initial commit

.gitignore

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+/03-supplementary_data/DB
+/03-supplementary_data/library
+/04-outputs
+
+# Created by https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/-f,python,linux,vim,quarto,markdown,jupyternotebooks
+# Edit at https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore?templates=-f,python,linux,vim,quarto,markdown,jupyternotebooks
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+#!! ERROR: -f is undefined. Use list command to see defined gitignore types !!#
+
+### JupyterNotebooks ###
+# gitignore template for Jupyter Notebooks
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+
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+*/.ipynb_checkpoints/*
+
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+
+# Remove previous ipynb_checkpoints
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+### Linux ###
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+# temporary files which can be created if a process still has a handle open of a deleted file
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+### Python ###
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+# End of https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/-f,python,linux,vim,quarto,markdown,jupyternotebooks

.papis.config

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+[settings]
+
+[main]
+dir = 03-supplementary_data/library

03-supplementary_data/lib.bib

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+@techreport{ilo2015,
+  address = {International Labour Office, Geneva},
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Recommendation No. 204 concerning the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy},
+  year = {2015},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilo2002,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Resolution on decent work and the informal economy},
+  year = {2002},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilo2023,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment},
+  year = {2023},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilo2021,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Inequalities and the world of work},
+  year = {2021},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilo2021a,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Resolution concerning inequalities and the world of work},
+  year = {2021},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilo2022,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Follow-up to the resolution concerning inequalities and the world of work: Comprehensive and integrated ILO strategy to reduce and prevent inequalities in the world of work},
+  year = {2022},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilo2013,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization},
+  year = {2013},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilotrends2022,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2022},
+  year = {2022},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilodomestic2023,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {The road to decent work for domestic workers},
+  year = {2023},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilotrends2023,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2023},
+  year = {2023},
+}
+
+@techreport{iloconditions2019,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Working conditions in a global perspective},
+  year = {2019},
+}
+
+@techreport{ilowomen2016,
+  author = {ILO},
+  institution = {International Labour Organization},
+  title = {Women at Work Trends 2016},
+  year = {2016},
+}

