus criteria) who were offered and/or accepted real-time remote outpatient consultation for any chronic condition. Comparison groups included usual care (face-to-face), another intervention, or offer/uptake within a comparable time period. Study processes were undertaken in duplicate. Data are reported narratively. Results Twenty-nine studies were included. Uptake of video consultations ranged from 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% and telephone consultations from 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 78\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Patients aged over 65, with lower educational attainment, on lower household incomes and without English as a first language were least likely to have a remote consultation. Females were generally more likely to have remote consultations than males. Non-white ethnicities were less likely to use remote consultations but where they did, were significantly more likely to choose telephone over video appointments (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Offering remote consultations may perpetuate or exacerbate existing health inequalities in access to healthcare. More research is needed on current health disparities by sociodemographic characteristics and to explore what works well for different patient groups and why so that processes can be designed to ameliorate these health disparities.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {out::abstract,review},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/564VAI4E/Jones et al_2022_Real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care.pdf}
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}
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doi = {10.1007/s10597-015-9936-7},
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abstract = {Supported employment is an evidence-based practice with a well-established research base. Most studies track such outcomes as employment rates, time to employment and wages earned. Few studies address client and contextual factors that impact outcomes or consider program elements beyond those that comprise the individual placement and support model. This paper reviews existing literature to shed light on the following questions: (1) What impact do labour market trends have on the effectiveness of SE? (2) How lasting are the effects of SE and what factors influence longevity of SE effects? (3) What levels and types of employment are targeted by SE? (4) What are the characteristics of people who benefit from SE? (5) What is the role of peer support in SE? and (6) What are the barriers to effective SE implementation? Research findings are synthesized and suggestions for service enhancements are offered so that the model can continue to evolve.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,integrated,intervention::employment\_support,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6PID2PJX/Kirsh_2016_Client, Contextual and Program Elements Influencing Supported Employment.pdf}
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}
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@ -17292,7 +17292,7 @@
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doi = {10.1108/WJEMSD-03-2017-0009},
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abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the themes of relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation; and to identify the factors which determine females to participate in labor market. The paper uses a framework incorporating a U-shaped relationship between FLFP and economic growth, gender wise wage disparity and economic, social, cultural and other factors which affects FLFP. Design/methodology/approach Thematically, the selected literature falls into three main categories: the relationship between FLFP and economic growth; disparity in work participation in terms of male and female wages; and drivers or determinants of FLFP which have been described using international documents and experiences of the different countries. The review closes by identifying gaps in the existing research base and by suggesting areas for inquiry that have been untouched and warrant further research. Findings The key findings emerging from this examination of literature show that the FLFP rate exhibits a U-shaped during the process of economic development. Also, there are evidences of gender pay disparity across the sectors which have been justified by documenting a large number of existing literatures. Demographic factors (including fertility, migration, marriages and child care), economic factors (including unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job and infrastructure) and other explanatory variables which include the regulatory context encompassing family and childcare policies, tax regimes, and presence of subsidized health-care for workers determine the FLFP. Practical implications This paper suggests that in order to bring equality in gender pay gap, there is a requirement of replacing the traditional value system. There is need to provide an environment in which women are encouraged and supported in their efforts, in which women have equitable access to resources and opportunities. Social implications This paper addresses the impact of education, culture and child care subsidies on female labor participation. They positively impact FLFP and such a link has not been sufficiently addressed in prior literature. Originality/value In contrast to previous studies which document a broad-based picture of female work participation, this type of research deals with the link between economic growth and female labor participation, gender wage disparity and determinants of it which has been largely unexplored so far.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::labour\_supply,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5AR58NJ2/Kumari_2018_Economic growth, disparity, and determinants of female labor force participation.pdf}
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}
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doi = {10.2383/89515},
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abstract = {Bringing people with mental illness into employment is a phenomenon that has been extensively researched in recent years. A review to identify and synthesize available evidence on bringing this group into employment and the potential fields of interest related to barriers and facilitators has been carried out. The electronic search was done using 17 databases. In total 24 publications of systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-ethnographies aimed at individuating and systematizing barriers to work inclusion were included. The different process phases and the variety of circumstances that can slow down or push towards a certain condition of job seeker or employee, together with the rest of the results presented in this work, demonstrate the need to re-direct or extend the research focus related to this issue.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,intervention::employment\_support,intervention::therapy,intervention::training,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::meta,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HLXMGS6S/Lettieri_Diez Villoria_2017_A Systematization of the International Evidence Related to Labor Inclusion.pdf}
