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Add proofread phrasing and word improvements

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Marty Oehme 2022-09-29 14:01:56 +02:00
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2
_drivers-of-inequality-benin.qmd
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@ -236,5 +236,5 @@ The amount of overall development contributions to electrification increases fro
with significant increases in 2013 and 2015 for loans and 2019, 2020 for grants.
While there is a steady increase to the overall development aid toward electrification,
increases in grants tend to lag behind increases in loans for Benin,
with grants exceeding 10mil. USD for the first time in 2019 while loans already reached 18.90mil. USD in 2013.
with grants exceeding 10m USD for the first time in 2019 while loans already reached 18.90m USD in 2013.
Over the complete period of 2011 to 2020, however, grants for the transmission and distribution of electric power in Benin have consistently been lower than loans.

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_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd
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@ -184,12 +184,12 @@ The primary type of development assistance provided are grants, with loans makin
Grants have trended slowly upwards from just over 100m USD in 2011 to 135m in 2014,
before fluctuating around this level until 2017,
and finally increasing more significantly to over 200m USD in 2020.
Loans had a more significant jump earlier, from there relatively stagnant level of under 40m USD in 2014 to 80m USD in 2015,
Loans had a more significant jump earlier, from a relatively stagnant level of under 40m USD in 2014 to 80m USD in 2015,
with a similarly significant jump from 2018 to 2019,
before decreasing slightly again to just over 110m in 2020.
before decreasing slightly again to just over 110m USD in 2020.
While largely comprising less than 10m USD until 2018,
other official flows (non-export credits) had a large increase to over 75m USD in 2019,
be decreasing almost as significantly again the following year.
but decreasing almost as significantly again the following year.
```{python}
#| label: fig-dji-aid-donortype
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ The table is broken down into four sectors of development aid which drive the po
First, trade development encompasses trade policy and administrative management, trade facilitation, regional trade agreements, multilateral trade negotiations, trade-related adjustments and trade education and training.
Second, business growth is the combination of business policy and administrative management, privatization, business development services as well responsible business conduct ---
meaning the establishing of policy reform, implementation and enforcement of responsible business conduct, including, among others, implementation of guidelines for human rights support.
meaning the establishing of policy reform and implementation and enforcement of responsible business conduct, including, among others, implementation of guidelines for human rights support.
Third, and specifically aimed at the inclusion of women in economic activities,
is the support for women's rights which includes the establishment of, and assistance for, women's rights organizations and institutions to enhance their effectiveness, influence and sustainability.
And last, the provision for and protection of food security for those in vulnerable positions,
@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ through capacity strengthening and household-level food security programmes, sho
excluding emergency food assistance measures (such as for disaster crisis affected households).
The amount of aid contributions into these sectors of inclusive growth in Djibouti is small in comparison with development assistance to the other countries analyzed.
The absolute amount of contributions has consistently stayed under 10m USD per year for all four sectors combined,
The absolute amount of contributions has consistently kept under 10m USD per year for all four sectors combined,
though an overall growth trend is visible from 0.5m USD in 2011 to 1.6m USD in 2016 and more rapid growth in 2020 to just under 10m USD.
Most of this recent growth in 2020 is driven by contributions to trade development with 7.7m USD,
while business growth and women's rights support are seeing much smaller contributions yet.

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_drivers-of-inequality-uganda.qmd
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@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ The Official Development Assistance overall further increased to over 2.2bn USD
before rapidly increasing in 2020 to over 3.0bn USD.
The overall trend of increasing aid money is largely due to increases in development grants which especially increased from 2015 to 2017.
In general, development loans play a smaller role in absolute terms:
Whereas in 2011 around 1.2bn USD funds came in the form of grants, only around 0.3bn USD were in the form of loans.
Whereas in 2011 around 1.2bn USD funds came in the form of grants, only around 300m USD were in the form of loans.
The absolute portion of loans slowly increased until 2019 to just over 500m USD,
before significantly increasing in 2020, tripling to almost 1.5bn USD.
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ Source: Author's elaboration based on OECD ODA CRS (2022).
In terms of predominant donor types, bilateral aid to Uganda was much higher than multilateral aid to the country until 2019.
In 2011 only about 400m USD were provided through multilateral donors while almost 1.2bn USD were provided via bilateral donors,
though the multilateral contributions quickly grew to over 600m USD in 2013.
Despite a significant decrease of multilateral aid in 2014, the amount of multilateral aid kept generally stagnant until 2018,
Despite a single significant decrease of multilateral aid in 2014, the amount of multilateral aid kept generally stagnant until 2018,
when the amount first increased to 800m USD in 2019 and subsequently to over 1.7bn in 2020.
```{python}
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Source: Author's elaboration based on OECD ODA CRS (2022).
The breakdown of development aid to water supply infrastructure and education projects can be seen in @tbl-uga-aid-watersupply.
It shows that overall the contributions to improve water access have been increasing, starting at 42.27m USD in 2011 and climbing to 146.43m USD by 2020.
The development funds are broken down into three categories:
Basic and large water supply improvement and education and training.
Basic water supply improvement, large water supply improvement and education and training.
Education and training encompasses training for both professionals in the field itself and service providers.
Water supply improvement is broken down into funds for large systems ---
@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ with larger-scale sewage pumping stations and trunk sewers, as well as smaller o
This is due to most infrastructure projects missing the concrete dimensions to separate water supply from sanitation in the data,
either due to infrastructural overlap or missing data points.
The split shows that while basic water supply infrastructure projects have tended to be contributed to between 10m USD and 20m USD,
The split shows that while basic water supply infrastructure projects tended to see contributions between 10m USD and 20m USD,
with little overall increase from 2011 to 2020.
Large-scale water supply and sanitation projects have, however, seen a significant increase over time, starting at a contribution of 17m USD in 2011 and receiving a 125.15m USD contribution in 2020.
This may speak to the necessity of larger infrastructure in place before more basic water supply infrastructure can make use of it,

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_drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd
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@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ Source: Author's elaboration based on OECD ODA CRS (2022).
Bilateral donor contributions make up the largest part of development aid contributions to Vietnam, as can be seen in @fig-vnm-aid-donortype.
Both bilateral and multilateral contributions increase from 2011 to 2014 and subsequently begin decreasing.
While bilateral contributions do not increase in absolute amounts afterwards until 2020,
multilateral contributions increase again from 2019 to 2020.
While bilateral contributions do not increase in absolute amounts afterwards, until 2020,
multilateral contributions do increase again from 2019 to 2020.
Nevertheless, bilateral contributions are consistently higher than multilateral,
having around a 1.5 times higher share of absolute USD contribution,
though growing to just over 2 times the share in 2017,
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ From the level of 96m USD in 2011,
access to basic water supply saw significant increases to its contributions from 2013 to 2016,
with 154m USD contributed at its peak in 2016 and shrinking drastically the following years to 39m USD in 2019,
its lowest contribution year.
Large water supply project contributions see a similar if less drastic curve, with contributions increasing from 105m USD in 2011 to 252m USD at their in 2018, before decreasing slightly over the next two years.
Large water supply project contributions see a similar if less drastic curve, with contributions increasing from 105m USD in 2011 to 252m USD at their peak in 2018, before decreasing slightly over the next two years.
Thus, the contribution curves to basic and large-scale water supply projects somewhat follows the overall development aid contribution curve to Vietnam,
with peaks between 2016 and 2018 before more or less drastic drops in aid contributions.