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<title>Inequalities and the world of work</title>
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Publish version 0.3.0
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Publish version 0.5.0
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Publish version 0.3.0
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// @license-end</script>
<style type="text/css">.tippy-box[data-animation=fade][data-state=hidden]{opacity:0}[data-tippy-root]{max-width:calc(100vw - 10px)}.tippy-box{position:relative;background-color:#333;color:#fff;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;white-space:normal;outline:0;transition-property:transform,visibility,opacity}.tippy-box[data-placement^=top]>.tippy-arrow{bottom:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=top]>.tippy-arrow:before{bottom:-7px;left:0;border-width:8px 8px 0;border-top-color:initial;transform-origin:center top}.tippy-box[data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-arrow{top:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-arrow:before{top:-7px;left:0;border-width:0 8px 8px;border-bottom-color:initial;transform-origin:center bottom}.tippy-box[data-placement^=left]>.tippy-arrow{right:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=left]>.tippy-arrow:before{border-width:8px 0 8px 8px;border-left-color:initial;right:-7px;transform-origin:center left}.tippy-box[data-placement^=right]>.tippy-arrow{left:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=right]>.tippy-arrow:before{left:-7px;border-width:8px 8px 8px 0;border-right-color:initial;transform-origin:center right}.tippy-box[data-inertia][data-state=visible]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.54,1.5,.38,1.11)}.tippy-arrow{width:16px;height:16px;color:#333}.tippy-arrow:before{content:"";position:absolute;border-color:transparent;border-style:solid}.tippy-content{position:relative;padding:5px 9px;z-index:1}</style>
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<script>/*!
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* Bootstrap v5.3.1 (https://getbootstrap.com/)
* Copyright 2011-2023 The Bootstrap Authors (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/graphs/contributors)
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* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENSE)
*/
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//# sourceMappingURL=bootstrap.bundle.min.js.map</script>
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<style type="text/css">
@font-face {
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font-display: block;
font-family: "bootstrap-icons";
Publish version 0.5.0
2024-02-28 07:12:36 +00:00
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Publish version 0.3.0
2024-01-06 09:41:26 +00:00
}
.bi::before,
[class^="bi-"]::before,
[class*=" bi-"]::before {
display: inline-block;
font-family: bootstrap-icons !important;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal !important;
font-variant: normal;
text-transform: none;
line-height: 1;
vertical-align: -.125em;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
.bi-123::before { content: "\f67f"; }
.bi-alarm-fill::before { content: "\f101"; }
.bi-alarm::before { content: "\f102"; }
.bi-align-bottom::before { content: "\f103"; }
.bi-align-center::before { content: "\f104"; }
.bi-align-end::before { content: "\f105"; }
.bi-align-middle::before { content: "\f106"; }
.bi-align-start::before { content: "\f107"; }
.bi-align-top::before { content: "\f108"; }
.bi-alt::before { content: "\f109"; }
.bi-app-indicator::before { content: "\f10a"; }
.bi-app::before { content: "\f10b"; }
.bi-archive-fill::before { content: "\f10c"; }
.bi-archive::before { content: "\f10d"; }
.bi-arrow-90deg-down::before { content: "\f10e"; }
.bi-arrow-90deg-left::before { content: "\f10f"; }
.bi-arrow-90deg-right::before { content: "\f110"; }
.bi-arrow-90deg-up::before { content: "\f111"; }
.bi-arrow-bar-down::before { content: "\f112"; }
.bi-arrow-bar-left::before { content: "\f113"; }
.bi-arrow-bar-right::before { content: "\f114"; }
.bi-arrow-bar-up::before { content: "\f115"; }
.bi-arrow-clockwise::before { content: "\f116"; }
.bi-arrow-counterclockwise::before { content: "\f117"; }
.bi-arrow-down-circle-fill::before { content: "\f118"; }
.bi-arrow-down-circle::before { content: "\f119"; }
.bi-arrow-down-left-circle-fill::before { content: "\f11a"; }
.bi-arrow-down-left-circle::before { content: "\f11b"; }
.bi-arrow-down-left-square-fill::before { content: "\f11c"; }
.bi-arrow-down-left-square::before { content: "\f11d"; }
.bi-arrow-down-left::before { content: "\f11e"; }
.bi-arrow-down-right-circle-fill::before { content: "\f11f"; }
.bi-arrow-down-right-circle::before { content: "\f120"; }
.bi-arrow-down-right-square-fill::before { content: "\f121"; }
.bi-arrow-down-right-square::before { content: "\f122"; }
.bi-arrow-down-right::before { content: "\f123"; }
.bi-arrow-down-short::before { content: "\f124"; }
.bi-arrow-down-square-fill::before { content: "\f125"; }
.bi-arrow-down-square::before { content: "\f126"; }
.bi-arrow-down-up::before { content: "\f127"; }
.bi-arrow-down::before { content: "\f128"; }
.bi-arrow-left-circle-fill::before { content: "\f129"; }
.bi-arrow-left-circle::before { content: "\f12a"; }
.bi-arrow-left-right::before { content: "\f12b"; }
.bi-arrow-left-short::before { content: "\f12c"; }
.bi-arrow-left-square-fill::before { content: "\f12d"; }
.bi-arrow-left-square::before { content: "\f12e"; }
.bi-arrow-left::before { content: "\f12f"; }
.bi-arrow-repeat::before { content: "\f130"; }
.bi-arrow-return-left::before { content: "\f131"; }
.bi-arrow-return-right::before { content: "\f132"; }
.bi-arrow-right-circle-fill::before { content: "\f133"; }
.bi-arrow-right-circle::before { content: "\f134"; }
.bi-arrow-right-short::before { content: "\f135"; }
.bi-arrow-right-square-fill::before { content: "\f136"; }
.bi-arrow-right-square::before { content: "\f137"; }
.bi-arrow-right::before { content: "\f138"; }
.bi-arrow-up-circle-fill::before { content: "\f139"; }
.bi-arrow-up-circle::before { content: "\f13a"; }
.bi-arrow-up-left-circle-fill::before { content: "\f13b"; }
.bi-arrow-up-left-circle::before { content: "\f13c"; }
.bi-arrow-up-left-square-fill::before { content: "\f13d"; }
.bi-arrow-up-left-square::before { content: "\f13e"; }
.bi-arrow-up-left::before { content: "\f13f"; }
.bi-arrow-up-right-circle-fill::before { content: "\f140"; }
.bi-arrow-up-right-circle::before { content: "\f141"; }
.bi-arrow-up-right-square-fill::before { content: "\f142"; }
.bi-arrow-up-right-square::before { content: "\f143"; }
.bi-arrow-up-right::before { content: "\f144"; }
.bi-arrow-up-short::before { content: "\f145"; }
.bi-arrow-up-square-fill::before { content: "\f146"; }
.bi-arrow-up-square::before { content: "\f147"; }
.bi-arrow-up::before { content: "\f148"; }
.bi-arrows-angle-contract::before { content: "\f149"; }
.bi-arrows-angle-expand::before { content: "\f14a"; }
.bi-arrows-collapse::before { content: "\f14b"; }
.bi-arrows-expand::before { content: "\f14c"; }
.bi-arrows-fullscreen::before { content: "\f14d"; }
.bi-arrows-move::before { content: "\f14e"; }
.bi-aspect-ratio-fill::before { content: "\f14f"; }
.bi-aspect-ratio::before { content: "\f150"; }
.bi-asterisk::before { content: "\f151"; }
.bi-at::before { content: "\f152"; }
.bi-award-fill::before { content: "\f153"; }
.bi-award::before { content: "\f154"; }
.bi-back::before { content: "\f155"; }
.bi-backspace-fill::before { content: "\f156"; }
.bi-backspace-reverse-fill::before { content: "\f157"; }
.bi-backspace-reverse::before { content: "\f158"; }
.bi-backspace::before { content: "\f159"; }
.bi-badge-3d-fill::before { content: "\f15a"; }
.bi-badge-3d::before { content: "\f15b"; }
.bi-badge-4k-fill::before { content: "\f15c"; }
.bi-badge-4k::before { content: "\f15d"; }
.bi-badge-8k-fill::before { content: "\f15e"; }
.bi-badge-8k::before { content: "\f15f"; }
.bi-badge-ad-fill::before { content: "\f160"; }
.bi-badge-ad::before { content: "\f161"; }
.bi-badge-ar-fill::before { content: "\f162"; }
.bi-badge-ar::before { content: "\f163"; }
.bi-badge-cc-fill::before { content: "\f164"; }
.bi-badge-cc::before { content: "\f165"; }
.bi-badge-hd-fill::before { content: "\f166"; }
.bi-badge-hd::before { content: "\f167"; }
.bi-badge-tm-fill::before { content: "\f168"; }
.bi-badge-tm::before { content: "\f169"; }
.bi-badge-vo-fill::before { content: "\f16a"; }
.bi-badge-vo::before { content: "\f16b"; }
.bi-badge-vr-fill::before { content: "\f16c"; }
.bi-badge-vr::before { content: "\f16d"; }
.bi-badge-wc-fill::before { content: "\f16e"; }
.bi-badge-wc::before { content: "\f16f"; }
.bi-bag-check-fill::before { content: "\f170"; }
.bi-bag-check::before { content: "\f171"; }
.bi-bag-dash-fill::before { content: "\f172"; }
.bi-bag-dash::before { content: "\f173"; }
.bi-bag-fill::before { content: "\f174"; }
.bi-bag-plus-fill::before { content: "\f175"; }
.bi-bag-plus::before { content: "\f176"; }
.bi-bag-x-fill::before { content: "\f177"; }
.bi-bag-x::before { content: "\f178"; }
.bi-bag::before { content: "\f179"; }
.bi-bar-chart-fill::before { content: "\f17a"; }
.bi-bar-chart-line-fill::before { content: "\f17b"; }
.bi-bar-chart-line::before { content: "\f17c"; }
.bi-bar-chart-steps::before { content: "\f17d"; }
.bi-bar-chart::before { content: "\f17e"; }
.bi-basket-fill::before { content: "\f17f"; }
.bi-basket::before { content: "\f180"; }
.bi-basket2-fill::before { content: "\f181"; }
.bi-basket2::before { content: "\f182"; }
.bi-basket3-fill::before { content: "\f183"; }
.bi-basket3::before { content: "\f184"; }
.bi-battery-charging::before { content: "\f185"; }
.bi-battery-full::before { content: "\f186"; }
.bi-battery-half::before { content: "\f187"; }
.bi-battery::before { content: "\f188"; }
.bi-bell-fill::before { content: "\f189"; }
.bi-bell::before { content: "\f18a"; }
.bi-bezier::before { content: "\f18b"; }
.bi-bezier2::before { content: "\f18c"; }
.bi-bicycle::before { content: "\f18d"; }
.bi-binoculars-fill::before { content: "\f18e"; }
.bi-binoculars::before { content: "\f18f"; }
.bi-blockquote-left::before { content: "\f190"; }
.bi-blockquote-right::before { content: "\f191"; }
.bi-book-fill::before { content: "\f192"; }
.bi-book-half::before { content: "\f193"; }
.bi-book::before { content: "\f194"; }
.bi-bookmark-check-fill::before { content: "\f195"; }
.bi-bookmark-check::before { content: "\f196"; }
.bi-bookmark-dash-fill::before { content: "\f197"; }
.bi-bookmark-dash::before { content: "\f198"; }
.bi-bookmark-fill::before { content: "\f199"; }
.bi-bookmark-heart-fill::before { content: "\f19a"; }
.bi-bookmark-heart::before { content: "\f19b"; }
.bi-bookmark-plus-fill::before { content: "\f19c"; }
.bi-bookmark-plus::before { content: "\f19d"; }
.bi-bookmark-star-fill::before { content: "\f19e"; }
.bi-bookmark-star::before { content: "\f19f"; }
.bi-bookmark-x-fill::before { content: "\f1a0"; }
.bi-bookmark-x::before { content: "\f1a1"; }
.bi-bookmark::before { content: "\f1a2"; }
.bi-bookmarks-fill::before { content: "\f1a3"; }
.bi-bookmarks::before { content: "\f1a4"; }
.bi-bookshelf::before { content: "\f1a5"; }
.bi-bootstrap-fill::before { content: "\f1a6"; }
.bi-bootstrap-reboot::before { content: "\f1a7"; }
.bi-bootstrap::before { content: "\f1a8"; }
.bi-border-all::before { content: "\f1a9"; }
.bi-border-bottom::before { content: "\f1aa"; }
.bi-border-center::before { content: "\f1ab"; }
.bi-border-inner::before { content: "\f1ac"; }
.bi-border-left::before { content: "\f1ad"; }
.bi-border-middle::before { content: "\f1ae"; }
.bi-border-outer::before { content: "\f1af"; }
.bi-border-right::before { content: "\f1b0"; }
.bi-border-style::before { content: "\f1b1"; }
.bi-border-top::before { content: "\f1b2"; }
.bi-border-width::before { content: "\f1b3"; }
.bi-border::before { content: "\f1b4"; }
.bi-bounding-box-circles::before { content: "\f1b5"; }
.bi-bounding-box::before { content: "\f1b6"; }
.bi-box-arrow-down-left::before { content: "\f1b7"; }
.bi-box-arrow-down-right::before { content: "\f1b8"; }
.bi-box-arrow-down::before { content: "\f1b9"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-down-left::before { content: "\f1ba"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-down-right::before { content: "\f1bb"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-down::before { content: "\f1bc"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-left::before { content: "\f1bd"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-right::before { content: "\f1be"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-up-left::before { content: "\f1bf"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-up-right::before { content: "\f1c0"; }
.bi-box-arrow-in-up::before { content: "\f1c1"; }
.bi-box-arrow-left::before { content: "\f1c2"; }
.bi-box-arrow-right::before { content: "\f1c3"; }
.bi-box-arrow-up-left::before { content: "\f1c4"; }
.bi-box-arrow-up-right::before { content: "\f1c5"; }
.bi-box-arrow-up::before { content: "\f1c6"; }
.bi-box-seam::before { content: "\f1c7"; }
.bi-box::before { content: "\f1c8"; }
.bi-braces::before { content: "\f1c9"; }
.bi-bricks::before { content: "\f1ca"; }
.bi-briefcase-fill::before { content: "\f1cb"; }
.bi-briefcase::before { content: "\f1cc"; }
.bi-brightness-alt-high-fill::before { content: "\f1cd"; }
.bi-brightness-alt-high::before { content: "\f1ce"; }
.bi-brightness-alt-low-fill::before { content: "\f1cf"; }
.bi-brightness-alt-low::before { content: "\f1d0"; }
.bi-brightness-high-fill::before { content: "\f1d1"; }
.bi-brightness-high::before { content: "\f1d2"; }
.bi-brightness-low-fill::before { content: "\f1d3"; }
.bi-brightness-low::before { content: "\f1d4"; }
.bi-broadcast-pin::before { content: "\f1d5"; }
.bi-broadcast::before { content: "\f1d6"; }
.bi-brush-fill::before { content: "\f1d7"; }
.bi-brush::before { content: "\f1d8"; }
.bi-bucket-fill::before { content: "\f1d9"; }
.bi-bucket::before { content: "\f1da"; }
.bi-bug-fill::before { content: "\f1db"; }
.bi-bug::before { content: "\f1dc"; }
.bi-building::before { content: "\f1dd"; }
.bi-bullseye::before { content: "\f1de"; }
.bi-calculator-fill::before { content: "\f1df"; }
.bi-calculator::before { content: "\f1e0"; }
.bi-calendar-check-fill::before { content: "\f1e1"; }
.bi-calendar-check::before { content: "\f1e2"; }
.bi-calendar-date-fill::before { content: "\f1e3"; }
.bi-calendar-date::before { content: "\f1e4"; }
.bi-calendar-day-fill::before { content: "\f1e5"; }
.bi-calendar-day::before { content: "\f1e6"; }
.bi-calendar-event-fill::before { content: "\f1e7"; }
.bi-calendar-event::before { content: "\f1e8"; }
.bi-calendar-fill::before { content: "\f1e9"; }
.bi-calendar-minus-fill::before { content: "\f1ea"; }
.bi-calendar-minus::before { content: "\f1eb"; }
.bi-calendar-month-fill::before { content: "\f1ec"; }
.bi-calendar-month::before { content: "\f1ed"; }
.bi-calendar-plus-fill::before { content: "\f1ee"; }
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Publish version 0.5.0
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<h2 id="toc-title">Table of contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#definitions" id="toc-definitions" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#definitions"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> Definitions</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#defining-the-world-of-work" id="toc-defining-the-world-of-work" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#defining-the-world-of-work"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Defining the world of work</a></li>
<li><a href="#defining-forms-of-work" id="toc-defining-forms-of-work" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#defining-forms-of-work"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> Defining forms of work</a></li>
<li><a href="#defining-inequality" id="toc-defining-inequality" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#defining-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Defining inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="#inequalities-in-the-world-of-work" id="toc-inequalities-in-the-world-of-work" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#inequalities-in-the-world-of-work"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Inequalities in the world of work</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#income-inequality" id="toc-income-inequality" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#income-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.1</span> Income Inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="#other-forms-of-inequality" id="toc-other-forms-of-inequality" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#other-forms-of-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.2</span> Other forms of inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="#the-scale-of-inequalities" id="toc-the-scale-of-inequalities" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#the-scale-of-inequalities"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.3</span> The scale of inequalities</a></li>
<li><a href="#covid-19-influence" id="toc-covid-19-influence" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#covid-19-influence"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.4</span> COVID-19 influence</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#outcomes-of-inequalities" id="toc-outcomes-of-inequalities" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#outcomes-of-inequalities"><span class="header-section-number">1.5</span> Outcomes of inequalities</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#inequalities-impact-on-employment-outcomes" id="toc-inequalities-impact-on-employment-outcomes" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#inequalities-impact-on-employment-outcomes"><span class="header-section-number">1.5.1</span> Inequalities’ impact on employment outcomes</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#ilo-policy-typology" id="toc-ilo-policy-typology" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#ilo-policy-typology"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> ILO Policy typology</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#policy-areas" id="toc-policy-areas" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#policy-areas"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Policy areas</a></li>
<li><a href="#employment-creation" id="toc-employment-creation" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#employment-creation"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> Employment creation</a></li>
<li><a href="#equal-access-to-educationtrainingquality-public-services-from-early-childhood" id="toc-equal-access-to-educationtrainingquality-public-services-from-early-childhood" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#equal-access-to-educationtrainingquality-public-services-from-early-childhood"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> Equal access to education/training/quality public services from early childhood</a></li>
<li><a href="#adequate-protection-of-all-workers-and-a-fair-share-of-the-fruits-of-growth" id="toc-adequate-protection-of-all-workers-and-a-fair-share-of-the-fruits-of-growth" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#adequate-protection-of-all-workers-and-a-fair-share-of-the-fruits-of-growth"><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> Adequate protection of all workers and a fair share of the fruits of growth</a></li>
<li><a href="#transition-to-the-formal-economy" id="toc-transition-to-the-formal-economy" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#transition-to-the-formal-economy"><span class="header-section-number">2.5</span> Transition to the formal economy</a></li>
<li><a href="#gender-equality-and-non-discrimination-equality-for-all-diversity-and-inclusion" id="toc-gender-equality-and-non-discrimination-equality-for-all-diversity-and-inclusion" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#gender-equality-and-non-discrimination-equality-for-all-diversity-and-inclusion"><span class="header-section-number">2.6</span> Gender equality and non-discrimination, equality for all, diversity and inclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="#trade-and-development-for-a-fair-globalization-and-shared-prosperity" id="toc-trade-and-development-for-a-fair-globalization-and-shared-prosperity" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#trade-and-development-for-a-fair-globalization-and-shared-prosperity"><span class="header-section-number">2.7</span> Trade and development for a fair globalization and shared prosperity</a></li>
<li><a href="#universal-and-adequate-social-protection" id="toc-universal-and-adequate-social-protection" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#universal-and-adequate-social-protection"><span class="header-section-number">2.8</span> Universal and adequate social protection</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#search-protocol" id="toc-search-protocol" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#search-protocol"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> Search Protocol</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#inclusion-criteria" id="toc-inclusion-criteria" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#inclusion-criteria"><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> Inclusion criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="#tagging-system" id="toc-tagging-system" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#tagging-system"><span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> Tagging system</a></li>
<li><a href="#matrix-extraction-properties" id="toc-matrix-extraction-properties" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#matrix-extraction-properties"><span class="header-section-number">3.3</span> Matrix extraction properties</a></li>
<li><a href="#search-term-clusters" id="toc-search-term-clusters" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#search-term-clusters"><span class="header-section-number">3.4</span> Search Term clusters</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#world-of-work-cluster" id="toc-world-of-work-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#world-of-work-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.1</span> World-of-work cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#forms-of-work-cluster" id="toc-forms-of-work-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#forms-of-work-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.2</span> forms of work cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#lm-outcome-cluster" id="toc-lm-outcome-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#lm-outcome-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.3</span> LM outcome cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#intervention-cluster" id="toc-intervention-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#intervention-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.4</span> intervention cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#policy-cluster" id="toc-policy-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#policy-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.5</span> policy cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#inequality-cluster" id="toc-inequality-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#inequality-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.6</span> inequality cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#vertical-inequalities-cluster" id="toc-vertical-inequalities-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#vertical-inequalities-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.7</span> vertical inequalities cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#horizontal-inequalities-cluster" id="toc-horizontal-inequalities-cluster" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#horizontal-inequalities-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.8</span> horizontal inequalities cluster</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#notes-on-previous-reviews" id="toc-notes-on-previous-reviews" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#notes-on-previous-reviews"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> Notes on previous reviews</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#perez2022" id="toc-perez2022" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#perez2022"><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> Perez2022</a></li>
<li><a href="#zeinali2021" id="toc-zeinali2021" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#zeinali2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> Zeinali2021</a></li>
<li><a href="#pinto2021" id="toc-pinto2021" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#pinto2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> Pinto2021</a></li>
<li><a href="#finlay2001" id="toc-finlay2001" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#finlay2001"><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> Finlay2001</a></li>
<li><a href="#chaudhuri2021" id="toc-chaudhuri2021" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#chaudhuri2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> Chaudhuri2021</a></li>
<li><a href="#chang2021" id="toc-chang2021" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#chang2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.6</span> Chang2021</a></li>
<li><a href="#silvaggi2020" id="toc-silvaggi2020" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#silvaggi2020"><span class="header-section-number">4.7</span> Silvaggi2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#depaz-banez2020" id="toc-depaz-banez2020" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#depaz-banez2020"><span class="header-section-number">4.8</span> dePaz-Banez2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#lindsay2018a" id="toc-lindsay2018a" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#lindsay2018a"><span class="header-section-number">4.9</span> Lindsay2018a</a></li>
<li><a href="#kumari2018" id="toc-kumari2018" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#kumari2018"><span class="header-section-number">4.10</span> Kumari2018</a></li>
<li><a href="#ugur2017" id="toc-ugur2017" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#ugur2017"><span class="header-section-number">4.11</span> Ugur2017</a></li>
<li><a href="#lettieri2017" id="toc-lettieri2017" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#lettieri2017"><span class="header-section-number">4.12</span> Lettieri2017</a></li>
<li><a href="#taukobong2016" id="toc-taukobong2016" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#taukobong2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.13</span> Taukobong2016</a></li>
<li><a href="#ruhindwa2016" id="toc-ruhindwa2016" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#ruhindwa2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.14</span> Ruhindwa2016</a></li>
<li><a href="#kirsh2016" id="toc-kirsh2016" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#kirsh2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.15</span> Kirsh2016</a></li>
<li><a href="#hastbacka2016" id="toc-hastbacka2016" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#hastbacka2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.16</span> Hastbacka2016</a></li>
<li><a href="#nevala2015" id="toc-nevala2015" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#nevala2015"><span class="header-section-number">4.17</span> Nevala2015</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#database-query" id="toc-database-query" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#database-query"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> Database Query</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#other-reviews-queried-databases" id="toc-other-reviews-queried-databases" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#other-reviews-queried-databases"><span class="header-section-number">5.1</span> Other reviews queried databases</a></li>
<li><a href="#wos" id="toc-wos" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#wos"><span class="header-section-number">5.2</span> WOS</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#findings-and-updates-from-query" id="toc-findings-and-updates-from-query" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#findings-and-updates-from-query"><span class="header-section-number">6</span> Findings and Updates from query</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#preliminary-source-pool" id="toc-preliminary-source-pool" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#preliminary-source-pool"><span class="header-section-number">6.1</span> Preliminary source pool</a></li>
<li><a href="#additional-concept-research" id="toc-additional-concept-research" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#additional-concept-research"><span class="header-section-number">6.2</span> Additional concept research</a></li>
<li><a href="#preliminary-findings-income" id="toc-preliminary-findings-income" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#preliminary-findings-income"><span class="header-section-number">6.3</span> Preliminary findings income</a></li>
<li><a href="#potential-additional-search-terms" id="toc-potential-additional-search-terms" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#potential-additional-search-terms"><span class="header-section-number">6.4</span> Potential additional search terms</a></li>
<li><a href="#issues-raised-by-ilo" id="toc-issues-raised-by-ilo" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#issues-raised-by-ilo"><span class="header-section-number">6.5</span> Issues raised by ILO</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#relevant-references" id="toc-relevant-references" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#relevant-references"><span class="header-section-number">7</span> Relevant references</a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="quarto-title-block"><div><h1 class="title">Inequalities and the world of work</h1><button type="button" class="btn code-tools-button" id="quarto-code-tools-source"><i class="bi"></i> Code</button></div></div>
<p class="subtitle lead">Conceptual Definitions and Key Terms</p>
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<section id="definitions" class="level1" data-number="1">
<h1 data-number="1"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> Definitions</h1>
<section id="defining-the-world-of-work" class="level2" data-number="1.1">
<h2 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="defining-the-world-of-work"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Defining the world of work</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Work</dt>
<dd>
“any activity performed by persons of any sex and age to produce goods or to provide services for use by others or for own use” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 2</a>)</span>.