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}
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@ -18685,7 +18685,7 @@
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doi = {10.1007/s10926-017-9726-x},
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abstract = {Purpose There is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities as they transition to employment. We conducted a systematic review to explore the role of gender in securing and maintaining employment. Methods Systematic searches of seven databases identified 48 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a narrative synthesis approach, these studies were analyzed in terms of the characteristics of the participants, methodology, results, and quality of the evidence. Results Among the 48 studies, 112,473 participants (56\textbackslash textbackslash\% male), mean age (of the total sample) was 21, represented across ten countries. Twenty-one studies reported that young men with disabilities had better employment outcomes than women with disabilities. Eight studies showed that females with disabilities had better employment outcomes than males. Five studies reported that there were no gender differences in employment outcomes for youth with various disabilities. With regards to maintaining employment, men with disabilities often work more hours and have better wages compared to women with disabilities. There are several gender-related barriers and facilitators to maintaining employment including social supports and gender role expectations. Conclusions Our findings highlight that there is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,intersectional,outcome::employment,outcome::wage,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CAY45GFK/Lindsay et al_2018_A Systematic Review of the Role of Gender in Securing and Maintaining.pdf}
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}
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doi = {10.1007/s10926-014-9548-z},
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abstract = {Purpose A systematic review was conducted to review the effectiveness of workplace accommodation (WA) regarding employment, work ability, and cost-benefit among disabled people. It also describes the evidence gained on the barriers and facilitators of WA process to sustain employment. Methods We reviewed systematically current scientific evidence about effectiveness of WA among disabled persons. The outcomes were employment, work ability, and cost-benefit. Qualitative studies of employment facilitators and barriers were also included. The population comprised people with physical disability, visual impairment, hearing impairment, cognitive disability, or mental disability, aged 18-68 years. CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medic, OTseeker, PEDro, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1990 to November 2012. Results Three quantitative (one randomized controlled, one concurrently controlled, and one cohort) and eight qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. There was moderate evidence that specific types of WA (vocational counselling and guidance, education and self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, and special transportation) promote employment among physically disabled persons and reduce costs. There was low evidence that WA (liaison, education, work aids, and work techniques) coordinated by case managers increases return to work and is cost-effective when compared with the usual care of persons with physical and cognitive disabilities. The key facilitators and barriers of employment were self-advocacy, support of the employer and community, amount of training and counselling, and flexibility of work schedules and work organization. Conclusions More high-quality studies using validated measures of the work ability and functioning of disabled persons are needed. The identified barriers and facilitators found in the qualitative studies should be used to develop quantitative study designs.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/V3KT5P2Z/Nevala et al_2015_Workplace Accommodation Among Persons with Disabilities.pdf}
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}
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doi = {10.1080/19463138.2022.2082444},
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abstract = {We perform a systematic review of the literature on the association between income, employment, and urban poverty from a multidisciplinary perspective. Our results, derived from the analysis of 243 articles, confirm the significant role of employment in the urban poor's lives, highlighting several factors that constrain their ability to improve their labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, among others. Furthermore, the paper finds different strategies used by the poor to promote their inclusion in their city's economy. We found a major bias towards research focused on advanced economies, stressing the need for development studies dealing with the specific challenges of developing economies.},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {relevant,review,snowball\_source},
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keywords = {integrated,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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note = {summary: multi-disciplinary systematic review of association between income, employment, urban poverty. n=243 articles, academic focus on advanced economies; finds significant role of employment in life of urban poor;
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\par
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findings: most relevant barriers for improving labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, inadequate human capital
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@ -24205,7 +24205,7 @@ migration.},
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doi = {10/gdkzzn},
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urldate = {2023-09-29},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {scoping\_review},
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keywords = {review::scoping},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/R9X393M3/Pham et al_2014_A scoping review of scoping reviews.pdf}
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}
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@ -24373,7 +24373,7 @@ migration.},
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doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2},
