Update library

Added new Uganda studies

inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib

@@ -1,4 +1,30 @@
 
+@book{Asaba2013,
+  title = {Gender, Power and Local Water Governance in Rural {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Asaba, Richard Bagonza},
+  date = {2013},
+  publisher = {{National University of Ireland, Maynooth (Ireland)}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::thesis,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
+  file = {Asaba2013_Gender, power and local water governance in rural Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WRASMP5W/Asaba2013_Gender, power and local water governance in rural Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@report{Atamanov2022,
+  title = {Uganda {{Poverty Assessment}} : {{Strengthening Resilience}} to {{Accelerate Poverty Reduction}} ({{English}})},
+  date = {2022},
+  institution = {{World Bank}},
+  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
+  url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099135006292235162/P17761605286900b10899b0798dcd703d85},
+  abstract = {The share of Uganda’s population that lives below the poverty line has fluctuated over the last seven years, greatly influenced by shocks that have tested the resilience of the people. About 30 percent of the country’s population was poor in 2019-20, which is comparable to the poverty rate of 30.7 percent in 2012-13. The pattern of fluctuating poverty rates is largely driven by the experience of rural households. There was a surge in the poverty rate between 2012-13 and 2016-17, linked to the drought in 2016-17, followed by improvement in 2019-20 prior to the pandemic, when favorable weather conditions helped lift rural incomes. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed both urban and rural residents into poverty. Inequality, which reflects the extent to which different population groups benefit from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, and affects the transmission of growth into poverty reduction, remained largely unchanged over this period and may even have worsened in urban areas. The rest of this overview presents key findings of the report. The next section synthesizes key facts about Uganda’s poverty reduction experience up to 2020. These facts set the stage for the section that follows examining reasons behind limited progress in poverty reduction. The final section reviews the key policy points for action. The report’s analysis is based on new analysis of available data sources as well as published analytical reports such as the Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (World Bank; International Finance Corporation; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 2021), the Country Economic Memorandum (World Bank 2022), and the previous Poverty Assessment (World Bank 2016).},
+  editora = {Atamanov, Aziz Malasquez and Carbonel, Eduardo Alonso and Masaki, Takaaki and Myers, Cara Ann Granguillhome and Ochoa, Rogelio and Sinha, Nistha},
+  editoratype = {collaborator},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:18Z},
+  file = {2022_Uganda Poverty Assessment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YB4DFECH/2022_Uganda Poverty Assessment.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Baulch2012,
   title = {Decomposing the {{Ethnic Gap}} in {{Rural Vietnam}}, 1993–2004},
   author = {Baulch, Bob and Pham, Hung T. and Reilly, Barry},
@@ -51,6 +77,27 @@
   file = {Benjamin2017_Growth with equity.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FQJMZJSG/Benjamin2017_Growth with equity.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Brunori2018,
+  title = {Consumption Dynamics and Inequality of Opportunity with an Application to {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Brunori, Paolo and Palmisano, Flaviana and Peragine, Vito},
+  date = {2018},
+  journaltitle = {Review of development economics},
+  volume = {22},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {632--657},
+  publisher = {{Wiley Subscription Services, Inc}},
+  location = {{Oxford}},
+  issn = {1363-6669},
+  doi = {10.1111/rode.12357},
+  abstract = {This paper proposes the adoption of an opportunity egalitarian perspective to assess and compare growth processes and their distributional implications. To this aim, a set of graphical tools are introduced that allow one to evaluate the role of growth and recessions in the evolution of individuals’ opportunities over time. These tools satisfy the ex post principle of equality of opportunity and represent an extension of the “opportunity growth incidence curve,” a framework proposed by the literature to evaluate growth according to the ex ante principle of equality of opportunity. This measurement framework is applied to evaluate the economic dynamic between 2009 and 2011 in Uganda. The results show that despite a reduction in the real value of household consumption and a surge in outcome inequality, its effects appear to be less dramatic when the ex post equality of opportunity perspective is invoked.},
+  copyright = {2017 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
+  file = {Brunori2018_Consumption dynamics and inequality of opportunity with an application to Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KYBLB9YI/Brunori2018_Consumption dynamics and inequality of opportunity with an application to Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Bui2019,
   title = {Determinants of {{Rural-Urban Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}: {{Detailed Decomposition Analyses Based}} on {{Unconditional Quantile Regressions}}},
   shorttitle = {Determinants of {{Rural-Urban Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
@@ -89,6 +136,46 @@
   file = {Bui2020_Multidimensional Inequality in Vietnam, 2002–2012.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IXPIBKJR/Bui2020_Multidimensional Inequality in Vietnam, 2002–2012.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Cali2014,
+  title = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality: Evidence from {{Ugandan}} Districts},
+  shorttitle = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality},
+  author = {Cali, M.},
+  date = {2014-11-01},
+  journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Geography},
+  shortjournal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {1141--1174},
+  issn = {1468-2702, 1468-2710},
+  doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbu001},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:13:44Z},
+  file = {Cali2014_Trade boom and wage inequality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MPYD83JI/Cali2014_Trade boom and wage inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Canagarajah2001,
+  title = {Non-Farm Income, Gender, and Inequality: Evidence from Rural {{Ghana}} and {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Canagarajah, S and Newman, C and Bhattamishra, R},
+  date = {2001},
+  journaltitle = {Food policy},
+  series = {Food Policy},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {405--420},
+  publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
+  issn = {0306-9192},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00011-2},
+  abstract = {This paper examines how the distribution of earnings in rural Ghana and Uganda differs by income type and by gender. We find that non-farm earnings contribute to rising inequality, but that lower income groups also benefit due to strong overall growth in non-farm earnings. The inequality-inducing effect is driven by self-employment income; wage income, on the other hand, reduces inequality. The tendency of non-farm income to contribute to inequality is greater among female-headed households for whom self-employment is important and non-farm opportunities more constrained. Determinants of non-farm income are estimated and appear to be strongly related to location, education, age, and distance to market. Estimates of the linkages to agriculture in Ghana are weaker than expected, showing the non-farm sector to be functioning more as an alternative activity to agriculture than as a complement.},