</dd>
<dd>
“Work is defined irrespective of its formal or informal character or the legality of the activity” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 2</a>)</span>.
</dd>
<dt>Employment</dt>
<dd>
those in employment are “of working age who, during a reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 6</a>)</span>.
</dd>
<dd>
“For pay or profit refers to work done as part of a transaction in exchange for remuneration payable in the form of wages or salaries for time worked or work done, or in the form of profits derived from the goods and services produced through market transactions” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 6</a>)</span>.
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>key concepts</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>production of goods</td>
<td>production/processing/collection of agricultural, fishing, hunting, gathering, mining, forestry, water, household goods, effecting major repairs/building additions to dwelling,farm buildings, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>provision of services</td>
<td>provision of accounting, management, transport, meal preparation/serving, waste disposal/recycling, cleaning, decorating, dwelling/goods maintenance, childcare/-instruction, elderly/dependent person/pet/domestic animal care</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>use by others or own-use</td>
<td>whether final products are destined <em>mainly</em> for final use by producer as capital formation or final consumption, or by others</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>for pay or profit</td>
<td>as part of transaction in exchange for remuneration (wages/salary), or in form of profits from goods/services through market transactions</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Informal economy</dt>
<dd>
“economic activities carried out by workers and economic units that are — in law or in practice — not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2002 ILO2015">(<a href="#ref-ILO2002" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2002, p. 14</a>; <a href="#ref-ILO2015" role="doc-biblioref">2015, pp. 4, 25</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
“all remunerative work […] that is not registered, regulated or protected by existing legal or regulatory frameworks, as well as non-remunerative work undertaken in an income-producing enterprise.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ilo2003">(<a href="#ref-ilo2003" role="doc-biblioref"><strong>ilo2003?</strong></a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
“does not cover illicit activities, in particular the provision of services or the production, sale, possession or use of goods forbidden by law” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2015">(<a href="#ref-ILO2015" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2015, p. 4</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>Formal economy</dt>
<dd>
sufficiently covered by formal arrangements, defined as “procedures established by the government to regulate the actions and functions of economic units and workers, as well as protecting their legal rights.” [ILO, 2021, p.10]
</dd>
<dt>Informal employment <em>outside</em> the informal sector</dt>
<dd>
comprises employees holding informal jobs in formal sector enterprises, as paid domestic workers employed by households, contributing family workers working in formal sector enterprises, and own-account workers producing exclusively for own final use by their household <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2023b">(<a href="#ref-ILO2023b" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2023a</a>)</span>
</dd>
</dl>
<!--
- with access to contributory social insurance schemes via formal arrangements:
- employees of public sector
- armed forces
- employees/casual/seasonal workers of formal enterprises
- independent workers operating in formal economy
- with occasional access to non-contributory social insurance schemes via formal (legal) arrangements:
- employers/employees of informal sector enterprises
- workers hired off-the-books by formal sector enterprises
- independent workers operating in informal economy
-->
<dl>
<dt>Labour underutilization</dt>
<dd>
are “mismatches between labour supply and demand which translate into an unmet need for employment among the population” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 9</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
can be “<em>time-related underemployment</em>, when the working time of persons in employment is insufficient in relation to alternative employment situations in which they are willing and available to engage” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 9</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
can be “<em>unemployment</em>, reflecting an active job search by persons not in employment” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 9</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
can be “<em>potential labour force</em>, [those] not in employment who express an interest in this form of work but for whom existing conditions limit their active job search and/or their availability.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 9</a>)</span>
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>key concepts</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>remuneration</td>
<td>see ‘for pay or profit’ above</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>formal arrangements</td>
<td>protection of legal rights, regulation of actions/functions of economic units</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>legality of activity</td>
<td>while concept of ‘work’ covers acitivities regardless of illicit status, informal economy excludes illicit activities</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>utilization of labor</td>
<td>described various states of labour supply and demand mismatch such as unemployment, time-related underemployment, and potential labour force</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="defining-forms-of-work" class="level2" data-number="1.2">
<h2 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="defining-forms-of-work"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> Defining forms of work</h2>
<p>“five mutually exclusive forms of work are identified for separate measurement” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 3</a>)</span></p>
<dl>
<dt>own-use production work</dt>
<dd>
comprising production of goods and services for own final use
</dd>
<dd>
“all those of working age who, during a short reference period, performed any activity to produce goods or provide services for own final use.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 5</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>employment work</dt>
<dd>
comprising work performed for others in exchange for pay or profit
</dd>
<dd>
“all those of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 6</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>unpaid trainee work</dt>
<dd>
comprising work performed for others without pay to acquire workplace experience or skills
</dd>
<dd>
“all those of working age who, during a short reference period, performed any unpaid activity to produce goods or provide services for others, in order to acquire workplace experience or skills in a trade or profession” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2013">(<a href="#ref-ILO2013" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2013, p. 7</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>volunteer work</dt>
<dd>
comprising non-compulsory work performed for others without pay
</dd>
<dd>
“all those of working age who, during a short reference period, performed any unpaid, non-compulsory activity to produce goods or provide services for others”
</dd>
<dt>other work activities</dt>
<dd>
not defined in this resolution
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>key concepts</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>intensity of participation</td>
<td>how many hours/days work occupies in a certain time frame</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>own-use/other-use</td>
<td>see above</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>for pay or profit</td>
<td>see above</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>non-compulsory</td>
<td>undertaken without civil, legal, administrative requirement and different from fulfilment of social responsibilities of communal, cultural or religious nature</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="defining-inequality" class="level2" data-number="1.3">
<h2 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="defining-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Defining inequality</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Vertical inequality</dt>
<dd>
“income inequality between all households in a country” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
“the debate on vertical inequalities has increasingly focused on how, in many countries, the richest 1 per cent or the top 10 per cent of income earners have improved their situation compared to the poorest 99 per cent or bottom 90 per cent.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>Horizontal inequality</dt>
<dd>
“Horizontal inequalities occur when some groups within the population find themselves disadvantaged and discriminated against on the basis of their visible identity, for example their gender, colour or beliefs, among others” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
“public attention has incerasingly been devoted to racial or ethnic inequalities, and to the rifts between migrants and nationals.”
</dd>
<dd>
“Spatial inequalities between rural and urban areas and, more recently, between large mega-cities and smaller, more peripheral, cities have also been studied with increasing concern”
</dd>
<dd>
“also refers to disparities in employment outcomes, labour rights and opportunities between groups depending on their gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, health status, disability or other characteristics”
</dd>
<dt>Intersectionality</dt>
<dd>
“captures the complex way in which inequalities based on different personal characteristics overlap and accumulate [and] particular dynamics of inequality appear where people belong to multiple disadvantaged groups.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>Equality of opportunities</dt>
<dd>
“seeks to level the playing field so that gender, ethnicity, birthplace, family background and other caracteristics that are beyond an individual’s control do not influence or harm a person’s future perspective” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
“ensuring that all people are ‘equally enabled to make the best of such powers as they possess’” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dt>Equality of outcomes</dt>
<dd>
“a focus on opportunities […] should not distract from the importance of observed inequality of outcomes.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
<dd>
“high levels of inequality make it much more difficult to ensure equal opportunities for the next generation [since] high levels of inequality today tend to reduce social mobility tomorrow.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>key concepts</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>within-group/between-group inequality</td>
<td>the horizontal or vertical nature of inequality, existing as income inequality between all households in a country (vertical) or when some population groups are disadvantaged/discriminated against (horizontal)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>overlapping characteristics</td>
<td>all inequalities can be intersectional through individuals’ overlapping disadvantaged characteristics or situations</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>enabling of opportunity/outcome equality</td>
<td>two philosophies of seeking equality, by either providing a ‘level playing field’ (opportunity) or ensuring equality in the resulting situations (outcome)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Missing:</p>
<ul>
<li>difference between relative and absolute inequality (see <span class="citation" data-cites="Ravallion2018">Ravallion (<a href="#ref-Ravallion2018" role="doc-biblioref">2018</a>)</span>, 637)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="inequalities-in-the-world-of-work" class="level2" data-number="1.4">
<h2 data-number="1.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="inequalities-in-the-world-of-work"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Inequalities in the world of work</h2>
<section id="income-inequality" class="level3" data-number="1.4.1">
<h3 data-number="1.4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="income-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.1</span> Income Inequality</h3>
<ul>
<li>main focus point of many inequality measurements (e.g. Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio) [UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief]</li>
<li>“labour income is the main source of income for most households in the world [thus] unequal access to work and working poverty are major drivers of inequalities” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
<li>“Income inequality, inequality of employment outcomes more generally and inequality of opportunities are intimately related” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">(<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2022a</a>)</span></li>
<li>“To some extent, therefore, income inequality is like a prism, which reveals many other forms of inequality, including those generated in the world of work” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a, p. 13</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>“Throughout the world, earnings inequality is also determined by a set of other factors, including status in employment (whether a worker is a wage employee or self-employed), sector of activity and occupation, enterprise type, type of contract (for wage earners), and often formality” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2019">(<a href="#ref-ILO2019" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2019</a>)</span>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="other-forms-of-inequality" class="level3" data-number="1.4.2">
<h3 data-number="1.4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="other-forms-of-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.2</span> Other forms of inequality</h3>
<p>Inequalities are always multi-faceted, complex and display intersectional qualities <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span>:</p>
<section id="gender-inequality" class="level4" data-number="1.4.2.1">
<h4 data-number="1.4.2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="gender-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.2.1</span> Gender inequality</h4>
<p>These are inequalities that arise because of an individual’s gender:</p>
<ul>
<li>while type and extent of inequalities varies by country, “gender inequalities, despite some progress over the past decades, remain persistent and pervasive” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>“women everywhere still face high barriers in entering, remaining and progressing in the labour market, while continuing to bear most of the responsibility for unpaid care work” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">(<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2022a</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>“hinders not only access to education, training and lifelong learning, but also access to quality jobs, housing, mobility, land and capital, as well as social protection” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>more women, globally, work in underemployment, contribute disproportionally to family work, work shorter hours in employment but have longer working days when including unpaid work, are increasingly employed in services sectors, and still suffer a substantial wage gap <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2016">(<a href="#ref-ILO2016" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2016</a>)</span></li>
<li>“Domestic work is female-dominated, with women accounting for 76.2 per cent of domestic workers” and domestic work, in turn is overwhelmingly informal employment globally <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2023a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2023a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2023b, p. 6</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>“Disparities in the gendered division of unpaid care work and paid work are the result of deeply rooted inequalities based on gender roles, income, age, education and place of residence” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2019">(<a href="#ref-ILO2019" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2019</a>)</span>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="socio-demographic-inequalities" class="level4" data-number="1.4.2.2">
<h4 data-number="1.4.2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="socio-demographic-inequalities"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.2.2</span> Socio-demographic inequalities</h4>
<p>These are inequalities that, like gender inequality, are based on the innate, often visible, identification of a person.</p>
<p>Examples are: ethnic, racial inequalities, or those based on religion and beliefs, migrant status, age, sex, or disabilities. <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a, pp. 11–12</a>)</span></p>
<ul>
<li>“the incidence of temporary employment is generally higher among youths” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2019">(<a href="#ref-ILO2019" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2019</a>)</span>.</li>
<li>“Women and young people fare significantly worse in labour markets, an indication of the large inequalities within the world of work in many countries.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2023">(<a href="#ref-ILO2023" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2023c</a>)</span></li>
<li>“In the EU28, some 7% of workers felt they had been discriminated against in the 12 months prior to the survey on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, nationality, disability or sexual orientation” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2019">(<a href="#ref-ILO2019" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2019</a>)</span>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="spatial-inequality" class="level4" data-number="1.4.2.3">
<h4 data-number="1.4.2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="spatial-inequality"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.2.3</span> Spatial inequality</h4>
<p>These are inequalities that arise because of an individual’s location relative to others:</p>
<ul>
<li>“between urban, rural and peripheral areas and richer and poorer regions […] contribute to inequalities in the world of work, as well as to a growing sense of fractured societies” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
<li>due to “unequal access to economic and decent work opportunities, to finance, quality public services, quality education and relevant training, essential social services infrastructures and digital infrastructure” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="pre-existing-inequalities" class="level4" data-number="1.4.2.4">
<h4 data-number="1.4.2.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="pre-existing-inequalities"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.2.4</span> Pre-existing inequalities</h4>
<p>These are inequalities that exist <em>before</em> the labor market enters the picture for an individual and, while intertwined with socio-demographic inequalities, may be useful to differentiate:</p>
<ul>
<li>“some inequalities arise well before individuals enter the world of work and addressing them is key to reducing inequalities in the labour market and beyond” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span></li>
<li>“inequality in household incomes […] reflects many other correlated or underlying forms of inequality [such as] inequality of opportunity, or inequality of access to health services or education, for example.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a, p. 13</a>)</span></li>
<li>“the world of work plays an important role in reducing inequalities, including in terms of intergenerational social mobility” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
<li>“they also relate to the characteristics […] such as the level of education, poverty or productivity and, of course, their underlying factors.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span></li>
<li>“underlying factors are numerous and include the lack of formal recognition as an individual (the lack of a birth certificate or identity card), the lack of property rights or of clear ownership of assets, or the lack of access to formal banking, all of which are both a form of inequality and increase other forms of inequality.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="the-scale-of-inequalities" class="level3" data-number="1.4.3">
<h3 data-number="1.4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-scale-of-inequalities"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.3</span> The scale of inequalities</h3>
<ul>
<li>globally, between countries (vertical)</li>
<li>national inequalities, between all households in one country (vertical)</li>
<li>regional, between urban/rural divides; poor/rich regions (horizontal: spatial)</li>
<li>households, between households with different access to education/essential services/infrastructures (horizontal: spatial)</li>
<li>individuals, between persons based on (visible/invisible) characteristics (horizontal: gender, spatial, pre-existing, …)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="covid-19-influence" class="level3" data-number="1.4.4">
<h3 data-number="1.4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="covid-19-influence"><span class="header-section-number">1.4.4</span> COVID-19 influence</h3>
<ul>
<li>“[Post COVID-19] recovery patterns vary significantly across regions, countries and sectors [and] the impact has been particularly serious for developing nations that experienced higher levels of inequality, more divergent working conditions and weaker social protection systems even before the pandemic.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2022a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2022b</a>)</span></li>
<li>“The pandemic is deepening various forms of inequality, from exacerbating gender inequity to widening the digital divide.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2022a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2022b</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="outcomes-of-inequalities" class="level2" data-number="1.5">
<h2 data-number="1.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="outcomes-of-inequalities"><span class="header-section-number">1.5</span> Outcomes of inequalities</h2>
<ul>
<li>“[inequalities] slow economic growth and poverty reduction, undermine social mobility and increase the risk of social unrest and political instability [as well as] contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">(<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2022a</a>)</span></li>
<li>“forms of inequality can be also among the root causes of child labour and forced or compulsory labour in all its forms.” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
<section id="inequalities-impact-on-employment-outcomes" class="level3" data-number="1.5.1">
<h3 data-number="1.5.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="inequalities-impact-on-employment-outcomes"><span class="header-section-number">1.5.1</span> Inequalities’ impact on employment outcomes</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>unemployment</strong>: forecloses income prospects</li>
<li><strong>underemployment</strong>:
<ul>
<li>low wages make meeting basic needs impossible (esp. food, healthcare, education, decent housing)</li>
<li>split into ‘time-related underemployment’ (wanting more hourly paid work) and ‘potential labour force’ (not actively looking or not able to work)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>inequality of job quality</strong> (achievement of decent work)
<ul>
<li>“concerns first and foremost those working in the informal economy”, who may experience reduced social protection, productivity, job security, wages and earnings <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021a</a>)</span></li>
<li>“many are in forms of work, such as part-time work, fixed-term contracts and working through private employment agencies, that can offer a stepping stone to employment [but] may give rise to decent work deficits when, among other reasons, they are not regulated well” or used to circumvent legal obligations or without adequate labour/social protection <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
<li>“Job quality features are also positively associated with enterprise performance, productivity and innovation, […] reducing sickness absence and the loss of productivity due to working while sick. In addition, job quality contributes to developing organisational commitment and motivation among workers, as well as shaping a climate that is supportive of creativity and the development of the workforce” <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2019">(<a href="#ref-ILO2019" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2019</a>)</span>.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>other employment outcomes affected:
<ul>
<li>overall labor force participation: exclusion from labour market or the ability towards full utilization of labour market opportunities <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021a ILO2019">(<a href="#ref-ILO2019" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2019</a>, <a href="#ref-ILO2021a" role="doc-biblioref">2021a</a>)</span></li>
<li>ultimately resulting in income inequalities, in turn becoming driver of subsequent inequal outcomes and barriers in the labour market (as well as outside the labour market), reducing inter-generational social mobility <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">(<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2021b</a>)</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="ilo-policy-typology" class="level1" data-number="2">
<h1 data-number="2"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> ILO Policy typology</h1>
<p>identified in <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2021">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2021" role="doc-biblioref">2021b</a>)</span> and <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>:</p>
<ul>
<li>attention to root causes</li>
<li>addressing both distribution and redistribution
<ul>
<li>original distribution highly affected by inequalities on labour market</li>
<li>preventing both vertical/horizontal inequalities requires redistribution through taxes and transfers</li>
</ul></li>
<li>fundamental principles and rights and international labour standards</li>
<li>social dialogue and tripartism</li>
<li>interconnectedness, integration and monitoring</li>
<li>country-specific approaches</li>
</ul>
<section id="policy-areas" class="level2" data-number="2.1">
<h2 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="policy-areas"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Policy areas</h2>
<!--
generally, [from UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief], separated into:
- fiscal policies
- labour policies
- other policies
- both from distributive and redistributive levers of action
-->
<p>guiding principles</p>
<p>main policy areas identified <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">(<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">ILO, 2022a</a>)</span>:</p>
<p>Policy <em>areas</em>, identified by <span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>:</p>
<ul>
<li>employment creation</li>
<li>business sustainability promotion
<ul>
<li>pro-employment framework</li>
<li>gender-transformative framework</li>
<li>promote:
<ul>
<li>business sustainability</li>
<li>productivity increases</li>
<li>reduction in productivity gaps</li>
</ul></li>
<li>digital infrastructure</li>
<li>technology for decent work</li>
<li>tackling digital divide</li>
</ul></li>
<li>access to education
<ul>
<li>quality of education/training/skills development</li>
<li>relevance of education/training/skills development</li>
<li>green transition</li>
<li>digital transition</li>
<li>gender-transformative career guidance</li>
<li>improvements of public services/social protection</li>
<li>work-life balance (‘juggle paid work and family care’)</li>
<li>targeted support for disadvantaged groups</li>
</ul></li>
<li>labour right protection
<ul>
<li>promotion of rights for all workers</li>
<li>minimum wage</li>
<li>collective bargaining systems</li>
<li>equal pay for work of equal value</li>
<li>wage transparency</li>
<li>inclusive labour market institutions</li>
</ul></li>
<li>formalization
<ul>
<li>approaching informality:
<ul>
<li>gender-responsive</li>
<li>country-tailored</li>
<li>comprehensive</li>
<li>non-discriminatory</li>
</ul></li>
<li>increase decent work in formal economy</li>
<li>absorb informal workers / economic units</li>
</ul></li>
<li>gender equality
<ul>
<li>removal of stereotypes</li>
<li>removal of discriminatory law</li>
<li>removal of discriminatory practice</li>
<li>promotion of equality of treatment</li>
<li>promotion of equality of opportunity</li>
<li>data disaggregated by
<ul>
<li>gender</li>
<li>age</li>
<li>disability</li>
<li>race</li>
<li>ethnicity</li>
<li>migrant status</li>
</ul></li>
<li>occupational gender segregation</li>
<li>unequal pay for work of equal value</li>
<li>gender-based violence</li>
<li>gender-based harassment</li>
<li>gender unequal division of unpaid care work</li>
</ul></li>
<li>trade development
<ul>
<li>avoid severe economic fluctuations</li>
<li>ensure price stability</li>
<li>promotion of high volume of trade</li>
<li>promotion of steady volume of trade</li>
<li>fundamental principles and rights at work</li>
<li>responsible business practices</li>
</ul></li>
<li>social protection
<ul>
<li>extend reach of social protection schemes</li>
<li>reach those not adequately protected</li>
<li>ensure access for everyone to:
<ul>
<li>comprehensive SP</li>
<li>adequate SP</li>
<li>sustainable SP</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="employment-creation" class="level2" data-number="2.2">
<h2 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="employment-creation"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> Employment creation</h2>
<ul>
<li>pro-employment, gender-transformative macroeconomic framework</li>
<li>enabling business environment promoting sustainable enterprise,productivity increases, reductions in productivity gaps</li>
<li>digital infrastructure investments for potential of technology for decent work and tackling digital divide</li>
<li>just transition minimizing impacts of environmental changes on employment</li>
<li>effective active labour market policies enabling employment for vulnerable and disadvantaged</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="equal-access-to-educationtrainingquality-public-services-from-early-childhood" class="level2" data-number="2.3">
<h2 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="equal-access-to-educationtrainingquality-public-services-from-early-childhood"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> Equal access to education/training/quality public services from early childhood</h2>
<ul>
<li>improvements to quality and relevance of education, training, skills development</li>
<li>responsive to labour market needs, changing WoW demands, green/digital transitions, demographic changes</li>
<li>gender-transformative career guidance on e.g. STEM</li>
<li>improvements to quality of public services, social protection to juggle paid work &amp; family care</li>
<li>targeted support for disadvantaged groups</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="adequate-protection-of-all-workers-and-a-fair-share-of-the-fruits-of-growth" class="level2" data-number="2.4">
<h2 data-number="2.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="adequate-protection-of-all-workers-and-a-fair-share-of-the-fruits-of-growth"><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> Adequate protection of all workers and a fair share of the fruits of growth</h2>
<ul>
<li>promotion of fundamental principles and rights at work for all workers</li>
<li>adequate minimum wage (Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970, No 131)</li>
<li>implementation of collective bargaining systems</li>
<li>equal pay for work of equal value, wage transparency</li>
<li>effective/inclusive labour market institutions, e.g. relevant inspectorates</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="transition-to-the-formal-economy" class="level2" data-number="2.5">
<h2 data-number="2.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="transition-to-the-formal-economy"><span class="header-section-number">2.5</span> Transition to the formal economy</h2>
<ul>
<li>comprehensive, country-tailored, gender-responsive, non-discriminatory strategies tackling drivers of informality</li>
<li>combination of interventions increasing ability of formal economy to provide decent work opportunities, absorption of current informal workers&amp;economic units</li>
<li>strengthening ability of people/enterprises to enter formal economy through incentives and elimination of barriers</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="gender-equality-and-non-discrimination-equality-for-all-diversity-and-inclusion" class="level2" data-number="2.6">
<h2 data-number="2.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="gender-equality-and-non-discrimination-equality-for-all-diversity-and-inclusion"><span class="header-section-number">2.6</span> Gender equality and non-discrimination, equality for all, diversity and inclusion</h2>
<ul>
<li>removal of stereotypes, discriminatory laws and practices, including at workplace</li>
<li>promotion of positive/transformative measures ensuring equality of treatment&amp;opportunities</li>
