Add proofread phrasing and word improvements
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4 changed files with 13 additions and 13 deletions
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@ -236,5 +236,5 @@ The amount of overall development contributions to electrification increases fro
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with significant increases in 2013 and 2015 for loans and 2019, 2020 for grants.
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While there is a steady increase to the overall development aid toward electrification,
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increases in grants tend to lag behind increases in loans for Benin,
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with grants exceeding 10mil. USD for the first time in 2019 while loans already reached 18.90mil. USD in 2013.
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with grants exceeding 10m USD for the first time in 2019 while loans already reached 18.90m USD in 2013.
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Over the complete period of 2011 to 2020, however, grants for the transmission and distribution of electric power in Benin have consistently been lower than loans.
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@ -184,12 +184,12 @@ The primary type of development assistance provided are grants, with loans makin
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Grants have trended slowly upwards from just over 100m USD in 2011 to 135m in 2014,
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before fluctuating around this level until 2017,
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and finally increasing more significantly to over 200m USD in 2020.
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Loans had a more significant jump earlier, from there relatively stagnant level of under 40m USD in 2014 to 80m USD in 2015,
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Loans had a more significant jump earlier, from a relatively stagnant level of under 40m USD in 2014 to 80m USD in 2015,
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with a similarly significant jump from 2018 to 2019,
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before decreasing slightly again to just over 110m in 2020.
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before decreasing slightly again to just over 110m USD in 2020.
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While largely comprising less than 10m USD until 2018,
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other official flows (non-export credits) had a large increase to over 75m USD in 2019,
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be decreasing almost as significantly again the following year.
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but decreasing almost as significantly again the following year.
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```{python}
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#| label: fig-dji-aid-donortype
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@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ The table is broken down into four sectors of development aid which drive the po
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First, trade development encompasses trade policy and administrative management, trade facilitation, regional trade agreements, multilateral trade negotiations, trade-related adjustments and trade education and training.
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Second, business growth is the combination of business policy and administrative management, privatization, business development services as well responsible business conduct ---
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meaning the establishing of policy reform, implementation and enforcement of responsible business conduct, including, among others, implementation of guidelines for human rights support.
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meaning the establishing of policy reform and implementation and enforcement of responsible business conduct, including, among others, implementation of guidelines for human rights support.
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Third, and specifically aimed at the inclusion of women in economic activities,
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is the support for women's rights which includes the establishment of, and assistance for, women's rights organizations and institutions to enhance their effectiveness, influence and sustainability.
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And last, the provision for and protection of food security for those in vulnerable positions,
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@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ through capacity strengthening and household-level food security programmes, sho
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excluding emergency food assistance measures (such as for disaster crisis affected households).
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The amount of aid contributions into these sectors of inclusive growth in Djibouti is small in comparison with development assistance to the other countries analyzed.
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The absolute amount of contributions has consistently stayed under 10m USD per year for all four sectors combined,
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The absolute amount of contributions has consistently kept under 10m USD per year for all four sectors combined,
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though an overall growth trend is visible from 0.5m USD in 2011 to 1.6m USD in 2016 and more rapid growth in 2020 to just under 10m USD.
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Most of this recent growth in 2020 is driven by contributions to trade development with 7.7m USD,
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while business growth and women's rights support are seeing much smaller contributions yet.
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@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ The Official Development Assistance overall further increased to over 2.2bn USD
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before rapidly increasing in 2020 to over 3.0bn USD.
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The overall trend of increasing aid money is largely due to increases in development grants which especially increased from 2015 to 2017.
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In general, development loans play a smaller role in absolute terms:
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Whereas in 2011 around 1.2bn USD funds came in the form of grants, only around 0.3bn USD were in the form of loans.
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Whereas in 2011 around 1.2bn USD funds came in the form of grants, only around 300m USD were in the form of loans.
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The absolute portion of loans slowly increased until 2019 to just over 500m USD,
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before significantly increasing in 2020, tripling to almost 1.5bn USD.
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@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ Source: Author's elaboration based on OECD ODA CRS (2022).
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In terms of predominant donor types, bilateral aid to Uganda was much higher than multilateral aid to the country until 2019.
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In 2011 only about 400m USD were provided through multilateral donors while almost 1.2bn USD were provided via bilateral donors,
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though the multilateral contributions quickly grew to over 600m USD in 2013.
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Despite a significant decrease of multilateral aid in 2014, the amount of multilateral aid kept generally stagnant until 2018,
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Despite a single significant decrease of multilateral aid in 2014, the amount of multilateral aid kept generally stagnant until 2018,
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when the amount first increased to 800m USD in 2019 and subsequently to over 1.7bn in 2020.
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```{python}
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@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Source: Author's elaboration based on OECD ODA CRS (2022).
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The breakdown of development aid to water supply infrastructure and education projects can be seen in @tbl-uga-aid-watersupply.
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It shows that overall the contributions to improve water access have been increasing, starting at 42.27m USD in 2011 and climbing to 146.43m USD by 2020.
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The development funds are broken down into three categories:
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Basic and large water supply improvement and education and training.
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Basic water supply improvement, large water supply improvement and education and training.
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Education and training encompasses training for both professionals in the field itself and service providers.
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Water supply improvement is broken down into funds for large systems ---
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@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ with larger-scale sewage pumping stations and trunk sewers, as well as smaller o
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This is due to most infrastructure projects missing the concrete dimensions to separate water supply from sanitation in the data,
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either due to infrastructural overlap or missing data points.
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The split shows that while basic water supply infrastructure projects have tended to be contributed to between 10m USD and 20m USD,
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The split shows that while basic water supply infrastructure projects tended to see contributions between 10m USD and 20m USD,
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with little overall increase from 2011 to 2020.
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Large-scale water supply and sanitation projects have, however, seen a significant increase over time, starting at a contribution of 17m USD in 2011 and receiving a 125.15m USD contribution in 2020.
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This may speak to the necessity of larger infrastructure in place before more basic water supply infrastructure can make use of it,
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@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ Source: Author's elaboration based on OECD ODA CRS (2022).
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Bilateral donor contributions make up the largest part of development aid contributions to Vietnam, as can be seen in @fig-vnm-aid-donortype.
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Both bilateral and multilateral contributions increase from 2011 to 2014 and subsequently begin decreasing.
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While bilateral contributions do not increase in absolute amounts afterwards until 2020,
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multilateral contributions increase again from 2019 to 2020.
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While bilateral contributions do not increase in absolute amounts afterwards, until 2020,
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multilateral contributions do increase again from 2019 to 2020.
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Nevertheless, bilateral contributions are consistently higher than multilateral,
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having around a 1.5 times higher share of absolute USD contribution,
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though growing to just over 2 times the share in 2017,
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@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ From the level of 96m USD in 2011,
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access to basic water supply saw significant increases to its contributions from 2013 to 2016,
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with 154m USD contributed at its peak in 2016 and shrinking drastically the following years to 39m USD in 2019,
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its lowest contribution year.
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Large water supply project contributions see a similar if less drastic curve, with contributions increasing from 105m USD in 2011 to 252m USD at their in 2018, before decreasing slightly over the next two years.
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Large water supply project contributions see a similar if less drastic curve, with contributions increasing from 105m USD in 2011 to 252m USD at their peak in 2018, before decreasing slightly over the next two years.
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Thus, the contribution curves to basic and large-scale water supply projects somewhat follows the overall development aid contribution curve to Vietnam,
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with peaks between 2016 and 2018 before more or less drastic drops in aid contributions.
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