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Add bottom 40% absolute income values Vietnam/Uganda

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Marty Oehme 2022-09-29 13:20:35 +02:00
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_drivers-of-inequality-uganda.qmd
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@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ with Western Ugandan households increasing in poverty while Northern and Eastern
Additionally, they find that while transient poverty is more common than chronic poverty in Uganda,
nearly 10% of households continue to live in persistent material deprivation.
Lastly, for a long time it has been seen as an issue that Uganda puts its national poverty line too low with the line being put between 0.94 USD PPP and 1.07 USD PPP depending on the province (lower than the international live of 1.90 USD PPP),
while @vandeVen2021 estimate a living income of around 3.82 USD PPP would be required for a national poverty line that meets basic human rights for a decent living.
<!-- TODO find a source for the national poverty line being too low (quant data is already in vandeVen2021) -->
Lastly, for a long time it has been seen as an issue that Uganda puts its national poverty line too low with the line being put between 0.94 USD (2011 PPP) and 1.07 USD (2011 PPP) depending on the province (lower than the international live of 1.90 USD PPP),
while @vandeVen2021 estimate a living income of around 3.82 USD (2011 PPP) would be required for a national poverty line that meets basic human rights for a decent living.
In absolute terms, the bottom 40% of Uganda had a median daily income of 1.28 USD (2011 PPP) in 2016 which kept stable to 2019 [@WorldBank2022e].
<!-- endowment/assets: education, ..? -->
Esaku [-@Esaku2021; -@Esaku2021a] finds a somewhat circular driving relationship between Ugandan inequality, poverty and working in what calls the shadow economy:

1
_drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd
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@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ concomitant with low education and skills, more prevalent dependency on subsiste
The country's overall estimated Gini coefficient for income fluctuates between 0.42 and 0.44 between 2010 and 2018, with the highest levels of income inequality observed in the Central Highlands in 2016,
though absolute income may be rising, with the top quintile having 9.2 times the income of the lowest quintile in 2010 and 9.8 times in 2016 [@Le2021].
On the other hand, the bottom 40% experienced a slight absolute rise in mean income per capita from 4.00 USD (2011 PPP) in 2014 to 5.00 USD (2011 PPP) in 2018 [@WorldBank2022e].
For Gini coefficients estimated using consumption per capita, see @fig-vnm, which shows similar trends of increasing inequality, with 2010 constituting a significant increase.
Economic inequality and poverty in Vietnam thus underlies an intersectional focus, between ethnic minorities, regional disparities, rural-urban divides and gendered lines,
one which exogenous shocks can rapidly exacerbate as the example of the COVID-19 pandemic has recently shown [@Ebrahim2021].