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citation,author,year,title,publisher,uri,pubtype,discipline,country,period,maxlength,targeting,group,data,design,method,sample,unit,representativeness,causal,theory,limitations,notes,intervention,institutional,structural,agency,inequality,type,indicator,measures,findings,channels,direction,significance,external_validity,internal_validity
Adam2018,"Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D.",2018,"Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania",World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013,article,development,Tanzania,2001,,explicit,rural workers,"national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003)",simulation,general equilibrium model,7.0,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,transport cost burden approach,can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only,there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs,infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial; income,1.0,0.0,real consumption wage differences,"results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid",movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors,-1.0,2.0,3.0,0.0
Rosen2014,"Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.",2014,Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition,Psychiatric Services,https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478,article,health,United States,2008-2011,6.0,explicit,disabled,"baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar",experimental,RCT,84.0,individual,local,1.0,,can not locate active ingredient,,counseling (benefits counseling),0,0,1,disability; age,1.0,0.0,hours worked (rtw),counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement,"not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly",1.0,2.0,2.0,5.0
Xu2021,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38.0,country,"national, census",0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,,trade liberalization (FDI),0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,increased income equality through FDI (p < .1),primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour,-1.0,1.0,5.0,4.0
Xu2021,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38.0,country,"national, census",0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,,trade liberalization,0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase","higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries",1.0,2.0,5.0,4.0
Xu2021,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38.0,country,"national, census",0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,,education,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,education significantly decreases income equality in the region,potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education,1.0,2.0,5.0,4.0
Wong2019,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12.0,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422.0,individual,"national, census",1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners",income-compression effect,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
Wong2019,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12.0,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422.0,individual,"national, census",1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,0.0,hours worked,significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked,possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women,1.0,0.0,5.0,3.0
Whitworth2021,"Whitworth, A.",2021,Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme,Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0,article,economics,United Kingdom,2011-2017,72.0,implicit,unemployed,Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics,observational,three-stage linear model,1494.0,individual,national,0.0,social creaming & parking (used spatially),no causal inferrence attempted,,work programme,0,1,0,spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,already deprived areas experience further deprivation,providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking),-1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Suh2017,"Suh, M.-G.",2017,Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1,article,sociology,"Korea, Rep.",1980-2014,,implicit,married women,Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015,quasi-experimental,OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator,35.0,case,"national, census",0.0,,,,education,0,1,0,income; generational; gender,1.0,1.0,employment,education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level,"education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure",1.0,2.0,5.0,2.0
Stock2021,"Stock, R. (2021).",2021,Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive’ solar development,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196,article,development,India,2018,1.0,implicit,women,"baseline survey, interviews",observational,quantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis,200.0,household,"subnational, rural",0.0,authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe),no causal research,,infrastructure,0,1,0,gender; income; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes,project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities,1.0,0.0,3.0,0.0
Standing2015,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18.0,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665.0,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,debt,ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt,directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing,-1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
Standing2015,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18.0,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665.0,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,saving,ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households,"shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings",1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
SilveiraNeto2011,"Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R.",2011,Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2005,,implicit,poor,national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD),quasi-experimental,"OLS, beta convergence test",27.0,region,"national, census",1.0,,limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes,,minimum wage; direct transfers (cash),1,0,1,spatial; income,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%",quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions,-1.0,2.0,5.0,2.0
Shepherd-Banigan2021,"Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H.",2021,Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilities,In Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal,https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437,article,psychology,United States,2018,,explicit,disabled,interviews,qualitative,semi-structured interviews,26.0,individual,local,0.0,,sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy,,training,0,0,1,age; disability,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw),vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts,"primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation",1.0,,2.0,0.0
Rendall2013,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,OLS; Mincer wage regression; Wellington wage gap decomposition; comparative average factor deviations,200000.0,individual,"national, census",,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female employment shares,"all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand",reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour,1.0,2.0,5.0,2.0
Rendall2013,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,OLS; Mincer wage regression; Wellington wage gap decomposition; comparative average factor deviations,200000.0,individual,"national, census",,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female wage shares,"Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results","reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes",1.0,1.0,5.0,2.0
Poppen2017,"Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M.",2017,Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data,Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857,article,health,United States,2003-2013,,explicit,disabled young adults,state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA),quasi-experimental,multivariate logistic regression; OLS,4443.0,individual,subnational,0.0,,data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability,,training (vocational rehabilitation),0,1,1,disability; gender; age,1.0,0.0,employment,"significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased",,1.0,2.0,3.0,2.0
Pi2016,"Pi, J., & Zhang, P.",2016,Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in China,China Economic Review,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009,article,economics,China,1988-2013,12.0,implicit,urban workers,national administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13,simulation,general equilibrium model,,household,"subnational, urban",0.0,,generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model,,social security; education (access),1,1,0,income; migration; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,decile ratios (90th to 10th),increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector,,-1.0,,3.0,0.0
Militaru2019,"Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D.",2019,Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of Romania,Sustainability,https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542,article,economics,Romania,2013-2014,12.0,explicit,low-income workers,EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC),simulation,microsimulation (EUROMOD); counterfactual analysis,7500.0,household,national,0.0,,"dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes","does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programs",minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women,"concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees",-1.0,,4.0,0.0
Liyanaarachchi2016,"Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S.",2016,Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approach,Economic Modelling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008,article,economy,Sri Lanka,2009-2010,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES),simulation,macro-micro computable general equilibrium model,19958.0,household,national,1.0,,static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available,,trade liberalization,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index,"reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors","increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization",1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Li2022,"Li, Y., & Sunder, N.",2022,Land inequality and workfare policies,Journal of development studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362,article,development,India,2005-2006,12.0,implicit,potential labour force,"Indian Agricultural Census (2000, 2005); national administrative panel data MGNREGA public data portal",quasi-experimental,"OLS, instrumental variable approach",414.0,district,"national, census",1.0,political capture theory,sample attrition in matching NREGA districts to GINI data; assumption of no institutional/cultural unobservables,,work programme,0,1,0,income; spatial,0.0,0.0,employment (LFP rate per land ownership through Gini),"work programme generally increases LFP; but internal heterogeneity, difference in job provision not due to public job demand changes, caste, religion; previous capital inequality (land ownership) strongly affects programme efficacy","landlords oppose implementation due to general wage increases following, lobby against workfare introduction; decreased bargaining power of labour in more inequal districts",1.0,2.0,5.0,4.0
