0,"Whitworth, A.",2021,Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme,Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0,article,economics,United Kingdom,2011-2017,72.0,implicit,unemployed,Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics,observational,three-stage linear model,1494,individual,national,0.0,social creaming & parking (used spatially),no causal inferrence attempted,"[{'intervention': 'work programme', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'already deprived areas experience further deprivation', 'channels': 'providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking)', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,work programme,0,1,0,spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,already deprived areas experience further deprivation,providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking),-1.0,2.0
0,"Whitworth, A.",2021,Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme,Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0,article,economics,United Kingdom,2011-2017,72,implicit,unemployed,Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics,observational,three-stage linear model,1494,individual,national,0.0,social creaming & parking (used spatially),no causal inferrence attempted,"[{'intervention': 'work programme', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'already deprived areas experience further deprivation', 'channels': 'providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking)', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,work programme,0,1,0,spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,already deprived areas experience further deprivation,providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking),-1.0,2.0
1,"Carstens, C., & Massatti, R.",2018,Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illness,Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8,article,health services,United States,2014-2015,1.0,explicit,mentally ill,survey data,observational,multinomial logistic regression model,917,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory; strength-based therapy,"small sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (health care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability', 'findings': 'LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for', 'channels': 'Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barriers",subsidy (health care),1,1,0,disability,1.0,1.0,employment probability,LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for,Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination,-1.0,2.0
1,"Carstens, C., & Massatti, R.",2018,Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illness,Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8,article,health services,United States,2014-2015,1,explicit,mentally ill,survey data,observational,multinomial logistic regression model,917,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory; strength-based therapy,"small sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (health care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability', 'findings': 'LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for', 'channels': 'Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barriers",subsidy (health care),1,1,0,disability,1.0,1.0,employment probability,LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for,Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination,-1.0,2.0
2,"Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.",2021,Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007,article,economics,Italy,2010-2014,,implicit,workers,"ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data",simulation,dynamic macrosimulation model,,individual,national,1.0,,models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction,"[{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,regulation (working time reduction),1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini; employment rates,working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality,significantly decreases aggregate demand,-1.0,1.0
2,"Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.",2021,Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007,article,economics,Italy,2010-2014,,implicit,workers,"ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data",simulation,dynamic macrosimulation model,,individual,national,1.0,,models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction,"[{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,regulation (working time reduction),1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini; employment rates,working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality,significantly decreases aggregate demand,-1.0,1.0
3,"Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.",2021,Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007,article,economics,Italy,2010-2014,,implicit,workers,"ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data",simulation,dynamic macrosimulation model,,individual,national,1.0,,models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction,"[{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,ubi,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini,decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes,sustains aggregate demand,-1.0,2.0
3,"Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.",2021,Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007,article,economics,Italy,2010-2014,,implicit,workers,"ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data",simulation,dynamic macrosimulation model,,individual,national,1.0,,models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction,"[{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,ubi,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini,decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes,sustains aggregate demand,-1.0,2.0
4,"Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D.",2018,"Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania",World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013,article,development,Tanzania,2001,,explicit,rural workers,"national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003)",quasi-experimental,general equilibrium model,7,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,transport cost burden approach,can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs,infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial; income,1.0,0.0,real consumption wage differences,"results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid",movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors,-1.0,2.0
4,"Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D.",2018,"Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania",World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013,article,development,Tanzania,2001,,explicit,rural workers,"national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003)",quasi-experimental,general equilibrium model,7,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,transport cost burden approach,can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs,infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial; income,1.0,0.0,real consumption wage differences,"results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid",movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors,-1.0,2.0
5,"Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z.",2014,Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia,Journal of Developing Areas,https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030,article,development,Malaysia,2011,2.0,implicit,women,structured face-to-face interviews,quasi-experimental,cross-sectional stratified random sampling,242,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,"household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996)",can not establish full experimental design,"[{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,microcredit; training,0,0,1,gender; income,1.0,0.0,empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership),increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans,individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training,1.0,2.0
5,"Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z.",2014,Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia,Journal of Developing Areas,https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030,article,development,Malaysia,2011,2,implicit,women,structured face-to-face interviews,quasi-experimental,cross-sectional stratified random sampling,242,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,"household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996)",can not establish full experimental design,"[{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,microcredit; training,0,0,1,gender; income,1.0,0.0,empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership),increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans,individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training,1.0,2.0
6,"Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N.",2020,The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysis,Australian Economic Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381,article,economics,New Zealand,2012-2013,,implicit,,New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES),simulation,microsimulation model; uses Atkinson index,3500,individual,national,0.0,,"large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index', 'findings': 'small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall', 'channels': 'many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Atkinson index,"small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall",many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all,-1.0,0.0
6,"Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N.",2020,The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysis,Australian Economic Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381,article,economics,New Zealand,2012-2013,,implicit,,New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES),simulation,microsimulation model; uses Atkinson index,3500,individual,national,0.0,,"large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index', 'findings': 'small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall', 'channels': 'many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Atkinson index,"small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall",many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all,-1.0,0.0
7,"Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H.",2022,"Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence",International Journal Of Economic Theory,https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307,article,economics,global,2005-2015,,,formal workers,"WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT",quasi-experimental,dual economy general-equilibrium model,43,country,national,1.0,Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model,"decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare",firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector,-1.0,2.0
7,"Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H.",2022,"Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence",International Journal Of Economic Theory,https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307,article,economics,global,2005-2015,,,formal workers,"WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT",quasi-experimental,dual economy general-equilibrium model,43,country,national,1.0,Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model,"decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare",firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector,-1.0,2.0
8,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12.0,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment probability difference,subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers,increased ability to work through lower childcare burden,1.0,2.0
8,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment probability difference,subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers,increased ability to work through lower childcare burden,1.0,2.0
9,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12.0,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,hours worked,subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers,allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours,-1.0,2.0
9,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,hours worked,subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers,allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours,-1.0,2.0
10,"Debowicz, D., & Golan, J",2014,The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approach,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014,article,economics,Mexico,2008,,explicit,poor,national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008,simulation,"general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model",30000,household,national,1.0,human capital theory,analytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality', 'channels': 'cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects,direct transfers (cash),0,1,0,income; generational,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality,"cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor",-1.0,2.0
10,"Debowicz, D., & Golan, J",2014,The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approach,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014,article,economics,Mexico,2008,,explicit,poor,national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008,simulation,"general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model",30000,household,national,1.0,human capital theory,analytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality', 'channels': 'cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects,direct transfers (cash),0,1,0,income; generational,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality,"cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor",-1.0,2.0
11,"Gates, L. B.",2000,Workplace Accommodation as a Social Process,Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841,article,sociology,United States,2000,12.0,explicit,mentally ill workers,"survey, protocol",qualitative,action protocol development,12,individual,"subnational, local",0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'counseling (workplace accommodation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened', 'channels': 'unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]",,counseling (workplace accommodation),0,1,1,disability,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened,unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process,1.0,
11,"Gates, L. B.",2000,Workplace Accommodation as a Social Process,Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841,article,sociology,United States,2000,12,explicit,mentally ill workers,"survey, protocol",qualitative,action protocol development,12,individual,"subnational, local",0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'counseling (workplace accommodation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened', 'channels': 'unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]",,counseling (workplace accommodation),0,1,1,disability,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened,unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process,1.0,