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abstract = {Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960-1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).},
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langid = {english},
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keywords = {review},
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keywords = {integrated,intervention::basic\_income,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T2CM5X5B/Pinto et al_2021_Exploring different methods to evaluate the impact of basic income interventions.pdf}
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}
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@ -26126,7 +26126,8 @@ migration.},
|
|||
doi = {10.36251/josi.99},
|
||||
abstract = {People with disabilities are generally not considered as able participants in the workforce (paid or volunteer work) and therefore, they often experience exclusion from participating in mainstream employment opportunities. People with disabilities experience various barriers to employment, such as discrimination in the workplace, stigma, prejudice and stereotypes. However, some people with disabilities participate in the workforce and make valuable contributions towards economic development, social capital and wider society. This literature review summarises published research findings about the challenges that people with disabilities experience in pursuing employment opportunities, including volunteering and paid positions; and in undertaking these roles. Furthermore, it explores possible interventions to improve employment outcomes that are effective from the perspectives of people with disabilities. Findings indicate that effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector. For this reason, two different community development projects, which particularly focused on employment challenges for people with disabilities, as well as outlining strategies and solutions that promote client ownership were reviewed. Additionally, employment support techniques and strategies, as well as human rights' principles on work and employment for people with disabilities will be debated. Finally, implications for research and practice for the rehabilitation counselling profession and the disability employment services sector are discussed.},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {review}
|
||||
keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
|
||||
file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4ET6ZSWM/Ruhindwa et al_2016_Exploring the challenges experienced by people with disabilities in the.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@article{Ruhm2011,
|
||||
|
|
@ -27805,7 +27806,7 @@ migration.},
|
|||
doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2020.571191},
|
||||
abstract = {Brain tumors (BT) are between the eight most common cancers among persons aged 40 years, with an average survival time of 10 years for patients affected by non-malignant brain tumor. Some patients continue to work, reporting difficulties in work-related activities, or even job loss. The purpose of the present study was to review the existing information about the ability people with BT to return to work and to identify factors associated with job loss. We performed a systematic review on SCOPUS and EMBASE for peer-reviewed papers that reported studies assessing work ability in patients with BT that were published in the period from January 2010 to January 2020. Out of 800 identified records, 7 articles were selected for analysis, in which 1,507 participants with BT were enrolled overall. Three main themes emerged: the impact of neuropsychological functioning on work productivity, the change of employment status for long-term survivors and issues related to return to work processes. Based on the results of selected studies, it can be concluded that the impact of BT on workforce participation is determined by depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits, as well as by high short-term mortality but also on environmental barriers. Vocational Rehabilitation programs should be implemented to help patients wishing to return to or maintain their current work, as much as possible.},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {review},
|
||||
keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,relevant,review::systematic},
|
||||
file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HY4XHJF5/Silvaggi et al_2020_Employment and Work Ability of Persons With Brain Tumors.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -29091,7 +29092,7 @@ migration.},
|
|||
doi = {10.1093/heapol/czw074},
|
||||
abstract = {This article presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that promoting gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment (GEWE) leads to better health and development outcomes. We reviewed the literature across six sectors-family planning (FP); maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); nutrition; agriculture; water, sanitation and hygiene; and financial services for the poor-and found 76 studies from low and middle-income countries that met our inclusion criteria. Across these studies, we identified common GEWE variables that emerged repeatedly as significant predictors of sector outcomes. We grouped these variables into 10 thematic categories, which we termed \textbackslash textasciigravegender-related levers'. These levers were then classified by the strength of evidence into Wedges, Foundations and Facilitators. Wedges are gender-related levers that had strong associations with improved outcomes across multiple sectors. They include: \textbackslash textasciigravecontrol over income/assets/resources', \textbackslash textasciigravedecision-making power' and \textbackslash textasciigraveeducation'. Elements of these levers overlap, but combined, they encapsulate agency. Increasing female agency promotes equality and broadly improves health and development for women, their families and their communities. The second classification, Foundations, displayed strong, positive associations across FP, MNCH and nutrition. Foundations have a more proximal relationship with sector outcomes and include: \textbackslash textasciigraveequitable interpersonal relationships', \textbackslash textasciigravemobility' and \textbackslash textasciigravepersonal safety'. Finally, the third group of levers, Facilitators, was associated with improved outcomes in two to three sectors and include: \textbackslash textasciigraveaccess to information', \textbackslash textasciigravecommunity groups', \textbackslash textasciigravepaid labour' and \textbackslash textasciigraverights'. These levers make it easier for women and girls to achieve their goals and are more traditional elements of development programmes. Overall, gender-related levers were associated with improvements in a variety of health and development outcomes. Furthermore, these associations were cross-sectoral, suggesting that to fully realize the benefits of promoting GEWE, the development community must collaborate in co-ordinated and integrated ways across multiple sectors. More research is needed to identify the mechanisms by which gendered interventions work and under what circumstances.},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {review},
