chore(repo): Rename supp data to documentation dir
We predominantly keep documentation in here, so that is what it should be called.
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9 changed files with 2 additions and 2 deletions
14
03-documentation/mail_2023-09-28.md
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03-documentation/mail_2023-09-28.md
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for me:
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Systematic scoping review methodology. Here we will need a description of the search protocol and inclusion criteria, outlining key concepts and definitions that relate to both forms of work and labour market outcomes (following the ILO (and others) typologies) and dimensions of inequalities. We need to include a technical justification for the adoption of a scoping systematic review. We can cite relevant references for that purpose, as done in the previous work for UN ESCAP.
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- [x] description of search protocol
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- outlining key concepts and definitions from ILO (& other typologies):
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- [x] forms of work
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- labour market outcomes
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- [x] dimensions of inequality
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- description of inclusion criteria
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- [x] include technical justification for adoption of scoping syst review
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- [x] cite relevant references
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- mention which observations we want to capture in matrix
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03-documentation/meeting_2023-09-15.md
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03-documentation/meeting_2023-09-15.md
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# Meeting notes 2023-09-15
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- what to do next week?
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- which databases to attack
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- jstor
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- web of science
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- google scholar
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- econlib
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- my plan:
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- this week use the inequalities definitions from ILO
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- put them into overlapping/separated term areas
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- find alternative terms
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- create term clusters from the individual areas
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- do a first exploratory query for e.g. WoS with the term clusters
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- observations to capture
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- type of work
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- type of inequality analyzed
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- type of indicators used (if any)
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- types of policies
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- selected group of people
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- region
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- country
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- country classification
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- level (national/sub-national/comparative)
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- significance
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- method
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-> need to really nail down the exclusion criteria as well!
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## Typology
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Pre-existing inequalities:
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- Gender Inequality: Gender inequality is a significant concern in the world of work. It encompasses disparities in wages, job opportunities, representation in leadership positions, and workplace discrimination based on gender.
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- Racial and Ethnic Inequality: This dimension focuses on disparities in employment, wages, and treatment in the workplace based on race and ethnicity. It includes issues of racial discrimination and bias.
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- Age Inequality: Age-related inequality considers differences in employment opportunities, job security, and treatment of workers based on their age, including issues related to youth unemployment and discrimination against older workers.
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- Inequality in Access to Social Protection: This pertains to variations in access to social security benefits, healthcare, and other forms of social protection based on employment status or other factors.
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- Educational Inequality: Educational inequalities can lead to disparities in access to quality jobs. Differences in access to education and training opportunities contribute to this dimension of inequality.
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- Geographical Inequality: This refers to variations in employment opportunities and working conditions based on geographic location, which can lead to rural-urban disparities.
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Resulting inequalities in WoW:
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- Occupational Inequality: Occupational inequality relates to disparities in job opportunities, career advancement, and access to certain professions or occupations. It often includes gender-based occupational segregation.
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- Income Inequality: This refers to differences in earnings and income among workers. It can be measured by various indicators, such as wage gaps, income quintiles, and the Gini coefficient.
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- Inequality in Working Conditions: This involves disparities in working conditions, including workplace safety, hours of work, and access to paid leave and benefits.
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- Informal Employment and Precarious Work: Inequality can arise from the prevalence of informal employment, where workers lack social protections and job security, as well as from precarious work arrangements, such as temporary contracts and gig work.
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03-documentation/meeting_2023-10-10.md
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03-documentation/meeting_2023-10-10.md
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# Meeting notes 2023-09-15
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## Questions/issues
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Points:
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- Ensure I am on right track with inclusion criteria at inequality-intervention-outcome nexus
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Q:
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- Which format best to start producing annotated bibliography in for end of month
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- Should we include purely qualitative reviews?
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- Capture them (in study screening) and tag accordingly
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- If including gray literature, I would propose specifically highlighting its status (i.e. adding it through footnotes or otherwise distinguish)
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- Some possibilities of avoiding docx for review itself to automate some of its descriptive statistics, etc.