+  copyright = {2001 Elsevier Science Ltd},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
+  file = {Canagarajah2001_Non-farm income, gender, and inequality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JKRD3UJR/Canagarajah2001_Non-farm income, gender, and inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @report{Cao2008,
   title = {Urban and Rural Dimensions of Income Inequality in Vietnam},
   author = {Cao, Thi Cam Van and Akita, Takahiro},
@@ -117,6 +204,27 @@
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:53:58Z}
 }
 
+@article{Cooper2016,
+  title = {Rural Household Vulnerability to Climate Risk in {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Cooper, Sarah Jane and Wheeler, Tim},
+  date = {2016},
+  journaltitle = {Regional environmental change},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {649--663},
+  publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
+  location = {{Berlin/Heidelberg}},
+  issn = {1436-3798},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10113-016-1049-5},
+  abstract = {Vulnerability assessment is fundamental for informing adaptation to climate change policy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the vulnerability of rural subsistence farmers in Uganda to climate risk. A mixed methods approach used semi-structured and guided interviews, and participatory techniques to explore perception, livelihood response and socio-economic status. Perception of climate risk varied, with wealthier farmers perceiving drought as highest risk, whilst poorer farmers perceived extreme heavy rainfall. Farmers implemented many general livelihood coping and anticipatory responses (54.7 \%) to perceived impacts from drought, rainfall variability and extreme heavy rainfall. Examples included food storage, livestock maintenance and planting drought-resistant varieties. Other responses (45.3 \%) were specific to individual climatic events, and farmers had no response to cope with rainfall variability. Climate risk was not the only driver of vulnerability. Soil infertility, pests and diseases, and economic instability also sustained decreasing trends in income. Adaptive capacity of households differed with external and internal attributes of sensitivity. Farmers with more land, education, access to governmental extension, a non-farm livelihood, larger households and older age had more capacity to buffer shock through increased assets and entitlements than poorer farmers who were more likely to engage in opportunistic behaviour like casual labouring. Few livelihood responses associated with perceived threat from the climate indicating response to a broader range of stressors. Conclusions determined inequality in livelihood response as a fundamental driver in households’ ability to cope and adapt to climate risk.},
+  copyright = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,topic::climate_change},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T15:44:16Z},
+  file = {Cooper2016_Rural household vulnerability to climate risk in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8WPKV5IC/Cooper2016_Rural household vulnerability to climate risk in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Dang2019,
   title = {Does {{Horizontal Inequality Matter}} in {{Vietnam}}?},
   author = {Dang, Thi Thu Hoai},
@@ -135,6 +243,25 @@
   file = {Dang2019_Does Horizontal Inequality Matter in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RIVNVNEQ/Dang2019_Does Horizontal Inequality Matter in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Datzberger2018,
+  title = {Why Education Is Not Helping the Poor. {{Findings}} from {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Datzberger, Simone},
+  date = {2018},
+  journaltitle = {World development},
+  volume = {110},
+  pages = {124--139},
+  publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
+  issn = {0305-750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.022},
+  abstract = {•Education policies, reforms and governance failed to respond to the multidimensional needs of the poor.•Assimilative models are not responsive to the root causes of poverty to really affect social transformation and change.•There is a need for transformative policies that are cross-sectoral and not just designed for the education sector alone.•The political economy context of a country cannot be detached from education sector reforms.•The focus on economic empowerment through education sidelines the role of enhancing the political agency of the poor. Education emerged as a nearly uncontested development strategy to tackle several forms of social, political, economic and geographic inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. When it comes to the case of Uganda, the country represents a striking paradox. Significant investments and policy reforms in education (such as Universal Primary and Secondary Education) since 1997, did not translate into the expected results with regards to poverty reduction through human capital investment. Progress in poverty alleviation is not only stagnant but the role of education therein can be described as ‘modest’ at best. Against this backdrop, this article assesses the following research question: Why did Uganda’s investments and policy reforms in education not uplift the poor? In examining the issue, this article introduces a theoretical framework that contrasts assimilative with transformative approaches in poverty alleviation through education. A rigorous review of Uganda’s education sector plans revealed that current strategies to reduce poverty revolve around a strong assimilation-based development agenda, thereby focusing on three main areas of intervention: (a) increased access to education and retention; (b) improved quality of education; and (c) employment generation through education. The article finds that these assimilative approaches do not have an impact on the political, economic and social structures that cause poverty in the first place. Hence, it concludes that assimilative models in education are highly dependent on transformative approaches. Concretely, change cannot emerge only at the very grassroots level, i.e. through educating society at large, but also has to arise from the systemic level, i.e. government institutions at the local, national and global levels. Methodologically, the analysis draws on qualitative data that was collected in the course of two extensive field research stays in 2015 and 2017. In addition, quantitative data in the form of statistical abstracts inform the analysis.},
+  copyright = {2018 Elsevier Ltd},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
+  file = {Datzberger2018_Why education is not helping the poor.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5LNQ7X6P/Datzberger2018_Why education is not helping the poor.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Do2022,
   title = {Livestock Production and Income Inequality in Rural {{Vietnam}}},
   author = {Do, Truong Lam and Nguyen, Trung Thanh and Grote, Ulrike},
@@ -167,6 +294,7 @@
   doi = {10.3362/1755-1986.21-00007},
