feat(data): Extract remaining prelim study data

02-data/processed/relevant/Ahumada2023.yml

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+cite: Ahumada2023
+author: Ahumada, P. P.
+year: 2023
+title: "Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective"
+publisher: International Journal of Comparative Sociology
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846
+pubtype: article
+discipline: sociology
+
+country: global
+period: 2009-2017
+maxlength:
+targeting:
+group:
+data: time-series cross-sectional database for collective labour rights and class power disparity
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: OLS; Arellano estimator
+sample: 78
+unit: country
+representativeness: regional
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory: power resource theory
+limitations: limited 2-observation dataset per country; potential remaining measurement bias due to concurrent shocks
+observation:
+  - intervention: collective action (unionization)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 0
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: income
+    type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining (FACB) and violation index coding
+    findings: more unequal political power distribution hinders processes of collective organisation
+    channels:
+    direction: # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes:
+annotation: |
+  A study on the effects of unequal distributions of political power on the extent and provision of collective labour rights.
+  It is a combination of quantitative global comparison with qualitative case studies for Argentina and Chile.
+  It finds that, for societies in which power is more unequally distributed, collective bargaining possibilities are more limited and weaker.
+  It suggests that, aside from a less entrenched trade unionization in the country, the primary channel for the its weakening are that existing collective labour rights are often either restricted or disregarded outright.
+  Employers were restricted in their ability to effectively conduct lobbying, and made more vulnerable to what the authors suggest are 'divide-and-conquer' strategies by government with a strongly entrenched trade unionization, due to being more separate and uncoordinated.
+  A limit is the strong institutional context of the two countries which makes generalizable application of its underlying channels more difficult to the overarching quantitative analysis of inequality outcomes,
+  which retains a potential for measurement bias due to country-level concurrent shocks.

02-data/processed/relevant/Alexiou2023.yml

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+cite: Alexiou2023
+author: Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.
+year: 2023
+title: "The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies"
+publisher: Journal of Economic Studies
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612
+pubtype: article
+discipline: economics
+
+country: Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Japan; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom; United States
+period: 2000-2016
+maxlength:
+targeting:
+group:
+data: Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) OECD panel data
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: panel fixed effects approach, Driscoll and Kraay non-parametric covariance matrix estimator
+sample: 18
+unit: country
+representativeness: regional
+causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory: power resources theory
+limitations: can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc
+observation:
+  - intervention: collective action (trade unionization)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: income; gender
+    type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: Gini coeff (equivalized household disposable income, market income, manufacturing pay)
+    findings: unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequality; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality
+    channels: redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality
+    direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes:
+annotation: |
+  A study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality.
+  It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions.
+  It also suggests that in contexts of weaker unionization, post-redistribution income inequality is higher, thus also fostering unequal redistributive policies.
+  Lastly, it finds positive relations between right-wing orientation of a country's government and its income inequality, with more mixed results for centrist governments pointing to potential fragmentations in their redistributive policy approaches.
+  The study is mostly limited in not being able to account for individual drivers (or barriers) and can thus not disaggregate for the effects for example arbitration or collective bargaining.

02-data/processed/relevant/Cardinaleschi2019.yml

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+cite: Cardinaleschi2019
+author: Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.
+year: 2019
+title: "Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy"
+publisher: Panoeconomicus
+uri: https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C
+pubtype: article
+discipline: economics
+
+country: Italy
+period: 2014
+maxlength:
+targeting:
+group:
+data: Linked Employer Employees Data from Structure of Earnings Survey
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: OLS; Oaxaca-Blinder & Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decompositions
+sample:
+unit: firm
+representativeness: national; census
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory: gender endowment discrimination; glass ceiling wage-setting institutions
+limitations: Only a short-term decomposition of mostly cross-sectional dataset
+observation:
+  - intervention: collective action (collective bargaining)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender; income
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: income shares
+    findings: collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects
+    channels: occupational segregation into feminized industries
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes:
+annotation: |
+  A study on the wage gap in the Italian labour market, looking especially at the effects of collective negotiation practices.
+  It finds that the Italian labour market's wage gap exists primarily due to occupational segregation between the genders, with women often working in more 'feminized' industries, and not due to educational lag by women in Italy.
+  It also finds that collective negotiation practices targeting especially managerial representation and wages do address the gender pay gap, but only marginally significantly.
+  The primary channel for only marginal significance stems from internal heterogeneity in that only the median part of wage distributions is significantly affected by the measures.
+  Instead, the authors recommend a stronger mix of policy approaches, also considering the human-capital aspects with for example active labour-market policies targeting it.
+  A limitation of the study is the short-term explanatory power of its underlying dataset consisting of a cross-sectional decomposition.