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- What is the best way to go about integrating
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- I keep all my notes in the notes folder and zotero library
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- I continuously update a docx file called 'Scoping_Review_WIP.docx'
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- The individual milestones/approved and agreed upon changes are pushed to 'Scoping_Review.docx'
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## Updates
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- Natassia will work on a variety of indicators etc used
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- e.g. brought forth in ILOStat or LSMS
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- proposing policy categorization in 3 dimensions (for extraction of intervention properties):
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- institutional: changing the institutional *environment* of a country/context
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- related to changes in institutions
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- e.g. legal reforms adopted, adoption of supranational agreements (like Child Labour Convention/Recommendation), policies transforming the way of building/constructing/makeup of institutions, policies furthering institutional social protection of workers, ...
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- structural: interventions changing the *structural* conditions for people
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- *can* be related to institutional changes but also to others
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- e.g. looking at the way factors of globalization shapes outcomes; technology adoption (digital transformation or green revolution); changing geographical conditions through new transportation, or access to services; or improving access to for example access to electricity or improving WASH
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- agency/social-norms: related to lowering impact of individual characteristics of persons and empowering them individually
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- e.g. looking at the roots of why women/lgbtq/old people have a harder time finding jobs; policies towards affirmative action
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- using all 3 indicators (yesno/boolean) in matrix also enables more intersectional look at policies, by seeing which ones attack issues from variety of angles and e.g. which ones focus on a single one
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- should allow to substantiate with solid theory and backing through existing mechanisms identified in literature
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## ToDo
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- [ ] need to identify terms for further search:
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- [ ] 'definitions of concepts of employment creation'; employment outcomes
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- [ ] e.g. job creation, work creation, workplace creation
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- [ ] find the variety of interventions impacting employment
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- [ ] e.g. infrastructure development, distributive interventions, cash transfer etc
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- [ ] use Miguel introduced 3-dimension categorization for now
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- [ ] capture indicator: relative/absolute used in studies (extract)
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- [ ] e.g. diff in total number of jobs per gender (absolute) vs change of job distribution in pct (relative)
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- [ ] many will share pct looks at these
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- [ ] capture policy intervention type used (extract):
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- [ ] see above for policy categorization, introduce in extraction list
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- [ ] create small scale-based justification for three clusters
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- [ ] create clear inclusion/exclusion criteria on basis of above (esp LM outcomes & policy terms)
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- [ ] personally: find exact definitions for:
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- indicators
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- measures
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- ratios
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- and which ones are relative (ratios?) and absolute (measures?) and a comprehensive term (indic.?)
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83
03-documentation/meeting_2023-11-02.md
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# Meeting notes 2023-09-15
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## Questions/issues
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Main points:
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- Currently, two issues of search query:
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- the scope of results is still very large (~5000 query results & ~1000 sources from snowballing)
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- is overwhelmingly health-inequality outcome focused
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Q:
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- One of ILO raised points was including Spanish/French studies
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- I would keep query in English only but also try to screen Spanish/French studies that are in results
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- I am having some trouble distinguishing between relevant / non-relevant for health outcome category
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- e.g. policies to prevent STD transmission for sex workers -> probably in since it directly addresses an area of outcome inequality; and focuses on intersectional issues for cis men and trans workers
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- e.g. influence of socio-economic inequalities to out of hospital medical issues -> probably out since it does not fit into world of work though still focusing on issues of inequality
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- in reviewing methodology, ILO commented on 'LM-adjacent outcomes' not necessary for inclusion criteria;
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I am not sure how to understand that comment - we need to measure some outcomes through our indicators and it should be LM adjacent to fix it somewhat to the WoW?
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- I can not find the commented version of the extended outline anymore, is it still in DB?
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## Updates
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- have been executing the search protocol and started screening results
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- identified around 30 previous reviews which focus on nexus of inequality, world of work and inequality-outcomes
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## Indicator
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[11:41 AM] Miguel Nino Zarazua
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**PLEASE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING INEQUALITY MEASURES IN THE DISCUSSION
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Regarding inequality measures, we need to discuss inequality indices and ratios/shares by families and then group them according to their normative theoretical principles, that is, relative, absolute, or horizontal perspectives.