   abstract = {In recent decades, ASEAN has seen significant progress in gender equality and women’s empowerment. However, advances have not been even and vulnerable women with a range of intersectional identities have not benefited to the same extent as more privileged women or their male counterparts. Moreover, despite ASEAN’s much-lauded success in COVID-19 prevention and containment, the economic gains that had been achieved for women and girls are rapidly losing ground. Disruptions in the tourism sector, labour migration, and international trade have had a devastating economic impact on vulnerable populations, while innovations and new implementation approaches have provided some relief for low-income communities. This paper describes the COVID-19 economic fallout for women homeworkers and labour migrants engaged in informal jobs in Indonesia and low-income ethnic minority women in agriculture and tourism sectors in north-west Vietnam. It discusses early experiences and learning on pivoting projects, funded by the Government of Australia, to be COVID-19 responsive and contribute to longer-term recovery.},
   keywords = {inequality::gender,topic::agriculture,topic::covid19,topic::poverty},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T13:26:51Z},
   file = {Ebrahim2021_Women’s economic empowerment and COVID-19.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YU72GAUG/Ebrahim2021_Women’s economic empowerment and COVID-19.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
@@ -188,6 +316,47 @@
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:54:29Z}
 }
 
+@article{Esaku2021,
+  title = {Does the Shadow Economy Increase Income Inequality in the Short- and Long-Run? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Esaku, Stephen},
+  date = {2021},
+  journaltitle = {Cogent economics \& finance},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {1},
+  publisher = {{Cogent}},
+  location = {{London}},
+  issn = {2332-2039},
+  doi = {10.1080/23322039.2021.1912896},
+  abstract = {This paper investigates whether the size of the shadow economy increases income inequality in Uganda. This p3aper applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, to test the long- and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and income inequality. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the size of the shadow economy and income inequality in both the long-run and short-run, all else equal. The results show that a large size of the shadow economy significantly increases income inequality, in both the long- and short-run. This suggests that people who fail to be absorbed into the formal economy face fewer livelihood opportunities, giving them the incentive to operate in the shadow economy as a means of survival, for them and their families since there are fewer chances of success in the formal economy. Our findings suggest that income inequality could be partially driven by increasing informality in the country. The practical implication of these results is that policies aimed at tackling income inequality should also be directed at addressing the underlying factors that drive the shadow economy.},
+  copyright = {2021 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. 2021},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
+  file = {Esaku2021_Does the shadow economy increase income inequality in the short- and long-run.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SYR6AV8U/Esaku2021_Does the shadow economy increase income inequality in the short- and long-run.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Esaku2021a,
+  title = {Does Income Inequality Increase the Shadow Economy? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Esaku, Stephen},
+  date = {2021},
+  journaltitle = {Development studies research},
+  volume = {8},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {147--160},
+  publisher = {{Routledge}},
+  location = {{Abingdon}},
+  issn = {2166-5095},
+  doi = {10.1080/21665095.2021.1939082},
+  abstract = {This paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing method to investigate the long- and short-run relationship between the size of the shadow economy and income inequality in Uganda. The findings reveal evidence of the long and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and income inequality. We find that a rise in income inequality significantly increases the size of the shadow economy in Uganda, all else equal. These results are robust to the use of alternative econometric methods. At the policy level, instituting income redistribution policies to uplift the standard of the poor, improving resource allocation to productive sectors of the economy, reforming the tax system and macroeconomic environment, and implementing political and institutional reforms to address corruption could be viable policy options to address informality in Uganda.},
+  copyright = {2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group 2021},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
+  file = {Esaku2021_Does income inequality increase the shadow economy.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5ZQH59RL/Esaku2021_Does income inequality increase the shadow economy.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Fesselmeyer2010,
   title = {Urban-Biased {{Policies}} and the {{Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap}} in {{Vietnam}} in the 1990s: {{URBAN-BIASED POLICIES IN VIETNAM IN THE 1990S}}},
   shorttitle = {Urban-Biased {{Policies}} and the {{Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap}} in {{Vietnam}} in the 1990s},
@@ -283,6 +452,7 @@
   copyright = {2014 Taylor \& Francis 2014},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {inequality::environmental,inequality::gender,next,topic::climate_change,topic::river},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T13:53:06Z},
   file = {Huynh2014_Women's differentiated vulnerability and adaptations to climate-related.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8GCHSZTY/Huynh2014_Women's differentiated vulnerability and adaptations to climate-related.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
@@ -342,6 +512,26 @@
   file = {Jafino2021_Accounting for multisectoral dynamics in supporting equitable adaptation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q9YPVAP2/Jafino2021_Accounting for multisectoral dynamics in supporting equitable adaptation.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Jagger2012,
+  title = {Environmental Income, Rural Livelihoods, and Income Inequality in Western {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Jagger, Pamela},
+  date = {2012},
+  journaltitle = {Forests, trees and livelihoods},
+  volume = {21},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {70--84},
+  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis Group}},
+  issn = {1472-8028},
+  doi = {10.1080/14728028.2012.698846},
+  abstract = {The contribution of forest and wild products to the rural economy is typically undervalued in standard socioeconomic surveys. In this paper, we analyze the contribution of forests and other wild areas to the subsistence and cash incomes of rural households for a large sample of households in western Uganda (N = 521) and explore the role of these typically underestimated income sources in interhousehold measures of income inequality. We find that households in rural Uganda derive 26\% of total household income from forests and other wild areas including fallows, agricultural lands, wetlands, grasslands, and shrub land. In general, households in the lower income quartiles are more dependent on forest and wild products for subsistence income, whereas wealthier households are more engaged in the sale of higher value forest products for cash income. Forests, fallows, and agricultural lands are the most important sources of environmental income for households in western Uganda. Income from forest and wild products plays an important role in reducing income inequality between households. The loss of this income due to deforestation and environmental degradation has implications for rural livelihood portfolios and for the well-being of relatively poor households.},