<li>more available data disaggregated by gender,age,disability,race,ethnicity,migrant status to monitor policy impacts</li>
<li>combined policy responses within/-out labour market against: occupational gender segregation, unequal pay for work of equal value, gender-based violence/harassment, gender unequal division of unpaid care work</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="trade-and-development-for-a-fair-globalization-and-shared-prosperity" class="level2" data-number="2.7">
<h2 data-number="2.7" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="trade-and-development-for-a-fair-globalization-and-shared-prosperity"><span class="header-section-number">2.7</span> Trade and development for a fair globalization and shared prosperity</h2>
<ul>
<li>full cooperation with relevant international bodies to avoid severe economic fluctuations, ensure price stability</li>
<li>promotion of high and steady volume of intl. trade</li>
<li>promotion/application of fundamental principles and rights at work through trade agreements/in supply chains, alongside responsible business practices</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="universal-and-adequate-social-protection" class="level2" data-number="2.8">
<h2 data-number="2.8" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="universal-and-adequate-social-protection"><span class="header-section-number">2.8</span> Universal and adequate social protection</h2>
<ul>
<li>extension of reach of national social protection systems</li>
<li>reach those not adequately protected</li>
<li>ensure access for everyone to comprehensive, adequate, sustainable social protection over life cycle</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="search-protocol" class="level1" data-number="3">
<h1 data-number="3"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> Search Protocol</h1>
<section id="inclusion-criteria" class="level2" data-number="3.1">
<h2 data-number="3.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="inclusion-criteria"><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> Inclusion criteria</h2>
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Table 1: Study inclusion and exclusion scoping criteria {#tbl-inclusion-criteria}
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-inclusion-criteria-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Inclusion criteria</th>
<th>Exclusion criteria</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Time frame</td>
<td>study published in or after 2000</td>
<td>study published before 2000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Study type</td>
<td>primary research</td>
<td>opinion piece, editorial, commentary, news article, literature review</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Study recency</td>
<td>most recent publication of study</td>
<td>gray literature superseded by white literature publication</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
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<td>Study data</td>
<td>evidence-based study or based on empirical approach</td>
<td>no empirical approach or not clearly based on evidential data</td>
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</tr>
<tr class="odd">
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<td>Study focus</td>
<td>effects on inequality/equality as primary outcome (dependent variable)</td>
<td>neither inequality nor equality outcomes as dependent variable</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
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<td></td>
<td>policy measure or strategy as primary intervention (independent variable)</td>
<td>no policy measure/strategy as intervention or relationship unclear</td>
</tr>
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<td></td>
<td>specifically relates to some dimension of world of work</td>
<td>exists outside world of work for both independent and dependent variables</td>
</tr>
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<td></td>
<td>focus on dimension of inequality in analysis</td>
<td>no focus on mention of inequality in analysis</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
<p>not currently used as criteria: - we are probably including qualitative studies (to be tagged) - perhaps studies &lt;2000 (to be tagged) to count quantity?</p>
</section>
<section id="tagging-system" class="level2" data-number="3.2">
<h2 data-number="3.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="tagging-system"><span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> Tagging system</h2>
<p>Tagging:</p>
<ul>
<li>inequality(ies) analysed: <code>inequality::</code></li>
<li>intersectionality: <code>intersectional</code></li>
<li>intervention: <code>intervention::</code></li>
<li>outcome: <code>outcome::</code></li>
<li>review: <code>review::</code> (meta, systematic, scoping, narrative, ..)</li>
<li>design: <code>design::</code> (qualitative, mixed, quasi-experimental, experimental)</li>
<li>country: <code>country::</code></li>
<li>relevancy: <code>relevant</code>, <code>out::</code> (could be transformed to <code>excluded::</code> in end step)</li>
<li>status: <code>TODO</code>, <code>done</code>, <code>integrated</code></li>
</ul>
<p>see Screening Tool document for exact keywords used during screening.</p>
</section>
<section id="matrix-extraction-properties" class="level2" data-number="3.3">
<h2 data-number="3.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="matrix-extraction-properties"><span class="header-section-number">3.3</span> Matrix extraction properties</h2>
<p>For up-to-date usage of extraction keys please see <code>extraction_template.yml</code> in data directory. Information kept here for full-text descriptions of each option, to be migrated to extraction metadata sheet.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Publication info</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>author</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>year</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>title</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>publisher</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>pubtype</td>
<td>article/working paper - publication type</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>url/doi</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>?discipline?</td>
<td>The overall discipline the study falls under</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Context info</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>country</td>
<td>What is the primary/are the primary country/countries under analysis in the study? (set:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>country_world_region</td>
<td>Which ILO region does the country belong to? (set:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>country_income_class</td>
<td>Which UN Bank income category does the country belong to? (set:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>period_of_analysis</td>
<td>What is the main period of analysis for the study (in years, e.g. 2010-2012)? (timedelta)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>observation_length</td>
<td>What is the main length of observation for the study, if mentioned (in months)? (timedelta)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>observation_length_max</td>
<td>What is the max length of observation for the study, if it diverges from the average length (in months)? (timedelta)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>explicit_targeting</td>
<td>is intervention specifically (explicitly) targeted at population/group? (bool:0/1)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>target_group</td>
<td>who is the intervention targeted at (explicitly/implicitly)? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>data</td>
<td>What dataset/database/collection does the data stem from, if mentioned? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Results info</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>interventions</td>
<td>what are the independent variables for the study? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>intervention_institutional</td>
<td>Is the intervention part of the institutional category? (bool:0/1)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>intervention_structural</td>
<td>Is the intervention part of the structural category? (bool:0/1)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>intervention_agency</td>
<td>Is the intervention part of the agency and social norms category? (bool:0/1)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>inequality_type</td>
<td>which inequalities/dimensions of inequality are objects of analysis for the study? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>inequality_direction</td>
<td>Is the main inequality looked at of horizontal or vertical type? (0: vertical; 1: horizontal)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>outcome_measures</td>
<td>what are the dependent variables looked at in the study? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>findings</td>
<td>what are the main findings for the dependent variables? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>channels</td>
<td>What are the main channels for outcomes identified, if mentioned? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>theory</td>
<td>What is the main theoretical argument/grounding for the study, if mentioned? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>limitations</td>
<td>What are the main limitations of the study, if mentioned? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%">
<col style="width: 50%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Statistical info</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>study_design</td>
<td>Is the study mainly of experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative, mixed design? (set:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>study_method</td>
<td>What is the main method of the study? (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>indicator_relative</td>
<td>Is the main indicator used relative or absolute? (0: absolute, 1: relative)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>sample_size</td>
<td>What is the main sample size/observation number of the study? (numeric)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>sample_unit</td>
<td>What is the main sample unit (person,household,firm, …)? (txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>representativeness</td>
<td>At what level is the study mainly representative? (national, subnational, rural, urban..) (list:txt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>direction</td>
<td>What is the main direction of relation between independent/dependent variables? (0: negative, 1: positive)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>significance</td>
<td>What is the main level of statistical significance? (2: significant, 1: marginally significant, 0: non significant)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>annotation, quick 100-300wd written summary of major properties found above for each study -&gt; ~34 observations per study</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="search-term-clusters" class="level2" data-number="3.4">
<h2 data-number="3.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="search-term-clusters"><span class="header-section-number">3.4</span> Search Term clusters</h2>
<p>These lists have been used to create data-driven term cluster files in the supplementary data directory. The lists have been kept here for historic documentation but should not be used for up-to-date term changes, use the csv files instead.</p>
<section id="world-of-work-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.1">
<h3 data-number="3.4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="world-of-work-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.1</span> World-of-work cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>ILO:
<ul>
<li>work</li>
<li>production of goods, provision of services</li>
<li>use by others or own-use</li>
<li>regardless of legality</li>
<li>labour</li>
<li>production of goods, provision of services,</li>
<li>use by others</li>
<li>of working age</li>
<li>for pay or profit (remuneration, wages, salaries for time worked work done, profits derived from goods or services, through market transactions)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="forms-of-work-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.2">
<h3 data-number="3.4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="forms-of-work-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.2</span> forms of work cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>ILO
<ul>
<li>own-use</li>
<li>employment</li>
<li>unpaid trainee</li>
<li>volunteer</li>
<li>other work activities</li>
<li>domestic</li>
<li>wage-employed</li>
<li>self-employed</li>
<li>formality</li>
<li>(unpaid) care work</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="lm-outcome-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.3">
<h3 data-number="3.4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="lm-outcome-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.3</span> LM outcome cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>ILO:
<ul>
<li>employment outcomes</li>
<li>labour rights</li>
<li>opportunities between groups</li>
<li>equality of opportunity/outcome</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><span class="citation" data-cites="Finlay2021">Finlay (<a href="#ref-Finlay2021" role="doc-biblioref">2021</a>)</span>:</p>
<ul>
<li>labour force participation <span class="citation" data-cites="Pinto2021">(also, <a href="#ref-Pinto2021" role="doc-biblioref">Pinto et al., 2021</a>)</span></li>
<li>job quality</li>
<li>career advancement</li>
<li>hours worked</li>
</ul>
<p><span class="citation" data-cites="Silvaggi2020">Silvaggi et al. (<a href="#ref-Silvaggi2020" role="doc-biblioref">2020</a>)</span>:</p>
<ul>
<li>labour force exit</li>
<li>retrurning to work issues</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="intervention-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.4">
<h3 data-number="3.4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="intervention-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.4</span> intervention cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>general terms:
<ul>
<li>intervention (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>policy (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>distributive (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>redistributive (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>regulatory (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="policy-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.5">
<h3 data-number="3.4.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="policy-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.5</span> policy cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>institutional promotion:
<ul>
<li>institutional support for childcare (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>labour rights (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>minimum wage (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>collective bargaining (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>employment creation ?? (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>business sustainability promotion ?? (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>work-life balance promotion ?? (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>equal pay for work of equal value ?? (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>removal of (discriminatory) law (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>law reformation (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>social dialogue (ILO requested)</li>
<li>guaranteed income (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>universal basic income (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>provision of living wage (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>maternity leave (<span class="citation" data-cites="Chang2021">Chang et al. (<a href="#ref-Chang2021" role="doc-biblioref">2021</a>)</span>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>structural promotion:
<ul>
<li>cash benefits</li>
<li>services in kind</li>
<li>green transition (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>digital infrastructure (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>(physical) infrastructure (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>quality of education (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>public service improvement (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>lowering of gender segregation (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>price stability intervention (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>extended social protection scheme (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>comprehensive social protection (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>sustainable social protection (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>supported employment (<span class="citation" data-cites="Lettieri2017">Lettieri &amp; Diez Villoria (<a href="#ref-Lettieri2017" role="doc-biblioref">2017</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>vocational rehabilitation (<span class="citation" data-cites="Silvaggi2020">Silvaggi et al. (<a href="#ref-Silvaggi2020" role="doc-biblioref">2020</a>)</span>, <span class="citation" data-cites="Lettieri2017">Lettieri &amp; Diez Villoria (<a href="#ref-Lettieri2017" role="doc-biblioref">2017</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>unionization (ILO requested)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>agency &amp; social norms:
<ul>
<li>credit programs (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>career guidance (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>vocational guidance (<span class="citation" data-cites="Nevala2015">Nevala et al. (<a href="#ref-Nevala2015" role="doc-biblioref">2015</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>vocational counselling (<span class="citation" data-cites="Nevala2015">Nevala et al. (<a href="#ref-Nevala2015" role="doc-biblioref">2015</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>counteracting of stereotypes (<span class="citation" data-cites="ILO2022b">ILO (<a href="#ref-ILO2022b" role="doc-biblioref">2022a</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>commuting subsidies (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>housing mobility programs (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>encouraging re-situation/migration (<span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">Perez et al. (<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">2022</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>encouraging self-advocacy (<span class="citation" data-cites="Nevala2015">Nevala et al. (<a href="#ref-Nevala2015" role="doc-biblioref">2015</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>cognitive behavioural therapy (<span class="citation" data-cites="Lettieri2017">Lettieri &amp; Diez Villoria (<a href="#ref-Lettieri2017" role="doc-biblioref">2017</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>computer-assisted therapy (<span class="citation" data-cites="Lettieri2017">Lettieri &amp; Diez Villoria (<a href="#ref-Lettieri2017" role="doc-biblioref">2017</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>work organization (<span class="citation" data-cites="Nevala2015">Nevala et al. (<a href="#ref-Nevala2015" role="doc-biblioref">2015</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>special transportation (<span class="citation" data-cites="Nevala2015">Nevala et al. (<a href="#ref-Nevala2015" role="doc-biblioref">2015</a>)</span>)</li>
<li>collective action (ILO requested)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="inequality-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.6">
<h3 data-number="3.4.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="inequality-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.6</span> inequality cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>ILO:
<ul>
<li>inequality/-ies</li>
<li>barrier(s)</li>
<li>(dis)advantaged</li>
<li>discriminated</li>
<li>disparity/-ies</li>
<li>horizontal / vertical inequality</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vertical-inequalities-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.7">
<h3 data-number="3.4.7" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="vertical-inequalities-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.7</span> vertical inequalities cluster</h3>
<ul>
<li>income:
<ul>
<li>Palma ratio <span class="citation" data-cites="DFI2023">(<a href="#ref-DFI2023" role="doc-biblioref">DFI, 2023</a>)</span></li>
<li>Gini coefficient <span class="citation" data-cites="DFI2023">(<a href="#ref-DFI2023" role="doc-biblioref">DFI, 2023</a>)</span></li>
<li>Log deviation [our quant indicators]</li>
<li>Theil [our quant indicators]</li>
<li>Atkinson [our quant indicators]</li>
</ul></li>
<li>class <span class="citation" data-cites="Kalasa2021">Kalasa et al. (<a href="#ref-Kalasa2021" role="doc-biblioref">2021</a>)</span></li>
<li>fertility <span class="citation" data-cites="Kalasa2021">Kalasa et al. (<a href="#ref-Kalasa2021" role="doc-biblioref">2021</a>)</span></li>
<li>NOT identified by previous reviews, need to find sources:
<ul>
<li>bottom percentile</li>
<li>top percentile</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="horizontal-inequalities-cluster" class="level3" data-number="3.4.8">
<h3 data-number="3.4.8" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="horizontal-inequalities-cluster"><span class="header-section-number">3.4.8</span> horizontal inequalities cluster</h3>
<p>identified by ILO:</p>
<ul>
<li>identity</li>
<li>demographic inequalities</li>
<li>demographic markers</li>
<li>gender</li>
<li>colour</li>
<li>beliefs</li>
<li>racial</li>
<li>ethnic</li>
<li>migrant</li>
<li>spatial
<ul>
<li>rural</li>
<li>urban</li>
<li>mega-cities</li>
<li>small cities</li>
<li>peripheral cities</li>
</ul></li>
<li>age</li>
<li>nationality</li>
<li>ethnicity</li>
<li>health status</li>
<li>disability</li>
<li>characteristics</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="notes-on-previous-reviews" class="level1" data-number="4">
<h1 data-number="4"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> Notes on previous reviews</h1>
<section id="perez2022" class="level2" data-number="4.1">
<h2 data-number="4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="perez2022"><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> Perez2022</h2>
<p>summary: multi-disciplinary systematic review of association between income, employment, urban poverty. n=243 articles, academic focus on advanced economies; finds significant role of employment in life of urban poor;</p>
<p>findings: most relevant barriers for improving labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, inadequate human capital</p>
<p><span class="citation" data-cites="Perez2022">(<a href="#ref-Perez2022" role="doc-biblioref">Perez et al., 2022</a>)</span> identify a multitude of factors which ultimately affect income, employment and urban poverty. Among them: gender inequality, through traditional gender roles and lack of empowerment, a lack of childcare, or inequal domestic work; low human capital, which can originate through pre-existing inequalities, spatial inequality, through lack of access to transportation, residential segregation or discrimination, limited access to work, the inter-generational persistence of poverty as well as the impacts of pre-existing inequalities such as lower human capital or larger household sizes;</p>
<p>and external factors such as extreme weather events or inflation.</p>
<p>Strategies to reduce poverty/unemployment are: participation in informal sectors or illegal activities, credit programs, consumption from informal food sources, family and institutional support for childcare, guaranteed minimum income or universal basic income and/or living wage, income diversification, commuting subsidies, housing mobility programs, and migration.</p>
</section>
<section id="zeinali2021" class="level2" data-number="4.2">
<h2 data-number="4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="zeinali2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> Zeinali2021</h2>
<p>systematic review of female leadership in health sector (LMICs) using intersectional analysis</p>
<p>main findings: main barriers at intersection of gender and social identity of professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, culture; main barriers limiting women’s access to career development resources: mentorship, sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition, respect at work for women; channels: increased likelihood for women to take on ‘dual burdens’ professional work and childcare/domestic work, biased views effectiveness of men/women’s leadership styles.</p>
</section>
<section id="pinto2021" class="level2" data-number="4.3">
<h2 data-number="4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="pinto2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> Pinto2021</h2>
<p>systematic review of impact of basic income interventions (n=86; 10 different interventions) on labour market, health, educational, housing and other outcomes</p>
<p>main findings: workforce participation was main dependent variable for studies, evaluation shift over time to include wider array of outcomes reflecting reigning perspective of BI investments possibly lowering health &amp; social care spending; large focus on advanced economies (US)</p>
</section>
<section id="finlay2001" class="level2" data-number="4.4">
<h2 data-number="4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="finlay2001"><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> Finlay2001</h2>
<p>narrative review of connection between women’s reproductive health and women’s economic activity (and gender equality); looking at (causal) effect of fertility (timing, spacing, number of children) on female labour force participation changes (career advancement, job quality, hours worked); separation between LI,MI,HI countries</p>
<p>main findings:</p>
<ul>
<li>low-inc countries women have to adopt individual strategies of balancing child rearing and labour force part. through selection of job type, relying on other household women for childcare, birth spacing due to mostly informal work</li>
<li>middle-inc countries women have to juggle child rearing, labour force part. with overall income inequality; early childbearing and lone motherhood perpetuate poverty</li>
<li>high-inc countries, SP policies can assist women in managing childrearing and work balance but underlying issues of gender inequality remain</li>
<li>all: childbearing interrupts career advancement</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="chaudhuri2021" class="level2" data-number="4.5">
<h2 data-number="4.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="chaudhuri2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> Chaudhuri2021</h2>
<p>systematic review on effects of food insecurity (common byproduct of poverty) on health and social outcomes, focusing on women and children</p>
<p>main findings: - female coping behaviours are non-food (livelihood alterations: outdoor employment, asset base selling, borrowing food/money, purchasing food on credit) or food-based (reducing daily intake sizes/frequency, food rationing; nutritional switch; food sharing); - (obligatory) outdoor employment mostly as farm labourers, can result in time poverty - children coping behaviours are begging, stealing, food seeking (with relatives/friends/charitable institutions), dropping out of school - health outcome includes disrupted socio-cognitive development among children</p>
</section>
<section id="chang2021" class="level2" data-number="4.6">
<h2 data-number="4.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="chang2021"><span class="header-section-number">4.6</span> Chang2021</h2>
<p>systematic qualitative review of effects of return to paid employment and breast-feeding (n=26)</p>
<p>main findings: women experienced physical and emotional difficulties, described gender and employment inequalities in accessing and receiving the support they needed; importance of having workplace legislation in place (and individual motivation) to facilitate breastfeeding during employment; support from employers/colleagues/family members &amp; access to convenient child care helped facilitate breast feeding on return to paid employment</p>
<p>channels: - gender role expectations viewing women as responsible for domestic work or childcare (especially in LMICs) - shorter maternity leave times discourage decision towards breast-feeding</p>
</section>
<section id="silvaggi2020" class="level2" data-number="4.7">
<h2 data-number="4.7" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="silvaggi2020"><span class="header-section-number">4.7</span> Silvaggi2020</h2>
<p>systematic review looking at effect of brain tumors on on work ability of those affected (and BT survivors) (n=7)</p>
<p>main findings: impact of neuropsychological functioning on work productivity, change of employment status for long-term survivors (?most often? job loss), issues related to return to work process</p>
<p>channels: depressive symptoms/cognitive deficits, high short-term mortality, environmental barriers</p>
<p>policy recc: vocational rehabilitation</p>
</section>
<section id="depaz-banez2020" class="level2" data-number="4.8">
<h2 data-number="4.8" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="depaz-banez2020"><span class="header-section-number">4.8</span> dePaz-Banez2020</h2>
<p>systematic review of effects of UBI on labour supply (n=38)</p>
<p>main finding: not found any evidence of significant reduction in labour supply, instead labour supply increases globally among adults, men, women, young, old; some insignificant (functional) reductions for: children, elderly, sick, those with disabilities, women with young children to look after, young people who continued studying - do not reduce overall supply since offset by otherwise increased supply</p>
</section>
<section id="lindsay2018a" class="level2" data-number="4.9">
<h2 data-number="4.9" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="lindsay2018a"><span class="header-section-number">4.9</span> Lindsay2018a</h2>
<p>systematic review of role of gender in employment for disabled young adults (n=48)</p>
<p>main finding: - majority (21) reported young men with disabilities better employment outcomes than women, fewer (8) showed reverse, minority (5) reported no difference - men with disabilities often work more hours and have higher wages - youth with disabilities half as likely to be employed as typically developing peers; starting life with disability often compounds disadvantages</p>
<p>channels: - social supports - gender role expectations - lowered expectations - overprotection from parents/guardians discouraging independence</p>
</section>
<section id="kumari2018" class="level2" data-number="4.10">
<h2 data-number="4.10" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="kumari2018"><span class="header-section-number">4.10</span> Kumari2018</h2>
<p>systematic review looking at relationship of female labour force participation and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation</p>
<p>main findings: U-shaped part. rate; evidence of gender pay disparity across sectors</p>
<p>channels affecting FLFP: - demographic factors (fertility, migration, marriages, child care) - economic factors (unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job, infrastructure) - regulatory context (family and childcare policies, tax regimes, presence of subsidized healthcare)</p>
<p>policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system based on inequality of sexes (with females playing subordinate role)</p>
</section>
<section id="ugur2017" class="level2" data-number="4.11">
<h2 data-number="4.11" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ugur2017"><span class="header-section-number">4.11</span> Ugur2017</h2>
<p>systematic review of effects of technology adoption on employment (in LMIC/LIC ‘less developed countries’)</p>
<p>main findings: positive effect more likely when technology adoption favours product innovation not process innovation and when it is is skill based</p>
<p>additional: - techn. adoption <em>less</em> likely to create employment when: related to farm employment not firm/industry employment; related to low-income countries not LMICs; related to data from after 2001 instead of pre-2001 - intl trade, weak forward/backward linkages, weaknesses in governance &amp; labor market institutions can weak job-creating effects of technology adoption</p>
<p>inequality: - existing income inequalities makes effect of technology adoption on employment creation more ambiguous (potentially widening rift of demand for skilled versus unskilled labour) - green revolution technologies tend to reduce income/wealth inequality; also negative effect on on-farm employment</p>
</section>
<section id="lettieri2017" class="level2" data-number="4.12">
<h2 data-number="4.12" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="lettieri2017"><span class="header-section-number">4.12</span> Lettieri2017</h2>
<p>meta-review of barriers (and drivers) of inclusion into the labour market for people with disabilities (mental illness)</p>
<p>main findings: employment outcomes seem increased for individuals able to hide their mental illness, practice of concealment of identity</p>
<p>channels: - prejudices: of missing skills, danger, unpredictability; of hiring as act of charity due to being unproductive; of work stress as contradicting requirements of mental health - discriminatory hiring practices - generally low-skilled individuals due to discrimination/cultural/social barriers for training and work inclusion</p>
<p>policy recc: - supported employment (environmental) - cognitive behavioural/computer-assisted therapies (cognitive) - vocational rehabilitation programs (human capital)</p>
</section>
<section id="taukobong2016" class="level2" data-number="4.13">
<h2 data-number="4.13" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="taukobong2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.13</span> Taukobong2016</h2>