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Vertical approaches
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1. Gini family (Gini index - a relative measure, AND Absolute Gini index-an absolute measure)
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2. Generalized Entropy family (Mean Log Deviation, Theil index, Coefficient of Variation - all relative inequality measures, AND Standard Deviation - an absolute inequality measure.) Please make sure that we when revising the literature, we do not miss any relevant measure.
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3. Atkinson Inequality Family
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4. Ratios / Top/Bot family (Palma, s80s20 ratio, s40s20 ratio)
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As I pointed out earlier, presenting a discussion on the properties of inequality measures is vital because we will need to discuss the implications of focusing on e.g., the Gini using wages or earnings vis-a-vis using the absolute Gini on the same outcomes. Furthermore, we also need to discuss the desirable properties that inequality measures need to satisfy (anonymity, scale independence, population independence, transfer principle, subgroup decomposability, etc.) and the implications of the limitations of some of the indices (e.g., the Gini index is not decomposable by population subgroups, which means that it cannot be used to estimate e.g. earnings inequalities by subnational levels. In this case, the MLD would be a better choice.
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Horizontal approaches
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Furthermore, we need to discuss the normative and policy implications of adopting horizontal inequality measures or ratios that compare differences in outcome between groups:
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Group Gini
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Group Theil
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Group CoV
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Ratios and shares by groups (for example looking at differences between labour force participation by men and women, or by age cohorts).
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In this sense, the discussion on inequality measures needs to go beyond relative measures and present a discussion in the context of variables and indicators related to the WoW.
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PLEASE conduct a review of the literature on inequality measures to carry out this task. I have included some papers in the shared Dropbox folder BUT please note that these are not exhausting. Please conduct a review and add ALL the consulted materials in the shared folder and in the Zotero Library.
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For the purpose of the analysis, the identification of variables in the ILO micro dataset (and ILOSTAT) that capture forms of work AND labour market outcomes is key, as we will need to outline how the ILO could use inequality measures/ratios on the existing variables/indicators to track and monitor progress in work and labour inequalities, AND also identify key informational gaps.
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Please take a look at the variables and dimensions that are available on the ILO microdata collection (ILO Microdata Explorer) and identify the following:
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1. Existing indicators to estimate vertical and horizontal inequality measures
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2. What other variables are currently available in main sources of information, namely: a) Population Censuses, b) Labour Force Surveys, c) Household Income and Expenditure Surveys and d) Other relevant Household Surveys could be used to conduct inequality analysis. PLEASE check questionnaires of a-d to do this.
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3. Identify key variables / indicators for inequality analysis that are currently NOT available on a-d. Please pay attention to indicators that are relevant for the Wo
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## ToDo
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- [ ] now:
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- [x] create summary of how we are doing the review - SUN
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- WHAT we search
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- WHY we search it
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- HOW we screen for/extract from it
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- [ ] have a read through comments on outline
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- [ ] have document outline/annotated bib for ILO ready eow at the latest
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- [ ] look at new resolutions (Oct 2023)
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- [x] include union/trade unionization/collective action in search terms
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- [x] find way of capturing social dialogue in query?
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- [-] create 'task list' for each screening/extraction step:
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- screening:
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- add intervention/outcome/country-region/in-out-criteria (see also screening tasks)
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- add additional information: intersectional, review, method::qualitative
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- extraction:
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- build extraction grid tool (from SPPF, with above policy categorization)
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- [-] querying: create way of having one source of truth for search terms; e.g. script to transfer python lists from yaml/json files to python lists and -> output functional query (into script or through cmdline)
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- [-] screening:
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- build tool: contains collection of all tags; kept up-to-date for any added; contains checklist for 'tag areas' (outcome; intervention; inequality; region; actor; method; ...)
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- [-] extraction:
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- [ ] have category of 'measure' extracting type/kind of measure used (Gini/Group Gini/Palma/share/measure of means)
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- [ ] focus on tripartism:
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- [ ] tag studies with "actor::collective_action" (or actor::trade_union?) tag to highlight role of collective action (agency/structural)
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- e.g. trade union talks; minimum wage; collective bargaining; ...