Kuriyama2021,"Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N.",2021,Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition’ in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts,Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610,article,development,Japan,2016,,,rural workers,Historical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Data,simulation,multi-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient,10.0,region,national,0.0,,has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only,"highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others",infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability,attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity,1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Khan2021,"Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K.",2021,Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan,Journal of Asian Economics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310,article,economics,Pakistan,2010-2011,,implicit,workers,GTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI),simulation,computable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model,30.0,region,national,1.0,,generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan,,trade liberalization,1,1,0,income; spatial,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality","increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects",0.0,0.0,4.0,0.0
Hojman2019,"Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F.",2019,Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers,Inter-American Development Bank,https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849,working paper,development,Nicaragua,2013-2015,24.0,implicit,poor mothers,baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey,experimental,RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects,1442.0,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,,effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample,,subsidy (childcare),0,1,1,gender; generational; income,1.0,0.0,employment,free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children,subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours),1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
Hardoy2015,"Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.",2015,Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care,Review of Economics of the Household,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8,article,economics,Norway,1995-2006,48.0,implicit,mothers,Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees,quasi-experimental,triple-difference approach,200530.0,individual,national,1.0,,simultaneous capacity extension may bias results,,subsidy (childcare),1,1,0,gender; education; migration,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,"child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers",day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households,1.0,2.0,4.0,3.0
Go2010,"Go, D. S., Kearney, M., Korman, V., Robinson, S., & Thierfelder, K.",2010,Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa,Journal of development studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456,article,development,South Africa,2003,,implicit,low-/semi-skilled workers,GCE model based on 2003 LM data; Pauw & Edwards (2006),simulation,"micro-simulation; multi-sector, multi-labour computable general equilibrium model",43.0,sector,national,0.0,,potentially reduced generalizability due to simulation's assumptions,,subsidy (wage),0,1,0,income,0.0,0.0,Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty headcount ratio,"overall decrease in FGT ratio, about 1.6% of households moving out of poverty; similar changes in urban/rural spaces; greater gains in poorer households",income gains for poorer households,-1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Go2010,"Go, D. S., Kearney, M., Korman, V., Robinson, S., & Thierfelder, K.",2010,Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa,Journal of development studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456,article,development,South Africa,2003,,implicit,low-/semi-skilled workers,GCE model based on 2003 LM data; Pauw & Edwards (2006),simulation,"micro-simulation; multi-sector, multi-labour computable general equilibrium model",43.0,sector,national,0.0,,potentially reduced generalizability due to simulation's assumptions,,subsidy (wage),0,1,0,income,0.0,0.0,Gini coeff,"Overall reduction in income inequality (0.5 ppt), not significant effects",income redistribution; increased formal employment for low-/medium-skill workers,-1.0,0.0,4.0,0.0
Gilbert2001,"Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I.",2001,The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areas,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759,article,economic,United Kingdom,1991-1998,84.0,implicit,rural workers,national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS),observational,observational methods with counterfactual approach,5500.0,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,,has to assume no effects on employment,,minimum wage,1,0,0,spatial; income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households,rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets,-1.0,1.0,3.0,0.0
Gates2000,"Gates, L. B.",2000,Workplace Accommodation as a Social Process,Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841,article,sociology,United States,2000,12.0,explicit,mentally ill workers,"survey, protocol",qualitative,action protocol development,12.0,individual,local,0.0,,,,counseling (workplace accommodation),0,1,1,disability,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened,unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process,1.0,,2.0,0.0
Field2019,"Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T.",2019,On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms,National Bureau of Economic Research,https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294,working paper,development,India,2013-2017,36.0,explicit,women workers,"baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS)",experimental,"RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment)",5851.0,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,financial empowerment as normative tool,possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time,long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector,training (financial),0,0,1,gender; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked,increased bargaining power through greater control of income,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
Emigh2018,"Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D.",2018,The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y,article,economics,Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania,1999-2002,24.0,implicit,poor people,panel data,quasi-experimental,two-wave panel analysis; OLS; random effects negative binomial model,7949.0,individual,national,0.0,institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective,does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives,"increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households",direct transfers (cash),0,1,1,income; ethnicity; gender,0.0,0.0,poverty,"level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria",poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households,-1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Dustmann2012,"Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.",2012,Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190,article,economics,Germany,1979-1992,40.0,explicit,working mothers,national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference analysis,13000.0,individual,"national, census",0.0,,sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification,no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income,paid leave (6 months childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,income,sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth,provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits,1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
Dustmann2012,"Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.",2012,Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190,article,economics,Germany,1979-1992,40.0,explicit,working mothers,national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference analysis,13000.0,individual,"national, census",0.0,,sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification,no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income,paid leave (36 months childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,income,marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave,"long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection",-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
Dustmann2012,"Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.",2012,Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190,article,economics,Germany,1979-1992,40.0,explicit,working mothers,national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference analysis,13000.0,individual,"national, census",0.0,,sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification,no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw share),"sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period",,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
Delesalle2021,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36.0,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606.0,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,0,spatial; education,1.0,1.0,education,"improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines","villagization effect, increased education access",1.0,,4.0,4.0
Delesalle2021,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36.0,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606.0,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,1,spatial; education; gender,1.0,0.0,consumption,sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work,"sector choice changes, increased individual productivity",1.0,2.0,4.0,4.0
Debowicz2014,"Debowicz, D., & Golan, J",2014,The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approach,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014,article,economics,Mexico,2008,,explicit,poor,national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008,simulation,"general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model",30000.0,household,national,0.0,human capital theory,analytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model,study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects and capture conditionality for school attendance,direct transfers (cash),0,1,0,income; generational,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality,"cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor",-1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Davies2022,"Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S.",2022,"Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK",Gender Work And Organization,https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843,article,organization,United Kingdom,2013-2018,,implicit,high-skill female workers,FOI data of Russell Group universities,observational,cross-sectional; pooled odds ratios,17.0,employer,local,0.0,scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline',fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts,study on public university employers only,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw ratios),significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff,fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments,-1.0,2.0,2.0,0.0