12,"Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.",2015,Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care,Review of Economics of the Household,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8,article,economics,Norway,1995-2006,48.0,implicit,mothers,Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees,quasi-experimental,triple-difference approach,200530,individual,national,1.0,,simultaneous capacity extension may bias results,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (child care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (child care),1,1,0,gender; education; migration,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,"child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers",day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households,1.0,2.0
12,"Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.",2015,Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care,Review of Economics of the Household,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8,article,economics,Norway,1995-2006,48,implicit,mothers,Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees,quasi-experimental,triple-difference approach,200530,individual,national,1.0,,simultaneous capacity extension may bias results,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (child care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (child care),1,1,0,gender; education; migration,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,"child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers",day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households,1.0,2.0
13,"Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F.",2019,Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers,Inter-American Development Bank,https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849,working paper,development,Nicaragua,2013-2015,24.0,implicit,poor mothers,baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey,experimental,RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects,1442,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,,effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; generational; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children', 'channels': 'subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,1,gender; generational; income,1.0,0.0,employment,free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children,subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours),1.0,2.0
13,"Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F.",2019,Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers,Inter-American Development Bank,https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849,working paper,development,Nicaragua,2013-2015,24,implicit,poor mothers,baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey,experimental,RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects,1442,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,,effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; generational; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children', 'channels': 'subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,1,gender; generational; income,1.0,0.0,employment,free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children,subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours),1.0,2.0
14,"Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H.",2021,Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilities,In Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal,https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437,article,psychology,United States,2018,,explicit,disabled,interviews,qualitative,semi-structured interviews,26,individual,"subnational, local",0.0,,sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy,"[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'age; disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts', 'channels': 'primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]",,training,0,0,1,age; disability,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw),vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts,"primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation",1.0,
14,"Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H.",2021,Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilities,In Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal,https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437,article,psychology,United States,2018,,explicit,disabled,interviews,qualitative,semi-structured interviews,26,individual,"subnational, local",0.0,,sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy,"[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'age; disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts', 'channels': 'primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]",,training,0,0,1,age; disability,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw),vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts,"primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation",1.0,
15,"Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R.",2011,Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2005,,implicit,poor,national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD),quasi-experimental,beta convergence test,27,region,national,1.0,,limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage; direct transfers (cash),1,0,1,spatial; income,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%",quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions,-1.0,2.0
15,"Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R.",2011,Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2005,,implicit,poor,national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD),quasi-experimental,beta convergence test,27,region,national,1.0,,limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage; direct transfers (cash),1,0,1,spatial; income,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%",quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions,-1.0,2.0
16,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2020,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000,household,national,1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,0.0,poverty,within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%,,-1.0,2.0
16,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2020,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000,household,national,1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,0.0,poverty,within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%,,-1.0,2.0
17,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2020,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000,household,national,1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings,unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty,-1.0,2.0
17,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2020,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000,household,national,1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings,unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty,-1.0,2.0
18,"Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K.",2021,Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan,Journal of Asian Economics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310,article,economics,Pakistan,2010-2011,,implicit,workers,GTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI),simulation,computable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model,30,region,national,1.0,,generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality', 'channels': 'increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,trade liberalization,1,1,0,income; spatial,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality","increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects",0.0,0.0
18,"Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K.",2021,Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan,Journal of Asian Economics,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310,article,economics,Pakistan,2010-2011,,implicit,workers,GTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI),simulation,computable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model,30,region,national,1.0,,generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality', 'channels': 'increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,trade liberalization,1,1,0,income; spatial,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality","increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects",0.0,0.0
19,"Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S.",2022,"Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK",Gender Work And Organization,https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843,article,organization,United Kingdom,2013-2018,,implicit,high-skill female workers,FOI data of Russell Group universities,observational,cross-sectional; pooled odds ratios,17,employer,,0.0,scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline',fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw ratios)', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff', 'channels': 'fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",study on public university employers only,paid leave (childcare),0,1,1,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw ratios),significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff,fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments,-1.0,2.0
19,"Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S.",2022,"Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK",Gender Work And Organization,https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843,article,organization,United Kingdom,2013-2018,,implicit,high-skill female workers,FOI data of Russell Group universities,observational,cross-sectional; pooled odds ratios,17,employer,,0.0,scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline',fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw ratios)', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff', 'channels': 'fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",study on public university employers only,paid leave (childcare),0,1,1,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw ratios),significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff,fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments,-1.0,2.0
20,"Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B.",2020,The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia,Feminist Economics,https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175,article,economics,Australia,2009-2012,14.0,explicit,working mothers,"national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS)",quasi-experimental,propensity score matching,5000,individuals,national,1.0,,can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers,supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw,1.0,2.0
20,"Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B.",2020,The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia,Feminist Economics,https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175,article,economics,Australia,2009-2012,14,explicit,working mothers,"national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS)",quasi-experimental,propensity score matching,5000,individuals,national,1.0,,can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers,supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw,1.0,2.0
21,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84.0,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,,600,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,job quality,"no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects",voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations,1.0,1.0
21,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,,600,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,job quality,"no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects",voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations,1.0,1.0
22,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84.0,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,,600,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,employment,no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability,decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour,0.0,0.0
22,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,,600,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,employment,no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability,decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour,0.0,0.0
23,"Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S.",2016,Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approach,Economic Modelling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008,article,economy,Sri Lanka,2009-2010,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES),simulation,macro-micro computable general equilibrium model,19958,household,national,1.0,,static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index', 'findings': 'reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors', 'channels': 'increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index,"reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors","increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization",1.0,2.0
23,"Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S.",2016,Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approach,Economic Modelling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008,article,economy,Sri Lanka,2009-2010,12,implicit,workers,national administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES),simulation,macro-micro computable general equilibrium model,19958,household,national,1.0,,static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index', 'findings': 'reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors', 'channels': 'increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index,"reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors","increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization",1.0,2.0
24,"Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O.",2016,"Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009",European Journal of Social Security,https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401,article,economics,global,1990-2009,,implicit,low-income,World Bank CPI indicators; Penn World Table,observational,cross-country comparative analysis,26,country,national,0.0,,data availability necessitated indicator construction for real minimum benefits and replacement rates,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfer (social assistance)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'real wage; replacement rate', 'findings': 'real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased', 'channels': 'bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]",,direct transfer (social assistance),1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,real wage; replacement rate,"real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased",bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages,1.0,
24,"Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O.",2016,"Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009",European Journal of Social Security,https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401,article,economics,global,1990-2009,,implicit,low-income,World Bank CPI indicators; Penn World Table,observational,cross-country comparative analysis,26,country,national,0.0,,data availability necessitated indicator construction for real minimum benefits and replacement rates,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfer (social assistance)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'real wage; replacement rate', 'findings': 'real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased', 'channels': 'bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]",,direct transfer (social assistance),1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,real wage; replacement rate,"real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased",bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages,1.0,