|
||||
keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::health,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
|
||||
file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9WPGW57Z/Taukobong et al_2016_Does addressing gender inequalities and empowering women and girls improve.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -29817,7 +29818,7 @@ migration.},
|
|||
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.015},
|
||||
abstract = {The implications of technology adoption for productivity, income, and welfare have been studied widely in the context of less developed countries (LDCs). In contrast, the relationship between technology adoption and employment has attracted less interest. This systematic review evaluates the diverse yet sizeable evidence base that has remained below the radars of both reviewers and policy makers. We map the qualitative and empirical evidence and report that the effect of technology adoption on employment is skill biased and more likely to be observed when technology adoption favors product innovation as opposed to process innovation. Technology adoption is also less likely to be associated with employment creation when: (i) the evidence is related to farm employment as opposed to firm/industry employment; (ii) the evidence is related to low-income countries as opposed to lower middle-income or mixed countries; and (iii) the evidence is based on post-2001 data as opposed to pre-2001 data. There is also qualitative evidence indicating that international trade, weak forward and backward linkages, and weaknesses in governance and labor-market institutions tend to weaken the job creating effects of technology adoption. We conclude by calling for compilation of better quality survey data and further attention to sources of heterogeneity in modeling the relationship between technology adoption and employment in LDCs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {review},
|
||||
keywords = {inequality::income,integrated,intervention::technology\_adoption,outcome::employment,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
|
||||
file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P6MZJ39B/Ugur_Mitra_2017_Technology Adoption and Employment in Less Developed Countries.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -32353,7 +32354,7 @@ migration.},
|
|||
doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
|
||||
abstract = {Background: Human resources are at the heart of health systems, playing a central role in their functionality globally. It is estimated that up to 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the health workforce are women, however, this pattern is not reflected in the leadership of health systems where women are under-represented. Methods: This systematized review explored the existing literature around women's progress towards leadership in the health sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which has used intersectional analysis. Results: While there are studies that have looked at the inequities and barriers women face in progressing towards leadership positions in health systems within LMICs, none explicitly used an intersectionality framework in their approach. These studies did nevertheless show recurring barriers to health systems leadership created at the intersection of gender and social identities such as professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, and culture. These barriers limit women's access to resources that improve career development, including mentorship and sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition and respect at work for women, and increase the likelihood of women to take on dual burdens of professional work and childcare and domestic work, and, create biased views about effectiveness of men and women's leadership styles. An intersectional lens helps to better understand how gender intersects with other social identities which results in upholding these persisting barriers to career progression and leadership. Conclusion: As efforts to reduce gender inequity in health systems are gaining momentum, it is important to look beyond gender and take into account other intersecting social identities that create unique positionalities of privilege and/or disadvantage. This approach should be adopted across a diverse range of health systems programs and policies in an effort to strengthen gender equity in health and specifically human resources for health (HRH), and improve health system governance, functioning and outcomes. Keywords: Gender, Intersectionality, Health Systems, Health Workforce, Leadership, Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Copyright: (c) 2021 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Molyneux S, Morgan R. The use of intersectional analysis in assessing women's leadership progress in the health workforce in LMICs: a review. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
|
||||
langid = {english},
|
||||
keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::socio-demographic,intersectional,review},
|
||||
keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::socio-demographic,integrated,intersectional,review::systematic},
|
||||
note = {systematic review of female leadership in health sector (LMICs) using intersectional analysis
|
||||
\par
|
||||
main findings: main barriers at intersection of gender and social identity of professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, culture
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
110
concepts.md
110
concepts.md
|
|
@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ Terms, identified by @ILO2022b:
|
|||
- career guidance
|
||||
- public service improvement
|
||||
- work-life balance promotion
|
||||
- laobur rights protection
|
||||
- labour rights protection
|
||||
- minimum wage
|
||||
- collective bargaining
|
||||
- equal pay for work of equal value
|
||||
|
|
@ -491,9 +491,28 @@ from @Perez2022:
|
|||
|
||||
- vocational rehabilitation
|
||||
|
||||
@Lettieri2017, disability:
|
||||
|
||||
- vocational rehabilitation
|
||||
- supported employment
|
||||
- cognitive behavioural therapy
|
||||
- computer-assisted therapy
|
||||
|
||||
@Nevala2015, disability:
|
||||
|
||||
- workplace accomodation
|
||||
- vocational counselling/guidance
|
||||
- education/self-advocacy
|
||||
- help of others
|
||||
- changes in work schedules
|
||||
- work organization
|
||||
- special transportation
|
||||
- work aids/techniques
|
||||
- cooperation of employer & professionals
|
||||
|
||||
# Matrix extraction
|
||||
|
||||
- publication info (author, year, name, publisher, ?discipline?)