Clark2019,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12.0,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738.0,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment probability difference,subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers,increased ability to work through lower childcare burden,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
Clark2019,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12.0,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738.0,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,hours worked,subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers,allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours,-1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
Cieplinski2021,"Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.",2021,Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007,article,economics,Italy,2010-2014,,implicit,workers,"ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data",simulation,dynamic macrosimulation model,,individual,national,1.0,,models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction,,regulation (working time reduction),1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini; employment rates,working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality,significantly decreases aggregate demand,-1.0,1.0,4.0,0.0
Cieplinski2021,"Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.",2021,Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007,article,economics,Italy,2010-2014,,implicit,workers,"ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data",simulation,dynamic macrosimulation model,,individual,national,1.0,,models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction,,ubi,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini,decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes,sustains aggregate demand,-1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Chao2022,"Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H.",2022,"Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence",International Journal Of Economic Theory,https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307,article,economics,global,2005-2015,,,formal workers,"WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT",simulation,dual economy general-equilibrium model,43.0,country,national,1.0,Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model,"decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare",firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector,-1.0,2.0,4.0,0.0
Carstens2018,"Carstens, C., & Massatti, R.",2018,Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illness,Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8,article,health services,United States,2014-2015,1.0,explicit,mentally ill,survey data,observational,multinomial logistic regression model,917.0,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory; strength-based therapy,"small sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities","employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barriers",subsidy (health care),1,1,0,disability,1.0,1.0,employment probability,LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for,Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination,-1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Broadway2020,"Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B.",2020,The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia,Feminist Economics,https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175,article,economics,Australia,2009-2012,14.0,explicit,working mothers,"national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS)",quasi-experimental,propensity score matching,5000.0,individuals,"national, census",1.0,,can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis,child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers,supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw,1.0,2.0,5.0,3.5
Blumenberg2014,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84.0,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199.0,household,"subnational, metropolitan",1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated",98% of sample is female,subsidy (housing mobility),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,"no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself",high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit,0.0,0.0,3.0,5.0
Blumenberg2014,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84.0,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199.0,household,"subnational, metropolitan",1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated",98% of sample is female,infrastructure (transport),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,increased employment probability for car ownership,better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
Bartha2020,"Bartha, A., & Zentai, V.",2020,Long-term care and gender equality: Fuzzy-set ideal types of care regimes in europe,"Social inclusion (vol. 8, issue 4, pp. 92–102)",https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.2956,article,sociology,global,2016-2019,1.0,implicit,women,European Commission; Eurofound; Mutual Information System on Social Protection; European Institute for Gender Equality,observational,fuzzy-set ideal type ranking,28.0,country,regional,0.0,familialization in LTC,scarce comparable data; ideal-types follow prior assumptions potentially restricting view,"relying on migrant work is often poorly regulated, low paid and in turn may have negative consequences on gender equality in migrant communities/home countries","social security (pensions, care facilities); regulation (LTC-reforms, fiscal policies)",1,1,0,gender; age,1.0,1.0,full-time equivalent employment rate gap between men and women,"few countries fit an ideal-type household of male bread-winner (traditional), unsupported/supported double-earner; supported double-earner type mostly prevalent in Western Europe/Scandinavian countries, Southern/Eastern Europe predominantly unsupported double-earner; women will take on more unpaid care work in that model",in-home care facilitated by rising migrant cash-for-care work sectors may increase FLFP,-1.0,0.0,4.0,0.0
Bailey2012,"Bailey, M. J., Hershbein, B., & Miller, A. R.",2012,The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.225,article,economics,United States,1968-1989,,implicit,young women,longitudinal administrative National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS-YW),quasi-experimental,linear regression models; OLS; Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with recentered influence function (RIF) procedure,5159.0,individual,national,0.0,,dataset does not capture access to contraception beyond age 20 and social multiplier effects (e.g. changed hiring/promotion patterns),,technological change (contraception),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,hourly wage distribution (gendered),"early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s","increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers",-1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Adams2015,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72.0,country,regional,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",trade liberalization (FDI),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI,1.0,2.0,4.0,4.0
Adams2015,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72.0,country,regional,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",regulation (labour),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction,1.0,2.0,4.0,4.0
Adams2015,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72.0,country,regional,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",education (school enrolment),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution,capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated,-1.0,2.0,4.0,4.0
Alinaghi2020,"Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N.",2020,The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysis,Australian Economic Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381,article,economics,New Zealand,2012-2013,,implicit,,New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES),simulation,microsimulation model; uses Atkinson index,3500.0,individual,national,0.0,,"large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Atkinson index,"small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall",many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all,-1.0,0.0,4.0,0.0
Sotomayor2021,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2021,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000.0,household,"national, census",1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,0.0,poverty,within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%,,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
Sotomayor2021,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2021,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000.0,household,"national, census",1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings,unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
Al-Mamun2014,"Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z.",2014,Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia,Journal of Developing Areas,https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030,article,development,Malaysia,2011,2.0,implicit,women,structured face-to-face interviews,quasi-experimental,"cross-sectional stratified random sampling; OLS, multiple regression analysis",242.0,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,"household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996)",can not establish full experimental design,,microcredit; training,0,0,1,gender; income,1.0,0.0,empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership),increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans,individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training,1.0,2.0,3.0,2.0
Ahumada2023,"Ahumada, P. P.",2023,"Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective",International Journal of Comparative Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846,article,sociology,global,2009-2017,,,,time-series cross-sectional database for collective labour rights and class power disparity,quasi-experimental,OLS; Arellano estimator,78.0,country,regional,0.0,power resource theory,limited 2-observation dataset per country; potential remaining measurement bias due to concurrent shocks,,collective action (unionization),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining (FACB) and violation index coding,more unequal political power distribution hinders processes of collective organisation,,,,4.0,2.0
Cardinaleschi2019,"Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.",2019,Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy,Panoeconomicus,https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C,article,economics,Italy,2014,,,,Linked Employer Employees Data from Structure of Earnings Survey,quasi-experimental,OLS; Oaxaca-Blinder & Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decompositions,,firm,national; census,0.0,gender endowment discrimination; glass ceiling wage-setting institutions,Only a short-term decomposition of mostly cross-sectional dataset,,collective action (collective bargaining),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,income shares,collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects,occupational segregation into feminized industries,1.0,1.0,5.0,2.0