02-data/processed/relevant/Coutinho2006.yml

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+cite: Coutinho2006
+author: Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.
+year: 2006
+title: "Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education"
+publisher: Career Development for Exceptional Individuals
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401
+pubtype: article
+discipline: education
+
+country: United States
+period: 1972-1994
+maxlength: 72
+targeting: implicit
+group: young women with disabilities
+data: National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88)
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: OLS; linear and two-step multinomial logistic regression
+sample: 13391
+unit: individual
+representativeness: national
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias
+observation:
+  - intervention: education (special needs)
+    institutional: 0
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: disability; gender; income; age
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: female employment ratio, female income ratio
+    findings: females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent
+    channels: men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers
+    direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups
+annotation: |
+  A study on the impact difference of special education between young men and women on their relative employment probabilities and incomes.
+  It finds that, overall, young women with disabilities were significantly less likely to be employed, earned less than males with disabilities, had lower likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma and were more likely to be a biological parent.
+  For the employment outcomes, the primary channels identified were men with disabilities being in employment both more months in the preceding period and more hours per week on average than women with disabilities.
+  Overall, more women were employed in clerical positions and substantially more men employed in technical or skilled positions for both special education and the control samples.
+  Similarly, for income there was a gender-based difference for the whole sample, though with substantial internal heterogeneity showing only marginal differences between men and women in the high-achieving subsample and the largest differences in the low-achieving and special needs subsample.
+  The suggestions include a strengthening of personal agency to remain in education longer and delay having children through self-advocacy and -determination transition services for young women to supplement structural education efforts.
+  Some limitations include initial subsample selection based on parent-reporting possibly introducing selection bias and the special education sample not including students with more severe impairments due to the requirement of self-reporting.

02-data/processed/relevant/Dieckhoff2015.yml

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+cite: Dieckhoff2015
+author: Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.
+year: 2015
+title: "Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market"
+publisher: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001
+pubtype: article
+discipline: sociology
+
+country: Austria; Belgium; Czechia; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; and the UK
+period: 1992-2007
+maxlength: 192
+targeting:
+group:
+data: repeat cross-sectional data, national survey dataset European Labour Force Survey
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: two-step multilevel modelling; OLS; multinomial logistic regression, fixed effects approach
+sample: 18
+unit: country
+representativeness: national
+causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights
+observation:
+  - intervention: collective action (unionization)
+    institutional: 0
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender
+    type: # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: employment
+    findings: men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease
+    channels: increased standard employment contract probability
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES
+annotation: |
+  A study on the effect of trade unionization in European labour markets, with a specific emphasis on its effects on gender inequalities.
+  It finds, first of all, that increased unionization is related to the probability of being employed on a standard employment contract for both men and women.
+  It also finds no evidence that men seem to carry increased benefits from increased unionization, although in combination with temporary contract and family policy re-regulations, men do seem to experience greater benefits than women.
+  At the same time women's employment under standard contracts does not decrease, such that there is no absolute detrimental effect for either gender.
+  It does, however, pose the question of the allocation of relative benefits between the genders through unionization efforts.
+  The study is limited in that, by averaging outcomes across European nations, it can not account for nation-specific labour market contexts or gender disaggregations.