03-supplementary_data/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md

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+# Terms of Reference
+
+- attention to root causes of inequalities of work
+    - drivers and determinants across all dimensions
+- addressing both distribution and redistribution
+    - seen as the most innovative one (?)
+- fundamental principles and rights in intl labor standards
+- social dialogue and tripartism
+- interconnectedness, integration and monitoring
+- country-specific approaches
+
+the assignment will:
+- explain what inequalities in the world of work are
+- why they should be addressed
+- what is added value of ILO doing so
+
+with target groups:
+- ILO staff & constitutents
+- external stakeholders & partners
+
+objectives:
+- general: support position of ILO as key actor in ongoing debates and initiatives of multilateral system on poverty and inequalities
+- 1: improve understanding of what inequalities in the world of work are
+    - root causes
+    - their linkages
+    - how they feed into outcomes
+- 2: identify evidence-based policy responses to prevent and reduce inequalities in the world of work
+    - minimizing of inequalities
+    - reducing the outcomes of inequalities
+
+dates:
+- Sep 30: 
+    - draft detailed outline for conceptual framework
+    - chapter indication
+    - definition of inequalities in world of work, drivers and determinants
+- Oct 30:
+    - annotated bibliography identifying effective and evidence-based policy responses to adress inequality in world of work
+    - annotated bibl will inform dev of conceptual framework
+    - presentation to task force to gather inputs and views from diff departments
+
+## Working Strategy
+
+### Identifying root causes of LM inequalities
+
+- a fundamental typology of inequalities within the LM *and* beyond the labor market is necessary
+    - as ILO recognizes inequalities generate feedback cycles
+        - within a life cycle and inter-generationally (through inequalities of outcomes)
+    - to understand inequalities in the world of work, those beyond should not be a black box
+        - gender/socio-demographic/pre-existing inequalities
+        - put very simply: 
+            - it might make sense for a mother to move away from a job to a space with better educational access for her child and the resulting issue should concern *both*
+                - access to better education in the original region
+                - the impact of better job availability or active labour market policies in the new region
+- for each form of work to understand the primary inequalities in the LM
+    - we need to understand how pre-existing inequalities feed into them as independent variables
+    - often this will take the form of e.g. socio-demographic inequalities reflecting income inequalities
+    - but not always, and that is the locating of the root causes I would see as primary goal for the first part of the review
+
+### Identifying evidence-based policy responses which address these inequalities
+
+- if we manage to break open the black box of root causes in this way
+    - for vertical but especially for horizontal inequalities
+- it should make it easier to analyze the impacts of policies removing inequalities for
+    - the causes they help reduce the effect of
+    - the impact on labour market inequalities itself
+    - and the effects on resulting equality/inequalities of opportunity 
+
+# Conceptual definitions
+
+labour
+
+'nature of work'
+
+work
+
+worlds of work
+
+inequality in work
+
+## forms of work
+
+paid employment work
+own-use production work
+unpaid work
+care work 
+volunteer work
+unpaid trainee work
+
+## labor market outcomes
+
+employment
+unemployment
+underemployment
+labour force participation
+self-employment/informality
+labour productivity
+skills
+wages/earnings
+hours worked
+job security
+social protection coverage
+labour mobility
+
+## socio-demographic categories
+
+gender
+ethnicity
+race
+age
+disability
+
+## types of inequalities (in worlds of work)
+
+general characteristics of inequality:
+
+- 'pre-world of work' inequalities; starting well before individuals enter world of work
+    - unequal opportunities to healthcare, literacy, quality education
+    - often borne from poverty, gender, family background, lack of legal status/identity
+    - others often born with many advantages that give easy opportunistic access to build human capital
+- inequality of opportunities !== inequality of outcome
+    - often, today's inequalities affect future (generations') opportunities
+    - high levels of current inequality = reduction in future social mobility
+    - conversely, (some?) focus should be put on equality of outcome today to ensure equality of opportunity tomorrow
+- while focusing on these intra-country horizontal inequalities, inter-country inequalities (esp income inequality, but predisposing other as well) should not be neglected
+- distinction between:
+    - vertical inequality
+        - between all households in a country
+    - horizontal inequality
+        - betweek different groups
+        - disparities in employment outcomes, labour rights, opportunities between groups depending on gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, health status, disability or other characteristics
+
+forms of inequality:
+
+- access to essential services (health, education, housing)
+- income inequality
+- access to means of subsistence (esp related to employment)
+- gender inequality (part of horizontal, being one of the 'greatest forms of inequality today')
+    - results in gender-based violence, harassment, domestic violence, unpaid care work
+    - especially girls often facing unequal opportunities and 'persistent gender stereotypes in their access to education and health services and in other aspects of life' [13, ILC]
+    - in most regions wome over-represented among poorest and under-represented among richest people (esp in SoutAs;EastAs;Pacific regions)
+        - born primarily from unequal access to quality education, inequalities and injustices in labour market participation, gender earnings gaps
+        - often also results in children being exposed to severe health and food deprivation and differences in control over assets (capital/land)
+        - recently exacerbated by COVID-19 reversing equality progress through increased women's/men's paid/unpaid/care work inequalities 
+- girls/boys from ethnic minorities, indigenous, tribal populations, remote rural areas often facing barriers accessing quality education & essential services
+    - indigenous people account for 6% of world pop but 19% of extreme poor
+    - stark contrast between migrant workers' high labour force participation rates and large proportion of low-income households
+- spatial inequalities (rural/urban; small/large cities; richt/poor regions)
+    - contributes to overall more fractures/unequal societies
+- intersectional inequalities (made possible to highlight by vert/horiz inequality split)
+- unequal distribution of work & labour income
+    - among workforce among most important determinants of inequality
+    - unemployment: forecloses income prospects; highest rate in young people
+    - underemployment:
+        - low wages make meeting basic needs impossible (esp. food, healthcare, education, decent housing)
+        - including differentiation time-related underemployment (would like to work more paid hours); potential labour force (would like to work but not actively searching or not available for work); creates (way) higher numbers than purely unemployment numbers - especially in LIC
+    - recently, (COVID-19) women, young people, less educated, low earners less likely to keep their jobs
+
+## types of policies
+
+- income:
+    - difference between primary distribution ('market income', through property and employment) and secondary distribution ('disposable income', through taxes and transfers), and tertiary distribution (public services)
+    - tax and transfers redistributing incomes towards greater equality in disposable income
+        - extent of redistribution limited by small fiscal resources (e.g. through informal labour predominance)
+    - policies to reduce income difference between urban/rural, ethnic minorities/majority one of main drivers of reduced income inequality (LAC region)
+
+# Summary draft
+
+- pre-world of work characteristics already taking huge influence on labour market and related equality of outcomes
+    - inequality in access to essential services (health, education, housing)
+    - inequality in access to means of subsistence (esp related to employment)
+- income inequality huge driver of resulting inequalities, in turn already influenced by characteristics, additionally:
+    - spatial inequality
+    - gender inequality
+    - employment inequality:
+        - unemployment: forecloses income prospects; highest rate in young people
+        - underemployment: low wages make meeting basic needs impossible (esp. food, healthcare, education, decent housing)
+            - split into time-related underemployment and potential labour force

Makefile

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+SHELL=/bin/bash
+.PHONY: default
+
+default: all
+
+bib: 03-supplementary_data/library
+	[ -f 03-supplementary_data/lib.bib ] && rm 03-supplementary_data/lib.bib
+	papis export -a -o 03-supplementary_data/lib.bib
+
+render: concepts.md
+	quarto render
+
+config: ~/documents/library/litrev-rahman
+	ln -s ~/documents/library/ilo-wow 03-supplementary_data/library
+
+all: bib render

_quarto.yml

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+project:
+  title: "Key terms and definitions"
+  output-dir: 04-outputs
+  render:
+    - concepts.md
+
+format: 
+  docx:
+    echo: false
+  pdf:
+    pdf-engine: tectonic
+
+
+
+