<p>(narrative?) review of effects of dimensions of female ‘empowerment’ on health outcomes and development outcomes, such as access to and use of financial services</p>
<p>main findings: - gender inequalities highly contextual (and intersectional), requires identification of variations at start of interventions where inequalities exist, overlap and work as barriers to its implementation - strong association with improved outcomes across multiple outcome sectors: control over income/assets/resources, decision-making power, education - relation with health/family planning outcomes: mobility, personal safety, equitable interpersonal relationships</p>
</section>
<section id="ruhindwa2016" class="level2" data-number="4.14">
<h2 data-number="4.14" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ruhindwa2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.14</span> Ruhindwa2016</h2>
<p>(narrative) review of barriers to workforce inclusion (paid/volunteer work) for people with disabilities; summary of findings</p>
<p>main findings: - “effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector”</p>
<p>policy recc: - employment support practices - campaigns to encourage disclosing disability</p>
</section>
<section id="kirsh2016" class="level2" data-number="4.15">
<h2 data-number="4.15" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="kirsh2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.15</span> Kirsh2016</h2>
<p>review of factors influencing LM outcomes of supported employment interventions for people with disabilities</p>
<p>main findings: - most employment support literature only looks at overall efficacy of interventions, with little prudence for intersectional inequality variations</p>
<p>inequalities: - men more likely to be employed (argue possibly due to manual labour of many jobs) - older people less likely to be employed (age+, change-) - older women more likely to be employed than men - education very important in employment outcomes</p>
<p>policy recc: - vocational rehabilitation</p>
</section>
<section id="hastbacka2016" class="level2" data-number="4.16">
<h2 data-number="4.16" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="hastbacka2016"><span class="header-section-number">4.16</span> Hastbacka2016</h2>
<p>scoping review of linkages between societal participation and people with disabilities for identity of participant, type of participation, type of facilitators and barriers; focus on European countries (n=32, between 2012-2013)</p>
<p>main findings: strongest focus on labour market participation; social participation viewed through lens of disabled people as one group instead of intersectional</p>
<p>main barriers: financial factors, attitudes, health issues, unemployment main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities</p>
</section>
<section id="nevala2015" class="level2" data-number="4.17">
<h2 data-number="4.17" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="nevala2015"><span class="header-section-number">4.17</span> Nevala2015</h2>
<p>systematic review looking at effectiveness of workplace accommodation (vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, special transportation) on employment, work ability, cost-benefit, rtw (n=11)</p>
<p>main findings: - moderate evidence that employment among physically disabled persons promoted by: vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organisation, special transportation - low evidence that rtw increased for physical/cognitive disabilities by: liaison (btw employer and other professionals), education, work aids, work techniques</p>
<p>barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount of training/counselling, flexibility of work schedules/organisation</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="database-query" class="level1" data-number="5">
<h1 data-number="5"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> Database Query</h1>
<section id="other-reviews-queried-databases" class="level2" data-number="5.1">
<h2 data-number="5.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="other-reviews-queried-databases"><span class="header-section-number">5.1</span> Other reviews queried databases</h2>
<p>from <span class="citation" data-cites="Pinto2021">Pinto et al. (<a href="#ref-Pinto2021" role="doc-biblioref">2021</a>)</span>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Scopus</li>
<li>Embase</li>
<li>Medline</li>
<li>CINAHL</li>
<li>WOS</li>
<li>ProQuest</li>
<li>EBSCOhost Research DB</li>
<li>PsycINFO</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="wos" class="level2" data-number="5.2">
<h2 data-number="5.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wos"><span class="header-section-number">5.2</span> WOS</h2>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode sql code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode sql"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>TS<span class="op">=</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> labour <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> production <span class="kw">of</span> goods <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> provision <span class="kw">of</span> services <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">own</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">by</span> others <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">of</span> working age <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> pay <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> profit <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> remuneration <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-14"><a href="#cb1-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> market transactions</span>
<span id="cb1-15"><a href="#cb1-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="kw">AND</span></span>
<span id="cb1-16"><a href="#cb1-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-17"><a href="#cb1-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-18"><a href="#cb1-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">own</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-19"><a href="#cb1-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> employment <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-20"><a href="#cb1-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> unpaid trainee <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-21"><a href="#cb1-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> volunteer <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-22"><a href="#cb1-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> other <span class="kw">work</span> activities <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-23"><a href="#cb1-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> wage<span class="op">-</span>employed <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-24"><a href="#cb1-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> self<span class="op">-</span>employed <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-25"><a href="#cb1-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> formal <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-26"><a href="#cb1-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> informal <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-27"><a href="#cb1-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> domestic <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-28"><a href="#cb1-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> care <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-29"><a href="#cb1-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> unpaid <span class="kw">work</span></span>
<span id="cb1-30"><a href="#cb1-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-31"><a href="#cb1-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-32"><a href="#cb1-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> employment outcomes <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-33"><a href="#cb1-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> labour rights <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-34"><a href="#cb1-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> equality <span class="kw">of</span> oppoertunity <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-35"><a href="#cb1-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> equality <span class="kw">of</span> outcome <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-36"><a href="#cb1-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> labour <span class="kw">force</span> participationOR</span>
<span id="cb1-37"><a href="#cb1-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> labour <span class="kw">force</span> exit <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-38"><a href="#cb1-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> job quality <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-39"><a href="#cb1-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> career advancement <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-40"><a href="#cb1-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> hours worked <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-41"><a href="#cb1-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> wage <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-42"><a href="#cb1-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> salary <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-43"><a href="#cb1-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="kw">to</span> <span class="kw">work</span></span>
<span id="cb1-44"><a href="#cb1-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-45"><a href="#cb1-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-46"><a href="#cb1-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>) <span class="kw">AND</span></span>
<span id="cb1-47"><a href="#cb1-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-48"><a href="#cb1-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>TS<span class="op">=</span></span>
<span id="cb1-49"><a href="#cb1-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(</span>
<span id="cb1-50"><a href="#cb1-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-51"><a href="#cb1-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> intervention <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-52"><a href="#cb1-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> policy <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-53"><a href="#cb1-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> participation <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-54"><a href="#cb1-54" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> targeting<span class="op">/</span>targeted <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-55"><a href="#cb1-55" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> distributive <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-56"><a href="#cb1-56" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> redistributive</span>
<span id="cb1-57"><a href="#cb1-57" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-58"><a href="#cb1-58" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">AND</span></span>
<span id="cb1-59"><a href="#cb1-59" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-60"><a href="#cb1-60" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-61"><a href="#cb1-61" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> support <span class="cf">for</span> childcare <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-62"><a href="#cb1-62" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> labour rights <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-63"><a href="#cb1-63" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">minimum</span> wage <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-64"><a href="#cb1-64" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> collective bargaining <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-65"><a href="#cb1-65" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> business sustainability promotion <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-66"><a href="#cb1-66" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">work</span><span class="op">-</span>life balance promotion <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-67"><a href="#cb1-67" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> equal pay <span class="cf">for</span> <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">of</span> equal <span class="fu">value</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-68"><a href="#cb1-68" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> removal <span class="kw">of</span> (discriminatory) law <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-69"><a href="#cb1-69" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> law reformation <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-70"><a href="#cb1-70" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> guaranteed income <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-71"><a href="#cb1-71" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> universal basic income <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-72"><a href="#cb1-72" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> provision <span class="kw">of</span> living wage <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-73"><a href="#cb1-73" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> maternity leave</span>
<span id="cb1-74"><a href="#cb1-74" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-75"><a href="#cb1-75" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-76"><a href="#cb1-76" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-77"><a href="#cb1-77" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> cash benefits <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-78"><a href="#cb1-78" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> services <span class="kw">in</span> kind <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-79"><a href="#cb1-79" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> green transition <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-80"><a href="#cb1-80" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> infrastructure <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-81"><a href="#cb1-81" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> digital infrastructure <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-82"><a href="#cb1-82" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> quality <span class="kw">of</span> education <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-83"><a href="#cb1-83" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">public</span> service improvement <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-84"><a href="#cb1-84" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> lowering <span class="kw">of</span> gender segregation <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-85"><a href="#cb1-85" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> price stability intervention <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-86"><a href="#cb1-86" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> extended social protection scheme <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-87"><a href="#cb1-87" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> comprehensive social protection <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-88"><a href="#cb1-88" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> sustainable social protection <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-89"><a href="#cb1-89" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> supported employment <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-90"><a href="#cb1-90" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> vocational rehabilitation</span>
<span id="cb1-91"><a href="#cb1-91" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-92"><a href="#cb1-92" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-93"><a href="#cb1-93" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-94"><a href="#cb1-94" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> credit programs <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-95"><a href="#cb1-95" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> career guidance <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-96"><a href="#cb1-96" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> vocational guidance <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-97"><a href="#cb1-97" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> vocational counselling <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-98"><a href="#cb1-98" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> counteracting <span class="kw">of</span> stereotypes <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-99"><a href="#cb1-99" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> commuting subsidies <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-100"><a href="#cb1-100" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> housing mobility programs <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-101"><a href="#cb1-101" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> encouraging re<span class="op">-</span>situation<span class="op">/</span>migration <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-102"><a href="#cb1-102" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> encouraging self<span class="op">-</span>advocacy <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-103"><a href="#cb1-103" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> cognitive behavioural therapy <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-104"><a href="#cb1-104" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> computer<span class="op">-</span>assisted therapy <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-105"><a href="#cb1-105" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">work</span> <span class="kw">organization</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-106"><a href="#cb1-106" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> special transportation</span>
<span id="cb1-107"><a href="#cb1-107" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-108"><a href="#cb1-108" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-109"><a href="#cb1-109" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>) <span class="kw">AND</span></span>
<span id="cb1-110"><a href="#cb1-110" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-111"><a href="#cb1-111" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>TS<span class="op">=</span></span>
<span id="cb1-112"><a href="#cb1-112" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(</span>
<span id="cb1-113"><a href="#cb1-113" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-114"><a href="#cb1-114" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> inequality <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-115"><a href="#cb1-115" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> inequalities <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-116"><a href="#cb1-116" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> barriers <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-117"><a href="#cb1-117" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> advantaged <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-118"><a href="#cb1-118" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> disadvantaged <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-119"><a href="#cb1-119" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> discriminated <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-120"><a href="#cb1-120" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> disparity <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-121"><a href="#cb1-121" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> disparities</span>
<span id="cb1-122"><a href="#cb1-122" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-123"><a href="#cb1-123" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> NEAR<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="cb1-124"><a href="#cb1-124" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-125"><a href="#cb1-125" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-126"><a href="#cb1-126" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> income <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-127"><a href="#cb1-127" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;Palma ratio&quot;</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-128"><a href="#cb1-128" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;Gini coefficient&quot;</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-129"><a href="#cb1-129" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">class</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-130"><a href="#cb1-130" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> fertility <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-131"><a href="#cb1-131" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;bottom percentile&quot;</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-132"><a href="#cb1-132" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;top percentile&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-133"><a href="#cb1-133" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-134"><a href="#cb1-134" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-135"><a href="#cb1-135" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (</span>
<span id="cb1-136"><a href="#cb1-136" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> identity <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-137"><a href="#cb1-137" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> demographic <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-138"><a href="#cb1-138" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> gender <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-139"><a href="#cb1-139" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> colour <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-140"><a href="#cb1-140" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> beliefs <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-141"><a href="#cb1-141" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> racial <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-142"><a href="#cb1-142" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ethnic <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-143"><a href="#cb1-143" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> migrant <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-144"><a href="#cb1-144" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> spatial <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-145"><a href="#cb1-145" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> rural <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-146"><a href="#cb1-146" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> urban <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-147"><a href="#cb1-147" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> mega<span class="op">-</span>cities <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-148"><a href="#cb1-148" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;small cities&quot;</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-149"><a href="#cb1-149" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;peripheral cities&quot;</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-150"><a href="#cb1-150" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> age <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-151"><a href="#cb1-151" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> nationality <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-152"><a href="#cb1-152" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ethnicity <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-153"><a href="#cb1-153" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">&quot;health status&quot;</span> <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-154"><a href="#cb1-154" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> disability <span class="kw">OR</span></span>
<span id="cb1-155"><a href="#cb1-155" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> characteristics</span>
<span id="cb1-156"><a href="#cb1-156" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-157"><a href="#cb1-157" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-158"><a href="#cb1-158" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="findings-and-updates-from-query" class="level1" data-number="6">
<h1 data-number="6"><span class="header-section-number">6</span> Findings and Updates from query</h1>
<section id="preliminary-source-pool" class="level2" data-number="6.1">
<h2 data-number="6.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="preliminary-source-pool"><span class="header-section-number">6.1</span> Preliminary source pool</h2>
<ul>
<li>initial query pool (no deduplication): 1643</li>
<li>snowballing pool (from 29 reviews): 530</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="additional-concept-research" class="level2" data-number="6.2">
<h2 data-number="6.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="additional-concept-research"><span class="header-section-number">6.2</span> Additional concept research</h2>
<ul>
<li>utilizing Joanna Briggs Institute JBI Scoping Review methodology</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="preliminary-findings-income" class="level2" data-number="6.3">
<h2 data-number="6.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="preliminary-findings-income"><span class="header-section-number">6.3</span> Preliminary findings income</h2>
<ul>
<li>potential drivers: (Zhuan2023)
<ul>
<li>inverted-U hypothesis (Kuznets, 1955)/ dual economy model (Lewis, 1954)</li>
<li>technological progress</li>
<li>globalization</li>
<li>deregulation/market-oriented reform</li>
<li>financialization</li>
<li>population aging</li>
<li>widening spatial inequality between subsistence/growth economy (i.e. dual economy)</li>
<li>growing gap to super-rich (top 1 percentile)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>potential channels:
<ul>
<li>declining labor income share/ growing capital income share</li>
<li>widening skilled/non-skilled wage differentials</li>
<li>growing spatial inequality</li>
<li>limited taxation/transfer income redistribution</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="potential-additional-search-terms" class="level2" data-number="6.4">
<h2 data-number="6.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="potential-additional-search-terms"><span class="header-section-number">6.4</span> Potential additional search terms</h2>
<ul>
<li>Matthew effect (lower socio-economic position households send fewer children to formal childcare in HIC)</li>
<li>issue: currently in many cases looking at <em>health</em> and <em>health inequality</em> outcomes</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="issues-raised-by-ilo" class="level2" data-number="6.5">
<h2 data-number="6.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="issues-raised-by-ilo"><span class="header-section-number">6.5</span> Issues raised by ILO</h2>
<ul>
<li>only english: Query itself is English only. If Spanish/French fall into grid, may include</li>
<li>no purely qualitative: might prove too much; how to ensure rigour?</li>
<li>no pre-2000: Can include?</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="relevant-references" class="level1" data-number="7">
<h1 data-number="7"><span class="header-section-number">7</span> Relevant references</h1>
Publish version 0.5.0
2024-02-28 07:12:36 +00:00
<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2" role="list">
Publish version 0.3.0
2024-01-06 09:41:26 +00:00
<div id="ref-Chang2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Chang, Y.-S., Harger, L., Beake, S., &amp; Bick, D. (2021). Women’s and <span>Employers</span>’ <span>Experiences</span> and <span>Views</span> of <span>Combining Breastfeeding</span> with a <span>Return</span> to <span>Paid Employment</span>: <span>A Systematic Review</span> of <span>Qualitative Studies</span>. <em>Journal of Midwifery Womens Health</em>, <em>66</em>(5), 641–655. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13243">https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13243</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-DFI2023" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
DFI. (2023). <em>A call to action to save <span>SDG10</span></em>. <span>Development Finance International</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-Finlay2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Finlay, J. E. (2021). Women’s reproductive health and economic activity: <span>A</span> narrative review. <em>World Development</em>, <em>139</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105313">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105313</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2002" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2002). <em>Resolution on decent work and the informal economy</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2013" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2013). <em>Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2015" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2015). <em>Recommendation <span>No</span>. 204 concerning the <span>Transition</span> from the <span>Informal</span> to the <span>Formal Economy</span></em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2016" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2016). <em>Women at <span>Work Trends</span> 2016</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2019" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2019). <em>Working conditions in a global perspective</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2021a" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2021a). <em>Inequalities and the world of work</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2021b). <em>Resolution concerning inequalities and the world of work</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2022b" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2022a). <em>Follow-up to the resolution concerning inequalities and the world of work: <span>Comprehensive</span> and integrated <span>ILO</span> strategy to reduce and prevent inequalities in the world of work</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2022a" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2022b). <em>World <span>Employment</span> and <span>Social Outlook</span>: <span>Trends</span> 2022</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2023b" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2023a). <em>Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2023a" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2023b). <em>The road to decent work for domestic workers</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ILO2023" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
ILO. (2023c). <em>World <span>Employment</span> and <span>Social Outlook</span>: <span>Trends</span> 2023</em>. <span>International Labour Organization</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-Kalasa2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Kalasa, B., Eloundou-Enyegue, P., &amp; Giroux, S. C. (2021). Horizontal versus vertical inequalities: The relative significance of geography versus class in mapping subnational fertility. <em>The Lancet Global Health</em>, <em>9</em>(6), e730–e731. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00171-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00171-6</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-Lettieri2017" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Lettieri, A., &amp; Diez Villoria, E. (2017). A <span>Systematization</span> of the <span>International Evidence Related</span> to <span>Labor Inclusion Barriers</span> and <span>Facilitators</span> for <span>People</span> with <span>Mental Illness A Review</span> of <span>Reviews</span>. <em>Sociologica-Italian Journal of Sociology on Line</em>, <em>3</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2383/89515">https://doi.org/10.2383/89515</a>
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<div id="ref-Nevala2015" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Nevala, N., Pehkonen, I., Koskela, I., Ruusuvuori, J., &amp; Anttila, H. (2015). Workplace <span>Accommodation Among Persons</span> with <span>Disabilities</span>: <span>A Systematic Review</span> of <span>Its Effectiveness</span> and <span>Barriers</span> or <span>Facilitators</span>. <em>Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation</em>, <em>25</em>(2), 432–448. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-014-9548-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-014-9548-z</a>
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<div id="ref-Perez2022" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Perez, V., Hernandez-Solano, A., Teruel, G., &amp; Reyes, M. (2022). The changing role of employment and alternative income sources among the urban poor: A systematic literature review. <em>International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development</em>, <em>14</em>(1), 124–143. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2022.2082444">https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2022.2082444</a>
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<div id="ref-Pinto2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Pinto, A. D., Perri, M., Pedersen, C. L., Aratangy, T., Hapsari, A. P., &amp; Hwang, S. W. (2021). Exploring different methods to evaluate the impact of basic income interventions: A systematic review. <em>International Journal for Equity in Health</em>, <em>20</em>(142), 142. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-Ravallion2018" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Ravallion, M. (2018). Inequality and <span>Globalization</span>: <span>A Review Essay</span>. <em>Journal of Economic Literature</em>, <em>56</em>(2), 620–642. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20171419">https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20171419</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-Silvaggi2020" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Silvaggi, F., Leonardi, M., Raggi, A., Eigenmann, M., Mariniello, A., Silvani, A., Lamperti, E., &amp; Schiavolin, S. (2020). Employment and <span>Work Ability</span> of <span>Persons With Brain Tumors</span>: <span>A Systematic Review</span>. <em>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</em>, <em>14</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.571191">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.571191</a>