02-data/processed/relevant/Ferguson2015.yml

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+cite: Ferguson2015
+author: Ferguson, J.-P.
+year: 2015
+title: "The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation"
+publisher: American Journal of Sociology
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1086/683357
+pubtype: article
+discipline: sociology
+
+country: United States
+period: 1984-2010
+maxlength:
+targeting: implicit
+group: women workers
+data: AFL-CIO, NLRB datasets, amended with Current Population Survey
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: regression-discontinuity RD test
+sample: 50000
+unit: individual
+representativeness: national
+causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: most of effects may be caused by unsobservables
+observation:
+  - intervention: collective action (unionization)
+    institutional: 0
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 1
+    inequality: gender; ethnicity
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: employment
+    findings: stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant
+    channels: possible self-selection into unionization
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes:
+annotation: |
+  A study on the effects of a more unionized workforce in the United States, on the representation of women and minorities in the management of enterprises.
+  It finds that while stronger unionization is associated both with more women and more minorities represented in the overall workforce and in management, this effect is only marginally significant.
+  Additionally, there are drivers which may be based on unobservables and not a direct effect ---
+  it may be a selection effect of more unionized enterprises.
+  It uses union elections as its base of analysis, and thus can not exclude self-selection effects of people joining more heavily unionized enterprises rather than unionization increasing representation in its conclusions.

02-data/processed/relevant/Mukhopadhaya2003.yml

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+cite: Mukhopadhaya2003
+author: Mukhopadhaya, P.
+year: 2003
+title: "Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore"
+publisher: International Journal of Educational Development
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7
+pubtype: article
+discipline: education
+
+country: Singapore
+period: 1980-1995
+maxlength:
+targeting:
+group:
+data: Census Reports, Yearbook of Statistics Snagopre
+
+design: observational
+method: regressions with multivariate decomposition
+sample:
+unit:
+representativeness: national, census
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder
+observation:
+  - intervention: education
+    institutional: 0
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: migration; generational; income; ethnicity
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income
+    findings: non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting
+    channels: primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION
+annotation: |
+  A study on the income inequality in Singapore and how national education policies impact this inequality, looking especially at the 'Yearly Awards' scheme and the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools'.
+  It finds that, generally, income inequality for migrants in Singapore is relatively high, primarily due to generated between-occupational income inequalities and migration policies which further stimulate occupational segregation.
+  Then, for the higher-education interventions, it identifies issues which may exacerbate the existing inequalities along these lines:
+  Already-advantaged (high-income) households generally stem from non-migration households and are also reflected in higher representation of high-achievement education brackets.
+  The education policies thus may exacerbate income inequality through their bad targeting when considering inter-generational academic achievements with high-education households remaining the primary beneficiaries of the policies, a finding which is more significant for the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools' than the 'Yearly Awards' scheme which has fewer benefit accruals to wealthier households.
+  More generally, the study suggests that the system of financing for higher education in Singapore aiming for providing equal education opportunity for all, may in fact further disadvantage poorer, low-income households that have a low-education parental background.

02-data/processed/relevant/Shin2006.yml

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+cite: Shin2006
+author: Shin, J., & Moon, S.
+year: 2006
+title: "Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers"
+publisher: Economics of Education Review
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004
+pubtype: article
+discipline: economics
+
+country: United States
+period: 1968-1988
+maxlength:
+targeting: implicit
+group: female teachers
+data: National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: fixed effects panel regressions; panel probit estimation
+sample: 2712
+unit: individual
+representativeness: national
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men
+observation:
+  - intervention: education; regulation (relative wage-setting)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: employment (FLFP rate)
+    findings: higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection
+    channels: most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: 
+annotation: |
+  A study on the effects of providing relatively higher wages for teachers, as well as fertility differences, on labour market participation of young female teachers.
+  It finds that providing relatively higher wages for teaching professions as compared to non-teaching professions significantly increases female labour force participation for teachers, though the strongest determinant for it is possessing a college major in education, with overall education level being another determinant.
+  The study also looks at the effects of the presence of a new-born baby and finds that it significantly decreases female labour force participation and is almost twice as large for women in the teaching profession as compared to non-teaching jobs, though it does not have an effect on the choice of job between teaching or non-teaching.
+  The authors suggest this relatively higher exit from the labour market for women with new-born babies in teaching professions may once again be due to low wages: teachers leaving the labour market experience relatively lower temporary wage losses than in other professions, decreasing the exit-cost.
+  A limitation of the study is its restricted focus on strictly female underlying panel data which does not allow for comparisons between genders within or across professions.