+  copyright = {Copyright Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC 2012},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
+  file = {Jagger2012_Environmental income, rural livelihoods, and income inequality in western Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JWE37R5N/Jagger2012_Environmental income, rural livelihoods, and income inequality in western Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Karpouzoglou2019,
   title = {Unearthing the Ripple Effects of Power and Resilience in Large River Deltas},
   author = {Karpouzoglou, Timos and Dang Tri, VAN Pham and Ahmed, Farhana and Warner, Jeroen and Hoang, Long and Nguyen, Thanh Binh and Dewulf, Art},
@@ -414,6 +604,24 @@
   file = {Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RJ3NP2U8/Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Le2021a,
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Foreign Direct Investment}} on {{Income Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
+  author = {Le, Quoc Hoi and Do, Quynh Anh and Pham, Hong Chuong and Nguyen, Thanh Duong},
+  date = {2021-03-01},
+  journaltitle = {Economies},
+  shortjournal = {Economies},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {27},
+  issn = {2227-7099},
+  doi = {10.3390/economies9010027},
+  abstract = {Foreign direct investments (FDI) is an important determinant of economic growth. FDI does not only contribute to the growth and economic development but also affects income through contributing to economic development and the impact on employment and salary structure of developing countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of FDI on income inequality in Vietnam. This study is the first attempt to examine the impact of FDI on income inequality under the constraints of the institution and education levels. To address the potential endogeneity problem, this study adopts Genernalized Method of Moment (GMM) model to conduct the estimation. A two-step GMM model with robust standard errors is used in the study. Empirical results show that FDI tends to increase income inequality in Vietnam and the existence of a non-linearity relationship between FDI and income inequality is also validated. Moreover, the study finds that the effects of FDI on income inequality are different depending on the level of education and institutions of the host provinces in Vietnam. The results of this study imply that, in order to ensure sustainable development, Vietnam’s policies should focus on improving the quality of economic governance and the administrative reform efforts of the government of the provinces and cities. Besides, policies should focus on increasing investment in public education and improving human capital, which not only can reduce income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows.},
+  langid = {english},
+  groups = {vietnam},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:36:07Z},
+  file = {Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DIRG96MR/Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Le2022,
   title = {Growth, Inequality and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}: {{How}} Did Trade Liberalisation Help the Poor, 2002–2008},
   shorttitle = {Growth, Inequality and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}},
@@ -444,9 +652,29 @@
   pagetotal = {467},
   keywords = {topic::poverty,topic::urban},
   note = {Includes index},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T10:33:15Z}
 }
 
+@article{Lwanga-Ntale2014,
+  title = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}: {{Issues}} for Discussion and Further Research},
+  shorttitle = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Lwanga-Ntale, Charles},
+  date = {2014-12},
+  journaltitle = {Development},
+  shortjournal = {Development},
+  volume = {57},
+  number = {3-4},
+  pages = {601--617},
+  issn = {1011-6370, 1461-7072},
+  doi = {10.1057/dev.2015.44},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,index::Gini,inequality::income,status::skimmed,topic::consumption,topic::poverty},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T14:15:15Z},
+  file = {Lwanga-Ntale2014_Inequality in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WRXL7XN9/Lwanga-Ntale2014_Inequality in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{McCaig2011,
   title = {Exporting out of Poverty: {{Provincial}} Poverty in {{Vietnam}} and {{U}}.{{S}}. Market Access},
   shorttitle = {Exporting out of Poverty},
@@ -549,10 +777,81 @@
   issue = {Volume 8 Numéro 3},
   langid = {french},
   keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::flooding,topic::river},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T11:31:51Z},
   file = {Mottet2009_L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam).pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NAZTWGZW/Mottet2009_L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam).pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Mulogo2018,
+  title = {Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Availability at Rural Health Care Facilities in Southwestern {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Mulogo, Edgar Mugema and Matte, Micheal and Wesuta, Andrew and Bagenda, Fred and Apecu, Richard and Ntaro, Moses},
+  date = {2018},
+  journaltitle = {Journal of environmental and public health},
+  volume = {2018},
+  publisher = {{Hindawi}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:57Z},
+  file = {Mulogo2018_Water, sanitation, and hygiene service availability at rural health care.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P4LYXIC5/Mulogo2018_Water, sanitation, and hygiene service availability at rural health care.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Nagasha2019,
+  title = {Effect of Climate Variability on Gender Roles among Communities Surrounding {{Lake Mburo National Park}}, {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Nagasha, Judith Irene and Mugisha, Lawrence and Kaase-Bwanga, Elizabeth and Onyuth, Howard and Ocaido, Michael},
+  date = {2019-02-18},
+  journaltitle = {Emerald Open Research},
+  shortjournal = {Emerald Open Res},
+  volume = {1},
+  pages = {7},
+  issn = {2631-3952},
+  doi = {10.12688/emeraldopenres.12953.1},
+  abstract = {Background:               Climate change has been increasingly recognized as a global crisis with effects on gender roles. Recently, communities surrounding Lake Mburo national park, Uganda have been experiencing frequent severe droughts. It was against this background that this study was designed to understand effect of climate change on gender roles.                                         Methods:               This cross sectional study reviewed the effect of climate change on men and women’s gender roles using a pragmatic research paradigm based on a thematic review model using participatory methods and a structured questionnaire.                                         Results:               The study found that men and women’s gender roles were altered during extreme dryness. Men played their roles sequentially focusing on one single productive role, while women played their roles simultaneously, balancing the demands of each role with their limited available time. Effect of climate change variability affected productive roles more in Kiruhura district than Isingiro district. There was migration of both men and women in search for water and pasture livestock in Kiruhura district which distorted gender roles of women. Consequently, women and children had a heavier load and were the most people affected by climate change effects.                                         Conclusion:               Gender roles of communities surrounding Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda were affected and altered by the effects of climate change variability. Therefore, institutions offering climate services to local communities should consider gender in decision making, access to resources, information and knowledge.},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::gender,level::local,next,topic::climate_change,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T14:15:15Z},