25,"Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N.",2021,Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition’ in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts,Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610,article,development,Japan,2016,,,rural workers,Historical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Data,simulation,multi-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient,10,region,national,0.0,,has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability', 'channels': 'attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others",infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability,attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity,1.0,2.0
25,"Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N.",2021,Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition’ in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts,Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610,article,development,Japan,2016,,,rural workers,Historical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Data,simulation,multi-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient,10,region,national,0.0,,has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability', 'channels': 'attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others",infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability,attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity,1.0,2.0
26,"Stock, R. (2021).",2021,Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive’ solar development,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196,article,development,India,2018,1.0,implicit,women,"baseline survey, interviews",observational,quantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis,200,household,"subnational, rural",0.0,authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe),no causal research,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes', 'channels': 'project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,infrastructure,0,1,0,gender; income; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes,project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities,1.0,0.0
26,"Stock, R. (2021).",2021,Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive’ solar development,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196,article,development,India,2018,1,implicit,women,"baseline survey, interviews",observational,quantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis,200,household,"subnational, rural",0.0,authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe),no causal research,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes', 'channels': 'project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,infrastructure,0,1,0,gender; income; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment,insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes,project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities,1.0,0.0
27,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization (FDI),0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,increased income equality through FDI (p < .1),primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour,-1.0,1.0
27,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization (FDI),0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,increased income equality through FDI (p < .1),primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour,-1.0,1.0
28,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization,0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase","higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries",1.0,2.0
28,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization,0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase","higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries",1.0,2.0
29,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,education,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,education significantly decreases income equality in the region,potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education,1.0,2.0
29,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,education,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,education significantly decreases income equality in the region,potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education,1.0,2.0
30,"Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I.",2001,The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areas,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759,article,economic,United Kingdom,1991-1998,84.0,implicit,rural workers,national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS),observational,observational methods with counterfactual approach,5500,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,,has to assume no effects on employment,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households', 'channels': 'rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,spatial; income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households,rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets,-1.0,1.0
30,"Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I.",2001,The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areas,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759,article,economic,United Kingdom,1991-1998,84,implicit,rural workers,national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS),observational,observational methods with counterfactual approach,5500,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,,has to assume no effects on employment,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households', 'channels': 'rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,spatial; income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households,rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets,-1.0,1.0
31,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,national,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",trade liberalization (FDI),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI,1.0,2.0
31,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,national,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",trade liberalization (FDI),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI,1.0,2.0
32,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,national,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",regulation (labour),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction,1.0,2.0
32,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,national,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",regulation (labour),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction,1.0,2.0
33,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,national,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",education (school enrolment),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution,capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated,-1.0,2.0
33,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,national,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",education (school enrolment),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution,capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated,-1.0,2.0
34,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36.0,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns","[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,0,spatial; education,1.0,1.0,education,"improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines","villagization effect, increased education access",1.0,
34,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199,household,national,1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",98% of sample is female,subsidy (housing mobility),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,"no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself",high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit,0.0,0.0
35,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36.0,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns","[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,1,spatial; education; gender,1.0,0.0,consumption,sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work,"sector choice changes, increased individual productivity",1.0,2.0
35,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199,household,national,1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",98% of sample is female,infrastructure (transport),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,increased employment probability for car ownership,better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network,1.0,2.0
36,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,comparative,~200_000,individual,,,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': ""reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour"", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female employment shares,"all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand",reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour,1.0,2.0
36,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns","[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,0,spatial; education,1.0,1.0,education,"improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines","villagization effect, increased education access",1.0,
37,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,comparative,~200_000,individual,,,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': ""reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour"", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female wage shares,"Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results","reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes",1.0,1.0
37,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns","[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,1,spatial; education; gender,1.0,0.0,consumption,sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work,"sector choice changes, increased individual productivity",1.0,2.0
38,"Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D.",2018,The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y,article,economics,Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania,1999-2002,24.0,implicit,poor people,panel data,quasi-experimental,two-wave panel analysis,7949,individual,,0.0,institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective,does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households",direct transfers (cash),0,1,1,income; ethnicity; gender,0.0,0.0,poverty,"level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria",poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households,-1.0,2.0
38,"Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D.",2018,The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y,article,economics,Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania,1999-2002,24,implicit,poor people,panel data,quasi-experimental,two-wave panel analysis,7949,individual,,0.0,institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective,does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households",direct transfers (cash),0,1,1,income; ethnicity; gender,0.0,0.0,poverty,"level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria",poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households,-1.0,2.0
39,"Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T.",2019,On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms,National Bureau of Economic Research,https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294,working paper,development,India,2013-2017,36.0,explicit,women workers,"baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS)",experimental,"RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment)",5851,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,financial empowerment as normative tool,possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time,"[{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': ""short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked"", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector,training (financial),0,0,1,gender; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked,increased bargaining power through greater control of income,1.0,2.0
39,"Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T.",2019,On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms,National Bureau of Economic Research,https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294,working paper,development,India,2013-2017,36,explicit,women workers,"baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS)",experimental,"RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment)",5851,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,financial empowerment as normative tool,possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time,"[{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': ""short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked"", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector,training (financial),0,0,1,gender; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked,increased bargaining power through greater control of income,1.0,2.0
40,"Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D.",2019,Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of Romania,Sustainability,https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542,article,economics,Romania,2013-2014,12.0,explicit,low-income workers,EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC),simulation,microsimulation (EUROMOD); counterfactual analysis,7500,household,national,0.0,,"dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women', 'channels': 'concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]","does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programs",minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women,"concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees",-1.0,
40,"Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D.",2019,Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of Romania,Sustainability,https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542,article,economics,Romania,2013-2014,12,explicit,low-income workers,EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC),simulation,microsimulation (EUROMOD); counterfactual analysis,7500,household,national,0.0,,"dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women', 'channels': 'concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]","does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programs",minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women,"concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees",-1.0,
41,"Pi, J., & Zhang, P.",2016,Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in China,China Economic Review,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009,article,economics,China,1988-2013,12.0,implicit,urban workers,national administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13,simulation,general equilibrium approach,,household,"subnational, urban",0.0,,generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model,"[{'intervention': 'social security; education (access)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; migration; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'decile ratios (90th to 10th)', 'findings': 'increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]",,social security; education (access),1,1,0,income; migration; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,decile ratios (90th to 10th),increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector,,-1.0,