Coutinho2006,"Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.",2006,Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education,Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401,article,education,United States,1972-1994,72.0,implicit,young women with disabilities,National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88),quasi-experimental,OLS; linear and two-step multinomial logistic regression,13391.0,individual,national,0.0,,sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias,more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups,education (special needs),0,1,0,disability; gender; income; age,1.0,0.0,"female employment ratio, female income ratio","females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent","men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers",-1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Dieckhoff2015,"Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.",2015,Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market,Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001,article,sociology,Austria; Belgium; Czechia; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; and the UK,1992-2007,192.0,,,"repeat cross-sectional data, national survey dataset European Labour Force Survey",quasi-experimental,"two-step multilevel modelling; OLS; multinomial logistic regression, fixed effects approach",18.0,country,national,1.0,,averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights,PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES,collective action (unionization),0,1,0,gender,,,employment,men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease,increased standard employment contract probability,1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Ferguson2015,"Ferguson, J.-P.",2015,The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation,American Journal of Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1086/683357,article,sociology,United States,1984-2010,,implicit,women workers,"AFL-CIO, NLRB datasets, amended with Current Population Survey",quasi-experimental,regression-discontinuity RD test,50000.0,individual,national,1.0,,most of effects may be caused by unsobservables,,collective action (unionization),0,1,1,gender; ethnicity,1.0,0.0,employment,"stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant",possible self-selection into unionization,1.0,1.0,4.0,4.5
Mukhopadhaya2003,"Mukhopadhaya, P.",2003,Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore,International Journal of Educational Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7,article,education,Singapore,1980-1995,,,,"Census Reports, Yearbook of Statistics Snagopre",observational,regressions with multivariate decomposition,,,"national, census",0.0,,higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder,only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,education,0,1,0,migration; generational; income; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income,non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting,primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households,1.0,2.0,5.0,0.0
Shin2006,"Shin, J., & Moon, S.",2006,"Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers",Economics of Education Review,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004,article,economics,United States,1968-1988,,implicit,female teachers,National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women,quasi-experimental,fixed effects panel regressions; panel probit estimation,2712.0,individual,national,0.0,,"looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men",,education; regulation (relative wage-setting),1,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (FLFP rate),"higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection",most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers,1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Alexiou2023,"Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.",2023,The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies,Journal of Economic Studies,https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612,article,economics,Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Japan; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom; United States,2000-2016,,,,Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) OECD panel data,quasi-experimental,"panel fixed effects approach, Driscoll and Kraay non-parametric covariance matrix estimator",18.0,country,regional,1.0,power resources theory,"can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc",,collective action (trade unionization),1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,"Gini coeff (equivalized household disposable income, market income, manufacturing pay)",unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequality; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality,redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality,-1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
Mun2018,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84.0,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,potential outcomes framework; fixed-effects analysis,600.0,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,job quality,"no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects",voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations,1.0,1.0,4.0,2.0
Mun2018,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84.0,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,potential outcomes framework; fixed-effects analysis,600.0,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,employment,no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability,decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour,0.0,0.0,4.0,2.0
Thoresen2021,"Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.",2021,Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities,International journal of disability development and education,https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648,article,education,Australia,2011-204,36.0,explicit,disabled,experimental survey,quasi-experimental,"quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30); annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; generalised estimating equation GEE",489.0,individual,local,0.0,,"non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size",Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal,training,0,1,1,disability; income,1.0,0.0,hours worked,"slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey",significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group,1.0,2.0,2.0,4.0
Thoresen2021,"Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.",2021,Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities,International journal of disability development and education,https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648,article,education,Australia,2011-204,36.0,explicit,disabled,experimental survey,quasi-experimental,"quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30); annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; generalised estimating equation GEE",489.0,individual,local,0.0,,"non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size",Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal,training,0,1,1,disability; income,1.0,0.0,hourly/weekly income,wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups,strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias,1.0,2.0,2.0,4.0
Wang2016,"Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O.",2016,"Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009",European Journal of Social Security,https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401,article,economics,global,1990-2009,,implicit,low-income,"World Bank CPI indicators & Penn World Table; Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection Dataset (Nelson, 2013)",observational,cross-country comparative analysis,26.0,country,regional,0.0,,some effects may stem from exchange rate/PPP changes instead,due to data availability indicator for real minimum benefits and replacement rates could be constructed for 26 OECD countries,direct transfers (social assistance),1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,real wage; replacement rate,"real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased",bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; but benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages,1.0,,4.0,0.0
Wang2020,"Wang, C., Deng, M., & Deng, J.",2020,Factor reallocation and structural transformation implications of grain subsidies in China,Journal of Asian Economics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101248,article,economics,China,2007-2016,108.0,implicit,rural workers,TERMCN-Land database; Chinese Input-Output Table 2007,simulation,historical and TERMCN-Land structural simulation model,,sector,,0.0,,aggregate national employment exogenous to model; strong correlation to Chinese economic characteristics makes generalisability difficult,,subsidy (firm-level),0,1,0,income; spatial,1.0,1.0,income ratio,the rural-urban income inequality is exacerbated if grain subsidies are removed; over the long term this increase attenuates but income ratio remains decreased for rural labour,"displacement of rural unskilled labour; unskilled labour supply increase, labour difficult to absorb into manufacturing/service sectors; low income/price elasticity for agr. products lower rural income",1.0,2.0,0.0,0.0
1 citation author year title publisher uri pubtype discipline country period maxlength targeting group data design method sample unit representativeness causal theory limitations notes intervention institutional structural agency inequality type indicator measures findings channels direction significance external_validity internal_validity
2 Adam2018 Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D. 2018 Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013 article development Tanzania 2001 explicit rural workers national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003) simulation general equilibrium model 7.0 household subnational, rural 1.0 transport cost burden approach can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs infrastructure 0 1 0 spatial; income 1.0 0.0 real consumption wage differences results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors -1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0
3 Rosen2014 Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A. 2014 Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition Psychiatric Services https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478 article health United States 2008-2011 6.0 explicit disabled baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar experimental RCT 84.0 individual local 1.0 can not locate active ingredient counseling (benefits counseling) 0 0 1 disability; age 1.0 0.0 hours worked (rtw) counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly 1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0