+  file = {Nagasha2019_Effect of climate variability on gender roles among communities surrounding.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VS54U4XB/Nagasha2019_Effect of climate variability on gender roles among communities surrounding.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Naiga2015,
+  title = {Challenging Pathways to Safe Water Access in Rural {{Uganda}}: {{From}} Supply to Demand-Driven Water Governance},
+  author = {Naiga, Resty and Penker, Marianne and Hogl, Karl},
+  date = {2015},
+  journaltitle = {International Journal of the Commons},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {1},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
+  file = {Naiga2015_Challenging pathways to safe water access in rural Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8MLNSETL/Naiga2015_Challenging pathways to safe water access in rural Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Naiga2018,
+  title = {Conditions for Successful Community-Based Water Management: Perspectives from Rural {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Naiga, Resty},
+  date = {2018},
+  journaltitle = {international journal of Rural management},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {110--135},
+  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Sage India: New Delhi, India}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:57Z},
+  file = {Naiga2018_Conditions for successful community-based water management.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4YUD22W9/Naiga2018_Conditions for successful community-based water management.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@thesis{Natuhwera2019,
+  title = {Rights of Women to Property, a Case Study of {{Isingiro}} District, {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Natuhwera, Justus},
+  date = {2019},
+  institution = {{Kampala international University, School of Law}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::thesis,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
+  file = {Natuhwera2019_Rights of women to property, a case study of Isingiro district, Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9VNT58MW/Natuhwera2019_Rights of women to property, a case study of Isingiro district, Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Nguyen2007,
   title = {A Quantile Regression Decomposition of Urban–Rural Inequality in {{Vietnam}}},
   author = {Nguyen, Binh T. and Albrecht, James W. and Vroman, Susan B. and Westbrook, M. Daniel},
@@ -634,10 +933,28 @@
   abstract = {Mountains cover approximately three quarters of the Vietnam, mainly in the north, west, and central parts of the country. Among the 38 ethnic minorities inhabiting the northern mountains of Vietnam, the Thai population is the second largest. Cultural landscapes and traditional agricultural uplands shaped by the Thai have a long history and represent a mosaic of paddy and vegetable fields along rivers and springs, forests and plantations of trees on slopes. This pattern is now changing significantly, which results in a diversification of the fields shaped by Thai farmers. This study deals with understanding the pressures driving the changes, the new state of the upland agriculture, and the way the Thai of the Son Thinh mountain (Yen Bai, Vietnam) respond to sustain their upland farming systems. Land quality indicators (LQIs) are identified using the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework. Sixty completed questionnaires with 65 closed questions each using a five-point Likert scale were collected in 2016. The results show that Thai farmers nowadays apply a wider-scale solutions to deal with the sustainability of agricultural upland on the slopes as compared to a limited number of traditional farming techniques that were used in the past. Climate change hazards (floods, droughts, landslides, extreme cold, and flash floods), the scarcity of irrigation water, and agricultural land put pressure on the slopes. The most noticeable socioeconomic impacts are migration, population growth, and unstable input and output prices. The most considerable changes in the state of the land quality are soil erosion, land degradation, and local cultivation practices. Modifying cultivation options, applying soil conservation practices, improving indigenous techniques, and implementing agricultural land use policies are the most significant responses to modify land use and its pressures. Responses of the Thai farmers on sustainable sloping land use are put in a structural model with a horizontal diversification strategy. Recommendations concern mainstreaming the local indigenous knowledge on agricultural land use, land management policies, and implementing the LQIs based on PSR framework for sustainable land use planning on the slopes in Vietnam.},
   copyright = {Springer Nature B.V. 2020},
   langid = {english},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:01:22Z},
   file = {Nguyen2020_Diversified responses to contemporary pressures on sloping agricultural land.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7A3JX6JC/Nguyen2020_Diversified responses to contemporary pressures on sloping agricultural land.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@book{OECD2013,
+  title = {Co-Operation {{Report}} 2013 : Ending Poverty.},
+  author = {OECD},
+  date = {2013},
+  publisher = {{OECD Publishing}},
+  location = {{Paris}},
+  url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/dcr-2013-en},
+  abstract = {The Development Co-operation Report (DCR) 2013 explores what needs to be done to achieve rapid and sustainable progress in the global fight to reduce poverty. The world is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving the proportion of people whose income is less than USD 1.25 a day. Nonetheless, we are far from achieving the overarching MDG goal of eradicating extreme poverty. While we have learned much about what works in terms of reducing poverty, ""getting to zero"" remains a challenge in the face of the intractable difficulties of reaching those mired in extr},
+  isbn = {92-64-20101-7},
+  langid = {english},
+  organization = {{Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Staff Corporate Author}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
+  file = {OECD2013_Co-operation Report 2013.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AN7SU5YY/OECD2013_Co-operation Report 2013.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @book{OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment2013,
   title = {Global Food Security: Challenges for the Food and Agricultural System},
   shorttitle = {Global Food Security},
@@ -653,6 +970,20 @@
   file = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development2013_Global food security.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KKZDH3D8/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development2013_Global food security.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@book{Osabuohien2020,