41,"Pi, J., & Zhang, P.",2016,Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in China,China Economic Review,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009,article,economics,China,1988-2013,12,implicit,urban workers,national administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13,simulation,general equilibrium approach,,household,"subnational, urban",0.0,,generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model,"[{'intervention': 'social security; education (access)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; migration; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'decile ratios (90th to 10th)', 'findings': 'increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]",,social security; education (access),1,1,0,income; migration; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,decile ratios (90th to 10th),increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector,,-1.0,
42,"Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M.",2017,Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data,Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857,article,health,United States,2003-2013,,explicit,disabled young adults,state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA),quasi-experimental,multivariate logistic regression,4443,individual,subnational,0.0,,data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability,"[{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,training (vocational rehabilitation),0,1,1,disability; gender; age,1.0,0.0,employment,"significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased",,1.0,2.0
42,"Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M.",2017,Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data,Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857,article,health,United States,2003-2013,,explicit,disabled young adults,state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA),quasi-experimental,multivariate logistic regression,4443,individual,subnational,0.0,,data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability,"[{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,training (vocational rehabilitation),0,1,1,disability; gender; age,1.0,0.0,employment,"significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased",,1.0,2.0
43,"Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.",2014,Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition,Psychiatric Services,https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478,article,health,United States,2008-2011,6.0,explicit,disabled,"baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar",experimental,RCT,84,individual,local,1.0,,can not locate active ingredient,"[{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,counseling (benefits counseling),0,0,1,disability; age,1.0,0.0,hours worked (rtw),counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement,"not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly",1.0,2.0
43,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,comparative,~200_000,individual,,,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': ""reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour"", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female employment shares,"all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand",reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour,1.0,2.0
44,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18.0,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,debt,ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt,directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing,-1.0,2.0
44,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,comparative,~200_000,individual,,,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': ""reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour"", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female wage shares,"Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results","reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes",1.0,1.0
45,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18.0,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,saving,ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households,"shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings",1.0,2.0
45,"Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.",2014,Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition,Psychiatric Services,https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478,article,health,United States,2008-2011,6,explicit,disabled,"baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar",experimental,RCT,84,individual,local,1.0,,can not locate active ingredient,"[{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,counseling (benefits counseling),0,0,1,disability; age,1.0,0.0,hours worked (rtw),counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement,"not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly",1.0,2.0
46,"Suh, M.-G.",2017,Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1,article,sociology,"Korea, Rep.",1980-2014,,implicit,married women,Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015,quasi-experimental,OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator,35,case,national,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': ""education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level"", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,education,0,1,0,income; generational; gender,1.0,1.0,employment,education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level,"education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure",1.0,2.0
46,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,debt,ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt,directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing,-1.0,2.0
47,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12.0,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422,individual,national,1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners",income-compression effect,-1.0,2.0
47,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,saving,ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households,"shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings",1.0,2.0
48,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12.0,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422,individual,national,1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,0.0,hours worked,significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked,possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women,1.0,0.0
48,"Suh, M.-G.",2017,Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1,article,sociology,"Korea, Rep.",1980-2014,,implicit,married women,Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015,quasi-experimental,OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator,35,case,national,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': ""education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level"", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,education,0,1,0,income; generational; gender,1.0,1.0,employment,education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level,"education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure",1.0,2.0
49,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84.0,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199,household,national,1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",98% of sample is female,subsidy (housing mobility),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,"no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself",high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit,0.0,0.0
49,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422,individual,national,1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners",income-compression effect,-1.0,2.0
50,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84.0,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199,household,national,1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",98% of sample is female,infrastructure (transport),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,increased employment probability for car ownership,better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network,1.0,2.0
50,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422,individual,national,1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,0.0,hours worked,significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked,possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women,1.0,0.0
51,"Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.",2015,Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market,Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001,article,sociology,global,,,,,,,,,,,,,averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease', 'channels': 'increased standard employment contract probability', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES,collective action (unionization),0,1,0,gender,,,employment,men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease,increased standard employment contract probability,1.0,2.0
51,"Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.",2021,Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities,International journal of disability development and education,https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648,article,education,Australia,2011-204,36,explicit,disabled,experimental survey,quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30),"annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression",489,individual,subnational,0.0,,"non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size","[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal,training,0,1,1,disability; income,1.0,0.0,hours worked,"slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey",significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group,1.0,2.0
52,"Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.",2023,The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies,Journal of Economic Studies,https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612,article,economics,global,,,,,,,,,,,,power resources theory,"can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc","[{'intervention': 'collective action (trade unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality', 'channels': 'redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",,collective action (trade unionization),1,1,0,income; gender,,,Gini coeff,unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality,redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality,,
52,"Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.",2021,Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities,International journal of disability development and education,https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648,article,education,Australia,2011-204,36,explicit,disabled,experimental survey,quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30),"annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression",489,individual,subnational,0.0,,"non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size","[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal,training,0,1,1,disability; income,1.0,0.0,hourly/weekly income,wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups,strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias,1.0,2.0
53,"Ahumada, P. P.",2023,"Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective",International Journal of Comparative Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846,article,sociology,global,,,,,,,,,,,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'political power', 'findings': 'more unequal distribution of', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",EXTRACTION HAD TO CODE CLASS POWER INEQUALITY AS INCOME BASED INEQUALITY,collective action (unionization),1,0,0,income,,,political power,more unequal distribution of,,,
53,"Eckardt, M. S.",2022,Minimum wages in an automating economy,Journal of public economic theory,https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12528,article,economics,United States,,nr,explicit,low-skill workers,nr,simulation,task-based framework model,,,national,,,,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income share (low-skill workers)', 'findings': 'decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers', 'channels': 'displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)', 'findings': 'inequality decreases', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",only framework-based not on empirical data,minimum wage,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,income share (low-skill workers),decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers,displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages,-1.0,
54,"Shin, J., & Moon, S.",2006,"Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers",Economics of Education Review,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004,article,economics,United States,1968-1988,,implicit,female teachers,National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women,,,2712,individual,,,,"looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men","[{'intervention': 'education; regulation (relative wage-setting)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (FLFP rate)', 'findings': 'higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection', 'channels': 'most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",,education; regulation (relative wage-setting),1,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (FLFP rate),"higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection",most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers,,
54,"Eckardt, M. S.",2022,Minimum wages in an automating economy,Journal of public economic theory,https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12528,article,economics,United States,,nr,explicit,low-skill workers,nr,simulation,task-based framework model,,,national,,,,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income share (low-skill workers)', 'findings': 'decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers', 'channels': 'displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)', 'findings': 'inequality decreases', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",only framework-based not on empirical data,minimum wage,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill),inequality decreases,,,
55,"Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.",2019,Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy,Panoeconomicus,https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C,article,economics,Italy,,,,,,,,,,,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (collective bargaining)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income shares', 'findings': 'collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects', 'channels': 'occupational segregation into feminized industries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,collective action (collective bargaining),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,income shares,collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects,occupational segregation into feminized industries,1.0,1.0