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</script><div class="modal fade" id="quarto-embedded-source-code-modal" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="quarto-embedded-source-code-modal-label" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-scrollable"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h5 class="modal-title" id="quarto-embedded-source-code-modal-label">Source Code</h5><button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal"></button></div><div class="modal-body"><div class>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2" data-shortcodes="false"><pre class="sourceCode markdown code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode markdown"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">---</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">bibliography:</span><span class="co"> data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">csl:</span><span class="co"> /home/marty/documents/library/utilities/styles/APA-7.csl</span></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">papersize:</span><span class="co"> A4</span></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">linestretch:</span><span class="co"> 1.5</span></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">fontfamily:</span><span class="co"> lmodern</span></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">fontsize:</span><span class="co"> &quot;12&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">geometry:</span></span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - left=2.2cm</span></span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - right=3.5cm</span></span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - top=2.5cm</span></span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - bottom=2.5cm</span></span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">toc:</span><span class="co"> true</span></span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">link-citations:</span><span class="co"> true</span></span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">link-bibliography:</span><span class="co"> true</span></span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">number-sections:</span><span class="co"> true</span></span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">lang:</span><span class="co"> en</span></span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">title:</span><span class="co"> Inequalities and the world of work</span></span>
<span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="an">subtitle:</span><span class="co"> Conceptual Definitions and Key Terms</span></span>
<span id="cb2-20"><a href="#cb2-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">---</span></span>
<span id="cb2-21"><a href="#cb2-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-24"><a href="#cb2-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="in">```{python}</span></span>
<span id="cb2-25"><a href="#cb2-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#| echo: false</span></span>
<span id="cb2-26"><a href="#cb2-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> pathlib <span class="im">import</span> Path</span>
fix(repo): Rename all references to data and output dir
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<span id="cb2-27"><a href="#cb2-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>DATA_DIR<span class="op">=</span>Path(<span class="st">&quot;./data&quot;</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb2-28"><a href="#cb2-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>RAW_DATA<span class="op">=</span>DATA_DIR.joinpath(<span class="st">&quot;raw&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-29"><a href="#cb2-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>WORKING_DATA<span class="op">=</span>DATA_DIR.joinpath(<span class="st">&quot;intermediate&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-30"><a href="#cb2-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>PROCESSED_DATA<span class="op">=</span>DATA_DIR.joinpath(<span class="st">&quot;processed&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-31"><a href="#cb2-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>SUPPLEMENTARY_DATA<span class="op">=</span>DATA_DIR.joinpath(<span class="st">&quot;supplementary&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-32"><a href="#cb2-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-33"><a href="#cb2-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">## standard imports</span></span>
<span id="cb2-34"><a href="#cb2-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> IPython.core.display <span class="im">import</span> Markdown <span class="im">as</span> md</span>
<span id="cb2-35"><a href="#cb2-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
<span id="cb2-36"><a href="#cb2-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pandas <span class="im">as</span> pd</span>
<span id="cb2-37"><a href="#cb2-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> matplotlib <span class="im">import</span> pyplot <span class="im">as</span> plt</span>
<span id="cb2-38"><a href="#cb2-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> seaborn <span class="im">as</span> sns</span>
<span id="cb2-39"><a href="#cb2-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> tabulate <span class="im">import</span> tabulate</span>
<span id="cb2-40"><a href="#cb2-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-41"><a href="#cb2-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>sns.set_style(<span class="st">&quot;whitegrid&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-42"><a href="#cb2-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="in">```</span></span>
<span id="cb2-43"><a href="#cb2-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-44"><a href="#cb2-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># Definitions</span></span>
<span id="cb2-45"><a href="#cb2-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-46"><a href="#cb2-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Defining the world of work</span></span>
<span id="cb2-47"><a href="#cb2-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-48"><a href="#cb2-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Work</span>
<span id="cb2-49"><a href="#cb2-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;any activity performed by persons of any sex and age to produce goods or to provide services for use by others or for own use&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, p. 2</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-50"><a href="#cb2-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;Work is defined irrespective of its formal or informal character or the legality of the activity&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, p. 2</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-51"><a href="#cb2-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-52"><a href="#cb2-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Employment</span>
<span id="cb2-53"><a href="#cb2-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: those in employment are &quot;of working age who, during a reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 6</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-54"><a href="#cb2-54" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;For pay or profit refers to work done as part of a transaction in exchange for remuneration payable in the form of wages or salaries for time worked or work done, or in the form of profits derived from the goods and services produced through market transactions&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 6</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-55"><a href="#cb2-55" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-56"><a href="#cb2-56" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| key concepts | |</span>
<span id="cb2-57"><a href="#cb2-57" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-58"><a href="#cb2-58" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| production of goods | production/processing/collection of agricultural, fishing, hunting, gathering, mining, forestry, water, household goods, effecting major repairs/building additions to dwelling,farm buildings, etc. |</span>
<span id="cb2-59"><a href="#cb2-59" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| provision of services | provision of accounting, management, transport, meal preparation/serving, waste disposal/recycling, cleaning, decorating, dwelling/goods maintenance, childcare/-instruction, elderly/dependent person/pet/domestic animal care</span>
<span id="cb2-60"><a href="#cb2-60" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| use by others or own-use | whether final products are destined *mainly* for final use by producer as capital formation or final consumption, or by others |</span>
<span id="cb2-61"><a href="#cb2-61" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| for pay or profit | as part of transaction in exchange for remuneration (wages/salary), or in form of profits from goods/services through market transactions |</span>
<span id="cb2-62"><a href="#cb2-62" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-63"><a href="#cb2-63" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Informal economy</span>
<span id="cb2-64"><a href="#cb2-64" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;economic activities carried out by workers and economic units that are --- in law or in practice --- not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2002, p.14; @ILO2015, p.4,25</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-65"><a href="#cb2-65" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;all remunerative work <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">...</span><span class="co">]</span> that is not registered, regulated or protected by existing legal or regulatory frameworks, as well as non-remunerative work undertaken in an income-producing enterprise.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ilo2003</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-66"><a href="#cb2-66" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;does not cover illicit activities, in particular the provision of services or the production, sale, possession or use of goods forbidden by law&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2015, p.4</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-67"><a href="#cb2-67" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-68"><a href="#cb2-68" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Formal economy</span>
<span id="cb2-69"><a href="#cb2-69" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: sufficiently covered by formal arrangements, defined as &quot;procedures established by the government to regulate the actions and functions of economic units and workers, as well as protecting their legal rights.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">ILO, 2021, p.10</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-70"><a href="#cb2-70" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-71"><a href="#cb2-71" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Informal employment *outside* the informal sector</span>
<span id="cb2-72"><a href="#cb2-72" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: comprises employees holding informal jobs in formal sector enterprises, as paid domestic workers employed by households, contributing family workers working in formal sector enterprises, and own-account workers producing exclusively for own final use by their household <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2023b</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-73"><a href="#cb2-73" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-74"><a href="#cb2-74" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">&lt;!--</span></span>
<span id="cb2-75"><a href="#cb2-75" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">- with access to contributory social insurance schemes via formal arrangements:</span></span>
<span id="cb2-76"><a href="#cb2-76" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - employees of public sector</span></span>
<span id="cb2-77"><a href="#cb2-77" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - armed forces</span></span>
<span id="cb2-78"><a href="#cb2-78" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - employees/casual/seasonal workers of formal enterprises</span></span>
<span id="cb2-79"><a href="#cb2-79" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - independent workers operating in formal economy</span></span>
<span id="cb2-80"><a href="#cb2-80" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">- with occasional access to non-contributory social insurance schemes via formal (legal) arrangements:</span></span>
<span id="cb2-81"><a href="#cb2-81" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - employers/employees of informal sector enterprises</span></span>
<span id="cb2-82"><a href="#cb2-82" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - workers hired off-the-books by formal sector enterprises</span></span>
<span id="cb2-83"><a href="#cb2-83" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> - independent workers operating in informal economy</span></span>
<span id="cb2-84"><a href="#cb2-84" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">--&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb2-85"><a href="#cb2-85" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-86"><a href="#cb2-86" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Labour underutilization</span>
<span id="cb2-87"><a href="#cb2-87" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: are &quot;mismatches between labour supply and demand which translate into an unmet need for employment among the population&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 9</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-88"><a href="#cb2-88" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: can be &quot;*time-related underemployment*, when the working time of persons in employment is insufficient in relation to alternative employment situations in which they are willing and available to engage&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 9</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-89"><a href="#cb2-89" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: can be &quot;*unemployment*, reflecting an active job search by persons not in employment&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 9</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-90"><a href="#cb2-90" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: can be &quot;*potential labour force*, <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">those</span><span class="co">]</span> not in employment who express an interest in this form of work but for whom existing conditions limit their active job search and/or their availability.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 9</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-91"><a href="#cb2-91" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-92"><a href="#cb2-92" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| key concepts | |</span>
<span id="cb2-93"><a href="#cb2-93" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-94"><a href="#cb2-94" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| remuneration | see &#39;for pay or profit&#39; above |</span>
<span id="cb2-95"><a href="#cb2-95" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| formal arrangements | protection of legal rights, regulation of actions/functions of economic units |</span>
<span id="cb2-96"><a href="#cb2-96" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| legality of activity | while concept of &#39;work&#39; covers acitivities regardless of illicit status, informal economy excludes illicit activities |</span>
<span id="cb2-97"><a href="#cb2-97" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| utilization of labor | described various states of labour supply and demand mismatch such as unemployment, time-related underemployment, and potential labour force |</span>
<span id="cb2-98"><a href="#cb2-98" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-99"><a href="#cb2-99" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Defining forms of work</span></span>
<span id="cb2-100"><a href="#cb2-100" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-101"><a href="#cb2-101" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>&quot;five mutually exclusive forms of work are identified for separate measurement&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 3</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-102"><a href="#cb2-102" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-103"><a href="#cb2-103" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>own-use production work</span>
<span id="cb2-104"><a href="#cb2-104" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: comprising production of goods and services for own final use</span>
<span id="cb2-105"><a href="#cb2-105" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;all those of working age who, during a short reference period, performed any activity to produce goods or provide services for own final use.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 5</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-106"><a href="#cb2-106" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-107"><a href="#cb2-107" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>employment work</span>
<span id="cb2-108"><a href="#cb2-108" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: comprising work performed for others in exchange for pay or profit</span>
<span id="cb2-109"><a href="#cb2-109" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;all those of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 6</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-110"><a href="#cb2-110" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-111"><a href="#cb2-111" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>unpaid trainee work</span>
<span id="cb2-112"><a href="#cb2-112" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: comprising work performed for others without pay to acquire workplace experience or skills</span>
<span id="cb2-113"><a href="#cb2-113" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;all those of working age who, during a short reference period, performed any unpaid activity to produce goods or provide services for others, in order to acquire workplace experience or skills in a trade or profession&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2013, 7</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-114"><a href="#cb2-114" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-115"><a href="#cb2-115" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>volunteer work</span>
<span id="cb2-116"><a href="#cb2-116" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: comprising non-compulsory work performed for others without pay</span>
<span id="cb2-117"><a href="#cb2-117" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;all those of working age who, during a short reference period, performed any unpaid, non-compulsory activity to produce goods or provide services for others&quot;</span>
<span id="cb2-118"><a href="#cb2-118" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-119"><a href="#cb2-119" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>other work activities</span>
<span id="cb2-120"><a href="#cb2-120" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: not defined in this resolution</span>
<span id="cb2-121"><a href="#cb2-121" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-122"><a href="#cb2-122" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| key concepts | |</span>
<span id="cb2-123"><a href="#cb2-123" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-124"><a href="#cb2-124" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| intensity of participation | how many hours/days work occupies in a certain time frame |</span>
<span id="cb2-125"><a href="#cb2-125" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| own-use/other-use | see above |</span>
<span id="cb2-126"><a href="#cb2-126" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| for pay or profit | see above |</span>
<span id="cb2-127"><a href="#cb2-127" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| non-compulsory | undertaken without civil, legal, administrative requirement and different from fulfilment of social responsibilities of communal, cultural or religious nature |</span>
<span id="cb2-128"><a href="#cb2-128" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-129"><a href="#cb2-129" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Defining inequality</span></span>
<span id="cb2-130"><a href="#cb2-130" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-131"><a href="#cb2-131" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Vertical inequality</span>
<span id="cb2-132"><a href="#cb2-132" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;income inequality between all households in a country&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-133"><a href="#cb2-133" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;the debate on vertical inequalities has increasingly focused on how, in many countries, the richest 1 per cent or the top 10 per cent of income earners have improved their situation compared to the poorest 99 per cent or bottom 90 per cent.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-134"><a href="#cb2-134" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-135"><a href="#cb2-135" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Horizontal inequality</span>
<span id="cb2-136"><a href="#cb2-136" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;Horizontal inequalities occur when some groups within the population find themselves disadvantaged and discriminated against on the basis of their visible identity, for example their gender, colour or beliefs, among others&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-137"><a href="#cb2-137" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;public attention has incerasingly been devoted to racial or ethnic inequalities, and to the rifts between migrants and nationals.&quot;</span>
<span id="cb2-138"><a href="#cb2-138" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;Spatial inequalities between rural and urban areas and, more recently, between large mega-cities and smaller, more peripheral, cities have also been studied with increasing concern&quot;</span>
<span id="cb2-139"><a href="#cb2-139" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;also refers to disparities in employment outcomes, labour rights and opportunities between groups depending on their gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, health status, disability or other characteristics&quot;</span>
<span id="cb2-140"><a href="#cb2-140" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-141"><a href="#cb2-141" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Intersectionality</span>
<span id="cb2-142"><a href="#cb2-142" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;captures the complex way in which inequalities based on different personal characteristics overlap and accumulate <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">and</span><span class="co">]</span> particular dynamics of inequality appear where people belong to multiple disadvantaged groups.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-143"><a href="#cb2-143" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-144"><a href="#cb2-144" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Equality of opportunities</span>
<span id="cb2-145"><a href="#cb2-145" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;seeks to level the playing field so that gender, ethnicity, birthplace, family background and other caracteristics that are beyond an individual&#39;s control do not influence or harm a person&#39;s future perspective&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-146"><a href="#cb2-146" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;ensuring that all people are &#39;equally enabled to make the best of such powers as they possess&#39;&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-147"><a href="#cb2-147" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-148"><a href="#cb2-148" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Equality of outcomes</span>
<span id="cb2-149"><a href="#cb2-149" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;a focus on opportunities <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">...</span><span class="co">]</span> should not distract from the importance of observed inequality of outcomes.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-150"><a href="#cb2-150" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>: &quot;high levels of inequality make it much more difficult to ensure equal opportunities for the next generation <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">since</span><span class="co">]</span> high levels of inequality today tend to reduce social mobility tomorrow.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-151"><a href="#cb2-151" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-152"><a href="#cb2-152" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| key concepts | |</span>
<span id="cb2-153"><a href="#cb2-153" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-154"><a href="#cb2-154" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| within-group/between-group inequality | the horizontal or vertical nature of inequality, existing as income inequality between all households in a country (vertical) or when some population groups are disadvantaged/discriminated against (horizontal) |</span>
<span id="cb2-155"><a href="#cb2-155" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| overlapping characteristics | all inequalities can be intersectional through individuals&#39; overlapping disadvantaged characteristics or situations |</span>
<span id="cb2-156"><a href="#cb2-156" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| enabling of opportunity/outcome equality | two philosophies of seeking equality, by either providing a &#39;level playing field&#39; (opportunity) or ensuring equality in the resulting situations (outcome) |</span>
<span id="cb2-157"><a href="#cb2-157" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-158"><a href="#cb2-158" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Missing:</span>
<span id="cb2-159"><a href="#cb2-159" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-160"><a href="#cb2-160" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>difference between relative and absolute inequality (see @Ravallion2018, 637)</span>
<span id="cb2-161"><a href="#cb2-161" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-162"><a href="#cb2-162" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Inequalities in the world of work</span></span>
<span id="cb2-163"><a href="#cb2-163" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-164"><a href="#cb2-164" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### Income Inequality</span></span>
<span id="cb2-165"><a href="#cb2-165" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-166"><a href="#cb2-166" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>main focus point of many inequality measurements (e.g. Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio) <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-167"><a href="#cb2-167" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;labour income is the main source of income for most households in the world <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">thus</span><span class="co">]</span> unequal access to work and working poverty are major drivers of inequalities&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-168"><a href="#cb2-168" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;Income inequality, inequality of employment outcomes more generally and inequality of opportunities are intimately related&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2022b</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-169"><a href="#cb2-169" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;To some extent, therefore, income inequality is like a prism, which reveals many other forms of inequality, including those generated in the world of work&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a, 13</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-170"><a href="#cb2-170" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;Throughout the world, earnings inequality is also determined by a set of other factors, including status in employment (whether a worker is a wage employee or self-employed), sector of activity and occupation, enterprise type, type of contract (for wage earners), and often formality&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2019</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-171"><a href="#cb2-171" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-172"><a href="#cb2-172" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### Other forms of inequality</span></span>
<span id="cb2-173"><a href="#cb2-173" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-174"><a href="#cb2-174" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Inequalities are always multi-faceted, complex and display intersectional qualities <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span>:</span>
<span id="cb2-175"><a href="#cb2-175" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-176"><a href="#cb2-176" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">#### Gender inequality</span></span>
<span id="cb2-177"><a href="#cb2-177" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-178"><a href="#cb2-178" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>These are inequalities that arise because of an individual&#39;s gender:</span>
<span id="cb2-179"><a href="#cb2-179" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-180"><a href="#cb2-180" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>while type and extent of inequalities varies by country, &quot;gender inequalities, despite some progress over the past decades, remain persistent and pervasive&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-181"><a href="#cb2-181" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;women everywhere still face high barriers in entering, remaining and progressing in the labour market, while continuing to bear most of the responsibility for unpaid care work&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2022b</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-182"><a href="#cb2-182" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;hinders not only access to education, training and lifelong learning, but also access to quality jobs, housing, mobility, land and capital, as well as social protection&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-183"><a href="#cb2-183" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>more women, globally, work in underemployment, contribute disproportionally to family work, work shorter hours in employment but have longer working days when including unpaid work, are increasingly employed in services sectors, and still suffer a substantial wage gap <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2016</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-184"><a href="#cb2-184" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;Domestic work is female-dominated, with women accounting for 76.2 per cent of domestic workers&quot; and domestic work, in turn is overwhelmingly informal employment globally <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2023a, 6</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-185"><a href="#cb2-185" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;Disparities in the gendered division of unpaid care work and paid work are the result of deeply rooted inequalities based on gender roles, income, age, education and place of residence&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2019</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-186"><a href="#cb2-186" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-187"><a href="#cb2-187" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">#### Socio-demographic inequalities</span></span>
<span id="cb2-188"><a href="#cb2-188" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-189"><a href="#cb2-189" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>These are inequalities that, like gender inequality, are based on the innate, often visible, identification of a person.</span>
<span id="cb2-190"><a href="#cb2-190" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-191"><a href="#cb2-191" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Examples are: ethnic, racial inequalities, or those based on religion and beliefs, migrant status, age, sex, or disabilities. <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a, 11-12</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-192"><a href="#cb2-192" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-193"><a href="#cb2-193" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;the incidence of temporary employment is generally higher among youths&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2019</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-194"><a href="#cb2-194" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;Women and young people fare significantly worse in labour markets, an indication of the large inequalities within the world of work in many countries.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2023</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-195"><a href="#cb2-195" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;In the EU28, some 7% of workers felt they had been discriminated against in the 12 months prior to the survey on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, nationality, disability or sexual orientation&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2019</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-196"><a href="#cb2-196" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-197"><a href="#cb2-197" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">#### Spatial inequality</span></span>