+  title = {The {{Palgrave}} Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in {{Africa}}},
+  editor = {Osabuohien, Evans},
+  date = {2020},
+  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
+  location = {{Cham, Switzerland}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6},
+  isbn = {978-3-030-41513-6 978-3-030-41512-9 978-3-030-41515-0},
+  langid = {english},
+  pagetotal = {649},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T17:13:55Z}
+}
+
 @article{PhamNgaThanhThi2021Nhea,
   title = {Natural Hazard's Effect and Farmers' Perception: {{Perspectives}} from Flash Floods and Landslides in Remotely Mountainous Regions of {{Vietnam}}},
   author = {Pham, Nga Thanh Thi and Nong, Duy and Garschagen, Matthias},
@@ -667,10 +998,57 @@
   abstract = {Understanding perceptions of indigenous people toward natural disasters is essential in social and environmental research to facilitate further studies in investigating the impacts of the events, as well as in examining the adaptive strategies and having implications for policymakers and relevant institutional bodies. We took this essential feature to study the perceptions of local people toward the two common natural disasters: flash floods and landslides. We selected the case study in three communes (An Binh, An Thinh, and Dai Son) in Van Yen district, Yen Bai province in Vietnam. This is because flash floods and landslides are two frequent natural disasters that highly adversely affect these areas where major poor ethnic minority communities reside. We conducted six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and household surveys (405 households) in 2016. The results showed that a decline in productivity, a decrease in income, more hard-working conditions, and an increase in daily expenses were the most observed impacts of these natural disasters in the communes. The analysis also revealed that almost 45\% of farmers perceived an increasing trend in the frequency and impacts of flash floods and landslides over the past 15 years. A Multinomial Logit (MNL) model was used to analyze the determinants of farmers' awareness of flash floods and landslides, which indicated that farmers' perceptions of flash floods and landslides are associated with socio-economic characteristics, such as gender, agricultural experience, ethnic groups, climate information, and household income conditions. We suggested that local governments should pay more attention to strengthen farmers' awareness to help improve perceptions of local people toward common natural disasters so that they would gain better adaptive capacities and become more sustainable, which are in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. [Display omitted] •Farmers' cognition on flash floods and landslides in Vietnam is examined.•Multinomial Logit models are used for investigating indigenous farmers' perceptions.•Local farmers' awareness varies across different agro-ecological areas.•Socioeconomic features are determining forces in explaining farmers' awareness.•Findings can be the references for policy-making in regions with similar conditions.},
   copyright = {2020 Elsevier B.V.},
   langid = {english},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:00:59Z},
   file = {Pham2021_Natural hazard's effect and farmers' perception.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TLWQQZEI/Pham2021_Natural hazard's effect and farmers' perception.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Rietveld2022,
+  title = {Predictable Patterns of Unsustainable Intensification},
+  author = {Rietveld, Anne M and Groot, Jeroen CJ and van der Burg, Margreet},
+  options = {useprefix=true},
+  date = {2022},
+  journaltitle = {International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability},
+  volume = {20},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {461--477},
+  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
+  file = {Rietveld2022_Predictable patterns of unsustainable intensification.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZHCW8S4D/Rietveld2022_Predictable patterns of unsustainable intensification.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Sempewo2021,
+  title = {Assessing Willingness to Pay for Water during the {{COVID-19}} Crisis in {{Ugandan}} Households},
+  author = {Sempewo, Jotham Ivan and Kisaakye, Peter and Mushomi, John and Tumutungire, Martin Dahlin and Ekyalimpa, Ronald},
+  date = {2021},
+  journaltitle = {Social Sciences \& Humanities Open},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {100230},
+  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
+  file = {Sempewo2021_Assessing willingness to pay for water during the COVID-19 crisis in Ugandan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZJVIT5DE/Sempewo2021_Assessing willingness to pay for water during the COVID-19 crisis in Ugandan.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Sempewo2021a,
+  title = {The Impact of {{COVID-19}} on Households’ Water Use in {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Sempewo, Jotham Ivan and Mushomi, John and Tumutungire, Martin Dahlin and Ekyalimpa, Ronald and Kisaakye, Peter},
+  date = {2021},
+  journaltitle = {Water Supply},
+  volume = {21},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {2489--2504},
+  publisher = {{IWA Publishing}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::covid19,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:35Z},
+  file = {Sempewo2021_The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CHMK2BB6/Sempewo2021_The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Sen2021,
   title = {Farmers’ Barriers to the Access and Use of Climate Information in the Mountainous Regions of {{Thừa Thiên Huế}} Province, {{Vietnam}}},
   author = {Sen, Le Thi Hoa and Bond, Jennifer and Dung, Nguyen Tien and Hung, Hoang Gia and Mai, Nguyen Thi Hong and Phuong, Huynh Thi Anh},
@@ -685,6 +1063,7 @@
   copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::agriculture,topic::climate_change},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:17:20Z},
   file = {Sen2021_Farmers’ barriers to the access and use of climate information in the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TE5D79FK/Sen2021_Farmers’ barriers to the access and use of climate information in the.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
@@ -708,6 +1087,21 @@
   file = {Son2020_Community adaptation and climate change in the Northern Mountainous Region of.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CBYPLX4P/Son2020_Community adaptation and climate change in the Northern Mountainous Region of.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Ssewanyana2012,
+  title = {Poverty and Inequality Dynamics in {{Uganda}}: {{Insights}} from the {{Uganda}} National {{Panel Surveys}} 2005/6 and 2009/10},
+  shorttitle = {Poverty and Inequality Dynamics in {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Ssewanyana, Sarah and Kasirye, Ibrahim},
+  date = {2012},
+  publisher = {{Unknown}},
+  doi = {10.22004/AG.ECON.148953},