55,"Ahumada, P. P.",2023,"Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective",International Journal of Comparative Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846,article,sociology,global,,,,,,,,,,,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'political power', 'findings': 'more unequal distribution of', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; EXTRACTION HAD TO CODE CLASS POWER INEQUALITY AS INCOME BASED INEQUALITY,collective action (unionization),1,0,0,income,,,political power,more unequal distribution of,,,
56,"Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.",2006,Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education,Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401,article,education,United States,1972-1994,72.0,implicit,young women with disabilities,National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88),quasi-experimental,,13391,individual,national,0.0,,sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias,"[{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups,education (special needs),0,1,0,disability; gender; income; age,1.0,0.0,"female employment ratio, female income ratio","females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent","men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers",-1.0,2.0
56,"Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.",2023,The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies,Journal of Economic Studies,https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612,article,economics,global,,,,,,,,,,,,power resources theory,"can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc","[{'intervention': 'collective action (trade unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality', 'channels': 'redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,collective action (trade unionization),1,1,0,income; gender,,,Gini coeff,unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality,redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality,,
57,"Ferguson, J.-P.",2015,The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation,American Journal of Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1086/683357,article,sociology,United States,,,implicit,women workers,,quasi-experimental,,,,,1.0,,most of effects may be caused by unsobservables,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,collective action (unionization),0,1,1,gender; ethnicity,1.0,0.0,employment,"stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant",possible self-selection into unionization,1.0,1.0
57,"Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.",2019,Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy,Panoeconomicus,https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C,article,economics,Italy,,,,,,,,,,,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (collective bargaining)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income shares', 'findings': 'collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects', 'channels': 'occupational segregation into feminized industries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,collective action (collective bargaining),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,income shares,collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects,occupational segregation into feminized industries,1.0,1.0
58,"Mukhopadhaya, P.",2003,Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore,International Journal of Educational Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7,article,education,Singapore,,,,,,,,,,,,,higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder,"[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'migration; generational; income; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income', 'findings': 'non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting', 'channels': 'primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities,education,0,1,0,migration; generational; income; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income,non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting,primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households,1.0,2.0
58,"Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.",2006,Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education,Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401,article,education,United States,1972-1994,72,implicit,young women with disabilities,National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88),quasi-experimental,,13391,individual,national,0.0,,sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias,"[{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,education (special needs),0,1,0,disability; gender; income; age,1.0,0.0,"female employment ratio, female income ratio","females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent","men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers",-1.0,2.0
59,"Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.",2015,Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market,Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001,article,sociology,global,,,,,,,,,,,,,averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease', 'channels': 'increased standard employment contract probability', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES,collective action (unionization),0,1,0,gender,,,employment,men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease,increased standard employment contract probability,1.0,2.0
60,"Ferguson, J.-P.",2015,The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation,American Journal of Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1086/683357,article,sociology,United States,,,implicit,women workers,,quasi-experimental,,,,,1.0,,most of effects may be caused by unsobservables,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION;,collective action (unionization),0,1,1,gender; ethnicity,1.0,0.0,employment,"stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant",possible self-selection into unionization,1.0,1.0
61,"Mukhopadhaya, P.",2003,Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore,International Journal of Educational Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7,article,education,Singapore,,,,,,,,,,,,,higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder,"[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'migration; generational; income; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income', 'findings': 'non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting', 'channels': 'primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,education,0,1,0,migration; generational; income; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income,non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting,primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households,1.0,2.0
62,"Shin, J., & Moon, S.",2006,"Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers",Economics of Education Review,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004,article,economics,United States,1968-1988,,implicit,female teachers,National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women,,,2712,individual,,,,"looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men","[{'intervention': 'education; regulation (relative wage-setting)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (FLFP rate)', 'findings': 'higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection', 'channels': 'most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,education; regulation (relative wage-setting),1,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (FLFP rate),"higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection",most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers,,
1
author
year
title
publisher
uri
pubtype
discipline
country
period
maxlength
targeting
group
data
design
method
sample
unit
representativeness
causal
theory
limitations
observation
notes
intervention
institutional
structural
agency
inequality
type
indicator
measures
findings
channels
direction
significance
2
0
Whitworth, A.
2021
Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme
Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0
article
economics
United Kingdom
2011-2017
72.072
implicit
unemployed
Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics
already deprived areas experience further deprivation
providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking)
-1.0
2.0
3
1
Carstens, C., & Massatti, R.
2018
Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illness
Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8
article
health services
United States
2014-2015
1.01
explicit
mentally ill
survey data
observational
multinomial logistic regression model
917
individual
national
0.0
human capital theory; strength-based therapy
small sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities
[{'intervention': 'subsidy (health care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability', 'findings': 'LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for', 'channels': 'Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barriers
subsidy (health care)
1
1
0
disability
1.0
1.0
employment probability
LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for
Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination
-1.0
2.0
4
2
Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.
2021
Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case
Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007
article
economics
Italy
2010-2014
implicit
workers
ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data
simulation
dynamic macrosimulation model
individual
national
1.0
models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction
decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes
sustains aggregate demand
-1.0
2.0
6
4
Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D.
2018
Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania
World Development
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013
article
development
Tanzania
2001
explicit
rural workers
national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003)
quasi-experimental
general equilibrium model
7
household
subnational, rural
1.0
transport cost burden approach
can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only
[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs
infrastructure
0
1
0
spatial; income
1.0
0.0
real consumption wage differences
results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid
movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors
-1.0
2.0
7
5
Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z.
2014
Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia
Journal of Developing Areas
https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030
article
development
Malaysia
2011
2.02
implicit
women
structured face-to-face interviews
quasi-experimental
cross-sectional stratified random sampling
242
individual
subnational, urban
1.0
household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996)
can not establish full experimental design
[{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
microcredit; training
0
0
1
gender; income
1.0
0.0
empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)
increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans
individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training
1.0
2.0
8
6
Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N.
2020
The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysis
Australian Economic Review
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381
article
economics
New Zealand
2012-2013
implicit
New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES)
simulation
microsimulation model; uses Atkinson index
3500
individual
national
0.0
large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index', 'findings': 'small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall', 'channels': 'many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 0}]
minimum wage
1
1
0
income
0.0
1.0
Atkinson index
small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall
many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all
-1.0
0.0
9
7
Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H.
2022
Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence
International Journal Of Economic Theory
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307
article
economics
global
2005-2015
formal workers
WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT
quasi-experimental
dual economy general-equilibrium model
43
country
national
1.0
Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model
decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
minimum wage
1
0
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare
firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector
-1.0
2.0
10
8
Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.
2019
The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa
Demography
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3
article
sociology
Kenya
2015-2016
12.012
explicit
mothers
national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System
experimental
RCT
738
individual
subnational, urban
1.0
economic empowerment theory
results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate
[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
subsidy (childcare)
0
1
0
gender
1.0
1.0
employment probability difference
subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers
increased ability to work through lower childcare burden
1.0
2.0
11
9
Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.
2019
The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa
Demography
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3
article
sociology
Kenya
2015-2016
12.012
explicit
mothers
national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System
experimental
RCT
738
individual
subnational, urban
1.0
economic empowerment theory
results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate
[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
subsidy (childcare)
0
1
0
gender
1.0
0.0
hours worked
subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers
allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours
-1.0
2.0
12
10
Debowicz, D., & Golan, J
2014
The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approach
Journal of Policy Modeling
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014
article
economics
Mexico
2008
explicit
poor
national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008
simulation
general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model
30000
household
national
1.0
human capital theory
analytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model
[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality', 'channels': 'cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects
direct transfers (cash)
0
1
0
income; generational
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality
cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor
-1.0
2.0
13
11
Gates, L. B.
2000
Workplace Accommodation as a Social Process
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841
article
sociology
United States
2000
12.012
explicit
mentally ill workers
survey, protocol
qualitative
action protocol development
12
individual
subnational, local
0.0
[{'intervention': 'counseling (workplace accommodation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened', 'channels': 'unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]
counseling (workplace accommodation)
0
1
1
disability
1.0
0.0
employment (rtw)
successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened
unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process
1.0
14
12
Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.