4 Xu2021 Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. 2021 Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa African Development Review https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 article development Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia 2000-2015 implicit workers UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators quasi-experimental generalized method of moments 38.0 country national, census 0.0 contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region trade liberalization (FDI) 0 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff increased income equality through FDI (p < .1) primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour -1.0 1.0 5.0 4.0
5 Xu2021 Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. 2021 Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa African Development Review https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 article development Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia 2000-2015 implicit workers UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators quasi-experimental generalized method of moments 38.0 country national, census 0.0 contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region trade liberalization 0 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0
6 Xu2021 Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. 2021 Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa African Development Review https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 article development Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia 2000-2015 implicit workers UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators quasi-experimental generalized method of moments 38.0 country national, census 0.0 contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region education 1 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff education significantly decreases income equality in the region potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0
7 Wong2019 Wong, S. A. 2019 Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004 article development Ecuador 2011-2014 12.0 implicit wage workers national employment survey (ENEMDU) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference approach 1624422.0 individual national, census 1.0 some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth minimum wage 1 1 0 income; gender 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners income-compression effect -1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0
8 Wong2019 Wong, S. A. 2019 Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004 article development Ecuador 2011-2014 12.0 implicit wage workers national employment survey (ENEMDU) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference approach 1624422.0 individual national, census 1.0 some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth minimum wage 1 1 0 income; gender 0.0 0.0 hours worked significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women 1.0 0.0 5.0 3.0
9 Whitworth2021 Whitworth, A. 2021 Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0 article economics United Kingdom 2011-2017 72.0 implicit unemployed Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics observational three-stage linear model 1494.0 individual national 0.0 social creaming & parking (used spatially) no causal inferrence attempted work programme 0 1 0 spatial 1.0 0.0 employment already deprived areas experience further deprivation providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking) -1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
10 Suh2017 Suh, M.-G. 2017 Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth Social Indicators Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1 article sociology Korea, Rep. 1980-2014 implicit married women Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015 quasi-experimental OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator 35.0 case national, census 0.0 education 0 1 0 income; generational; gender 1.0 1.0 employment education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure 1.0 2.0 5.0 2.0
11 Stock2021 Stock, R. (2021). 2021 Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive’ solar development World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196 article development India 2018 1.0 implicit women baseline survey, interviews observational quantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis 200.0 household subnational, rural 0.0 authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe) no causal research infrastructure 0 1 0 gender; income; spatial 1.0 0.0 employment insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0
12 Standing2015 Standing, G. 2015 Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value Basic Income Studies https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021 article economics India 2010-2013 18.0 implicit low-income households baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews experimental rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews 1665.0 household subnational, rural 1.0 Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource) ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work) ubi 1 0 1 income; ethnicity 0.0 0.0 debt ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing -1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
13 Standing2015 Standing, G. 2015 Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value Basic Income Studies https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021 article economics India 2010-2013 18.0 implicit low-income households baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews experimental rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews 1665.0 household subnational, rural 1.0 Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource) ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work) ubi 1 0 1 income; ethnicity 0.0 0.0 saving ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
14 SilveiraNeto2011 Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R. 2011 Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil Regional Studies https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485 article economics Brazil 1995-2005 implicit poor national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD) quasi-experimental OLS, beta convergence test 27.0 region national, census 1.0 limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes minimum wage; direct transfers (cash) 1 0 1 spatial; income 1.0 1.0 Gini coeff incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6% quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions -1.0 2.0 5.0 2.0
15 Shepherd-Banigan2021 Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H. 2021 Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilities In Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437 article psychology United States 2018 explicit disabled interviews qualitative semi-structured interviews 26.0 individual local 0.0 sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy training 0 0 1 age; disability 1.0 1.0 employment (rtw) vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation 1.0 2.0 0.0
16 Rendall2013 Rendall, M. 2013 Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality? World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005 article development Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand 1987-2008 implicit women WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS quasi-experimental OLS; Mincer wage regression; Wellington wage gap decomposition; comparative average factor deviations 200000.0 individual national, census capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996) trade liberalization (structural changes) 0 1 0 gender; income 1.0 1.0 female employment shares all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour 1.0 2.0 5.0 2.0
17 Rendall2013 Rendall, M. 2013 Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality? World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005 article development Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand 1987-2008 implicit women WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS quasi-experimental OLS; Mincer wage regression; Wellington wage gap decomposition; comparative average factor deviations 200000.0 individual national, census capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996) trade liberalization (structural changes) 0 1 0 gender; income 1.0 1.0 female wage shares Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes 1.0 1.0 5.0 2.0
18 Poppen2017 Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M. 2017 Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857 article health United States 2003-2013 explicit disabled young adults state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA) quasi-experimental multivariate logistic regression; OLS 4443.0 individual subnational 0.0 data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability training (vocational rehabilitation) 0 1 1 disability; gender; age 1.0 0.0 employment significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased 1.0 2.0 3.0 2.0
19 Pi2016 Pi, J., & Zhang, P. 2016 Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in China China Economic Review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009 article economics China 1988-2013 12.0 implicit urban workers national administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13 simulation general equilibrium model household subnational, urban 0.0 generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model social security; education (access) 1 1 0 income; migration; ethnicity 1.0 1.0 decile ratios (90th to 10th) increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector -1.0 3.0 0.0
20 Militaru2019 Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D. 2019 Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of Romania Sustainability https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542 article economics Romania 2013-2014 12.0 explicit low-income workers EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) simulation microsimulation (EUROMOD); counterfactual analysis 7500.0 household national 0.0 dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programs minimum wage 1 1 0 income; gender 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees -1.0 4.0 0.0
21 Liyanaarachchi2016 Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S. 2016 Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approach Economic Modelling https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008 article economy Sri Lanka 2009-2010 12.0 implicit workers national administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) simulation macro-micro computable general equilibrium model 19958.0 household national 1.0 static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available trade liberalization 1 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization 1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
22 Li2022 Li, Y., & Sunder, N. 2022 Land inequality and workfare policies Journal of development studies https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362 article development India 2005-2006 12.0 implicit potential labour force Indian Agricultural Census (2000, 2005); national administrative panel data MGNREGA public data portal quasi-experimental OLS, instrumental variable approach 414.0 district national, census 1.0 political capture theory sample attrition in matching NREGA districts to GINI data; assumption of no institutional/cultural unobservables work programme 0 1 0 income; spatial 0.0 0.0 employment (LFP rate per land ownership through Gini) work programme generally increases LFP; but internal heterogeneity, difference in job provision not due to public job demand changes, caste, religion; previous capital inequality (land ownership) strongly affects programme efficacy landlords oppose implementation due to general wage increases following, lobby against workfare introduction; decreased bargaining power of labour in more inequal districts 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0