+  abstract = {While Uganda has made significant efforts in reducing the proportion of individuals and households living below the absolute poverty line, nearly 10 percent of the households continue to live in persistent or chronic poverty with significant differences across geographical areas. Of all households classified aspoor in 2009/10, nearly 49 percent were chronically poor households and as such the poor are not a homogenous group. Compared to 1992-99 period, households in Uganda were found to be more vulnerable to poverty in the period 2005/6-2009/10. These observed changes in the nature and patterns of poverty dynamics in Uganda require government to move away from universal poverty reduction interventions that continue to treat the poor as a homogenous group. Otherwise, Uganda’s achievement of the first millennium development goal of halving extreme income poverty earlier than 2015 might not be sustainable.The paper also examines the drivers of income inequality and finds that education remains the key determinant of income inequality. At the same time, income differences between regions are narrowing suggesting an indication of regional convergence on average income. While government’s fiscal targeting of the lagging areas and rural areas might explain the observed convergence in average income across geographical areas, there are other emerging development challenges that require further refinement for the current targeting. Access to public extension programs such as the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS), which are intended to enhance agricultural production and productivity is skewed to well-to-do households and not evenly distributed across region. Similar observations are noted in terms of access to community infrastructure. There is also need to ensure that the benefit of economic growth reach the poorest in a way that expands their opportunities.},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,index::Gini,index::Theil,inequality::education,inequality::income,status::skimmed},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T17:37:27Z},
+  file = {Ssewanyana2012_Poverty and inequality dynamics in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B4AJQX4A/Ssewanyana2012_Poverty and inequality dynamics in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @report{Takahashi2007,
   title = {Sources of Regional Income Disparity in Rural {{Vietnam}}: {{Oaxaca-blinder}} Decomposition},
   author = {Takahashi, Kazushi},
@@ -749,6 +1143,7 @@
   issn = {22120963},
   doi = {10.1016/j.crm.2020.100215},
   langid = {english},
+  groups = {vietnam},
   timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:00:30Z},
   file = {Thanh Thi Pham2020_Vulnerability assessment of households to flash floods and landslides in the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VZJ2IRQK/Thanh Thi Pham2020_Vulnerability assessment of households to flash floods and landslides in the.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
@@ -770,6 +1165,60 @@
   file = {Thu Le2014_Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VYQT833H/Thu Le2014_Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@incollection{Tolo2014,
+  title = {Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Subsistence Agriculture, Climate Risk Management, and Mitigation of Community Vulnerability in Changing Climate, Lake {{Victoria}} Basin: A Case Study of {{Rakai}} and {{Isingiro}} Districts, {{Uganda}}},
+  booktitle = {Nile River Basin},
+  author = {Tolo, Casim Umba and Majule, Enock Amos and Lejju, Julius Bunny},
+  date = {2014},
+  pages = {451--473},
+  publisher = {{Springer}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:35Z},
+  file = {Tolo2014_Local and indigenous knowledge systems in subsistence agriculture, climate risk.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/U472PGND/Tolo2014_Local and indigenous knowledge systems in subsistence agriculture, climate risk.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Twongyirwe2019,
+  title = {Perceived Effects of Drought on Household Food Security in {{South-western Uganda}}: {{Coping}} Responses and Determinants},
+  shorttitle = {Perceived Effects of Drought on Household Food Security in {{South-western Uganda}}},
+  author = {Twongyirwe, Ronald and Mfitumukiza, David and Barasa, Bernard and Naggayi, Barbara R. and Odongo, Hannington and Nyakato, Viola and Mutoni, Grace},
+  date = {2019-06},
+  journaltitle = {Weather and Climate Extremes},
+  shortjournal = {Weather and Climate Extremes},
+  volume = {24},
+  pages = {100201},
+  issn = {22120947},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.wace.2019.100201},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,level::local,next},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T14:15:15Z},
+  file = {Twongyirwe2019_Perceived effects of drought on household food security in South-western Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KLIPN9XR/Twongyirwe2019_Perceived effects of drought on household food security in South-western Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{vandeVen2021,
+  title = {Living Income Benchmarking of Rural Households in Low-Income Countries},
+  author = {van de Ven, Gerrie W. J. and de Valenca, Anne and Marinus, Wytze and de Jager, Ilse and Descheemaeker, Katrien K. E. and Hekman, Willem and Mellisse, Beyene Teklu and Baijukya, Frederick and Omari, Mwantumu and Giller, Ken E.},
+  options = {useprefix=true},
+  date = {2021-06},
+  journaltitle = {FOOD SECURITY},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {729--749},
+  issn = {1876-4517},
+  doi = {10.1007/s12571-020-01099-8},
+  abstract = {The extreme poverty line is the most commonly used benchmark for poverty, set at US\$ 1.90 by the World Bank. Another benchmark, based on the Anker living wage methodology, is the remuneration received for a standard work week necessary for a worker to meet his/her family's basic needs in a particular place. The living wage concept has been used extensively to address incomes of plantation workers producing agricultural commodities for international markets. More recently intense discussion has emerged concerning the `living income' of smallholder farmers who produce commodities for international supply chains on their own land. In this article we propose a simple method that can be used in all types of development projects to benchmark a rural `living income'. We launch the Living Income Methodology, as adapted from the Living Wage Methodology, to estimate the living income for rural households. In any given location this requires about one week of fieldwork. We express it per adult equivalent per day (AE/day) and data collection is focused on rural households and their immediate surroundings. Our three case studies showed that in 2017 in Lushoto District, rural Tanzania, the living income was US\$ PPP 4.04/AE/day, in Isingiro District, rural Uganda, 3.82 and in Sidama Zone, rural Ethiopia, 3.60. In all cases, the extreme poverty line of US\$ PPP 1.90 per capita per day is insufficient to meet the basic human rights for a decent living in low-income countries. The Living Income Methodology provides a transparent local benchmark that can be used to assess development opportunities of rural households, by employers in rural areas, including farmers hiring in labour, while respecting basic human rights on a decent living. It can be used to reflect on progress of rural households in low-income countries on their aspired path out of poverty. It further provides a meaningful benchmark to measure progress on Sustainable Development Goal 1, eliminating poverty, and 2, zero hunger and sustainable food systems, allowing for consideration of the local context.},
+  earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2020},
+  eissn = {1876-4525},
+  orcid-numbers = {Giller, Ken E/0000-0002-5998-4652 Mellisse, Beyene Teklu/0000-0001-5779-0742 van de Ven, Gerrie/0000-0001-5693-0280 Descheemaeker, Katrien/0000-0003-0184-2034},
+  researcherid-numbers = {Mellisse, Beyene/AHB-8424-2022 Giller, Ken E/K-2799-2012 Descheemaeker, Katrien/F-3041-2010},