|
||||
- publication info (author, year, name, publisher, ?iscipline?)
|
||||
- country
|
||||
- region
|
||||
- income class
|
||||
|
|
@ -620,6 +639,91 @@ channels affecting FLFP:
|
|||
|
||||
policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system based on inequality of sexes (with females playing subordinate role)
|
||||
|
||||
## Ugur2017
|
||||
|
||||
systematic review of effects of technology adoption on employment (in LMIC/LIC 'less developed countries')
|
||||
|
||||
main findings: positive effect more likely when technology adoption favours product innovation not process innovation and when it is is skill based
|
||||
|
||||
additional:
|
||||
- techn. adoption *less* likely to create employment when: related to farm employment not firm/industry employment; related to low-income countries not LMICs; related to data from after 2001 instead of pre-2001
|
||||
- intl trade, weak forward/backward linkages, weaknesses in governance & labor market institutions can weak job-creating effects of technology adoption
|
||||
|
||||
inequality:
|
||||
- existing income inequalities makes effect of technology adoption on employment creation more ambiguous (potentially widening rift of demand for skilled versus unskilled labour)
|
||||
- green revolution technologies tend to reduce income/wealth inequality; also negative effect on on-farm employment
|
||||
|
||||
## Lettieri2017
|
||||
|
||||
meta-review of barriers (and drivers) of inclusion into the labour market for people with disabilities (mental illness)
|
||||
|
||||
main findings: employment outcomes seem increased for individuals able to hide their mental illness, practice of concealment of identity
|
||||
|
||||
channels:
|
||||
- prejudices: of missing skills, danger, unpredictability; of hiring as act of charity due to being unproductive; of work stress as contradicting requirements of mental health
|
||||
- discriminatory hiring practices
|
||||
- generally low-skilled individuals due to discrimination/cultural/social barriers for training and work inclusion
|
||||
|
||||
policy recc:
|
||||
- supported employment (environmental)
|
||||
- cognitive behavioural/computer-assisted therapies (cognitive)
|
||||
- vocational rehabilitation programs (human capital)
|
||||
|
||||
## Taukobong2016
|
||||
|
||||
(narrative?) review of effects of dimensions of female 'empowerment' on health outcomes and development outcomes, such as access to and use of financial services
|
||||
|
||||
main findings:
|
||||
- gender inequalities highly contextual (and intersectional), requires identification of variations at start of interventions where inequalities exist, overlap and work as barriers to its implementation
|
||||
- strong association with improved outcomes across multiple outcome sectors: control over income/assets/resources, decision-making power, education
|
||||
- relation with health/family planning outcomes: mobility, personal safety, equitable interpersonal relationships
|
||||
|
||||
## Ruhindwa2016
|
||||
|
||||
(narrative) review of barriers to workforce inclusion (paid/volunteer work) for people with disabilities; summary of findings
|
||||
|
||||
main findings:
|
||||
- "effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector"
|
||||
|
||||
policy recc:
|
||||
- employment support practices
|
||||
- campaigns to encourage disclosing disability
|
||||
|
||||
## Kirsh2016
|
||||
|
||||
review of factors influencing LM outcomes of supported employment interventions for people with disabilities
|
||||
|
||||
main findings:
|
||||
- most employment support literature only looks at overall efficacy of interventions, with little prudence for intersectional inequality variations
|
||||
|
||||
inequalities:
|
||||
- men more likely to be employed (argue possibly due to manual labour of many jobs)
|
||||
- older people less likely to be employed (age+, change-)
|
||||
- older women more likely to be employed than men
|
||||
- education very important in employment outcomes
|
||||
|
||||
policy recc:
|
||||
- vocational rehabilitation
|
||||
|
||||
## Hastbacka2016
|
||||
|
||||
scoping review of linkages between societal participation and people with disabilities for identity of participant, type of participation, type of facilitators and barriers; focus on European countries (n=32, between 2012-2013)
|
||||
|
||||
main findings: strongest focus on labour market participation; social participation viewed through lens of disabled people as one group instead of intersectional
|
||||
|
||||
main barriers: financial factors, attitudes, health issues, unemployment
|
||||
main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities
|
||||
|
||||
## Nevala2015
|
||||
|
||||
systematic review looking at effectiveness of workplace accommodation (vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, special transportation) on employment, work ability, cost-benefit, rtw (n=11)
|
||||
|
||||
main findings:
|
||||