23 Kuriyama2021 Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N. 2021 Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition’ in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610 article development Japan 2016 rural workers Historical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Data simulation multi-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient 10.0 region national 0.0 has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others infrastructure 0 1 0 spatial 1.0 0.0 employment power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity 1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
24 Khan2021 Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K. 2021 Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan Journal of Asian Economics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310 article economics Pakistan 2010-2011 implicit workers GTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI) simulation computable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model 30.0 region national 1.0 generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan trade liberalization 1 1 0 income; spatial 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0
25 Hojman2019 Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F. 2019 Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers Inter-American Development Bank https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849 working paper development Nicaragua 2013-2015 24.0 implicit poor mothers baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey experimental RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects 1442.0 individual subnational, urban 1.0 effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample subsidy (childcare) 0 1 1 gender; generational; income 1.0 0.0 employment free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours) 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
26 Hardoy2015 Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P. 2015 Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care Review of Economics of the Household https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8 article economics Norway 1995-2006 48.0 implicit mothers Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees quasi-experimental triple-difference approach 200530.0 individual national 1.0 simultaneous capacity extension may bias results subsidy (childcare) 1 1 0 gender; education; migration 1.0 0.0 employment; hours worked child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households 1.0 2.0 4.0 3.0
27 Go2010 Go, D. S., Kearney, M., Korman, V., Robinson, S., & Thierfelder, K. 2010 Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa Journal of development studies https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456 article development South Africa 2003 implicit low-/semi-skilled workers GCE model based on 2003 LM data; Pauw & Edwards (2006) simulation micro-simulation; multi-sector, multi-labour computable general equilibrium model 43.0 sector national 0.0 potentially reduced generalizability due to simulation's assumptions subsidy (wage) 0 1 0 income 0.0 0.0 Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty headcount ratio overall decrease in FGT ratio, about 1.6% of households moving out of poverty; similar changes in urban/rural spaces; greater gains in poorer households income gains for poorer households -1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
28 Go2010 Go, D. S., Kearney, M., Korman, V., Robinson, S., & Thierfelder, K. 2010 Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa Journal of development studies https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456 article development South Africa 2003 implicit low-/semi-skilled workers GCE model based on 2003 LM data; Pauw & Edwards (2006) simulation micro-simulation; multi-sector, multi-labour computable general equilibrium model 43.0 sector national 0.0 potentially reduced generalizability due to simulation's assumptions subsidy (wage) 0 1 0 income 0.0 0.0 Gini coeff Overall reduction in income inequality (0.5 ppt), not significant effects income redistribution; increased formal employment for low-/medium-skill workers -1.0 0.0 4.0 0.0
29 Gilbert2001 Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I. 2001 The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areas Regional Studies https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759 article economic United Kingdom 1991-1998 84.0 implicit rural workers national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) observational observational methods with counterfactual approach 5500.0 household subnational, rural 1.0 has to assume no effects on employment minimum wage 1 0 0 spatial; income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets -1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0
30 Gates2000 Gates, L. B. 2000 Workplace Accommodation as a Social Process Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841 article sociology United States 2000 12.0 explicit mentally ill workers survey, protocol qualitative action protocol development 12.0 individual local 0.0 counseling (workplace accommodation) 0 1 1 disability 1.0 0.0 employment (rtw) successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process 1.0 2.0 0.0
31 Field2019 Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T. 2019 On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms National Bureau of Economic Research https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294 working paper development India 2013-2017 36.0 explicit women workers baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS) experimental RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment) 5851.0 household subnational, rural 1.0 financial empowerment as normative tool possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector training (financial) 0 0 1 gender; spatial 1.0 0.0 employment; hours worked short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked increased bargaining power through greater control of income 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
32 Emigh2018 Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D. 2018 The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe Social Indicators Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y article economics Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania 1999-2002 24.0 implicit poor people panel data quasi-experimental two-wave panel analysis; OLS; random effects negative binomial model 7949.0 individual national 0.0 institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households direct transfers (cash) 0 1 1 income; ethnicity; gender 0.0 0.0 poverty level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households -1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
33 Dustmann2012 Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. 2012 Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes Economic journal: applied economics https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190 article economics Germany 1979-1992 40.0 explicit working mothers national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference analysis 13000.0 individual national, census 0.0 sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income paid leave (6 months childcare) 1 1 0 gender 1.0 0.0 income sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits 1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0
34 Dustmann2012 Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. 2012 Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes Economic journal: applied economics https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190 article economics Germany 1979-1992 40.0 explicit working mothers national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference analysis 13000.0 individual national, census 0.0 sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income paid leave (36 months childcare) 1 1 0 gender 1.0 0.0 income marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection -1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0
35 Dustmann2012 Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. 2012 Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes Economic journal: applied economics https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190 article economics Germany 1979-1992 40.0 explicit working mothers national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference analysis 13000.0 individual national, census 0.0 sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income paid leave (childcare) 1 1 0 gender 1.0 1.0 employment (rtw share) sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period -1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0
36 Delesalle2021 Delesalle, E. 2021 The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345 article development Tanzania 2002-2012 36.0 implicit rural workers Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference approach; IV approach 433606.0 individual national 0.0 human capital theory can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum education (universal) 0 1 0 spatial; education 1.0 1.0 education improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines villagization effect, increased education access 1.0 4.0 4.0
37 Delesalle2021 Delesalle, E. 2021 The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345 article development Tanzania 2002-2012 36.0 implicit rural workers Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference approach; IV approach 433606.0 individual national 0.0 human capital theory can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum education (universal) 0 1 1 spatial; education; gender 1.0 0.0 consumption sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work sector choice changes, increased individual productivity 1.0 2.0 4.0 4.0
38 Debowicz2014 Debowicz, D., & Golan, J 2014 The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approach Journal of Policy Modeling https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014 article economics Mexico 2008 explicit poor national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008 simulation general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model 30000.0 household national 0.0 human capital theory analytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects and capture conditionality for school attendance direct transfers (cash) 0 1 0 income; generational 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor -1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
39 Davies2022 Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S. 2022 Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK Gender Work And Organization https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843 article organization United Kingdom 2013-2018 implicit high-skill female workers FOI data of Russell Group universities observational cross-sectional; pooled odds ratios 17.0 employer local 0.0 scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline' fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts study on public university employers only paid leave (childcare) 1 1 0 gender 1.0 1.0 employment (rtw ratios) significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments -1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0