+  unique-id = {WOS:000573406200001},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,level::local,status::skimmed,topic::poverty},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:57Z},
+  file = {van de Ven2021_Living income benchmarking of rural households in low-income countries.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WWZJBHZB/van de Ven2021_Living income benchmarking of rural households in low-income countries.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{vandeWalle2001,
   title = {Sources of Ethnic Inequality in {{Viet Nam}}},
   author = {van de Walle, Dominique and Gunewardena, Dileni},
@@ -831,9 +1280,30 @@
   file = {VASS2011_Poverty Reduction in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TMVA9NCG/VASS2011_Poverty Reduction in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Walker2021,
+  title = {Role of Women in Economic Development: {{A}} Comparison of the Development Trajectories in Ethiopia and Uganda},
+  author = {Walker, Ally and Kulkarni, Kishore G},
+  date = {2021},
+  journaltitle = {The Journal of developing areas},
+  volume = {55},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {387--396},
+  publisher = {{Tennessee State University}},
+  location = {{Nashville}},
+  issn = {1548-2278},
+  doi = {10.1353/jda.2021.0026},
+  abstract = {Historically, women's contributions to the economic, political, and social well-being of a society have been dramatically devalued. It is only in the last fifty years that the thinking towards the role of women has shifted. Today, there is general global consensus that female empowerment is "smart economics" and that gender equality has a positive effect on economic growth and human development. The inverse relationship, that economic growth has a positive effect on advancing gender equality is more controversial and understudied. To gain a broader picture of the role of women in economic development, as well as a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between economic growth and gender equality, this paper situates women within the human development paradigm and first explores the notion of economic empowerment. A discussion of the importance of women's empowerment to economic development follows. With this framework laid, the context of economic development and gender equity in East Africa is explored, followed by two specific case studies of Ethiopia and Uganda. This paper draws several conclusions about the role of women in the economic development trajectories of Ethiopia and Uganda, namely that discrimination and marginalization of women in Ethiopia and Uganda has limited both women's roles economic development and impeded their human development. In the Ethiopian and Ugandan economies, women do not participate in high growth sectors and a majority of women, if employed, work in the agriculture sector with substantially unequal access and control over productive resources. In both nations, girls are expected to attend less school than boys, resulting in lower literacy compared with their male counterparts. In health, life expectancy has improved substantially in both Ethiopia and Uganda and girls have a higher life expectancy than boys at birth. Despite said advances, fertility rates remain astronomically high in both Ethiopia and Uganda, which curbs (sustained) economic growth potential and women's empowerment. This evidence suggests that if Ethiopia and Uganda significantly increase economic and educational opportunities for women, while maintaining gains in healthcare, fertility rates will decrease and more sustained economic growth can occur, which will ultimately have positive gains for women's empowerment and for development.},
+  copyright = {COPYRIGHT 2021 Tennessee State University},
+  langid = {english},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
+  file = {Walker2021_Role of women in economic development.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7AQXA3SR/Walker2021_Role of women in economic development.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @report{WorldBank2012,
   title = {Vietnam Poverty Assessment: Well Begun, Not yet Done - {{Vietnam}}'s Remarkable Progress on Poverty Reduction and the Emerging Challenges ({{English}}).},
-  author = {World Bank},
+  author = {WorldBank},
   date = {2012},
   institution = {{World Bank}},
   location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
@@ -841,10 +1311,49 @@
   editora = {Badiani-Magnusson, Reena C. and Baulch, Bob and Brandt, Loren and Vu, Dat Hoang and Nguyen, Giang Tam and Gibson, John and Giles, John T. and Hinsdale, Ian Palmer and Hung, Pham Manh and Kozel, Valerie J. and Lanjouw, Peter F. and Marra, Marleen and Ngoc, Vu Van and Phuong, Nguyen Thi and Schuler, Paul Joseph and Thang, Nguyen Chien and Hoang, Thanh Xuan and Le, Trung Dang and Tung, Phung Duc and Cuong, Nguyen Viet and Vu, Linh Hoang and Wells Dang, Andrew},
   editoratype = {collaborator},
   groups = {vietnam},
-  timestamp = {2022-08-14T20:34:51Z},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:55:50Z},
   file = {Badiani-Magnusson2012_Vietnam poverty assessment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KC72ZFUP/Badiani-Magnusson2012_Vietnam poverty assessment.pdf:application/pdf}
 }
 
+@report{WorldBank2016,
+  title = {Uganda {{Poverty Assessment Report}} 2016},
+  author = {WorldBank},
+  date = {2016},
+  institution = {{World Bank}},
+  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
+  url = {https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/381951474255092375-0010022016/Uganda-Poverty-Assessment-Report-2016},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T15:22:46Z},
+  file = {WorldBank2016_Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NUGTKD2Y/WorldBank2016_Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@report{WorldBank2022,
+  title = {Uganda - {{Learning Poverty Brief}}},
+  author = {WorldBank},
+  date = {2022},
+  institution = {{World Bank}},
+  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
+  url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099021407212243534/IDU01dbf45100704f046410bb6f03c4c1cb85588},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,next},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:05:49Z},
+  file = {WorldBank2022_Uganda - Learning Poverty Brief.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ILZVZJLF/WorldBank2022_Uganda - Learning Poverty Brief.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Yikii2017,
+  title = {Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity in Wetland Adjacent Areas of {{Uganda}}},
+  author = {Yikii, Fred and Turyahabwe, Nelson and Bashaasha, Bernard},
+  date = {2017},
+  journaltitle = {Agriculture \& food security},
+  volume = {6},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1--12},
+  publisher = {{BioMed Central}},
+  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
+  groups = {uganda},
+  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:35Z},
+  file = {Yikii2017_Prevalence of household food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas of Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/43YUJHEM/Yikii2017_Prevalence of household food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas of Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
+
 @article{Ylipaa2019,
   title = {Climate Change Adaptation and Gender Inequality: {{Insights}} from Rural Vietnam},
   author = {Ylipaa, Josephine and Gabrielsson, Sara and Jerneck, Anne},
@@ -869,6 +1378,7 @@
 @comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;}
 @comment{jabref-meta: grouping:
 0 AllEntriesGroup:;
+1 StaticGroup:uganda\;0\;1\;0x8a8a8aff\;\;;
 1 StaticGroup:vietnam\;0\;1\;0x8a8a8aff\;\;;
 }