- moderate evidence that employment among physically disabled persons promoted by: vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organisation, special transportation
|
||||
- low evidence that rtw increased for physical/cognitive disabilities by: liaison (btw employer and other professionals), education, work aids, work techniques
|
||||
|
||||
barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount of training/counselling, flexibility of work schedules/organisation
|
||||
|
||||
# Database Query
|
||||
|
||||
## Other reviews queried databases
|
||||
|
|
@ -751,3 +855,5 @@ TS=(
|
|||
|
||||
::: {#refs}
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -156,7 +156,100 @@ Understanding such channels becomes difficult if not taking pre-existing inequal
|
|||
Addressing these inequalities, in turn, is just as important to reducing inequalities within the labour market (as well as beyond) since they do play such a role for intergenerational social mobility and their impacts can be seen, once again, reflecting in the prism of subsequent income inequality.
|
||||
For pre-existing inequalities, it will be especially important to understand the often delayed and more opaque nature of the roots of many outcomes, with channel being more difficult to identify and clearly label – especially in an intersectional context.
|
||||
|
||||
These five dimensions of inequalities – income inequality, gender inequality, socio-demographic inequality, spatial inequality and pre-existing inequalities – will thus provide the categorical anchors along which the reviewed studies will be analysed for their policy effects, each with a slightly different focus in linkages between inequality, policy and outcome .
|
||||
## Existing reviews
|
||||
|
||||
These five dimensions of inequalities – income inequality, gender inequality, socio-demographic inequality, spatial inequality and pre-existing inequalities – will thus provide the categorical anchors along which the reviewed studies will be analysed for their policy effects, each with a slightly different focus in linkages between inequality, policy and outcome.
|
||||
Aside from the general typology by the ILO introduced above, there are a variety of differing approaches to the interplay of inequalities and outcomes.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- income, spatial, pre-existing -->
|
||||
In a multi-disciplinary systematic review of the association between a person's income, their employment and poverty in an urban environment, @Perez2022 find that employment plays a significant role in the poverty of urban residents, with primary barriers identified as lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality and inadequate human capital.
|
||||
Many of their investigated barriers can be mapped onto channels of inequality:
|
||||
gender inequality's impact, through traditional gender roles and lack of empowerment, a lack of childcare possibilities, or unequal proportions of domestic work;
|
||||
spatial inequality, through residential segregation or discrimination, lack of access to transportation, and a limited access to work;
|
||||
as well as pre-existing inequalities, here defined as the inter-generational persistence of poverty, larger household sizes, and its possible negative impacts on human capital.
|
||||
They also identify potential policy interventions to be applied to counteract these inequalities:
|
||||
credit programs, institutional support for childcare, guaranteed minimum income/universal basic income or the provision of living wages, commuting subsidies, and housing mobility programs.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- gender -->
|
||||
@Zeinali2021, in undertaking a systematic review of female leadership in the health-sector in low- and middle-income countries, take an intersectional approach and focus on the main barriers at the intersection of gender and social identity.
|
||||
Here, they find that the main barriers limiting women's access to career development resources can be reduced access to mentorship and sponsorship opportunities, as well as a reduced recognition, respect, and impression of value at work for women in leadership positions.
|
||||
The main channels of inequalities entrenching these barriers identified were the increased likelihood for women to take on the 'dual burdens' of professional work and childcare or domestic work, as well as biased views of the effectiveness of men's over women's leadership styles.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- policy interv -->
|
||||
Looking strictly at the impact of basic income interventions on labour market, health, educational, housing and other outcomes, @Pinto2021 find that, while workforce participation is the primary outcome in most studies, the evaluations have shifted over time to include a wider array of outcomes, perhaps reflecting an understanding of lower health and social care spending offsetting some of the basic income investments.