2015
Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care
Review of Economics of the Household
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8
article
economics
Norway
1995-2006
48.048
implicit
mothers
Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees
quasi-experimental
triple-difference approach
200530
individual
national
1.0
simultaneous capacity extension may bias results
[{'intervention': 'subsidy (child care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
subsidy (child care)
1
1
0
gender; education; migration
1.0
0.0
employment; hours worked
child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers
day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households
1.0
2.0
15
13
Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F.
2019
Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers
Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H.
2021
Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilities
In Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437
article
psychology
United States
2018
explicit
disabled
interviews
qualitative
semi-structured interviews
26
individual
subnational, local
0.0
sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy
[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'age; disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts', 'channels': 'primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]
training
0
0
1
age; disability
1.0
1.0
employment (rtw)
vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts
primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation
1.0
17
15
Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R.
2011
Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil
Regional Studies
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485
article
economics
Brazil
1995-2005
implicit
poor
national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD)
quasi-experimental
beta convergence test
27
region
national
1.0
limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)
1
0
1
spatial; income
1.0
1.0
Gini coeff
incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%
quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions
-1.0
2.0
18
16
Sotomayor, Orlando J.
2020
Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil
World Development
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182
article
economics
Brazil
1995-2015
12.012
implicit
workers
national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME)
quasi-experimental
difference-in-difference estimator
40000
household
national
1.0
survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
minimum wage
1
0
0
income
0.0
0.0
poverty
within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%
-1.0
2.0
19
17
Sotomayor, Orlando J.
2020
Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil
World Development
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182
article
economics
Brazil
1995-2015
12.012
implicit
workers
national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME)
quasi-experimental
difference-in-difference estimator
40000
household
national
1.0
survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
minimum wage
1
0
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings
unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty
-1.0
2.0
20
18
Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K.
2021
Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan
Journal of Asian Economics
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310
article
economics
Pakistan
2010-2011
implicit
workers
GTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI)
simulation
computable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model
30
region
national
1.0
generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality', 'channels': 'increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]
trade liberalization
1
1
0
income; spatial
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality
increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects
0.0
0.0
21
19
Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S.
2022
Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK
Gender Work And Organization
https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843
article
organization
United Kingdom
2013-2018
implicit
high-skill female workers
FOI data of Russell Group universities
observational
cross-sectional; pooled odds ratios
17
employer
0.0
scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline'
fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts
[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw ratios)', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff', 'channels': 'fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
study on public university employers only
paid leave (childcare)
0
1
1
gender
1.0
1.0
employment (rtw ratios)
significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff
fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments
-1.0
2.0
22
20
Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B.
2020
The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia
Feminist Economics
https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175
article
economics
Australia
2009-2012
14.014
explicit
working mothers
national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS)
quasi-experimental
propensity score matching
5000
individuals
national
1.0
can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis
[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw
paid leave (childcare)
1
1
0
gender; income
1.0
0.0
employment (rtw)
short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers
supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw
1.0
2.0
23
21
Mun, E., & Jung, J.
2018
Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined
American Sociological Review
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857
article
sociology
Japan
1992-2009
84.084
explicit
working mothers
Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers
quasi-experimental
600
enterprise
national
0.0
welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states)
limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management
[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]
paid leave (childcare)
1
0
0
gender
1.0
0.0
job quality
no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects
voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations
1.0
1.0
24
22
Mun, E., & Jung, J.
2018
Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined
American Sociological Review
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857
article
sociology
Japan
1992-2009
84.084
explicit
working mothers
Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers
quasi-experimental
600
enterprise
national
0.0
welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states)
limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management
[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]
paid leave (childcare)
1
0
0
gender
1.0
0.0
employment
no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability
decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour
0.0
0.0
25
23
Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S.
2016
Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approach
Economic Modelling
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008
article
economy
Sri Lanka
2009-2010
12.012
implicit
workers
national administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES)
simulation
macro-micro computable general equilibrium model
19958
household
national
1.0
static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index', 'findings': 'reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors', 'channels': 'increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
trade liberalization
1
1
0
income
0.0
1.0
Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index
reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors
increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization
1.0
2.0
26
24
Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O.
2016
Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009
European Journal of Social Security
https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401
article
economics
global
1990-2009
implicit
low-income
World Bank CPI indicators; Penn World Table
observational
cross-country comparative analysis
26
country
national
0.0
data availability necessitated indicator construction for real minimum benefits and replacement rates
[{'intervention': 'direct transfer (social assistance)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'real wage; replacement rate', 'findings': 'real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased', 'channels': 'bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]
direct transfer (social assistance)
1
1
0
income
0.0
1.0
real wage; replacement rate
real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased
bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages
1.0
27
25
Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N.
2021
Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition’ in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610
article
development
Japan
2016
rural workers
Historical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Data
simulation
multi-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient
10
region
national
0.0
has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only
highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others
infrastructure
0
1
0
spatial
1.0
0.0
employment
power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability
attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity
1.0
2.0
28
26
Stock, R. (2021).
2021
Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive’ solar development
World Development
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196
article
development
India
2018
1.01
implicit
women
baseline survey, interviews
observational
quantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis
200
household
subnational, rural
0.0
authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe)
no causal research
[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes', 'channels': 'project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]
infrastructure
0
1
0
gender; income; spatial
1.0
0.0
employment
insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes
project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities
1.0
0.0
29
27
Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.
2021
Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
African Development Review
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511
article
development
Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia
2000-2015
implicit
workers
UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators
quasi-experimental
generalized method of moments
38
country
national
0.0
contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
trade liberalization (FDI)
0
1
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)
primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour
-1.0
1.0
30
28
Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.
2021
Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
African Development Review
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511
article
development
Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia
2000-2015
implicit
workers
UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators
quasi-experimental
generalized method of moments
38
country
national
0.0
contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
trade liberalization
0
1
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase
higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries
1.0
2.0
31
29
Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.
2021
Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
African Development Review
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511
article
development
Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia
2000-2015
implicit
workers
UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators
quasi-experimental
generalized method of moments
38
country
national
0.0
contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
education
1
1
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
education significantly decreases income equality in the region
potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education
1.0
2.0
32
30
Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I.
2001
The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areas
Regional Studies
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759
article
economic
United Kingdom
1991-1998
84.084
implicit
rural workers
national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS)
observational
observational methods with counterfactual approach
5500
household
subnational, rural
1.0
has to assume no effects on employment
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households', 'channels': 'rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}]
minimum wage
1
0
0
spatial; income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households
rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets
-1.0
1.0
33
31
Adams, S., & Atsu, F.
2015
Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries
Journal of Policy Modeling
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003
article
economics
global
1970-2012
implicit
developing countries
panel data
quasi-experimental
system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient
72
country
national
0.0
macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls
trade liberalization (FDI)
1
0
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related
wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI
1.0
2.0
34
32
Adams, S., & Atsu, F.
2015
Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries
Journal of Policy Modeling
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003
article
economics
global
1970-2012
implicit
developing countries
panel data
quasi-experimental
system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient
72
country
national
0.0
macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls
regulation (labour)
1
0
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related
regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction
1.0
2.0
35
33
Adams, S., & Atsu, F.