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- [ ] tag studies which highlight e.g. role of individual sectors with "actor::private" to highlight role of private sector/employers (structural)
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- [ ] tag studies which talk about concept of "social dialogue", "tripartism" or similar how employers/unions/gov solve issues to highlight soc dialog
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- [ ] perhaps find "historical examples which highlight this process, even if we don't include it systematically"
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- [-] paper:
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- [-] change citations of older ILO resolutions to 2023 ones in-text
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03-documentation/meeting_2023-11-29.md
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# Meeting
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## Questions
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- screening:
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- would sort out the multitude of 'facilitators and barriers to XY equality' in screening
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- when they do not focus on specific interventions/policies
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- may tag them for in-text citation as existing literature / finding channels
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- are we sorting out/in studies which look at one *policy* but not necessarily one that is aimed at / based on strategy of inequality reduction:
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- e.g. McLay2022, policy of stay-at-home orders during COVID effects on gender inequality
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-> policy but not focused on inequ. decr.
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- or Fasang2022, looks at factors influencing intersectional inequalities in family and work outcomes by gender & race
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-> looks at inequality factors but *not* impacts of policy dedicated to changing them
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- or Cetin2022, looks at effect case of opening 2 food factories and empowerment through joining public space - event but not *policy*
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03-documentation/review-pool-years-done.md
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# Years done of overall sample pool
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- [x] 2000
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- [x] 2001
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- [ ] 2002
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- [ ] 2003
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- [ ] 2004
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- [ ] 2005
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- [ ] 2006
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- [ ] 2007
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- [ ] 2008
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- [ ] 2009
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- [ ] 2010
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- [ ] 2011
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- [ ] 2012
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- [ ] 2013
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- [x] 2014
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- [ ] 2015
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- [ ] 2016
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- [ ] 2017
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- [x] 2018
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- [x] 2019
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- [x] 2020
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- [x] 2021
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- [x] 2022
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- [x] 2023
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243
03-documentation/screening-tool.md
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03-documentation/screening-tool.md
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# Screening tool
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Tracks the categories and possible values of tags (or 'keywords') for the screening process step of scoping.
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## TODO
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A work-in-progress tag which simply states the step of the scoping review
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process the respective source is currently at.
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TODO::QUESTION
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TODO::SPANISH
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TODO::abstract
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TODO::full-text
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TODO::review
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TODO::title
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## Cite
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Even if a study is not directly relevant for the final extraction pool,
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it might contain valuable information. These tags give the reason they may
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prove interesting yet when considering the inequalities analyzed by them.
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cite::channels
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cite::framework
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cite::further_reading
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## Country
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The main country of interest for the study. Multiple possible for comparative/multiple case studies.
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Global studies, or ones using dozens of countries will not be tagged.
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country::Argentina
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country::Armenia
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country::Australia
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country::Austria
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country::Bangladesh
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country::Belgium
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country::Bengal
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country::Bolivia
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country::Bosnia_Herzegovina
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country::Botswana
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country::Brazil
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country::Britain
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country::Burundi
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country::Cambodia
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country::Cameroon
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country::Canada
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country::Chile
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country::China
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country::Colombia
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country::Croatia
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country::Cyprus
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country::Czech_Republic
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country::Denmark
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country::Ecuador
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country::Eswatini
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country::Ethiopia
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country::Finland
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country::France
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country::Germany
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country::Ghana
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country::Greece
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country::Guatemala
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country::Honduras
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country::HongKong
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country::Hungary
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country::India
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country::Indonesia
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country::Iran
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country::Ireland
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country::Israel
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country::Italy
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country::Japan
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country::Jordan
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country::Kazakhstan
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country::Kenya
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country::Korea
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country::Liberia
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country::Lithuania
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country::Madagascar
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country::Malawi
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country::Malawy
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country::Malaysia
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country::Malta
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country::Mexico
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country::Mongolia
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country::Morocco
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country::Nepal
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country::Netherlands
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country::New_Zealand
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country::Nicaragua
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country::Nigeria
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country::Norway
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country::Pakistan
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country::Paraguay
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country::Philippines
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country::Poland
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country::Portugal
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country::Romania
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country::Russia
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country::Rwanda
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country::Saudi_Arabia
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country::Senegal
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country::Slovakia
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country::South_Africa
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country::Spain
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country::Sri_Lanka
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country::Sweden
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country::Switzerland
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country::Taiwan
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country::Tanzania
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country::Thailand
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country::Timor-Leste
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country::Turkey
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country::US
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country::Ukraine
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country::Uruguay
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country::Vietnam
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country::West_Bank
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country::Zambia
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## Inequality
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The type of inequality illuminated by a study.