|
||||
Most of the studies investigating basic income perspectives focus on advanced economies such as the US.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- gender -->
|
||||
@Finlay2021 looks at the effects of female women's reproductive health on female labour force participation, especially career advancement, job quality and hours worked, to find a variety of responses differing between low-income, middle-income and high-income countries.
|
||||
The main findings are that in low-income countries because of the prevalence of informal work, women are forced to adopt individual strategies of balancing child rearing and labour force participation through job type selection, reliance on other women in the household for child care, or birth spacing.
|
||||
In middle-income countries, women have to juggle child rearing and labour force participation with an overall income inequality; here, early childbearing or lone motherhood especially can perpetuate poverty.
|
||||
In high-income countries, social protection policies can assist in balancing child rearing and work but many underlying issues of gender inequality remain.
|
||||
Throughout all countries, childbearing significantly interrupts career advancement.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- gender/pre-existing -->
|
||||
@Chaudhuri2021 conduct a systematic review to look at coping strategies and the effects of food insecurity, often through poverty, on social and health outcomes for women and children.
|
||||
They find that one of the primary non-food coping strategies for women is to look for outdoor employment, mostly farm work, which can in turn lead to what the authors argue as *time* poverty when their time for childcare or personal nutrition is now cut short.
|
||||
This in turn can, in combination with food-based coping strategies such as food rationing (in size or frequency), nutritional switches or food sharing, lead to negative health outcomes for children including disrupted socio-cognitive development as well as coping through dropping out of school, thereby furthering the rift of pre-existing inequalities.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- gender -->
|
||||
@Chang2021 use a qualitative systematic review to look at the linkages of breast-feeding and returning to paid employment for women and identify multiple barriers provided through inequalities discouraging continued breast-feeding after return to employment --- an experience often experienced as physically and emotionally difficult and potentially providing a barrier to full labour force participation.
|
||||
Aside from individual motivation and support from employers, colleagues, and family members, women highlighted the importance of having workplace legilsation in place to facilitate breast-feeding during employment, as well as access to convenient child care.
|
||||
The review concludes indicating remaining gender and employment inequalities in accessing and receiving the support needed: gender role expectations viewing women as responsible for domestic work or childcare, with shorter maternity leave further discouraging breast-feeding especially of women not in managerial roles.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- disability -->
|
||||
Undertaking a systematic review to find the effects of brain tumors in individuals on their labour market outcomes, @Silvaggi2020 find an impact of neuropsychological functioning on work productivity, issues for their process of returning to work, and often an exit from employment (job loss) for long-term survivors of brain tumors.
|
||||
While the channels are primarily viewed as stemming from the high short-term mortality and depressive symptoms or cognitive deficits, environmental barriers are identified as one channel as well, with the review ending in the policy recommendation of increased vocational rehabilitation for affected persons.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- basic income -->
|
||||
@dePaz-Banez2020 use a systematic review of empirical studies to look at the effects of universal basic income on labour supply to find that, with no evidence of significant reductions in labour supply, instead the labour supply would increase globally among adults, men, women, young and old.
|
||||
The insignificant reductions they found they assumed functional, since they were in the categories of: children, elderly, sick, people with disabilities, women with young children, young people continuing their studies and were offset by the otherwise increased supply.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- disabilities, gender -->
|
||||
Looking at the impact of gender on the employment outcomes for young disabled adults, @Lindsay2018a find that while youth with disabilities are half as likely to be employed, gender inequalities may play a compounding role with men being more likely to be in employment than women, working longer hours and having higher wages.
|
||||
The identified channels here are different social supports, gender role expectations, as well as women's lower job expectations and overprotection from parents or guardians discouraging their independence.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- gender -->
|
||||
@Kumari2018 look at the relationship of both economic growth and gender disparity on the labour supply in investigating their effects on female work participation.
|
||||
<!-- TODO explain U-shape -->
|
||||
They see a U-shaped participation rate and some evidence of cross-sector gender pay disparity which is affected by demographic factors such as migration, marriage, child care and fertility, as well as economic factors such as per capita income, unemployment, infrastructure and the prevalence of non-farm jobs.