<span id="cb2-198"><a href="#cb2-198" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-199"><a href="#cb2-199" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>These are inequalities that arise because of an individual&#39;s location relative to others:</span>
<span id="cb2-200"><a href="#cb2-200" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-201"><a href="#cb2-201" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;between urban, rural and peripheral areas and richer and poorer regions <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">...</span><span class="co">]</span> contribute to inequalities in the world of work, as well as to a growing sense of fractured societies&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-202"><a href="#cb2-202" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>due to &quot;unequal access to economic and decent work opportunities, to finance, quality public services, quality education and relevant training, essential social services infrastructures and digital infrastructure&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-203"><a href="#cb2-203" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-204"><a href="#cb2-204" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">#### Pre-existing inequalities</span></span>
<span id="cb2-205"><a href="#cb2-205" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-206"><a href="#cb2-206" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture for an individual and, while intertwined with socio-demographic inequalities, may be useful to differentiate:</span>
<span id="cb2-207"><a href="#cb2-207" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-208"><a href="#cb2-208" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;some inequalities arise well before individuals enter the world of work and addressing them is key to reducing inequalities in the labour market and beyond&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-209"><a href="#cb2-209" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;inequality in household incomes <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">...</span><span class="co">]</span> reflects many other correlated or underlying forms of inequality <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">such as</span><span class="co">]</span> inequality of opportunity, or inequality of access to health services or education, for example.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a, 13</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-210"><a href="#cb2-210" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;the world of work plays an important role in reducing inequalities, including in terms of intergenerational social mobility&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-211"><a href="#cb2-211" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;they also relate to the characteristics <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">...</span><span class="co">]</span> such as the level of education, poverty or productivity and, of course, their underlying factors.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-212"><a href="#cb2-212" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;underlying factors are numerous and include the lack of formal recognition as an individual (the lack of a birth certificate or identity card), the lack of property rights or of clear ownership of assets, or the lack of access to formal banking, all of which are both a form of inequality and increase other forms of inequality.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-213"><a href="#cb2-213" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-214"><a href="#cb2-214" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### The scale of inequalities</span></span>
<span id="cb2-215"><a href="#cb2-215" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-216"><a href="#cb2-216" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>globally, between countries (vertical)</span>
<span id="cb2-217"><a href="#cb2-217" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>national inequalities, between all households in one country (vertical)</span>
<span id="cb2-218"><a href="#cb2-218" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>regional, between urban/rural divides; poor/rich regions (horizontal: spatial)</span>
<span id="cb2-219"><a href="#cb2-219" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>households, between households with different access to education/essential services/infrastructures (horizontal: spatial)</span>
<span id="cb2-220"><a href="#cb2-220" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>individuals, between persons based on (visible/invisible) characteristics (horizontal: gender, spatial, pre-existing, ...)</span>
<span id="cb2-221"><a href="#cb2-221" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-222"><a href="#cb2-222" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### COVID-19 influence</span></span>
<span id="cb2-223"><a href="#cb2-223" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-224"><a href="#cb2-224" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;<span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">Post COVID-19</span><span class="co">]</span> recovery patterns vary significantly across regions, countries and sectors <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">and</span><span class="co">]</span> the impact has been particularly serious for developing nations that experienced higher levels of inequality, more divergent working conditions and weaker social protection systems even before the pandemic.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2022a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-225"><a href="#cb2-225" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;The pandemic is deepening various forms of inequality, from exacerbating gender inequity to widening the digital divide.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2022a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-226"><a href="#cb2-226" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-227"><a href="#cb2-227" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Outcomes of inequalities</span></span>
<span id="cb2-228"><a href="#cb2-228" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-229"><a href="#cb2-229" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;<span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">inequalities</span><span class="co">]</span> slow economic growth and poverty reduction, undermine social mobility and increase the risk of social unrest and political instability <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">as well as</span><span class="co">]</span> contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2022b</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-230"><a href="#cb2-230" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>&quot;forms of inequality can be also among the root causes of child labour and forced or compulsory labour in all its forms.&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-231"><a href="#cb2-231" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-232"><a href="#cb2-232" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### Inequalities&#39; impact on employment outcomes</span></span>
<span id="cb2-233"><a href="#cb2-233" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-234"><a href="#cb2-234" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>**unemployment**: forecloses income prospects</span>
<span id="cb2-235"><a href="#cb2-235" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>**underemployment**:</span>
<span id="cb2-236"><a href="#cb2-236" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>low wages make meeting basic needs impossible (esp. food, healthcare, education, decent housing)</span>
<span id="cb2-237"><a href="#cb2-237" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>split into &#39;time-related underemployment&#39; (wanting more hourly paid work) and &#39;potential labour force&#39; (not actively looking or not able to work)</span>
<span id="cb2-238"><a href="#cb2-238" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>**inequality of job quality** (achievement of decent work)</span>
<span id="cb2-239"><a href="#cb2-239" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>&quot;concerns first and foremost those working in the informal economy&quot;, who may experience reduced social protection, productivity, job security, wages and earnings <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-240"><a href="#cb2-240" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>&quot;many are in forms of work, such as part-time work, fixed-term contracts and working through private employment agencies, that can offer a stepping stone to employment <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">but</span><span class="co">]</span> may give rise to decent work deficits when, among other reasons, they are not regulated well&quot; or used to circumvent legal obligations or without adequate labour/social protection <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-241"><a href="#cb2-241" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>&quot;Job quality features are also positively associated with enterprise performance, productivity and innovation, <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">...</span><span class="co">]</span> reducing sickness absence and the loss of productivity due to working while sick. In addition, job quality contributes to developing organisational commitment and motivation among workers, as well as shaping a climate that is supportive of creativity and the development of the workforce&quot; <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2019</span><span class="co">]</span>.</span>
<span id="cb2-242"><a href="#cb2-242" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>other employment outcomes affected:</span>
<span id="cb2-243"><a href="#cb2-243" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>overall labor force participation: exclusion from labour market or the ability towards full utilization of labour market opportunities <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021a; @ILO2019</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-244"><a href="#cb2-244" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>ultimately resulting in income inequalities, in turn becoming driver of subsequent inequal outcomes and barriers in the labour market (as well as outside the labour market), reducing inter-generational social mobility <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-245"><a href="#cb2-245" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-246"><a href="#cb2-246" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># ILO Policy typology</span></span>
<span id="cb2-247"><a href="#cb2-247" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-248"><a href="#cb2-248" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b:</span>
<span id="cb2-249"><a href="#cb2-249" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-250"><a href="#cb2-250" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>attention to root causes</span>
<span id="cb2-251"><a href="#cb2-251" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>addressing both distribution and redistribution</span>
<span id="cb2-252"><a href="#cb2-252" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>original distribution highly affected by inequalities on labour market</span>
<span id="cb2-253"><a href="#cb2-253" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>preventing both vertical/horizontal inequalities requires redistribution through taxes and transfers</span>
<span id="cb2-254"><a href="#cb2-254" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>fundamental principles and rights and international labour standards</span>
<span id="cb2-255"><a href="#cb2-255" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>social dialogue and tripartism</span>
<span id="cb2-256"><a href="#cb2-256" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>interconnectedness, integration and monitoring</span>
<span id="cb2-257"><a href="#cb2-257" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>country-specific approaches</span>
<span id="cb2-258"><a href="#cb2-258" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-259"><a href="#cb2-259" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Policy areas</span></span>
<span id="cb2-260"><a href="#cb2-260" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-261"><a href="#cb2-261" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">&lt;!--</span></span>
<span id="cb2-262"><a href="#cb2-262" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">generally, [from UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief], separated into:</span></span>
<span id="cb2-263"><a href="#cb2-263" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-264"><a href="#cb2-264" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">- fiscal policies</span></span>
<span id="cb2-265"><a href="#cb2-265" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">- labour policies</span></span>
<span id="cb2-266"><a href="#cb2-266" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">- other policies</span></span>
<span id="cb2-267"><a href="#cb2-267" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">- both from distributive and redistributive levers of action</span></span>
<span id="cb2-268"><a href="#cb2-268" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">--&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb2-269"><a href="#cb2-269" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>guiding principles</span>
<span id="cb2-270"><a href="#cb2-270" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-271"><a href="#cb2-271" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main policy areas identified <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@ILO2022b</span><span class="co">]</span>:</span>
<span id="cb2-272"><a href="#cb2-272" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-273"><a href="#cb2-273" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:</span>
<span id="cb2-274"><a href="#cb2-274" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-275"><a href="#cb2-275" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>employment creation</span>
<span id="cb2-276"><a href="#cb2-276" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>business sustainability promotion</span>
<span id="cb2-277"><a href="#cb2-277" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>pro-employment framework</span>
<span id="cb2-278"><a href="#cb2-278" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender-transformative framework</span>
<span id="cb2-279"><a href="#cb2-279" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>promote:</span>
<span id="cb2-280"><a href="#cb2-280" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>business sustainability</span>
<span id="cb2-281"><a href="#cb2-281" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>productivity increases</span>
<span id="cb2-282"><a href="#cb2-282" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>reduction in productivity gaps</span>
<span id="cb2-283"><a href="#cb2-283" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>digital infrastructure</span>
<span id="cb2-284"><a href="#cb2-284" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>technology for decent work</span>
<span id="cb2-285"><a href="#cb2-285" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>tackling digital divide</span>
<span id="cb2-286"><a href="#cb2-286" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>access to education</span>
<span id="cb2-287"><a href="#cb2-287" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>quality of education/training/skills development</span>
<span id="cb2-288"><a href="#cb2-288" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>relevance of education/training/skills development</span>
<span id="cb2-289"><a href="#cb2-289" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>green transition</span>
<span id="cb2-290"><a href="#cb2-290" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>digital transition</span>
<span id="cb2-291"><a href="#cb2-291" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender-transformative career guidance</span>
<span id="cb2-292"><a href="#cb2-292" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>improvements of public services/social protection</span>
<span id="cb2-293"><a href="#cb2-293" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>work-life balance (&#39;juggle paid work and family care&#39;)</span>
<span id="cb2-294"><a href="#cb2-294" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>targeted support for disadvantaged groups</span>
<span id="cb2-295"><a href="#cb2-295" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>labour right protection</span>
<span id="cb2-296"><a href="#cb2-296" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>promotion of rights for all workers</span>
<span id="cb2-297"><a href="#cb2-297" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>minimum wage</span>
<span id="cb2-298"><a href="#cb2-298" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>collective bargaining systems</span>
<span id="cb2-299"><a href="#cb2-299" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>equal pay for work of equal value</span>
<span id="cb2-300"><a href="#cb2-300" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>wage transparency</span>
<span id="cb2-301"><a href="#cb2-301" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>inclusive labour market institutions</span>
<span id="cb2-302"><a href="#cb2-302" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>formalization</span>
<span id="cb2-303"><a href="#cb2-303" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>approaching informality:</span>
<span id="cb2-304"><a href="#cb2-304" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender-responsive</span>
<span id="cb2-305"><a href="#cb2-305" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>country-tailored</span>
<span id="cb2-306"><a href="#cb2-306" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>comprehensive</span>
<span id="cb2-307"><a href="#cb2-307" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>non-discriminatory</span>
<span id="cb2-308"><a href="#cb2-308" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>increase decent work in formal economy</span>
<span id="cb2-309"><a href="#cb2-309" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>absorb informal workers / economic units</span>
<span id="cb2-310"><a href="#cb2-310" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>gender equality</span>
<span id="cb2-311"><a href="#cb2-311" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>removal of stereotypes</span>
<span id="cb2-312"><a href="#cb2-312" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>removal of discriminatory law</span>
<span id="cb2-313"><a href="#cb2-313" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>removal of discriminatory practice</span>
<span id="cb2-314"><a href="#cb2-314" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>promotion of equality of treatment</span>
<span id="cb2-315"><a href="#cb2-315" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>promotion of equality of opportunity</span>
<span id="cb2-316"><a href="#cb2-316" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>data disaggregated by</span>
<span id="cb2-317"><a href="#cb2-317" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender</span>
<span id="cb2-318"><a href="#cb2-318" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>age</span>
<span id="cb2-319"><a href="#cb2-319" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>disability</span>
<span id="cb2-320"><a href="#cb2-320" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>race</span>
<span id="cb2-321"><a href="#cb2-321" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>ethnicity</span>
<span id="cb2-322"><a href="#cb2-322" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>migrant status</span>
<span id="cb2-323"><a href="#cb2-323" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>occupational gender segregation</span>
<span id="cb2-324"><a href="#cb2-324" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>unequal pay for work of equal value</span>
<span id="cb2-325"><a href="#cb2-325" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender-based violence</span>
<span id="cb2-326"><a href="#cb2-326" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender-based harassment</span>
<span id="cb2-327"><a href="#cb2-327" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender unequal division of unpaid care work</span>
<span id="cb2-328"><a href="#cb2-328" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>trade development</span>
<span id="cb2-329"><a href="#cb2-329" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>avoid severe economic fluctuations</span>
<span id="cb2-330"><a href="#cb2-330" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>ensure price stability</span>
<span id="cb2-331"><a href="#cb2-331" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>promotion of high volume of trade</span>
<span id="cb2-332"><a href="#cb2-332" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>promotion of steady volume of trade</span>
<span id="cb2-333"><a href="#cb2-333" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>fundamental principles and rights at work</span>
<span id="cb2-334"><a href="#cb2-334" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>responsible business practices</span>
<span id="cb2-335"><a href="#cb2-335" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>social protection</span>
<span id="cb2-336"><a href="#cb2-336" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>extend reach of social protection schemes</span>
<span id="cb2-337"><a href="#cb2-337" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>reach those not adequately protected</span>
<span id="cb2-338"><a href="#cb2-338" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>ensure access for everyone to:</span>
<span id="cb2-339"><a href="#cb2-339" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>comprehensive SP</span>
<span id="cb2-340"><a href="#cb2-340" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>adequate SP</span>
<span id="cb2-341"><a href="#cb2-341" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>sustainable SP</span>
<span id="cb2-342"><a href="#cb2-342" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-343"><a href="#cb2-343" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Employment creation</span></span>
<span id="cb2-344"><a href="#cb2-344" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-345"><a href="#cb2-345" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>pro-employment, gender-transformative macroeconomic framework</span>
<span id="cb2-346"><a href="#cb2-346" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>enabling business environment promoting sustainable enterprise,productivity increases, reductions in productivity gaps</span>
<span id="cb2-347"><a href="#cb2-347" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>digital infrastructure investments for potential of technology for decent work and tackling digital divide</span>
<span id="cb2-348"><a href="#cb2-348" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>just transition minimizing impacts of environmental changes on employment</span>
<span id="cb2-349"><a href="#cb2-349" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>effective active labour market policies enabling employment for vulnerable and disadvantaged</span>
<span id="cb2-350"><a href="#cb2-350" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-351"><a href="#cb2-351" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Equal access to education/training/quality public services from early childhood</span></span>
<span id="cb2-352"><a href="#cb2-352" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-353"><a href="#cb2-353" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>improvements to quality and relevance of education, training, skills development</span>
<span id="cb2-354"><a href="#cb2-354" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>responsive to labour market needs, changing WoW demands, green/digital transitions, demographic changes</span>
<span id="cb2-355"><a href="#cb2-355" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>gender-transformative career guidance on e.g. STEM</span>
<span id="cb2-356"><a href="#cb2-356" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>improvements to quality of public services, social protection to juggle paid work &amp; family care</span>
<span id="cb2-357"><a href="#cb2-357" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>targeted support for disadvantaged groups</span>
<span id="cb2-358"><a href="#cb2-358" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-359"><a href="#cb2-359" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Adequate protection of all workers and a fair share of the fruits of growth</span></span>
<span id="cb2-360"><a href="#cb2-360" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-361"><a href="#cb2-361" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>promotion of fundamental principles and rights at work for all workers</span>
<span id="cb2-362"><a href="#cb2-362" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>adequate minimum wage (Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970, No 131)</span>
<span id="cb2-363"><a href="#cb2-363" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>implementation of collective bargaining systems</span>
<span id="cb2-364"><a href="#cb2-364" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>equal pay for work of equal value, wage transparency</span>
<span id="cb2-365"><a href="#cb2-365" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>effective/inclusive labour market institutions, e.g. relevant inspectorates</span>
<span id="cb2-366"><a href="#cb2-366" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-367"><a href="#cb2-367" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Transition to the formal economy</span></span>
<span id="cb2-368"><a href="#cb2-368" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-369"><a href="#cb2-369" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>comprehensive, country-tailored, gender-responsive, non-discriminatory strategies tackling drivers of informality</span>
<span id="cb2-370"><a href="#cb2-370" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>combination of interventions increasing ability of formal economy to provide decent work opportunities, absorption of current informal workers&amp;economic units</span>
<span id="cb2-371"><a href="#cb2-371" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>strengthening ability of people/enterprises to enter formal economy through incentives and elimination of barriers</span>
<span id="cb2-372"><a href="#cb2-372" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-373"><a href="#cb2-373" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Gender equality and non-discrimination, equality for all, diversity and inclusion</span></span>
<span id="cb2-374"><a href="#cb2-374" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-375"><a href="#cb2-375" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>removal of stereotypes, discriminatory laws and practices, including at workplace</span>
<span id="cb2-376"><a href="#cb2-376" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>promotion of positive/transformative measures ensuring equality of treatment&amp;opportunities</span>
<span id="cb2-377"><a href="#cb2-377" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>more available data disaggregated by gender,age,disability,race,ethnicity,migrant status to monitor policy impacts</span>
<span id="cb2-378"><a href="#cb2-378" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>combined policy responses within/-out labour market against: occupational gender segregation, unequal pay for work of equal value, gender-based violence/harassment, gender unequal division of unpaid care work</span>
<span id="cb2-379"><a href="#cb2-379" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-380"><a href="#cb2-380" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Trade and development for a fair globalization and shared prosperity</span></span>
<span id="cb2-381"><a href="#cb2-381" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-382"><a href="#cb2-382" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>full cooperation with relevant international bodies to avoid severe economic fluctuations, ensure price stability</span>
<span id="cb2-383"><a href="#cb2-383" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>promotion of high and steady volume of intl. trade</span>
<span id="cb2-384"><a href="#cb2-384" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>promotion/application of fundamental principles and rights at work through trade agreements/in supply chains, alongside responsible business practices</span>
<span id="cb2-385"><a href="#cb2-385" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-386"><a href="#cb2-386" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Universal and adequate social protection</span></span>
<span id="cb2-387"><a href="#cb2-387" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-388"><a href="#cb2-388" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>extension of reach of national social protection systems</span>
<span id="cb2-389"><a href="#cb2-389" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>reach those not adequately protected</span>
<span id="cb2-390"><a href="#cb2-390" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ensure access for everyone to comprehensive, adequate, sustainable social protection over life cycle</span>
<span id="cb2-391"><a href="#cb2-391" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-392"><a href="#cb2-392" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># Search Protocol</span></span>
<span id="cb2-393"><a href="#cb2-393" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-394"><a href="#cb2-394" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Inclusion criteria</span></span>
<span id="cb2-395"><a href="#cb2-395" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-398"><a href="#cb2-398" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="in">```{python}</span></span>
<span id="cb2-399"><a href="#cb2-399" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#| echo: false</span></span>
<span id="cb2-400"><a href="#cb2-400" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#| label: tbl-inclusion-criteria</span></span>
<span id="cb2-401"><a href="#cb2-401" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#| tbl-cap: Study inclusion and exclusion scoping criteria {#tbl-inclusion-criteria}</span></span>
<span id="cb2-402"><a href="#cb2-402" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
fix(repo): Rename all references to data and output dir
2024-07-15 19:38:05 +00:00
<span id="cb2-403"><a href="#cb2-403" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>inclusion_criteria <span class="op">=</span> pd.read_csv(<span class="st">&quot;data/supplementary/inclusion-criteria.tsv&quot;</span>, sep<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">&quot;</span><span class="ch">\t</span><span class="st">&quot;</span>)</span>
Publish version 0.3.0
2024-01-06 09:41:26 +00:00
<span id="cb2-404"><a href="#cb2-404" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>md(tabulate(inclusion_criteria, showindex<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">False</span>, headers<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">&quot;keys&quot;</span>, tablefmt<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">&quot;grid&quot;</span>))</span>
<span id="cb2-405"><a href="#cb2-405" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="in">```</span></span>
<span id="cb2-406"><a href="#cb2-406" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-407"><a href="#cb2-407" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>not currently used as criteria:</span>
<span id="cb2-408"><a href="#cb2-408" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>we are probably including qualitative studies (to be tagged)</span>
<span id="cb2-409"><a href="#cb2-409" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>perhaps studies &lt;2000 (to be tagged) to count quantity?</span>
<span id="cb2-410"><a href="#cb2-410" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-411"><a href="#cb2-411" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Tagging system</span></span>
<span id="cb2-412"><a href="#cb2-412" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-413"><a href="#cb2-413" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Tagging:</span>
<span id="cb2-414"><a href="#cb2-414" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-415"><a href="#cb2-415" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>inequality(ies) analysed: <span class="in">`inequality::`</span></span>
<span id="cb2-416"><a href="#cb2-416" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>intersectionality: <span class="in">`intersectional`</span></span>
<span id="cb2-417"><a href="#cb2-417" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>intervention: <span class="in">`intervention::`</span></span>
<span id="cb2-418"><a href="#cb2-418" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>outcome: <span class="in">`outcome::`</span></span>
<span id="cb2-419"><a href="#cb2-419" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>review: <span class="in">`review::`</span> (meta, systematic, scoping, narrative, ..)</span>