2015
Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries
Journal of Policy Modeling
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003
article
economics
global
1970-2012
implicit
developing countries
panel data
quasi-experimental
system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient
72
country
national
0.0
macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls
education (school enrolment)
1
0
0
income
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution
capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated
-1.0
2.0
36
34
Delesalle, E.Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.
20212014
The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from TanzaniaA Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program
World DevelopmentJournal of the American Planning Association
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA)baseline and follow-up survey;
quasi-experimentalexperimental
difference-in-difference approach; IV approachRCT; multinomial regression model
4336063199
individualhousehold
national
0.01.0
human capital theory
can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returnslow levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated
[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum98% of sample is female
education (universal)subsidy (housing mobility)
0
1
0
spatial; educationspatial; gender; ethnicity
1.0
1.0
educationemployment rate
improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income linesno relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself
villagization effect, increased education accesshigh transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit
1.00.0
0.0
37
35
Delesalle, E.Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.
20212014
The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from TanzaniaA Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program
World DevelopmentJournal of the American Planning Association
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA)baseline and follow-up survey;
quasi-experimentalexperimental
difference-in-difference approach; IV approachRCT; multinomial regression model
4336063199
individualhousehold
national
0.01.0
human capital theory
can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returnslow levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated
[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum98% of sample is female
sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage workincreased employment probability for car ownership
sector choice changes, increased individual productivitybetter transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network
1.0
2.0
38
36
Rendall, M.Delesalle, E.
20132021
Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania
WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPSIntegrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA)
quasi-experimental
comparativedifference-in-difference approach; IV approach
~200_000433606
individual
national
0.0
capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996)human capital theory
can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}][{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum
all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailandimproved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines
reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labourvillagization effect, increased education access
1.0
2.0
39
37
Rendall, M.Delesalle, E.
20132021
Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania
WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPSIntegrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA)
quasi-experimental
comparativedifference-in-difference approach; IV approach
~200_000433606
individual
national
0.0
capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996)human capital theory
can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns
[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}][{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum
Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed resultssg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work
reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changessector choice changes, increased individual productivity
1.0
1.02.0
40
38
Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D.
2018
The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe
does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives
[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households
direct transfers (cash)
0
1
1
income; ethnicity; gender
0.0
0.0
poverty
level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria
poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households
-1.0
2.0
41
39
Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T.
2019
On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms
National Bureau of Economic Research
https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294
working paper
development
India
2013-2017
36.036
explicit
women workers
baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS)
experimental
RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment)
5851
household
subnational, rural
1.0
financial empowerment as normative tool
possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time
[{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': "short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector
training (financial)
0
0
1
gender; spatial
1.0
0.0
employment; hours worked
short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked
increased bargaining power through greater control of income
1.0
2.0
42
40
Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D.
2019
Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of Romania
Sustainability
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542
article
economics
Romania
2013-2014
12.012
explicit
low-income workers
EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women', 'channels': 'concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]
does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programs
minimum wage
1
1
0
income; gender
0.0
1.0
Gini coeff
small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women
concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees
-1.0
43
41
Pi, J., & Zhang, P.
2016
Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in China
China Economic Review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009
article
economics
China
1988-2013
12.012
implicit
urban workers
national administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13
simulation
general equilibrium approach
household
subnational, urban
0.0
generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model
[{'intervention': 'social security; education (access)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; migration; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'decile ratios (90th to 10th)', 'findings': 'increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]
social security; education (access)
1
1
0
income; migration; ethnicity
1.0
1.0
decile ratios (90th to 10th)
increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector
-1.0
44
42
Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M.
2017
Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data
Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation
https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857
article
health
United States
2003-2013
explicit
disabled young adults
state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA)
quasi-experimental
multivariate logistic regression
4443
individual
subnational
0.0
data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability
[{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
training (vocational rehabilitation)
0
1
1
disability; gender; age
1.0
0.0
employment
significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased
1.0
2.0
45
43
Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.Rendall, M.
20142013
Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric conditionStructural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?
capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996)
can not locate active ingredient
[{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]
counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurementall countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand
not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantlyreduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour
1.0
2.0
46
44
Standing, G.Rendall, M.
20152013
Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary ValueStructural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?
rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviewscomparative
1665~200_000
householdindividual
subnational, rural
1.0
Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996)
[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]
ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)
ubitrade liberalization (structural changes)
10
01
10
income; ethnicitygender; income
0.01.0
0.01.0
debtfemale wage shares
ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debtBrazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results
directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowingreduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes
-1.01.0
2.01.0
47
45
Standing, G.Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.
20152014
Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary ValueWork outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition
rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviewsRCT
166584
householdindividual
subnational, rurallocal
1.0
Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)
can not locate active ingredient
[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)
ubicounseling (benefits counseling)
10
0
1
income; ethnicitydisability; age
0.01.0
0.0
savinghours worked (rtw)
ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of householdscounseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement
shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savingsnot clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly
1.0
2.0
48
46
Suh, M.-G.Standing, G.
20172015
Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growthWhy Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value
Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews
quasi-experimentalexperimental
OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicatorrural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews
351665
casehousehold
nationalsubnational, rural
0.01.0
Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)
[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': "education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)
educationubi
01
10
01
income; generational; genderincome; ethnicity
1.00.0
1.00.0
employmentdebt
education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education levelubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt
education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structuredirectly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing
1.0-1.0
2.0
49
47
Wong, S. A.Standing, G.
20192015
Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in EcuadorWhy Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value
national employment survey (ENEMDU)baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews
quasi-experimentalexperimental
difference-in-difference approachrural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews
16244221665
individualhousehold
nationalsubnational, rural
1.0
Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)
some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}][{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)
minimum wageubi
1
10
01
income; genderincome; ethnicity
0.0
1.00.0
Gini coeffsaving
decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earnersubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households
income-compression effectshift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings
-1.01.0
2.0
50
48
Wong, S. A.Suh, M.-G.
20192017
Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in EcuadorDeterminants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth
national employment survey (ENEMDU)Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015
quasi-experimental
difference-in-difference approachOLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator
162442235
individualcase
national
1.00.0
some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth
[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}][{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': "education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
minimum wageeducation
10
1
0
income; genderincome; generational; gender
0.01.0
0.01.0
hours workedemployment
significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours workededucation significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level
possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of womeneducation being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure
1.0
0.02.0
51
49
Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.Wong, S. A.
20142019
A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) ProgramMinimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador
Journal of the American Planning AssociationWorld Development
low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduatedsome small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth
[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]
98% of sample is female
subsidy (housing mobility)minimum wage
01
1
0
spatial; gender; ethnicityincome; gender
1.00.0
1.0
employment rateGini coeff
no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itselfdecreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners
high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transitincome-compression effect
0.0-1.0
0.02.0
52
50
Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.Wong, S. A.
20142019
A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) ProgramMinimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador
Journal of the American Planning AssociationWorld Development
low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduatedsome small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth
[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]
98% of sample is female
infrastructure (transport)minimum wage
01
1
0
spatial; gender; ethnicityincome; gender
1.00.0
1.00.0
employment ratehours worked
increased employment probability for car ownershipsignificant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked
better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity networkpossibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women
1.0
2.00.0
53
51
Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.