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Will often be multiple, a strong sign for a study's intersectional approach.
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inequality::age
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inequality::consumption
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inequality::disability
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inequality::education
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inequality::ethnicity
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inequality::gender
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inequality::generational
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inequality::health
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inequality::income
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inequality::income
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inequality::language
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inequality::lgbt
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inequality::migration
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inequality::poverty
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inequality::racial
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inequality::socio-demographic
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inequality::spatial
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## Issue
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If there is an issue with a study which may impede further
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progress, or any progress at all - even if it may not be sorted
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out from relevance yet, or if it has.
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issue::age
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issue::language
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issue::no-access
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## Method
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If one method is clearly marked as primary, or surprisingly is not
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the primary method within title and or abstract, it will be noted
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here.
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method::qualitative
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method::quantitative
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||||
|
||||
## Out
|
||||
|
||||
The reason, or step of the screening process for the study falling
|
||||
out of relevance. Will be used later to generate accurate numbers
|
||||
per screening step.
|
||||
|
||||
out::abstract
|
||||
out::full-text
|
||||
out::language
|
||||
out::review
|
||||
out::title
|
||||
out::year
|
||||
|
||||
## Region
|
||||
|
||||
The general world region a study is working in.
|
||||
May align to the individual country (or countries) it is analyzing,
|
||||
but may also stand on its own.
|
||||
|
||||
region::AP
|
||||
region::EU
|
||||
region::LAC
|
||||
region::MENA
|
||||
region::NA
|
||||
region::SSA
|
||||
|
||||
## Review
|
||||
|
||||
If a study is a review, it will be captured under one of these tags.
|
||||
|
||||
review::?
|
||||
review::critical
|
||||
review::integrative
|
||||
review::meta
|
||||
review::narrative
|
||||
review::scoping
|
||||
review::systematic
|
||||
review::umbrella
|
||||
|
||||
## Type
|
||||
|
||||
The primary type of intervention, circumstance or shock the study is interested in.
|
||||
|
||||
type::automation
|
||||
type::cash_transfer
|
||||
type::child_labor
|
||||
type::collective_action
|
||||
type::cooperative_entrepreneurship
|
||||
type::counseling
|
||||
type::csr
|
||||
type::electrification
|
||||
type::experimental
|
||||
type::infrastructure
|
||||
type::institutional
|
||||
type::marketization
|
||||
type::maternity_benefit
|
||||
type::microcredit
|
||||
type::minimum_wage
|
||||
type::pension
|
||||
type::regulation
|
||||
type::rtw
|
||||
type::structural
|
||||
type::subsidy
|
||||
type::taxation
|
||||
type::trade_liberalization
|
||||
type::training
|
||||
type::ubi
|
||||
type::universal_licensing
|
||||
type::volunteering
|
||||
type::welfare
|
||||
type::work_programme
|
||||
|
||||
## Misc
|
||||
|
||||
⚠️ Invalid DOI
|
||||
⛔ No DOI found
|
||||
favorite
|
||||
relevant
|
||||
integrated
|
||||
intersectional
|
||||
177
03-documentation/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md
Normal file
177
03-documentation/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
|||
# Terms of Reference
|
||||
|
||||
- attention to root causes of inequalities of work
|
||||
- drivers and determinants across all dimensions
|
||||
- addressing both distribution and redistribution
|
||||
- seen as the most innovative one (?)