<span id="cb2-420"><a href="#cb2-420" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>design: <span class="in">`design::`</span> (qualitative, mixed, quasi-experimental, experimental)</span>
<span id="cb2-421"><a href="#cb2-421" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>country: <span class="in">`country::`</span></span>
<span id="cb2-422"><a href="#cb2-422" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>relevancy: <span class="in">`relevant`</span>, <span class="in">`out::`</span> (could be transformed to <span class="in">`excluded::`</span> in end step)</span>
<span id="cb2-423"><a href="#cb2-423" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>status: <span class="in">`TODO`</span>, <span class="in">`done`</span>, <span class="in">`integrated`</span></span>
<span id="cb2-424"><a href="#cb2-424" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-425"><a href="#cb2-425" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>see Screening Tool document for exact keywords used during screening.</span>
<span id="cb2-426"><a href="#cb2-426" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-427"><a href="#cb2-427" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Matrix extraction properties</span></span>
<span id="cb2-428"><a href="#cb2-428" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-429"><a href="#cb2-429" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>For up-to-date usage of extraction keys please see <span class="in">`extraction_template.yml`</span> in data directory.</span>
<span id="cb2-430"><a href="#cb2-430" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Information kept here for full-text descriptions of each option, to be migrated</span>
<span id="cb2-431"><a href="#cb2-431" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>to extraction metadata sheet.</span>
<span id="cb2-432"><a href="#cb2-432" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-433"><a href="#cb2-433" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| Publication info | Description |</span>
<span id="cb2-434"><a href="#cb2-434" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-435"><a href="#cb2-435" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| author | |</span>
<span id="cb2-436"><a href="#cb2-436" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| year | |</span>
<span id="cb2-437"><a href="#cb2-437" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| title | |</span>
<span id="cb2-438"><a href="#cb2-438" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| publisher | |</span>
<span id="cb2-439"><a href="#cb2-439" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| pubtype | article/working paper - publication type |</span>
<span id="cb2-440"><a href="#cb2-440" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| url/doi | |</span>
<span id="cb2-441"><a href="#cb2-441" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| ?discipline? | The overall discipline the study falls under |</span>
<span id="cb2-442"><a href="#cb2-442" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-443"><a href="#cb2-443" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| Context info | Description |</span>
<span id="cb2-444"><a href="#cb2-444" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-445"><a href="#cb2-445" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| country | What is the primary/are the primary country/countries under analysis in the study? (set:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-446"><a href="#cb2-446" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| country_world_region | Which ILO region does the country belong to? (set:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-447"><a href="#cb2-447" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| country_income_class | Which UN Bank income category does the country belong to? (set:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-448"><a href="#cb2-448" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| period_of_analysis | What is the main period of analysis for the study (in years, e.g. 2010-2012)? (timedelta) |</span>
<span id="cb2-449"><a href="#cb2-449" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| observation_length | What is the main length of observation for the study, if mentioned (in months)? (timedelta) |</span>
<span id="cb2-450"><a href="#cb2-450" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| observation_length_max | What is the max length of observation for the study, if it diverges from the average length (in months)? (timedelta) |</span>
<span id="cb2-451"><a href="#cb2-451" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| explicit_targeting | is intervention specifically (explicitly) targeted at population/group? (bool:0/1) |</span>
<span id="cb2-452"><a href="#cb2-452" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| target_group | who is the intervention targeted at (explicitly/implicitly)? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-453"><a href="#cb2-453" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| data | What dataset/database/collection does the data stem from, if mentioned? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-454"><a href="#cb2-454" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-455"><a href="#cb2-455" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| Results info | Description |</span>
<span id="cb2-456"><a href="#cb2-456" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-457"><a href="#cb2-457" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| interventions | what are the independent variables for the study? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-458"><a href="#cb2-458" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| intervention_institutional | Is the intervention part of the institutional category? (bool:0/1) |</span>
<span id="cb2-459"><a href="#cb2-459" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| intervention_structural | Is the intervention part of the structural category? (bool:0/1) |</span>
<span id="cb2-460"><a href="#cb2-460" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| intervention_agency | Is the intervention part of the agency and social norms category? (bool:0/1) |</span>
<span id="cb2-461"><a href="#cb2-461" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| inequality_type | which inequalities/dimensions of inequality are objects of analysis for the study? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-462"><a href="#cb2-462" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| inequality_direction | Is the main inequality looked at of horizontal or vertical type? (0: vertical; 1: horizontal) |</span>
<span id="cb2-463"><a href="#cb2-463" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| outcome_measures | what are the dependent variables looked at in the study? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-464"><a href="#cb2-464" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| findings | what are the main findings for the dependent variables? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-465"><a href="#cb2-465" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| channels | What are the main channels for outcomes identified, if mentioned? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-466"><a href="#cb2-466" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| theory | What is the main theoretical argument/grounding for the study, if mentioned? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-467"><a href="#cb2-467" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| limitations | What are the main limitations of the study, if mentioned? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-468"><a href="#cb2-468" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-469"><a href="#cb2-469" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| Statistical info | Description |</span>
<span id="cb2-470"><a href="#cb2-470" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| --- | --- |</span>
<span id="cb2-471"><a href="#cb2-471" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| study_design | Is the study mainly of experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative, mixed design? (set:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-472"><a href="#cb2-472" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| study_method | What is the main method of the study? (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-473"><a href="#cb2-473" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| indicator_relative | Is the main indicator used relative or absolute? (0: absolute, 1: relative) |</span>
<span id="cb2-474"><a href="#cb2-474" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| sample_size | What is the main sample size/observation number of the study? (numeric) |</span>
<span id="cb2-475"><a href="#cb2-475" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| sample_unit | What is the main sample unit (person,household,firm, ...)? (txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-476"><a href="#cb2-476" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| representativeness | At what level is the study mainly representative? (national, subnational, rural, urban..) (list:txt) |</span>
<span id="cb2-477"><a href="#cb2-477" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| direction | What is the main direction of relation between independent/dependent variables? (0: negative, 1: positive) |</span>
<span id="cb2-478"><a href="#cb2-478" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>| significance | What is the main level of statistical significance? (2: significant, 1: marginally significant, 0: non significant) |</span>
<span id="cb2-479"><a href="#cb2-479" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-480"><a href="#cb2-480" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>annotation, quick 100-300wd written summary of major properties found above for each study</span>
<span id="cb2-481"><a href="#cb2-481" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>-&gt; ~34 observations per study</span>
<span id="cb2-482"><a href="#cb2-482" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-483"><a href="#cb2-483" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Search Term clusters</span></span>
<span id="cb2-484"><a href="#cb2-484" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-485"><a href="#cb2-485" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>These lists have been used to create data-driven term cluster files in the supplementary data directory.</span>
<span id="cb2-486"><a href="#cb2-486" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>The lists have been kept here for historic documentation but should not be used for up-to-date term changes, use the csv files instead.</span>
<span id="cb2-487"><a href="#cb2-487" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-488"><a href="#cb2-488" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### World-of-work cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-489"><a href="#cb2-489" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-490"><a href="#cb2-490" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ILO:</span>
<span id="cb2-491"><a href="#cb2-491" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>work</span>
<span id="cb2-492"><a href="#cb2-492" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>production of goods, provision of services</span>
<span id="cb2-493"><a href="#cb2-493" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>use by others or own-use</span>
<span id="cb2-494"><a href="#cb2-494" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>regardless of legality</span>
<span id="cb2-495"><a href="#cb2-495" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>labour</span>
<span id="cb2-496"><a href="#cb2-496" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>production of goods, provision of services,</span>
<span id="cb2-497"><a href="#cb2-497" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>use by others</span>
<span id="cb2-498"><a href="#cb2-498" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>of working age</span>
<span id="cb2-499"><a href="#cb2-499" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>for pay or profit (remuneration, wages, salaries for time worked work done, profits derived from goods or services, through market transactions)</span>
<span id="cb2-500"><a href="#cb2-500" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-501"><a href="#cb2-501" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### forms of work cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-502"><a href="#cb2-502" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-503"><a href="#cb2-503" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ILO</span>
<span id="cb2-504"><a href="#cb2-504" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>own-use</span>
<span id="cb2-505"><a href="#cb2-505" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>employment</span>
<span id="cb2-506"><a href="#cb2-506" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>unpaid trainee</span>
<span id="cb2-507"><a href="#cb2-507" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>volunteer</span>
<span id="cb2-508"><a href="#cb2-508" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>other work activities</span>
<span id="cb2-509"><a href="#cb2-509" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>domestic</span>
<span id="cb2-510"><a href="#cb2-510" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>wage-employed</span>
<span id="cb2-511"><a href="#cb2-511" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>self-employed</span>
<span id="cb2-512"><a href="#cb2-512" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>formality</span>
<span id="cb2-513"><a href="#cb2-513" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>(unpaid) care work</span>
<span id="cb2-514"><a href="#cb2-514" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-515"><a href="#cb2-515" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### LM outcome cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-516"><a href="#cb2-516" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-517"><a href="#cb2-517" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ILO:</span>
<span id="cb2-518"><a href="#cb2-518" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>employment outcomes</span>
<span id="cb2-519"><a href="#cb2-519" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>labour rights</span>
<span id="cb2-520"><a href="#cb2-520" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>opportunities between groups</span>
<span id="cb2-521"><a href="#cb2-521" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>equality of opportunity/outcome</span>
<span id="cb2-522"><a href="#cb2-522" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-523"><a href="#cb2-523" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>@Finlay2021:</span>
<span id="cb2-524"><a href="#cb2-524" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-525"><a href="#cb2-525" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>labour force participation <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">also, @Pinto2021</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-526"><a href="#cb2-526" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>job quality</span>
<span id="cb2-527"><a href="#cb2-527" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>career advancement</span>
<span id="cb2-528"><a href="#cb2-528" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>hours worked</span>
<span id="cb2-529"><a href="#cb2-529" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-530"><a href="#cb2-530" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>@Silvaggi2020:</span>
<span id="cb2-531"><a href="#cb2-531" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-532"><a href="#cb2-532" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>labour force exit</span>
<span id="cb2-533"><a href="#cb2-533" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>retrurning to work issues</span>
<span id="cb2-534"><a href="#cb2-534" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-535"><a href="#cb2-535" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### intervention cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-536"><a href="#cb2-536" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-537"><a href="#cb2-537" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>general terms:</span>
<span id="cb2-538"><a href="#cb2-538" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>intervention (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-539"><a href="#cb2-539" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>policy (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-540"><a href="#cb2-540" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>distributive (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-541"><a href="#cb2-541" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>redistributive (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-542"><a href="#cb2-542" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>regulatory (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-543"><a href="#cb2-543" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-544"><a href="#cb2-544" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### policy cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-545"><a href="#cb2-545" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-546"><a href="#cb2-546" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>institutional promotion:</span>
<span id="cb2-547"><a href="#cb2-547" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>institutional support for childcare (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-548"><a href="#cb2-548" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>labour rights (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-549"><a href="#cb2-549" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>minimum wage (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-550"><a href="#cb2-550" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>collective bargaining (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-551"><a href="#cb2-551" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>employment creation ?? (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-552"><a href="#cb2-552" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>business sustainability promotion ?? (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-553"><a href="#cb2-553" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>work-life balance promotion ?? (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-554"><a href="#cb2-554" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>equal pay for work of equal value ?? (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-555"><a href="#cb2-555" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>removal of (discriminatory) law (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-556"><a href="#cb2-556" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>law reformation (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-557"><a href="#cb2-557" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>social dialogue (ILO requested)</span>
<span id="cb2-558"><a href="#cb2-558" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>guaranteed income (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-559"><a href="#cb2-559" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>universal basic income (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-560"><a href="#cb2-560" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>provision of living wage (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-561"><a href="#cb2-561" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>maternity leave (@Chang2021)</span>
<span id="cb2-562"><a href="#cb2-562" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-563"><a href="#cb2-563" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>structural promotion:</span>
<span id="cb2-564"><a href="#cb2-564" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>cash benefits</span>
<span id="cb2-565"><a href="#cb2-565" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>services in kind</span>
<span id="cb2-566"><a href="#cb2-566" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>green transition (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-567"><a href="#cb2-567" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>digital infrastructure (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-568"><a href="#cb2-568" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>(physical) infrastructure (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-569"><a href="#cb2-569" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>quality of education (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-570"><a href="#cb2-570" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>public service improvement (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-571"><a href="#cb2-571" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>lowering of gender segregation (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-572"><a href="#cb2-572" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>price stability intervention (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-573"><a href="#cb2-573" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>extended social protection scheme (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-574"><a href="#cb2-574" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>comprehensive social protection (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-575"><a href="#cb2-575" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>sustainable social protection (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-576"><a href="#cb2-576" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>supported employment (@Lettieri2017)</span>
<span id="cb2-577"><a href="#cb2-577" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>vocational rehabilitation (@Silvaggi2020, @Lettieri2017)</span>
<span id="cb2-578"><a href="#cb2-578" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>unionization (ILO requested)</span>
<span id="cb2-579"><a href="#cb2-579" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-580"><a href="#cb2-580" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>agency &amp; social norms:</span>
<span id="cb2-581"><a href="#cb2-581" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>credit programs (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-582"><a href="#cb2-582" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>career guidance (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-583"><a href="#cb2-583" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>vocational guidance (@Nevala2015)</span>
<span id="cb2-584"><a href="#cb2-584" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>vocational counselling (@Nevala2015)</span>
<span id="cb2-585"><a href="#cb2-585" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>counteracting of stereotypes (@ILO2022b)</span>
<span id="cb2-586"><a href="#cb2-586" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>commuting subsidies (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-587"><a href="#cb2-587" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>housing mobility programs (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-588"><a href="#cb2-588" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>encouraging re-situation/migration (@Perez2022)</span>
<span id="cb2-589"><a href="#cb2-589" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>encouraging self-advocacy (@Nevala2015)</span>
<span id="cb2-590"><a href="#cb2-590" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>cognitive behavioural therapy (@Lettieri2017)</span>
<span id="cb2-591"><a href="#cb2-591" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>computer-assisted therapy (@Lettieri2017)</span>
<span id="cb2-592"><a href="#cb2-592" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>work organization (@Nevala2015)</span>
<span id="cb2-593"><a href="#cb2-593" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>special transportation (@Nevala2015)</span>
<span id="cb2-594"><a href="#cb2-594" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>collective action (ILO requested)</span>
<span id="cb2-595"><a href="#cb2-595" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-596"><a href="#cb2-596" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### inequality cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-597"><a href="#cb2-597" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-598"><a href="#cb2-598" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ILO:</span>
<span id="cb2-599"><a href="#cb2-599" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>inequality/-ies</span>
<span id="cb2-600"><a href="#cb2-600" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>barrier(s)</span>
<span id="cb2-601"><a href="#cb2-601" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>(dis)advantaged</span>
<span id="cb2-602"><a href="#cb2-602" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>discriminated</span>
<span id="cb2-603"><a href="#cb2-603" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>disparity/-ies</span>
<span id="cb2-604"><a href="#cb2-604" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>horizontal / vertical inequality</span>
<span id="cb2-605"><a href="#cb2-605" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-606"><a href="#cb2-606" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### vertical inequalities cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-607"><a href="#cb2-607" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-608"><a href="#cb2-608" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>income:</span>
<span id="cb2-609"><a href="#cb2-609" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>Palma ratio <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@DFI2023</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-610"><a href="#cb2-610" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>Gini coefficient <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@DFI2023</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-611"><a href="#cb2-611" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>Log deviation <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">our quant indicators</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-612"><a href="#cb2-612" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>Theil <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">our quant indicators</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-613"><a href="#cb2-613" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>Atkinson <span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">our quant indicators</span><span class="co">]</span></span>
<span id="cb2-614"><a href="#cb2-614" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>class @Kalasa2021</span>
<span id="cb2-615"><a href="#cb2-615" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>fertility @Kalasa2021</span>
<span id="cb2-616"><a href="#cb2-616" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>NOT identified by previous reviews, need to find sources:</span>
<span id="cb2-617"><a href="#cb2-617" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>bottom percentile</span>
<span id="cb2-618"><a href="#cb2-618" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>top percentile</span>
<span id="cb2-619"><a href="#cb2-619" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-620"><a href="#cb2-620" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">### horizontal inequalities cluster</span></span>
<span id="cb2-621"><a href="#cb2-621" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-622"><a href="#cb2-622" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>identified by ILO:</span>
<span id="cb2-623"><a href="#cb2-623" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-624"><a href="#cb2-624" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>identity</span>
<span id="cb2-625"><a href="#cb2-625" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>demographic inequalities</span>
<span id="cb2-626"><a href="#cb2-626" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>demographic markers</span>
<span id="cb2-627"><a href="#cb2-627" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>gender</span>
<span id="cb2-628"><a href="#cb2-628" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>colour</span>
<span id="cb2-629"><a href="#cb2-629" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>beliefs</span>
<span id="cb2-630"><a href="#cb2-630" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>racial</span>
<span id="cb2-631"><a href="#cb2-631" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ethnic</span>
<span id="cb2-632"><a href="#cb2-632" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>migrant</span>
<span id="cb2-633"><a href="#cb2-633" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>spatial</span>
<span id="cb2-634"><a href="#cb2-634" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>rural</span>
<span id="cb2-635"><a href="#cb2-635" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>urban</span>
<span id="cb2-636"><a href="#cb2-636" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>mega-cities</span>
<span id="cb2-637"><a href="#cb2-637" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>small cities</span>
<span id="cb2-638"><a href="#cb2-638" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>peripheral cities</span>
<span id="cb2-639"><a href="#cb2-639" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>age</span>
<span id="cb2-640"><a href="#cb2-640" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>nationality</span>
<span id="cb2-641"><a href="#cb2-641" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ethnicity</span>
<span id="cb2-642"><a href="#cb2-642" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>health status</span>
<span id="cb2-643"><a href="#cb2-643" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>disability</span>
<span id="cb2-644"><a href="#cb2-644" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>characteristics</span>
<span id="cb2-645"><a href="#cb2-645" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-646"><a href="#cb2-646" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># Notes on previous reviews</span></span>
<span id="cb2-647"><a href="#cb2-647" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-648"><a href="#cb2-648" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Perez2022</span></span>
<span id="cb2-649"><a href="#cb2-649" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-650"><a href="#cb2-650" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>summary: multi-disciplinary systematic review of association between income, employment, urban poverty. n=243 articles, academic focus on advanced economies; finds significant role of employment in life of urban poor;</span>
<span id="cb2-651"><a href="#cb2-651" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-652"><a href="#cb2-652" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>findings: most relevant barriers for improving labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, inadequate human capital</span>
<span id="cb2-653"><a href="#cb2-653" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-654"><a href="#cb2-654" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">[</span><span class="ot">@Perez2022</span><span class="co">]</span> identify a multitude of factors which ultimately affect income, employment and urban poverty.</span>
<span id="cb2-655"><a href="#cb2-655" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Among them:</span>
<span id="cb2-656"><a href="#cb2-656" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gender inequality, through traditional gender roles and lack of empowerment, a lack of childcare, or inequal domestic work;</span>
<span id="cb2-657"><a href="#cb2-657" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>low human capital, which can originate through pre-existing inequalities,</span>
<span id="cb2-658"><a href="#cb2-658" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>spatial inequality, through lack of access to transportation, residential segregation or discrimination, limited access to work,</span>
<span id="cb2-659"><a href="#cb2-659" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>the inter-generational persistence of poverty as well as the impacts of pre-existing inequalities such as lower human capital or larger household sizes;</span>
<span id="cb2-660"><a href="#cb2-660" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-661"><a href="#cb2-661" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>and external factors such as extreme weather events or inflation.</span>
<span id="cb2-662"><a href="#cb2-662" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-663"><a href="#cb2-663" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Strategies to reduce poverty/unemployment are:</span>
<span id="cb2-664"><a href="#cb2-664" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>participation in informal sectors or illegal activities,</span>
<span id="cb2-665"><a href="#cb2-665" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>credit programs,</span>
<span id="cb2-666"><a href="#cb2-666" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>consumption from informal food sources,</span>
<span id="cb2-667"><a href="#cb2-667" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>family and institutional support for childcare,</span>
<span id="cb2-668"><a href="#cb2-668" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>guaranteed minimum income or universal basic income and/or living wage,</span>
<span id="cb2-669"><a href="#cb2-669" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>income diversification,</span>
<span id="cb2-670"><a href="#cb2-670" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>commuting subsidies,</span>
<span id="cb2-671"><a href="#cb2-671" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>housing mobility programs, and</span>