|
||||
Ultimately, they argue that the labour supply inequalities are based on inequality between the sexes and, while regulatory measures such as adequate family and childcare policies, tax regimes and the presence of subsidized healthcare help, changes to the female labour force participation fundamentally require the replacement of such a traditional value system itself.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- income -->
|
||||
While undertaking a systematic review concerning the effects of adopting technology on employment in LICs or LMICs, @Ugur2017 find when adoption favours product innovation positive effects are somewhat likely.
|
||||
They also find, however, that existing income inequalities can make the possible positive effects of its adoption more ambiguous and may in turn widen the rift of demand for skilled versus unskilled labour.
|
||||
Lastly, policies favouring green transition technologies may in turn reduce income inequality, providing another possible linkage.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- disability -->
|
||||
@Lettieri2017 find that hiding mental illness is one of the primary strategies for improved employment outcomes in a meta-review looking at barriers to labour market inclusion for people mental disabilities.
|
||||
This act of concealment of identity and self-stigmatization can seem necessary, they argue, due to the channels of workplace prejudices, perceiving them missing skills, as dangerous or unpredictable, or seeing the act of their hiring as charity due to expectations of lower productivity; but also due to discriminatory hiring practices and pre-existing inequalities leading to them being lower-skilled individuals due to prior discrimination, cultural and social barriers to training and work inclusion.
|
||||
Here, relevant policies include interventions of supported employment (removing an environmental barrier), cognitive behavioural or computer-assisted therapies (cognitive barrier) or vocational rehabilitation programmes (human capital).
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- gender -->
|
||||
@Taukobong2016 review various dimensions of female empowerment and their effects on a variety of health and development outcomes, including the access and use of financial services for the poor.
|
||||
They find that, aside from gender inequalities being both highly contextual and intersectional, especially the channels of control over one's income, assets, resources, having decision-making power and individual education affected these outcomes across all dimensions, reflecting their position as channels of gender inequality.
|
||||
Additionally, personal mobility, safety and equitable interpersonal relationships are associated with some health and family planning outcomes.
|
||||
Ultimately, the review shows that due to the contextual nature, interventions need to identify the variations of inequality at their start, see where inequalities exist, overlap and work as barriers for an effective implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- disability -->
|
||||
@Ruhindwa2016 review a variety of barriers to adequate workforce inclusion for people with disabilities, proposing an inclusive approach in which the individual is given space to take ownership of the solutions addressing challenges experienced in the employment sector.
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Similarly, they view hiring discrimination and workplace stigmatization as the largest channels through which inequalities of disability manifest themselves.
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They see especially employment support practices, with focus on enabling this, as relevant policy strategies, as well as national campaigns to ease disclosing one's disability in the labour market.
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<!-- disability, gender, age -->
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In looking at the various dimensions affecting the labour market outcomes of supported employment interventions for people with disabilities, @Kirsh2016 finds that most literature still only regards the overall efficacy of the interventions without taking into account compounding intersectional characteristics.
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They find that generally men are more likely to find employment through the intervention, possibly resting on current programmes focus on manual labour, as well as younger people generally finding better employment.
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This highlights the intersectional nature of inequalities between disability, gender and age.
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One relevant policy they see is that of vocational rehabilitation.
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<!-- disability -->
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@Hastbacka2016 undertake a scoping review to find the linkages between societal participation and people with disabilities, looking at specific interventions for the identity of participants, types of participation analysed, and channels of effect.
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They see most literature focusing on labour market participation and viewing disabled people as coherent group instead of intersectional.
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The main channels of inequality providing barriers they identify are financial factors, attitudes of discrimination, health issues and unemployment, while the main driving mechanisms identified are legislation and disability policies, as well as support from people in close contact with disabled people and attitudes in society and the hiring process.
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<!-- disability -->
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In a systematic review looking at the effectiveness of workplace accommodations on employment and return to work, @Nevala2015 few studies with rigorous design leading to conclusive evidence.
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They do find moderate evidence that employment in disability can be increased through workplace accommodations such as vocational counselling or guidance, education, self-advocacy, positive perception and help by others.
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There is also low evidence for return to work being increased by education, work aids and techniques and cooperation between employers and other professionals (such as occupational health care, or service providers).
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# Scoping Review methodology
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Reference in a new issue