40 Clark2019 Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. 2019 The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa Demography https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3 article sociology Kenya 2015-2016 12.0 explicit mothers national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System experimental RCT 738.0 individual subnational, urban 1.0 economic empowerment theory results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate subsidy (childcare) 0 1 0 gender 1.0 1.0 employment probability difference subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers increased ability to work through lower childcare burden 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
41 Clark2019 Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. 2019 The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa Demography https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3 article sociology Kenya 2015-2016 12.0 explicit mothers national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System experimental RCT 738.0 individual subnational, urban 1.0 economic empowerment theory results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate subsidy (childcare) 0 1 0 gender 1.0 0.0 hours worked subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours -1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
42 Cieplinski2021 Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P. 2021 Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case Structural Change and Economic Dynamics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007 article economics Italy 2010-2014 implicit workers ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data simulation dynamic macrosimulation model individual national 1.0 models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction regulation (working time reduction) 1 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini; employment rates working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality significantly decreases aggregate demand -1.0 1.0 4.0 0.0
43 Cieplinski2021 Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P. 2021 Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case Structural Change and Economic Dynamics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007 article economics Italy 2010-2014 implicit workers ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data simulation dynamic macrosimulation model individual national 1.0 models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction ubi 1 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes sustains aggregate demand -1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
44 Chao2022 Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H. 2022 Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence International Journal Of Economic Theory https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307 article economics global 2005-2015 formal workers WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT simulation dual economy general-equilibrium model 43.0 country national 1.0 Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted minimum wage 1 0 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector -1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
45 Carstens2018 Carstens, C., & Massatti, R. 2018 Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illness Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8 article health services United States 2014-2015 1.0 explicit mentally ill survey data observational multinomial logistic regression model 917.0 individual national 0.0 human capital theory; strength-based therapy small sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barriers subsidy (health care) 1 1 0 disability 1.0 1.0 employment probability LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination -1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
46 Broadway2020 Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B. 2020 The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia Feminist Economics https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175 article economics Australia 2009-2012 14.0 explicit working mothers national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS) quasi-experimental propensity score matching 5000.0 individuals national, census 1.0 can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw paid leave (childcare) 1 1 0 gender; income 1.0 0.0 employment (rtw) short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw 1.0 2.0 5.0 3.5
47 Blumenberg2014 Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. 2014 A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program Journal of the American Planning Association https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 article development United States 1994-2001 84.0 implicit poor women baseline and follow-up survey; experimental RCT; multinomial regression model 3199.0 household subnational, metropolitan 1.0 low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated 98% of sample is female subsidy (housing mobility) 0 1 0 spatial; gender; ethnicity 1.0 1.0 employment rate no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit 0.0 0.0 3.0 5.0
48 Blumenberg2014 Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. 2014 A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program Journal of the American Planning Association https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 article development United States 1994-2001 84.0 implicit poor women baseline and follow-up survey; experimental RCT; multinomial regression model 3199.0 household subnational, metropolitan 1.0 low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated 98% of sample is female infrastructure (transport) 0 1 0 spatial; gender; ethnicity 1.0 1.0 employment rate increased employment probability for car ownership better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
49 Bartha2020 Bartha, A., & Zentai, V. 2020 Long-term care and gender equality: Fuzzy-set ideal types of care regimes in europe Social inclusion (vol. 8, issue 4, pp. 92–102) https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.2956 article sociology global 2016-2019 1.0 implicit women European Commission; Eurofound; Mutual Information System on Social Protection; European Institute for Gender Equality observational fuzzy-set ideal type ranking 28.0 country regional 0.0 familialization in LTC scarce comparable data; ideal-types follow prior assumptions potentially restricting view relying on migrant work is often poorly regulated, low paid and in turn may have negative consequences on gender equality in migrant communities/home countries social security (pensions, care facilities); regulation (LTC-reforms, fiscal policies) 1 1 0 gender; age 1.0 1.0 full-time equivalent employment rate gap between men and women few countries fit an ideal-type household of male bread-winner (traditional), unsupported/supported double-earner; supported double-earner type mostly prevalent in Western Europe/Scandinavian countries, Southern/Eastern Europe predominantly unsupported double-earner; women will take on more unpaid care work in that model in-home care facilitated by rising migrant cash-for-care work sectors may increase FLFP -1.0 0.0 4.0 0.0
50 Bailey2012 Bailey, M. J., Hershbein, B., & Miller, A. R. 2012 The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages Economic journal: applied economics https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.225 article economics United States 1968-1989 implicit young women longitudinal administrative National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS-YW) quasi-experimental linear regression models; OLS; Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with recentered influence function (RIF) procedure 5159.0 individual national 0.0 dataset does not capture access to contraception beyond age 20 and social multiplier effects (e.g. changed hiring/promotion patterns) technological change (contraception) 0 1 0 gender; income 1.0 1.0 hourly wage distribution (gendered) early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers -1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
51 Adams2015 Adams, S., & Atsu, F. 2015 Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries Journal of Policy Modeling https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 article economics global 1970-2012 implicit developing countries panel data quasi-experimental system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient 72.0 country regional 0.0 macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls trade liberalization (FDI) 1 0 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI 1.0 2.0 4.0 4.0
52 Adams2015 Adams, S., & Atsu, F. 2015 Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries Journal of Policy Modeling https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 article economics global 1970-2012 implicit developing countries panel data quasi-experimental system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient 72.0 country regional 0.0 macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls regulation (labour) 1 0 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction 1.0 2.0 4.0 4.0
53 Adams2015 Adams, S., & Atsu, F. 2015 Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries Journal of Policy Modeling https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 article economics global 1970-2012 implicit developing countries panel data quasi-experimental system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient 72.0 country regional 0.0 macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls education (school enrolment) 1 0 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated -1.0 2.0 4.0 4.0
54 Alinaghi2020 Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N. 2020 The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysis Australian Economic Review https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381 article economics New Zealand 2012-2013 implicit New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES) simulation microsimulation model; uses Atkinson index 3500.0 individual national 0.0 large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents minimum wage 1 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 Atkinson index small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all -1.0 0.0 4.0 0.0
55 Sotomayor2021 Sotomayor, Orlando J. 2021 Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182 article economics Brazil 1995-2015 12.0 implicit workers national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference estimator 40000.0 household national, census 1.0 survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving minimum wage 1 0 0 income 0.0 0.0 poverty within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8% -1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0
56 Sotomayor2021 Sotomayor, Orlando J. 2021 Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil World Development https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182 article economics Brazil 1995-2015 12.0 implicit workers national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME) quasi-experimental difference-in-difference estimator 40000.0 household national, census 1.0 survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving minimum wage 1 0 0 income 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty -1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0