<span id="cb2-672"><a href="#cb2-672" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>migration.</span>
<span id="cb2-673"><a href="#cb2-673" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-674"><a href="#cb2-674" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Zeinali2021</span></span>
<span id="cb2-675"><a href="#cb2-675" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-676"><a href="#cb2-676" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review of female leadership in health sector (LMICs) using intersectional analysis</span>
<span id="cb2-677"><a href="#cb2-677" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-678"><a href="#cb2-678" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: main barriers at intersection of gender and social identity of professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, culture;</span>
<span id="cb2-679"><a href="#cb2-679" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main barriers limiting women&#39;s access to career development resources: mentorship, sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition, respect at work for women;</span>
<span id="cb2-680"><a href="#cb2-680" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>channels: increased likelihood for women to take on &#39;dual burdens&#39; professional work and childcare/domestic work, biased views effectiveness of men/women&#39;s leadership styles.</span>
<span id="cb2-681"><a href="#cb2-681" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-682"><a href="#cb2-682" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Pinto2021</span></span>
<span id="cb2-683"><a href="#cb2-683" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-684"><a href="#cb2-684" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review of impact of basic income interventions (n=86; 10 different interventions) on labour market, health, educational, housing and other outcomes</span>
<span id="cb2-685"><a href="#cb2-685" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-686"><a href="#cb2-686" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: workforce participation was main dependent variable for studies, evaluation shift over time to include wider array of outcomes reflecting reigning perspective of BI investments possibly lowering health &amp; social care spending; large focus on advanced economies (US)</span>
<span id="cb2-687"><a href="#cb2-687" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-688"><a href="#cb2-688" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Finlay2001</span></span>
<span id="cb2-689"><a href="#cb2-689" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-690"><a href="#cb2-690" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>narrative review of connection between women&#39;s reproductive health and women&#39;s economic activity (and gender equality); looking at (causal) effect of fertility (timing, spacing, number of children) on female labour force participation changes (career advancement, job quality, hours worked); separation between LI,MI,HI countries</span>
<span id="cb2-691"><a href="#cb2-691" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-692"><a href="#cb2-692" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings:</span>
<span id="cb2-693"><a href="#cb2-693" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-694"><a href="#cb2-694" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>low-inc countries women have to adopt individual strategies of balancing child rearing and labour force part. through selection of job type, relying on other household women for childcare, birth spacing due to mostly informal work</span>
<span id="cb2-695"><a href="#cb2-695" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>middle-inc countries women have to juggle child rearing, labour force part. with overall income inequality; early childbearing and lone motherhood perpetuate poverty</span>
<span id="cb2-696"><a href="#cb2-696" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>high-inc countries, SP policies can assist women in managing childrearing and work balance but underlying issues of gender inequality remain</span>
<span id="cb2-697"><a href="#cb2-697" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>all: childbearing interrupts career advancement</span>
<span id="cb2-698"><a href="#cb2-698" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-699"><a href="#cb2-699" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Chaudhuri2021</span></span>
<span id="cb2-700"><a href="#cb2-700" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-701"><a href="#cb2-701" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review on effects of food insecurity (common byproduct of poverty) on health and social outcomes, focusing on women and children</span>
<span id="cb2-702"><a href="#cb2-702" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-703"><a href="#cb2-703" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings:</span>
<span id="cb2-704"><a href="#cb2-704" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>female coping behaviours are non-food (livelihood alterations: outdoor employment, asset base selling, borrowing food/money, purchasing food on credit) or food-based (reducing daily intake sizes/frequency, food rationing; nutritional switch; food sharing);</span>
<span id="cb2-705"><a href="#cb2-705" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>(obligatory) outdoor employment mostly as farm labourers, can result in time poverty</span>
<span id="cb2-706"><a href="#cb2-706" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>children coping behaviours are begging, stealing, food seeking (with relatives/friends/charitable institutions), dropping out of school</span>
<span id="cb2-707"><a href="#cb2-707" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>health outcome includes disrupted socio-cognitive development among children</span>
<span id="cb2-708"><a href="#cb2-708" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-709"><a href="#cb2-709" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Chang2021</span></span>
<span id="cb2-710"><a href="#cb2-710" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-711"><a href="#cb2-711" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic qualitative review of effects of return to paid employment and breast-feeding (n=26)</span>
<span id="cb2-712"><a href="#cb2-712" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-713"><a href="#cb2-713" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: women experienced physical and emotional difficulties, described gender and employment inequalities in accessing and receiving the support they needed; importance of having workplace legislation in place (and individual motivation) to facilitate breastfeeding during employment; support from employers/colleagues/family members &amp; access to convenient child care helped facilitate breast feeding on return to paid employment</span>
<span id="cb2-714"><a href="#cb2-714" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-715"><a href="#cb2-715" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>channels:</span>
<span id="cb2-716"><a href="#cb2-716" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender role expectations viewing women as responsible for domestic work or childcare (especially in LMICs)</span>
<span id="cb2-717"><a href="#cb2-717" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>shorter maternity leave times discourage decision towards breast-feeding</span>
<span id="cb2-718"><a href="#cb2-718" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-719"><a href="#cb2-719" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Silvaggi2020</span></span>
<span id="cb2-720"><a href="#cb2-720" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-721"><a href="#cb2-721" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review looking at effect of brain tumors on on work ability of those affected (and BT survivors) (n=7)</span>
<span id="cb2-722"><a href="#cb2-722" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-723"><a href="#cb2-723" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: impact of neuropsychological functioning on work productivity, change of employment status for long-term survivors (?most often? job loss), issues related to return to work process</span>
<span id="cb2-724"><a href="#cb2-724" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-725"><a href="#cb2-725" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>channels: depressive symptoms/cognitive deficits, high short-term mortality, environmental barriers</span>
<span id="cb2-726"><a href="#cb2-726" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-727"><a href="#cb2-727" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>policy recc: vocational rehabilitation</span>
<span id="cb2-728"><a href="#cb2-728" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-729"><a href="#cb2-729" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## dePaz-Banez2020</span></span>
<span id="cb2-730"><a href="#cb2-730" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-731"><a href="#cb2-731" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review of effects of UBI on labour supply (n=38)</span>
<span id="cb2-732"><a href="#cb2-732" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-733"><a href="#cb2-733" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main finding: not found any evidence of significant reduction in labour supply, instead labour supply increases globally among adults, men, women, young, old; some insignificant (functional) reductions for: children, elderly, sick, those with disabilities, women with young children to look after, young people who continued studying - do not reduce overall supply since offset by otherwise increased supply</span>
<span id="cb2-734"><a href="#cb2-734" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-735"><a href="#cb2-735" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Lindsay2018a</span></span>
<span id="cb2-736"><a href="#cb2-736" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-737"><a href="#cb2-737" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review of role of gender in employment for disabled young adults (n=48)</span>
<span id="cb2-738"><a href="#cb2-738" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-739"><a href="#cb2-739" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main finding:</span>
<span id="cb2-740"><a href="#cb2-740" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>majority (21) reported young men with disabilities better employment outcomes than women, fewer (8) showed reverse, minority (5) reported no difference</span>
<span id="cb2-741"><a href="#cb2-741" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>men with disabilities often work more hours and have higher wages</span>
<span id="cb2-742"><a href="#cb2-742" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>youth with disabilities half as likely to be employed as typically developing peers; starting life with disability often compounds disadvantages</span>
<span id="cb2-743"><a href="#cb2-743" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-744"><a href="#cb2-744" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>channels:</span>
<span id="cb2-745"><a href="#cb2-745" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>social supports</span>
<span id="cb2-746"><a href="#cb2-746" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender role expectations</span>
<span id="cb2-747"><a href="#cb2-747" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>lowered expectations</span>
<span id="cb2-748"><a href="#cb2-748" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>overprotection from parents/guardians discouraging independence</span>
<span id="cb2-749"><a href="#cb2-749" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-750"><a href="#cb2-750" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Kumari2018</span></span>
<span id="cb2-751"><a href="#cb2-751" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-752"><a href="#cb2-752" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review looking at relationship of female labour force participation and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation</span>
<span id="cb2-753"><a href="#cb2-753" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-754"><a href="#cb2-754" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: U-shaped part. rate; evidence of gender pay disparity across sectors</span>
<span id="cb2-755"><a href="#cb2-755" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-756"><a href="#cb2-756" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>channels affecting FLFP:</span>
<span id="cb2-757"><a href="#cb2-757" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>demographic factors (fertility, migration, marriages, child care)</span>
<span id="cb2-758"><a href="#cb2-758" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>economic factors (unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job, infrastructure)</span>
<span id="cb2-759"><a href="#cb2-759" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>regulatory context (family and childcare policies, tax regimes, presence of subsidized healthcare)</span>
<span id="cb2-760"><a href="#cb2-760" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-761"><a href="#cb2-761" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system based on inequality of sexes (with females playing subordinate role)</span>
<span id="cb2-762"><a href="#cb2-762" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-763"><a href="#cb2-763" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Ugur2017</span></span>
<span id="cb2-764"><a href="#cb2-764" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-765"><a href="#cb2-765" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review of effects of technology adoption on employment (in LMIC/LIC &#39;less developed countries&#39;)</span>
<span id="cb2-766"><a href="#cb2-766" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-767"><a href="#cb2-767" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: positive effect more likely when technology adoption favours product innovation not process innovation and when it is is skill based</span>
<span id="cb2-768"><a href="#cb2-768" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-769"><a href="#cb2-769" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>additional:</span>
<span id="cb2-770"><a href="#cb2-770" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>techn. adoption *less* likely to create employment when: related to farm employment not firm/industry employment; related to low-income countries not LMICs; related to data from after 2001 instead of pre-2001</span>
<span id="cb2-771"><a href="#cb2-771" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>intl trade, weak forward/backward linkages, weaknesses in governance &amp; labor market institutions can weak job-creating effects of technology adoption</span>
<span id="cb2-772"><a href="#cb2-772" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-773"><a href="#cb2-773" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>inequality:</span>
<span id="cb2-774"><a href="#cb2-774" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>existing income inequalities makes effect of technology adoption on employment creation more ambiguous (potentially widening rift of demand for skilled versus unskilled labour)</span>
<span id="cb2-775"><a href="#cb2-775" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>green revolution technologies tend to reduce income/wealth inequality; also negative effect on on-farm employment</span>
<span id="cb2-776"><a href="#cb2-776" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-777"><a href="#cb2-777" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Lettieri2017</span></span>
<span id="cb2-778"><a href="#cb2-778" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-779"><a href="#cb2-779" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>meta-review of barriers (and drivers) of inclusion into the labour market for people with disabilities (mental illness)</span>
<span id="cb2-780"><a href="#cb2-780" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-781"><a href="#cb2-781" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: employment outcomes seem increased for individuals able to hide their mental illness, practice of concealment of identity</span>
<span id="cb2-782"><a href="#cb2-782" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-783"><a href="#cb2-783" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>channels:</span>
<span id="cb2-784"><a href="#cb2-784" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>prejudices: of missing skills, danger, unpredictability; of hiring as act of charity due to being unproductive; of work stress as contradicting requirements of mental health</span>
<span id="cb2-785"><a href="#cb2-785" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>discriminatory hiring practices</span>
<span id="cb2-786"><a href="#cb2-786" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>generally low-skilled individuals due to discrimination/cultural/social barriers for training and work inclusion</span>
<span id="cb2-787"><a href="#cb2-787" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-788"><a href="#cb2-788" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>policy recc:</span>
<span id="cb2-789"><a href="#cb2-789" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>supported employment (environmental)</span>
<span id="cb2-790"><a href="#cb2-790" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>cognitive behavioural/computer-assisted therapies (cognitive)</span>
<span id="cb2-791"><a href="#cb2-791" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>vocational rehabilitation programs (human capital)</span>
<span id="cb2-792"><a href="#cb2-792" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-793"><a href="#cb2-793" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Taukobong2016</span></span>
<span id="cb2-794"><a href="#cb2-794" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-795"><a href="#cb2-795" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(narrative?) review of effects of dimensions of female &#39;empowerment&#39; on health outcomes and development outcomes, such as access to and use of financial services</span>
<span id="cb2-796"><a href="#cb2-796" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-797"><a href="#cb2-797" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings:</span>
<span id="cb2-798"><a href="#cb2-798" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>gender inequalities highly contextual (and intersectional), requires identification of variations at start of interventions where inequalities exist, overlap and work as barriers to its implementation</span>
<span id="cb2-799"><a href="#cb2-799" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>strong association with improved outcomes across multiple outcome sectors: control over income/assets/resources, decision-making power, education</span>
<span id="cb2-800"><a href="#cb2-800" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>relation with health/family planning outcomes: mobility, personal safety, equitable interpersonal relationships</span>
<span id="cb2-801"><a href="#cb2-801" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-802"><a href="#cb2-802" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Ruhindwa2016</span></span>
<span id="cb2-803"><a href="#cb2-803" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-804"><a href="#cb2-804" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(narrative) review of barriers to workforce inclusion (paid/volunteer work) for people with disabilities; summary of findings</span>
<span id="cb2-805"><a href="#cb2-805" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-806"><a href="#cb2-806" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings:</span>
<span id="cb2-807"><a href="#cb2-807" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>&quot;effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector&quot;</span>
<span id="cb2-808"><a href="#cb2-808" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-809"><a href="#cb2-809" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>policy recc:</span>
<span id="cb2-810"><a href="#cb2-810" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>employment support practices</span>
<span id="cb2-811"><a href="#cb2-811" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>campaigns to encourage disclosing disability</span>
<span id="cb2-812"><a href="#cb2-812" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-813"><a href="#cb2-813" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Kirsh2016</span></span>
<span id="cb2-814"><a href="#cb2-814" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-815"><a href="#cb2-815" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>review of factors influencing LM outcomes of supported employment interventions for people with disabilities</span>
<span id="cb2-816"><a href="#cb2-816" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-817"><a href="#cb2-817" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings:</span>
<span id="cb2-818"><a href="#cb2-818" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>most employment support literature only looks at overall efficacy of interventions, with little prudence for intersectional inequality variations</span>
<span id="cb2-819"><a href="#cb2-819" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-820"><a href="#cb2-820" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>inequalities:</span>
<span id="cb2-821"><a href="#cb2-821" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>men more likely to be employed (argue possibly due to manual labour of many jobs)</span>
<span id="cb2-822"><a href="#cb2-822" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>older people less likely to be employed (age+, change-)</span>
<span id="cb2-823"><a href="#cb2-823" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>older women more likely to be employed than men</span>
<span id="cb2-824"><a href="#cb2-824" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>education very important in employment outcomes</span>
<span id="cb2-825"><a href="#cb2-825" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-826"><a href="#cb2-826" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>policy recc:</span>
<span id="cb2-827"><a href="#cb2-827" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>vocational rehabilitation</span>
<span id="cb2-828"><a href="#cb2-828" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-829"><a href="#cb2-829" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Hastbacka2016</span></span>
<span id="cb2-830"><a href="#cb2-830" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-831"><a href="#cb2-831" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>scoping review of linkages between societal participation and people with disabilities for identity of participant, type of participation, type of facilitators and barriers; focus on European countries (n=32, between 2012-2013)</span>
<span id="cb2-832"><a href="#cb2-832" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-833"><a href="#cb2-833" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings: strongest focus on labour market participation; social participation viewed through lens of disabled people as one group instead of intersectional</span>
<span id="cb2-834"><a href="#cb2-834" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-835"><a href="#cb2-835" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main barriers: financial factors, attitudes, health issues, unemployment</span>
<span id="cb2-836"><a href="#cb2-836" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities</span>
<span id="cb2-837"><a href="#cb2-837" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-838"><a href="#cb2-838" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Nevala2015</span></span>
<span id="cb2-839"><a href="#cb2-839" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-840"><a href="#cb2-840" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>systematic review looking at effectiveness of workplace accommodation (vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, special transportation) on employment, work ability, cost-benefit, rtw (n=11)</span>
<span id="cb2-841"><a href="#cb2-841" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-842"><a href="#cb2-842" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>main findings:</span>
<span id="cb2-843"><a href="#cb2-843" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>moderate evidence that employment among physically disabled persons promoted by: vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organisation, special transportation</span>
<span id="cb2-844"><a href="#cb2-844" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>low evidence that rtw increased for physical/cognitive disabilities by: liaison (btw employer and other professionals), education, work aids, work techniques</span>
<span id="cb2-845"><a href="#cb2-845" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-846"><a href="#cb2-846" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount of training/counselling, flexibility of work schedules/organisation</span>
<span id="cb2-847"><a href="#cb2-847" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-848"><a href="#cb2-848" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># Database Query</span></span>
<span id="cb2-849"><a href="#cb2-849" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-850"><a href="#cb2-850" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Other reviews queried databases</span></span>
<span id="cb2-851"><a href="#cb2-851" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-852"><a href="#cb2-852" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>from @Pinto2021:</span>
<span id="cb2-853"><a href="#cb2-853" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-854"><a href="#cb2-854" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>Scopus</span>
<span id="cb2-855"><a href="#cb2-855" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>Embase</span>
<span id="cb2-856"><a href="#cb2-856" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>Medline</span>
<span id="cb2-857"><a href="#cb2-857" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>CINAHL</span>
<span id="cb2-858"><a href="#cb2-858" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>WOS</span>
<span id="cb2-859"><a href="#cb2-859" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>ProQuest</span>
<span id="cb2-860"><a href="#cb2-860" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>EBSCOhost Research DB</span>
<span id="cb2-861"><a href="#cb2-861" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>PsycINFO</span>
<span id="cb2-862"><a href="#cb2-862" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-863"><a href="#cb2-863" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## WOS</span></span>
<span id="cb2-864"><a href="#cb2-864" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-867"><a href="#cb2-867" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="in">```{python}</span></span>
<span id="cb2-868"><a href="#cb2-868" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#| echo: false</span></span>
<span id="cb2-869"><a href="#cb2-869" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#| output: asis</span></span>
<span id="cb2-870"><a href="#cb2-870" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> <span class="bu">open</span>(<span class="ss">f&quot;</span><span class="sc">{</span>SUPPLEMENTARY_DATA<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">/query.txt&quot;</span>) <span class="im">as</span> f:</span>
<span id="cb2-871"><a href="#cb2-871" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> query <span class="op">=</span> f.read()</span>
<span id="cb2-872"><a href="#cb2-872" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-873"><a href="#cb2-873" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>t3 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;`&quot;</span> <span class="op">*</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span>
<span id="cb2-874"><a href="#cb2-874" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb2-875"><a href="#cb2-875" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">```sql</span></span>
<span id="cb2-876"><a href="#cb2-876" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>query<span class="sc">}</span></span>
<span id="cb2-877"><a href="#cb2-877" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>t3<span class="sc">}</span></span>
<span id="cb2-878"><a href="#cb2-878" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-879"><a href="#cb2-879" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="in">```</span></span>
<span id="cb2-880"><a href="#cb2-880" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-881"><a href="#cb2-881" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># Findings and Updates from query</span></span>
<span id="cb2-882"><a href="#cb2-882" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-883"><a href="#cb2-883" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Preliminary source pool</span></span>
<span id="cb2-884"><a href="#cb2-884" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-885"><a href="#cb2-885" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>initial query pool (no deduplication): 1643</span>
<span id="cb2-886"><a href="#cb2-886" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>snowballing pool (from 29 reviews): 530</span>
<span id="cb2-887"><a href="#cb2-887" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-888"><a href="#cb2-888" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Additional concept research</span></span>
<span id="cb2-889"><a href="#cb2-889" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-890"><a href="#cb2-890" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>utilizing Joanna Briggs Institute JBI Scoping Review methodology</span>
<span id="cb2-891"><a href="#cb2-891" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-892"><a href="#cb2-892" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Preliminary findings income</span></span>
<span id="cb2-893"><a href="#cb2-893" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-894"><a href="#cb2-894" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>potential drivers: (Zhuan2023)</span>
<span id="cb2-895"><a href="#cb2-895" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>inverted-U hypothesis (Kuznets, 1955)/ dual economy model (Lewis, 1954)</span>
<span id="cb2-896"><a href="#cb2-896" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>technological progress</span>
<span id="cb2-897"><a href="#cb2-897" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>globalization</span>
<span id="cb2-898"><a href="#cb2-898" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>deregulation/market-oriented reform</span>
<span id="cb2-899"><a href="#cb2-899" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>financialization</span>
<span id="cb2-900"><a href="#cb2-900" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>population aging</span>
<span id="cb2-901"><a href="#cb2-901" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>widening spatial inequality between subsistence/growth economy (i.e. dual economy)</span>
<span id="cb2-902"><a href="#cb2-902" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>growing gap to super-rich (top 1 percentile)</span>
<span id="cb2-903"><a href="#cb2-903" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>potential channels:</span>
<span id="cb2-904"><a href="#cb2-904" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>declining labor income share/ growing capital income share</span>
<span id="cb2-905"><a href="#cb2-905" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>widening skilled/non-skilled wage differentials</span>
<span id="cb2-906"><a href="#cb2-906" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>growing spatial inequality</span>
<span id="cb2-907"><a href="#cb2-907" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss"> - </span>limited taxation/transfer income redistribution</span>
<span id="cb2-908"><a href="#cb2-908" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-909"><a href="#cb2-909" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Potential additional search terms</span></span>
<span id="cb2-910"><a href="#cb2-910" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-911"><a href="#cb2-911" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>Matthew effect (lower socio-economic position households send fewer children to formal childcare in HIC)</span>
<span id="cb2-912"><a href="#cb2-912" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>issue: currently in many cases looking at *health* and *health inequality* outcomes</span>
<span id="cb2-913"><a href="#cb2-913" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-914"><a href="#cb2-914" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">## Issues raised by ILO</span></span>
<span id="cb2-915"><a href="#cb2-915" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-916"><a href="#cb2-916" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>only english: Query itself is English only. If Spanish/French fall into grid, may include</span>
<span id="cb2-917"><a href="#cb2-917" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>no purely qualitative: might prove too much; how to ensure rigour?</span>
<span id="cb2-918"><a href="#cb2-918" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">- </span>no pre-2000: Can include?</span>
<span id="cb2-919"><a href="#cb2-919" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-920"><a href="#cb2-920" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>\pagebreak</span>
<span id="cb2-921"><a href="#cb2-921" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-922"><a href="#cb2-922" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu"># Relevant references</span></span>
<span id="cb2-923"><a href="#cb2-923" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-924"><a href="#cb2-924" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>::: {#refs}</span>
<span id="cb2-925"><a href="#cb2-925" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>:::</span>
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