|
||||
- fundamental principles and rights in intl labor standards
|
||||
- social dialogue and tripartism
|
||||
- interconnectedness, integration and monitoring
|
||||
- country-specific approaches
|
||||
|
||||
the assignment will:
|
||||
- explain what inequalities in the world of work are
|
||||
- why they should be addressed
|
||||
- what is added value of ILO doing so
|
||||
|
||||
with target groups:
|
||||
- ILO staff & constitutents
|
||||
- external stakeholders & partners
|
||||
|
||||
objectives:
|
||||
- general: support position of ILO as key actor in ongoing debates and initiatives of multilateral system on poverty and inequalities
|
||||
- 1: improve understanding of what inequalities in the world of work are
|
||||
- root causes
|
||||
- their linkages
|
||||
- how they feed into outcomes
|
||||
- 2: identify evidence-based policy responses to prevent and reduce inequalities in the world of work
|
||||
- minimizing of inequalities
|
||||
- reducing the outcomes of inequalities
|
||||
|
||||
dates:
|
||||
- Sep 30:
|
||||
- draft detailed outline for conceptual framework
|
||||
- chapter indication
|
||||
- definition of inequalities in world of work, drivers and determinants
|
||||
- Oct 30:
|
||||
- annotated bibliography identifying effective and evidence-based policy responses to adress inequality in world of work
|
||||
- annotated bibl will inform dev of conceptual framework
|
||||
- presentation to task force to gather inputs and views from diff departments
|
||||
|
||||
## Working Strategy
|
||||
|
||||
### Identifying root causes of LM inequalities
|
||||
|
||||
- a fundamental typology of inequalities within the LM *and* beyond the labor market is necessary
|
||||
- as ILO recognizes inequalities generate feedback cycles
|
||||
- within a life cycle and inter-generationally (through inequalities of outcomes)
|
||||
- to understand inequalities in the world of work, those beyond should not be a black box
|
||||
- gender/socio-demographic/pre-existing inequalities
|
||||
- put very simply:
|
||||
- it might make sense for a mother to move away from a job to a space with better educational access for her child and the resulting issue should concern *both*
|
||||
- access to better education in the original region
|
||||
- the impact of better job availability or active labour market policies in the new region
|
||||
- for each form of work to understand the primary inequalities in the LM
|
||||
- we need to understand how pre-existing inequalities feed into them as independent variables
|
||||
- often this will take the form of e.g. socio-demographic inequalities reflecting income inequalities
|
||||
- but not always, and that is the locating of the root causes I would see as primary goal for the first part of the review
|
||||
|
||||
### Identifying evidence-based policy responses which address these inequalities
|
||||
|
||||
- if we manage to break open the black box of root causes in this way
|
||||
- for vertical but especially for horizontal inequalities
|
||||
- it should make it easier to analyze the impacts of policies removing inequalities for
|
||||
- the causes they help reduce the effect of
|
||||
- the impact on labour market inequalities itself
|
||||
- and the effects on resulting equality/inequalities of opportunity
|
||||
|
||||
# Conceptual definitions
|
||||
|
||||
labour
|
||||
|
||||
'nature of work'
|
||||
|
||||
work
|
||||
|
||||
worlds of work
|
||||
|
||||
inequality in work
|
||||
|
||||
## forms of work
|
||||
|
||||
paid employment work
|
||||
own-use production work
|
||||
unpaid work
|
||||
care work
|
||||
volunteer work
|
||||
unpaid trainee work
|
||||
|
||||
## labor market outcomes
|
||||
|
||||
employment
|
||||
unemployment
|
||||
underemployment
|
||||
labour force participation
|
||||
self-employment/informality
|
||||
labour productivity
|
||||
skills
|
||||
wages/earnings
|
||||
hours worked
|
||||
job security
|
||||
social protection coverage
|
||||
labour mobility
|
||||
|
||||
## socio-demographic categories
|
||||
|
||||
gender
|
||||
ethnicity
|
||||
race
|
||||
age
|
||||
disability
|
||||
|
||||
## types of inequalities (in worlds of work)
|
||||
|
||||
general characteristics of inequality:
|
||||
|
||||
- 'pre-world of work' inequalities; starting well before individuals enter world of work
|
||||
- unequal opportunities to healthcare, literacy, quality education
|
||||
- often borne from poverty, gender, family background, lack of legal status/identity
|
||||
- others often born with many advantages that give easy opportunistic access to build human capital
|
||||
- inequality of opportunities !== inequality of outcome
|
||||
- often, today's inequalities affect future (generations') opportunities
|
||||