57 Al-Mamun2014 Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z. 2014 Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia Journal of Developing Areas https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030 article development Malaysia 2011 2.0 implicit women structured face-to-face interviews quasi-experimental cross-sectional stratified random sampling; OLS, multiple regression analysis 242.0 individual subnational, urban 1.0 household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996) can not establish full experimental design microcredit; training 0 0 1 gender; income 1.0 0.0 empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership) increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training 1.0 2.0 3.0 2.0
58 Ahumada2023 Ahumada, P. P. 2023 Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective International Journal of Comparative Sociology https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846 article sociology global 2009-2017 time-series cross-sectional database for collective labour rights and class power disparity quasi-experimental OLS; Arellano estimator 78.0 country regional 0.0 power resource theory limited 2-observation dataset per country; potential remaining measurement bias due to concurrent shocks collective action (unionization) 1 0 0 income 0.0 1.0 Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining (FACB) and violation index coding more unequal political power distribution hinders processes of collective organisation 4.0 2.0
59 Cardinaleschi2019 Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M. 2019 Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy Panoeconomicus https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C article economics Italy 2014 Linked Employer Employees Data from Structure of Earnings Survey quasi-experimental OLS; Oaxaca-Blinder & Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decompositions firm national; census 0.0 gender endowment discrimination; glass ceiling wage-setting institutions Only a short-term decomposition of mostly cross-sectional dataset collective action (collective bargaining) 1 1 0 gender; income 1.0 1.0 income shares collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects occupational segregation into feminized industries 1.0 1.0 5.0 2.0
60 Coutinho2006 Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M. 2006 Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education Career Development for Exceptional Individuals https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401 article education United States 1972-1994 72.0 implicit young women with disabilities National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88) quasi-experimental OLS; linear and two-step multinomial logistic regression 13391.0 individual national 0.0 sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups education (special needs) 0 1 0 disability; gender; income; age 1.0 0.0 female employment ratio, female income ratio females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers -1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
61 Dieckhoff2015 Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N. 2015 Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market Research in Social Stratification and Mobility https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001 article sociology Austria; Belgium; Czechia; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; and the UK 1992-2007 192.0 repeat cross-sectional data, national survey dataset European Labour Force Survey quasi-experimental two-step multilevel modelling; OLS; multinomial logistic regression, fixed effects approach 18.0 country national 1.0 averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES collective action (unionization) 0 1 0 gender employment men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease increased standard employment contract probability 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
62 Ferguson2015 Ferguson, J.-P. 2015 The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation American Journal of Sociology https://doi.org/10.1086/683357 article sociology United States 1984-2010 implicit women workers AFL-CIO, NLRB datasets, amended with Current Population Survey quasi-experimental regression-discontinuity RD test 50000.0 individual national 1.0 most of effects may be caused by unsobservables collective action (unionization) 0 1 1 gender; ethnicity 1.0 0.0 employment stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant possible self-selection into unionization 1.0 1.0 4.0 4.5
63 Mukhopadhaya2003 Mukhopadhaya, P. 2003 Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore International Journal of Educational Development https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7 article education Singapore 1980-1995 Census Reports, Yearbook of Statistics Snagopre observational regressions with multivariate decomposition national, census 0.0 higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION education 0 1 0 migration; generational; income; ethnicity 1.0 1.0 Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households 1.0 2.0 5.0 0.0
64 Shin2006 Shin, J., & Moon, S. 2006 Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers Economics of Education Review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004 article economics United States 1968-1988 implicit female teachers National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women quasi-experimental fixed effects panel regressions; panel probit estimation 2712.0 individual national 0.0 looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men education; regulation (relative wage-setting) 1 1 0 gender 1.0 1.0 employment (FLFP rate) higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
65 Alexiou2023 Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E. 2023 The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies Journal of Economic Studies https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612 article economics Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Japan; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom; United States 2000-2016 Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) OECD panel data quasi-experimental panel fixed effects approach, Driscoll and Kraay non-parametric covariance matrix estimator 18.0 country regional 1.0 power resources theory can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc collective action (trade unionization) 1 1 0 income; gender 0.0 1.0 Gini coeff (equivalized household disposable income, market income, manufacturing pay) unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequality; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality -1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0
66 Mun2018 Mun, E., & Jung, J. 2018 Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined American Sociological Review https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857 article sociology Japan 1992-2009 84.0 explicit working mothers Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers quasi-experimental potential outcomes framework; fixed-effects analysis 600.0 enterprise national 0.0 welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states) limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management paid leave (childcare) 1 0 0 gender 1.0 0.0 job quality no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations 1.0 1.0 4.0 2.0
67 Mun2018 Mun, E., & Jung, J. 2018 Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined American Sociological Review https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857 article sociology Japan 1992-2009 84.0 explicit working mothers Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers quasi-experimental potential outcomes framework; fixed-effects analysis 600.0 enterprise national 0.0 welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states) limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management paid leave (childcare) 1 0 0 gender 1.0 0.0 employment no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour 0.0 0.0 4.0 2.0
68 Thoresen2021 Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R. 2021 Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities International journal of disability development and education https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648 article education Australia 2011-204 36.0 explicit disabled experimental survey quasi-experimental quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30); annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; generalised estimating equation GEE 489.0 individual local 0.0 non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal training 0 1 1 disability; income 1.0 0.0 hours worked slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0
69 Thoresen2021 Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R. 2021 Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities International journal of disability development and education https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648 article education Australia 2011-204 36.0 explicit disabled experimental survey quasi-experimental quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30); annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; generalised estimating equation GEE 489.0 individual local 0.0 non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal training 0 1 1 disability; income 1.0 0.0 hourly/weekly income wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0
70 Wang2016 Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O. 2016 Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009 European Journal of Social Security https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401 article economics global 1990-2009 implicit low-income World Bank CPI indicators & Penn World Table; Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection Dataset (Nelson, 2013) observational cross-country comparative analysis 26.0 country regional 0.0 some effects may stem from exchange rate/PPP changes instead due to data availability indicator for real minimum benefits and replacement rates could be constructed for 26 OECD countries direct transfers (social assistance) 1 1 0 income 0.0 1.0 real wage; replacement rate real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; but benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages 1.0 4.0 0.0
71 Wang2020 Wang, C., Deng, M., & Deng, J. 2020 Factor reallocation and structural transformation implications of grain subsidies in China Journal of Asian Economics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101248 article economics China 2007-2016 108.0 implicit rural workers TERMCN-Land database; Chinese Input-Output Table 2007 simulation historical and TERMCN-Land structural simulation model sector 0.0 aggregate national employment exogenous to model; strong correlation to Chinese economic characteristics makes generalisability difficult subsidy (firm-level) 0 1 0 income; spatial 1.0 1.0 income ratio the rural-urban income inequality is exacerbated if grain subsidies are removed; over the long term this increase attenuates but income ratio remains decreased for rural labour displacement of rural unskilled labour; unskilled labour supply increase, labour difficult to absorb into manufacturing/service sectors; low income/price elasticity for agr. products lower rural income 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0