20152021
Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour marketThree year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities
Research in Social Stratification and MobilityInternational journal of disability development and education
annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression
489
individual
subnational
0.0
averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insightsnon-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size
[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease', 'channels': 'increased standard employment contract probability', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIESDisaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal
collective action (unionization)training
0
1
01
genderdisability; income
1.0
0.0
employmenthours worked
men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decreaseslightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey
increased standard employment contract probabilitysignificant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group
1.0
2.0
54
52
Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.
20232021
The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economiesThree year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities
Journal of Economic StudiesInternational journal of disability development and education
annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression
489
individual
subnational
0.0
power resources theory
can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etcnon-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size
[{'intervention': 'collective action (trade unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality', 'channels': 'redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}][{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal
collective action (trade unionization)training
10
1
01
income; genderdisability; income
1.0
0.0
Gini coeffhourly/weekly income
unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequalitywages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups
redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequalitystrong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias
1.0
2.0
55
53
Ahumada, P. P.Eckardt, M. S.
20232022
Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspectiveMinimum wages in an automating economy
International Journal of Comparative SociologyJournal of public economic theory
higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selectioninequality decreases
most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers
57
55
Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.Ahumada, P. P.
20192023
Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: ItalyTrade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective
PanoeconomicusInternational Journal of Comparative Sociology
collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspectsmore unequal distribution of
occupational segregation into feminized industries
1.0
1.0
58
56
Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.
20062023
Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special EducationThe impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies
Career Development for Exceptional IndividualsJournal of Economic Studies
sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce biascan not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc
[{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'collective action (trade unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality', 'channels': 'redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]
more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groupsPRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
female employment ratio, female income ratioGini coeff
females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parentunionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality
men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achieversredistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality
-1.0
2.0
59
57
Ferguson, J.-P.Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.
20152019
The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregationEffects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy
stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significantcollective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects
possible self-selection into unionizationoccupational segregation into feminized industries
1.0
1.0
60
58
Mukhopadhaya, P.Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.
20032006
Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of SingaporeDifferences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education
International Journal of Educational DevelopmentCareer Development for Exceptional Individuals
higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore hardersample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias
[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'migration; generational; income; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income', 'findings': 'non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting', 'channels': 'primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}][{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]
only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalitiesmore men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
educationeducation (special needs)
0
1
0
migration; generational; income; ethnicitydisability; gender; income; age
1.0
1.00.0
Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean incomefemale employment ratio, female income ratio
non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targetingfemales with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent
primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer householdsmen employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers
1.0-1.0
2.0
61
59
Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.
2015
Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001
article
sociology
global
averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights
[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease', 'channels': 'increased standard employment contract probability', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES
collective action (unionization)
0
1
0
gender
employment
men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease
increased standard employment contract probability
1.0
2.0
62
60
Ferguson, J.-P.
2015
The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation
American Journal of Sociology
https://doi.org/10.1086/683357
article
sociology
United States
implicit
women workers
quasi-experimental
1.0
most of effects may be caused by unsobservables
[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]
PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION;
collective action (unionization)
0
1
1
gender; ethnicity
1.0
0.0
employment
stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant
possible self-selection into unionization
1.0
1.0
63
61
Mukhopadhaya, P.
2003
Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore
International Journal of Educational Development
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7
article
education
Singapore
higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder
[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'migration; generational; income; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income', 'findings': 'non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting', 'channels': 'primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]
only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
education
0
1
0
migration; generational; income; ethnicity
1.0
1.0
Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income
non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting
primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households
1.0
2.0
64
62
Shin, J., & Moon, S.
2006
Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers
Economics of Education Review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004
article
economics
United States
1968-1988
implicit
female teachers
National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women
2712
individual
looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men
[{'intervention': 'education; regulation (relative wage-setting)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (FLFP rate)', 'findings': 'higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection', 'channels': 'most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]
PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
education; regulation (relative wage-setting)
1
1
0
gender
1.0
1.0
employment (FLFP rate)
higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection
most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers
A study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality.
A study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality.
It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions.
It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions.
A study on the wage gap in the Italian labour market, looking especially at the effects of collective negotiation practices.
A study on the wage gap in the Italian labour market, looking especially at the effects of collective negotiation practices.
It finds that the Italian labour market's wage gap exists primarily due to occupational segregation between the genders, with women often working in more 'feminized' industries, and not due to educational lag by women in Italy.
It finds that the Italian labour market's wage gap exists primarily due to occupational segregation between the genders, with women often working in more 'feminized' industries, and not due to educational lag by women in Italy.
notes:more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups
notes:more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
annotation:|
annotation:|
A study on the impact difference of special education between young men and women on their relative employment probabilities and incomes.
A study on the impact difference of special education between young men and women on their relative employment probabilities and incomes.
It finds that, overall, young women with disabilities were significantly less likely to be employed, earned less than males with disabilities, had lower likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma and were more likely to be a biological parent.
It finds that, overall, young women with disabilities were significantly less likely to be employed, earned less than males with disabilities, had lower likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma and were more likely to be a biological parent.
notes:MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES
notes:PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES
annotation:|
annotation:|
A study on the effect of trade unionization in European labour markets, with a specific emphasis on its effects on gender inequalities.
A study on the effect of trade unionization in European labour markets, with a specific emphasis on its effects on gender inequalities.
It finds, first of all, that increased unionization is related to the probability of being employed on a standard employment contract for both men and women.
It finds, first of all, that increased unionization is related to the probability of being employed on a standard employment contract for both men and women.
A study on the effects of a more unionized workforce in the United States, on the representation of women and minorities in the management of enterprises.
A study on the effects of a more unionized workforce in the United States, on the representation of women and minorities in the management of enterprises.
It finds that while stronger unionization is associated both with more women and more minorities represented in the overall workforce and in management, this effect is only marginally significant.
It finds that while stronger unionization is associated both with more women and more minorities represented in the overall workforce and in management, this effect is only marginally significant.
notes:only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities
notes:only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
annotation:|
annotation:|
A study on the income inequality in Singapore and how national education policies impact this inequality, looking especially at the 'Yearly Awards' scheme and the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools'.
A study on the income inequality in Singapore and how national education policies impact this inequality, looking especially at the 'Yearly Awards' scheme and the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools'.
It finds that, generally, income inequality for migrants in Singapore is relatively high, primarily due to generated between-occupational income inequalities and migration policies which further stimulate occupational segregation.
It finds that, generally, income inequality for migrants in Singapore is relatively high, primarily due to generated between-occupational income inequalities and migration policies which further stimulate occupational segregation.
A study on the effects of providing relatively higher wages for teachers, as well as fertility differences, on labour market participation of young female teachers.
A study on the effects of providing relatively higher wages for teachers, as well as fertility differences, on labour market participation of young female teachers.
It finds that providing relatively higher wages for teaching professions as compared to non-teaching professions significantly increases female labour force participation for teachers, though the strongest determinant for it is possessing a college major in education, with overall education level being another determinant.
It finds that providing relatively higher wages for teaching professions as compared to non-teaching professions significantly increases female labour force participation for teachers, though the strongest determinant for it is possessing a college major in education, with overall education level being another determinant.