- high levels of current inequality = reduction in future social mobility
|
||||
- conversely, (some?) focus should be put on equality of outcome today to ensure equality of opportunity tomorrow
|
||||
- while focusing on these intra-country horizontal inequalities, inter-country inequalities (esp income inequality, but predisposing other as well) should not be neglected
|
||||
- distinction between:
|
||||
- vertical inequality
|
||||
- between all households in a country
|
||||
- horizontal inequality
|
||||
- betweek different groups
|
||||
- disparities in employment outcomes, labour rights, opportunities between groups depending on gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, health status, disability or other characteristics
|
||||
|
||||
forms of inequality:
|
||||
|
||||
- access to essential services (health, education, housing)
|
||||
- income inequality
|
||||
- access to means of subsistence (esp related to employment)
|
||||
- gender inequality (part of horizontal, being one of the 'greatest forms of inequality today')
|
||||
- results in gender-based violence, harassment, domestic violence, unpaid care work
|
||||
- especially girls often facing unequal opportunities and 'persistent gender stereotypes in their access to education and health services and in other aspects of life' [13, ILC]
|
||||
- in most regions wome over-represented among poorest and under-represented among richest people (esp in SoutAs;EastAs;Pacific regions)
|
||||
- born primarily from unequal access to quality education, inequalities and injustices in labour market participation, gender earnings gaps
|
||||
- often also results in children being exposed to severe health and food deprivation and differences in control over assets (capital/land)
|
||||
- recently exacerbated by COVID-19 reversing equality progress through increased women's/men's paid/unpaid/care work inequalities
|
||||
- girls/boys from ethnic minorities, indigenous, tribal populations, remote rural areas often facing barriers accessing quality education & essential services
|
||||
- indigenous people account for 6% of world pop but 19% of extreme poor
|
||||
- stark contrast between migrant workers' high labour force participation rates and large proportion of low-income households
|
||||
- spatial inequalities (rural/urban; small/large cities; richt/poor regions)
|
||||
- contributes to overall more fractures/unequal societies
|
||||
- intersectional inequalities (made possible to highlight by vert/horiz inequality split)
|
||||
- unequal distribution of work & labour income
|
||||
- among workforce among most important determinants of inequality
|
||||
- unemployment: forecloses income prospects; highest rate in young people
|
||||
- underemployment:
|
||||
- low wages make meeting basic needs impossible (esp. food, healthcare, education, decent housing)
|
||||
- including differentiation time-related underemployment (would like to work more paid hours); potential labour force (would like to work but not actively searching or not available for work); creates (way) higher numbers than purely unemployment numbers - especially in LIC
|
||||
- recently, (COVID-19) women, young people, less educated, low earners less likely to keep their jobs
|
||||
|
||||
## types of policies
|
||||
|
||||
- income:
|
||||
- difference between primary distribution ('market income', through property and employment) and secondary distribution ('disposable income', through taxes and transfers), and tertiary distribution (public services)
|
||||
- tax and transfers redistributing incomes towards greater equality in disposable income
|
||||
- extent of redistribution limited by small fiscal resources (e.g. through informal labour predominance)
|
||||
- policies to reduce income difference between urban/rural, ethnic minorities/majority one of main drivers of reduced income inequality (LAC region)
|
||||
|
||||
# Summary draft
|
||||
|
||||
- pre-world of work characteristics already taking huge influence on labour market and related equality of outcomes
|
||||
- inequality in access to essential services (health, education, housing)
|
||||
- inequality in access to means of subsistence (esp related to employment)
|
||||
- income inequality huge driver of resulting inequalities, in turn already influenced by characteristics, additionally:
|
||||
- spatial inequality
|
||||
- gender inequality
|
||||
- employment inequality:
|
||||
- unemployment: forecloses income prospects; highest rate in young people
|
||||
- underemployment: low wages make meeting basic needs impossible (esp. food, healthcare, education, decent housing)
|
||||
- split into time-related underemployment and potential labour force
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue