afd/inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib

@article{Alia2017,
    title = {Progress {{Toward The Sustainable Development Goal}} on {{Poverty}}
             : {{Assessing The Effect}} of {{Income Growth}} on {{The Exit Time}}
             from {{Poverty}} in {{Benin}}: {{Exit Time Out}} of {{Poverty}} in {
             {Benin}}},
    shorttitle = {Progress {{Toward The Sustainable Development Goal}} on {{
                  Poverty}}},
    author = {Alia, Didier Yelognisse},
    date = {2017-11},
    journaltitle = {Sustainable Development},
    shortjournal = {Sust. Dev.},
    volume = {25},
    number = {6},
    pages = {495--503},
    issn = {09680802},
    doi = {10.1002/sd.1674},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,inequality::income,status::skimmed,topic::poverty
                },
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5NKMQYPC/Alia2017_Progress Toward The
            Sustainable Development Goal on Poverty.pdf},
}

@book{Asaba2013,
    title = {Gender, Power and Local Water Governance in Rural {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Asaba, Richard Bagonza},
    date = {2013},
    publisher = {{National University of Ireland, Maynooth (Ireland)}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::thesis,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WRASMP5W/Asaba2013_Gender, power and
            local water governance in rural Uganda.pdf},
}

@report{Atamanov2022,
    title = {Uganda {{Poverty Assessment}}: {{Strengthening Resilience}} to {{
             Accelerate Poverty Reduction}} ({{English}})},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2022},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {
           http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099135006292235162/P17761605286900b10899b0798dcd703d85
           },
    abstract = {The share of Uganda’s population that lives below the poverty
                line has fluctuated over the last seven years, greatly influenced
                by shocks that have tested the resilience of the people. About 30
                percent of the country’s population was poor in 2019-20, which is
                comparable to the poverty rate of 30.7 percent in 2012-13. The
                pattern of fluctuating poverty rates is largely driven by the
                experience of rural households. There was a surge in the poverty
                rate between 2012-13 and 2016-17, linked to the drought in
                2016-17, followed by improvement in 2019-20 prior to the pandemic
                , when favorable weather conditions helped lift rural incomes.
                The COVID-19 pandemic pushed both urban and rural residents into
                poverty. Inequality, which reflects the extent to which different
                population groups benefit from Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
                growth, and affects the transmission of growth into poverty
                reduction, remained largely unchanged over this period and may
                even have worsened in urban areas. The rest of this overview
                presents key findings of the report. The next section synthesizes
                key facts about Uganda’s poverty reduction experience up to 2020.
                These facts set the stage for the section that follows examining
                reasons behind limited progress in poverty reduction. The final
                section reviews the key policy points for action. The report’s
                analysis is based on new analysis of available data sources as
                well as published analytical reports such as the Systematic
                Country Diagnostic Update (World Bank; International Finance
                Corporation; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 2021), the
                Country Economic Memorandum (World Bank 2022), and the previous
                Poverty Assessment (World Bank 2016).},
    editora = {Atamanov, Aziz Malasquez and Carbonel, Eduardo Alonso and Masaki,
               Takaaki and Myers, Cara Ann Granguillhome and Ochoa, Rogelio and
               Sinha, Nistha},
    editoratype = {collaborator},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DI29L2WE/Atamanov2022_Uganda Poverty
            Assessment.pdf},
}

@article{Barry2020,
    title = {Pay-as-You-Go Contracts for Electricity Access: {{Bridging}} the
             “Last Mile” Gap? {{A}} Case Study in {{Benin}}},
    shorttitle = {Pay-as-You-Go Contracts for Electricity Access},
    author = {Barry, Mamadou Saliou and Creti, Anna},
    date = {2020-08},
    journaltitle = {Energy Economics},
    shortjournal = {Energy Economics},
    volume = {90},
    pages = {104843},
    issn = {01409883},
    doi = {10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104843},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,topic::electricity,topic::rural},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BERQHNQT/Barry2020_Pay-as-you-go
            contracts for electricity access.pdf},
}

@article{Baulch2012,
    title = {Decomposing the {{Ethnic Gap}} in {{Rural Vietnam}}, 1993–2004},
    author = {Baulch, Bob and Pham, Hung T. and Reilly, Barry},
    date = {2012-03},
    journaltitle = {Oxford Development Studies},
    shortjournal = {Oxford Development Studies},
    volume = {40},
    number = {1},
    pages = {87--117},
    issn = {1360-0818, 1469-9966},
    doi = {10.1080/13600818.2011.646441},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {inequality::ethnicity,status::skimmed,topic::rural},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/K4W8VPTE/Baulch2012_Decomposing the
            Ethnic Gap in Rural Vietnam, 1993–2004.pdf},
}

@incollection{Benjamin2004,
    title = {Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural {{Vietnam}} under
             Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions},
    booktitle = {Economic {{Growth}}, {{Poverty}} and {{Household Welfare}} in {
                 {Vietnam}}},
    author = {Benjamin, Dwayne and Brandt, Loren},
    editor = {Glewwe, Paul and Agrawal, Nisha and Dollar, David},
    date = {2004},
    pages = {133--186},
    publisher = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    abstract = {https://books.google.de/books?id=jRSuIH1tVqEC\&
                printsec=frontcover\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
    keywords = {inequality::income,topic::modernization,
                topic::trade_liberalization},
}

@article{Benjamin2017,
    title = {Growth with Equity: Income Inequality in {{Vietnam}}, 2002–14},
    shorttitle = {Growth with Equity},
    author = {Benjamin, Dwayne and Brandt, Loren and McCaig, Brian},
    date = {2017-03},
    journaltitle = {The Journal of Economic Inequality},
    shortjournal = {J Econ Inequal},
    volume = {15},
    number = {1},
    pages = {25--46},
    issn = {1569-1721, 1573-8701},
    doi = {10.1007/s10888-016-9341-7},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,index::Gini,index::Theil,inequality::income,
                status::read,topic::equity},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FQJMZJSG/Benjamin2017_Growth with
            equity.pdf},
}

@article{Brunori2018,
    title = {Consumption Dynamics and Inequality of Opportunity with an
             Application to {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Brunori, Paolo and Palmisano, Flaviana and Peragine, Vito},
    date = {2018},
    journaltitle = {Review of development economics},
    volume = {22},
    number = {2},
    pages = {632--657},
    publisher = {{Wiley Subscription Services, Inc}},
    location = {{Oxford}},
    issn = {1363-6669},
    doi = {10.1111/rode.12357},
    abstract = {This paper proposes the adoption of an opportunity egalitarian
                perspective to assess and compare growth processes and their
                distributional implications. To this aim, a set of graphical
                tools are introduced that allow one to evaluate the role of
                growth and recessions in the evolution of individuals’
                opportunities over time. These tools satisfy the ex post
                principle of equality of opportunity and represent an extension
                of the “opportunity growth incidence curve,” a framework proposed
                by the literature to evaluate growth according to the ex ante
                principle of equality of opportunity. This measurement framework
                is applied to evaluate the economic dynamic between 2009 and 2011
                in Uganda. The results show that despite a reduction in the real
                value of household consumption and a surge in outcome inequality,
                its effects appear to be less dramatic when the ex post equality
                of opportunity perspective is invoked.},
    copyright = {2017 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::income,
                status::read,topic::consumption},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KYBLB9YI/Brunori2018_Consumption dynamics
            and inequality of opportunity with an application to Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{Bui2019,
    title = {Determinants of {{Rural-Urban Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}: {{
             Detailed Decomposition Analyses Based}} on {{Unconditional Quantile
             Regressions}}},
    shorttitle = {Determinants of {{Rural-Urban Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Bui, Thanh P. and Imai, Katsushi S.},
    date = {2019-12-02},
    journaltitle = {The Journal of Development Studies},
    shortjournal = {The Journal of Development Studies},
    volume = {55},
    number = {12},
    pages = {2610--2625},
    issn = {0022-0388, 1743-9140},
    doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1536265},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::rural,status::read,topic::rural,
                topic::urban},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7GHFRSL8/Bui2019_Determinants of
            Rural-Urban Inequality in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Bui2020,
    title = {Multidimensional {{Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}, 2002–2012},
    author = {Bui, Thi Kim Thanh and Erreygers, Guido},
    date = {2020-04-05},
    journaltitle = {Economies},
    shortjournal = {Economies},
    volume = {8},
    number = {2},
    pages = {29},
    issn = {2227-7099},
    doi = {10.3390/economies8020029},
    abstract = {We investigate the evolution of multidimensional inequality of
                well-being in Vietnam in the period 2002–2012 using household
                survey data. Our study focuses on four crucial dimensions of
                human welfare: consumption, education, health and housing. We
                measure inequality by means of the multidimensional Atkinson
                index, which belongs to the Atkinson family of relative
                inequality indices. The choice of the values of two crucial
                parameters, with respect to the aversion to inequality on the one
                hand and the degree of substitutability between dimensions on the
                other hand, has a significant influence on the perceived trends
                of inequality. We consider different combinations of dimensions
                (two, three and four dimensions) and a wide variety of values of
                the parameters, with the aim of arriving at a robust
                understanding of the extent of inequality in Vietnam. Our results
                suggest that the level of multidimensional inequality in Vietnam
                has decreased, albeit that this is not the case for all
                combinations of the parameter values. Our study shows that
                looking at multidimensional rather than one-dimensional
                inequality leads to a richer understanding of the evolution of
                inequality, and indicates that it is important to be aware of the
                influence of value judgments on the assessment of inequality.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,index::Atkinson,inequality::education,
                inequality::health,inequality::housing,topic::consumption,
                topic::education,topic::health,topic::housing},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IXPIBKJR/Bui2020_Multidimensional
            Inequality in Vietnam, 2002–2012.pdf},
}

@article{Cali2014,
    title = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality: Evidence from {{Ugandan}} Districts
             },
    shorttitle = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality},
    author = {Cali, M.},
    date = {2014-11-01},
    journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Geography},
    shortjournal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
    volume = {14},
    number = {6},
    pages = {1141--1174},
    issn = {1468-2702, 1468-2710},
    doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbu001},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::income,status::skimmed,
                topic::education,topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MPYD83JI/Cali2014_Trade boom and wage
            inequality.pdf},
}

@article{Canagarajah2001,
    title = {Non-Farm Income, Gender, and Inequality: Evidence from Rural {{
             Ghana}} and {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Canagarajah, S and Newman, C and Bhattamishra, R},
    date = {2001},
    journaltitle = {Food policy},
    series = {Food Policy},
    volume = {26},
    number = {4},
    pages = {405--420},
    publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
    issn = {0306-9192},
    doi = {10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00011-2},
    abstract = {This paper examines how the distribution of earnings in rural
                Ghana and Uganda differs by income type and by gender. We find
                that non-farm earnings contribute to rising inequality, but that
                lower income groups also benefit due to strong overall growth in
                non-farm earnings. The inequality-inducing effect is driven by
                self-employment income; wage income, on the other hand, reduces
                inequality. The tendency of non-farm income to contribute to
                inequality is greater among female-headed households for whom
                self-employment is important and non-farm opportunities more
                constrained. Determinants of non-farm income are estimated and
                appear to be strongly related to location, education, age, and
                distance to market. Estimates of the linkages to agriculture in
                Ghana are weaker than expected, showing the non-farm sector to be
                functioning more as an alternative activity to agriculture than
                as a complement.},
    copyright = {2001 Elsevier Science Ltd},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::income,status::skimmed,
                topic::agriculture,topic::gender,topic::modernization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JKRD3UJR/Canagarajah2001_Non-farm income,
            gender, and inequality.pdf},
}

@report{Cao2008,
    title = {Urban and Rural Dimensions of Income Inequality in Vietnam},
    author = {Cao, Thi Cam Van and Akita, Takahiro},
    date = {2008},
    series = {Economic {{Development}} \& {{Policy Series}}},
    institution = {{GSIR}},
    keywords = {inequality::income,inequality::rural,status::skimmed,
                topic::agriculture,topic::modernization,
                topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EXXELF4W/Cao2008_Urban and rural
            dimensions of income inequality in vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Cling2009,
    title = {The Distributive Impact of {{Vietnam}}'s Accession to the {{WTO}}:},
    shorttitle = {The Distributive Impact of {{Vietnam}}'s Accession to the {{
                  WTO}}},
    author = {Cling, Jean-Pierre and Marouani, Mohamed Ali and Razafindrakoto,
              Mireille and Robilliard, Anne-Sophie and Roubaud, François},
    date = {2009-11-02},
    journaltitle = {Économie internationale},
    volume = {n° 118},
    number = {2},
    pages = {43--71},
    issn = {1240-8093},
    doi = {10.3917/ecoi.118.0043},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::trade_liberalization},
}

@article{Cooper2016,
    title = {Rural Household Vulnerability to Climate Risk in {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Cooper, Sarah Jane and Wheeler, Tim},
    date = {2016},
    journaltitle = {Regional environmental change},
    volume = {17},
    number = {3},
    pages = {649--663},
    publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
    location = {{Berlin/Heidelberg}},
    issn = {1436-3798},
    doi = {10.1007/s10113-016-1049-5},
    abstract = {Vulnerability assessment is fundamental for informing adaptation
                to climate change policy. The aim of this study is to evaluate
                the vulnerability of rural subsistence farmers in Uganda to
                climate risk. A mixed methods approach used semi-structured and
                guided interviews, and participatory techniques to explore
                perception, livelihood response and socio-economic status.
                Perception of climate risk varied, with wealthier farmers
                perceiving drought as highest risk, whilst poorer farmers
                perceived extreme heavy rainfall. Farmers implemented many
                general livelihood coping and anticipatory responses (54.7 \%) to
                perceived impacts from drought, rainfall variability and extreme
                heavy rainfall. Examples included food storage, livestock
                maintenance and planting drought-resistant varieties. Other
                responses (45.3 \%) were specific to individual climatic events,
                and farmers had no response to cope with rainfall variability.
                Climate risk was not the only driver of vulnerability. Soil
                infertility, pests and diseases, and economic instability also
                sustained decreasing trends in income. Adaptive capacity of
                households differed with external and internal attributes of
                sensitivity. Farmers with more land, education, access to
                governmental extension, a non-farm livelihood, larger households
                and older age had more capacity to buffer shock through increased
                assets and entitlements than poorer farmers who were more likely
                to engage in opportunistic behaviour like casual labouring. Few
                livelihood responses associated with perceived threat from the
                climate indicating response to a broader range of stressors.
                Conclusions determined inequality in livelihood response as a
                fundamental driver in households’ ability to cope and adapt to
                climate risk.},
    copyright = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,
                topic::climate_change},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8WPKV5IC/Cooper2016_Rural household
            vulnerability to climate risk in Uganda.pdf},
}

@incollection{Coutard2016,
    title = {Is the Network Challenged by the Pragmatic Turn in {{African}}
             Cities? {{Urban}} Transition and Hybrid Delivery Configurations},
    booktitle = {Beyond the Networked City: Infrastructure Reconfigurations and
                 Urban Change in the {{North}} and {{South}}},
    editor = {Coutard, Olivier and Rutherford, Jonathan and Jaglin, Sylvy},
    date = {2016},
    pages = {182--203},
    url = {http://site.ebrary.com/id/11136788},
    urldate = {2022-08-18},
    isbn = {978-1-317-63369-3 978-1-315-75761-2 978-0-315-75761-5
            978-1-138-30837-4 978-1-317-63370-9},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,irrelevant::full-text,topic::electricity,
                topic::modernization,topic::urban},
    annotation = {OCLC: 933265634},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KT78QSG5/2016_Is the network challenged
            by the pragmatic turn in African cities.pdf},
}

@article{Dang2019,
    title = {Does {{Horizontal Inequality Matter}} in {{Vietnam}}?},
    author = {Dang, Thi Thu Hoai},
    date = {2019-10},
    journaltitle = {Social Indicators Research},
    shortjournal = {Soc Indic Res},
    volume = {145},
    number = {3},
    pages = {943--956},
    issn = {0303-8300, 1573-0921},
    doi = {10.1007/s11205-018-1896-1},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::horizontal,
                inequality::regional},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RIVNVNEQ/Dang2019_Does Horizontal
            Inequality Matter in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Datzberger2018,
    title = {Why Education Is Not Helping the Poor. {{Findings}} from {{Uganda}}
             },
    author = {Datzberger, Simone},
    date = {2018},
    journaltitle = {World development},
    volume = {110},
    pages = {124--139},
    publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
    issn = {0305-750X},
    doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.022},
    abstract = {•Education policies, reforms and governance failed to respond to
                the multidimensional needs of the poor.•Assimilative models are
                not responsive to the root causes of poverty to really affect
                social transformation and change.•There is a need for
                transformative policies that are cross-sectoral and not just
                designed for the education sector alone.•The political economy
                context of a country cannot be detached from education sector
                reforms.•The focus on economic empowerment through education
                sidelines the role of enhancing the political agency of the poor.
                Education emerged as a nearly uncontested development strategy to
                tackle several forms of social, political, economic and
                geographic inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. When
                it comes to the case of Uganda, the country represents a striking
                paradox. Significant investments and policy reforms in education
                (such as Universal Primary and Secondary Education) since 1997,
                did not translate into the expected results with regards to
                poverty reduction through human capital investment. Progress in
                poverty alleviation is not only stagnant but the role of
                education therein can be described as ‘modest’ at best. Against
                this backdrop, this article assesses the following research
                question: Why did Uganda’s investments and policy reforms in
                education not uplift the poor? In examining the issue, this
                article introduces a theoretical framework that contrasts
                assimilative with transformative approaches in poverty
                alleviation through education. A rigorous review of Uganda’s
                education sector plans revealed that current strategies to reduce
                poverty revolve around a strong assimilation-based development
                agenda, thereby focusing on three main areas of intervention: (a)
                increased access to education and retention; (b) improved quality
                of education; and (c) employment generation through education.
                The article finds that these assimilative approaches do not have
                an impact on the political, economic and social structures that
                cause poverty in the first place. Hence, it concludes that
                assimilative models in education are highly dependent on
                transformative approaches. Concretely, change cannot emerge only
                at the very grassroots level, i.e. through educating society at
                large, but also has to arise from the systemic level, i.e.
                government institutions at the local, national and global levels.
                Methodologically, the analysis draws on qualitative data that was
                collected in the course of two extensive field research stays in
                2015 and 2017. In addition, quantitative data in the form of
                statistical abstracts inform the analysis.},
    copyright = {2018 Elsevier Ltd},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::education,status::skimmed,
                topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5LNQ7X6P/Datzberger2018_Why education is
            not helping the poor.pdf},
}

@article{Djossou2017,
    title = {Is {{Growth Pro-Poor}} in {{Benin}}? {{Evidence Using}} a {{
             Multidimensional Measure}} of {{Poverty}}: {{Is Growth Pro-Poor}} in
             {{Benin}}?},
    shorttitle = {Is {{Growth Pro-Poor}} in {{Benin}}?},
    author = {Djossou, Gbetoton Nadege and Kane, Gilles Quentin and Novignon,
              Jacob},
    date = {2017-12},
    journaltitle = {Poverty \& Public Policy},
    volume = {9},
    number = {4},
    pages = {426--443},
    issn = {19442858},
    doi = {10.1002/pop4.199},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,inequality::income,status::skimmed,topic::gender,
                topic::poverty,topic::rural},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BGZ6SI3H/Djossou2017_Is Growth Pro-Poor
            in Benin.pdf},
}

@article{Do2022,
    title = {Livestock Production and Income Inequality in Rural {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Do, Truong Lam and Nguyen, Trung Thanh and Grote, Ulrike},
    date = {2022-02},
    journaltitle = {Empirical Economics},
    shortjournal = {Empir Econ},
    volume = {62},
    number = {2},
    pages = {409--438},
    issn = {0377-7332, 1435-8921},
    doi = {10.1007/s00181-021-02022-6},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::agriculture,
                topic::livestock},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ED6YGVJ6/Do2022_Livestock production and
            income inequality in rural Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Ebrahim2021,
    title = {Women’s Economic Empowerment and {{COVID-19}}: The Case of
             Vulnerable Women with Intersectional Identities in {{Indonesia}} and
             {{Vietnam}}},
    shorttitle = {Women’s Economic Empowerment and {{COVID-19}}},
    author = {Ebrahim, Christine and Jack, Adrienne and Jones, Linda},
    date = {2021-06-01},
    journaltitle = {Enterprise Development and Microfinance},
    shortjournal = {EDM},
    volume = {32},
    number = {1},
    pages = {44--56},
    issn = {17551978, 17551986},
    doi = {10.3362/1755-1986.21-00007},
    abstract = {In recent decades, ASEAN has seen significant progress in gender
                equality and women’s empowerment. However, advances have not been
                even and vulnerable women with a range of intersectional
                identities have not benefited to the same extent as more
                privileged women or their male counterparts. Moreover, despite
                ASEAN’s much-lauded success in COVID-19 prevention and
                containment, the economic gains that had been achieved for women
                and girls are rapidly losing ground. Disruptions in the tourism
                sector, labour migration, and international trade have had a
                devastating economic impact on vulnerable populations, while
                innovations and new implementation approaches have provided some
                relief for low-income communities. This paper describes the
                COVID-19 economic fallout for women homeworkers and labour
                migrants engaged in informal jobs in Indonesia and low-income
                ethnic minority women in agriculture and tourism sectors in
                north-west Vietnam. It discusses early experiences and learning
                on pivoting projects, funded by the Government of Australia, to
                be COVID-19 responsive and contribute to longer-term recovery.},
    keywords = {inequality::gender,topic::agriculture,topic::covid19,
                topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YU72GAUG/Ebrahim2021_Women’s economic
            empowerment and COVID-19.pdf},
}

@article{Edmonds2006,
    title = {Trade Liberalization and the Allocation of Labor between Households
             and Markets in a Poor Country},
    author = {Edmonds, Eric V. and Pavcnik, Nina},
    date = {2006-07},
    journaltitle = {Journal of International Economics},
    shortjournal = {Journal of International Economics},
    volume = {69},
    number = {2},
    pages = {272--295},
    issn = {00221996},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2005.05.010},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::poverty,
                topic::trade_liberalization},
}

@article{Esaku2021,
    title = {Does the Shadow Economy Increase Income Inequality in the Short-
             and Long-Run? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Esaku, Stephen},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Cogent economics \& finance},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    publisher = {{Cogent}},
    location = {{London}},
    issn = {2332-2039},
    doi = {10.1080/23322039.2021.1912896},
    abstract = {This paper investigates whether the size of the shadow economy
                increases income inequality in Uganda. This p3aper applies the
                autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to
                cointegration, to test the long- and short-run relationship
                between the shadow economy and income inequality. The results
                indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship
                between the size of the shadow economy and income inequality in
                both the long-run and short-run, all else equal. The results show
                that a large size of the shadow economy significantly increases
                income inequality, in both the long- and short-run. This suggests
                that people who fail to be absorbed into the formal economy face
                fewer livelihood opportunities, giving them the incentive to
                operate in the shadow economy as a means of survival, for them
                and their families since there are fewer chances of success in
                the formal economy. Our findings suggest that income inequality
                could be partially driven by increasing informality in the
                country. The practical implication of these results is that
                policies aimed at tackling income inequality should also be
                directed at addressing the underlying factors that drive the
                shadow economy.},
    copyright = {2021 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed
                 under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. 2021},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SYR6AV8U/Esaku2021_Does the shadow
            economy increase income inequality in the short- and long-run.pdf},
}

@article{Esaku2021a,
    title = {Does Income Inequality Increase the Shadow Economy? {{Empirical}}
             Evidence from {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Esaku, Stephen},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Development studies research},
    volume = {8},
    number = {1},
    pages = {147--160},
    publisher = {{Routledge}},
    location = {{Abingdon}},
    issn = {2166-5095},
    doi = {10.1080/21665095.2021.1939082},
    abstract = {This paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag bounds
                testing method to investigate the long- and short-run
                relationship between the size of the shadow economy and income
                inequality in Uganda. The findings reveal evidence of the long
                and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and income
                inequality. We find that a rise in income inequality
                significantly increases the size of the shadow economy in Uganda,
                all else equal. These results are robust to the use of
                alternative econometric methods. At the policy level, instituting
                income redistribution policies to uplift the standard of the poor
                , improving resource allocation to productive sectors of the
                economy, reforming the tax system and macroeconomic environment,
                and implementing political and institutional reforms to address
                corruption could be viable policy options to address informality
                in Uganda.},
    copyright = {2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as
                 Taylor \& Francis Group 2021},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::income,status::skimmed,
                topic::formality},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5ZQH59RL/Esaku2021_Does income inequality
            increase the shadow economy.pdf},
}

@article{Fesselmeyer2010,
    title = {Urban-Biased {{Policies}} and the {{Increasing Rural-Urban
             Expenditure Gap}} in {{Vietnam}} in the 1990s: {{URBAN-BIASED
             POLICIES IN VIETNAM IN THE 1990S}}},
    shorttitle = {Urban-Biased {{Policies}} and the {{Increasing Rural-Urban
                  Expenditure Gap}} in {{Vietnam}} in the 1990s},
    author = {Fesselmeyer, Eric and Le, Kien T.},
    date = {2010-06},
    journaltitle = {Asian Economic Journal},
    volume = {24},
    number = {2},
    pages = {161--178},
    issn = {13513958},
    doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8381.2010.02034.x},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::rural,status::skimmed,
                topic::education,topic::urban},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AB2Z7CPT/Fesselmeyer2010_Urban-biased
            Policies and the Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap in
            Vietnam.pdf},
}

@report{Fritzen2005,
    title = {Vietnam Inequality Report 2005: {{Assessment}} and Policy Choices},
    author = {Fritzen, Scott and Brassard, Caroline and Bui, Thi Minh Tam},
    date = {2005},
    institution = {{DFID Vietnam}},
    location = {{Hanoi}},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::,review::synthesis},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Z4A2KQWV/Fritzen2005_Vietnam inequality
            report 2005.pdf},
}

@report{Golumbeanu2013,
    title = {Connection {{Charges}} and {{Electricity Access}} in {{Sub-Saharan
             Africa}}},
    author = {Golumbeanu, Raluca and Barnes, Douglas},
    date = {2013},
    series = {Policy {{Research Working Paper}}},
    number = {6511},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15871},
    keywords = {country::Benin,inequality::rural,topic::electricity,topic::rural
                },
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MYW9JFER/Golumbeanu2013_Connection
            Charges and Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa.pdf},
}

@article{Gruijters2020,
    title = {Learning {{Inequality}} in {{Francophone Africa}}: {{School Quality
             }} and the {{Educational Achievement}} of {{Rich}} and {{Poor
             Children}}},
    shorttitle = {Learning {{Inequality}} in {{Francophone Africa}}},
    author = {Gruijters, Rob J. and Behrman, Julia A.},
    date = {2020-07},
    journaltitle = {Sociology of Education},
    shortjournal = {Sociol Educ},
    volume = {93},
    number = {3},
    pages = {256--276},
    issn = {0038-0407, 1939-8573},
    doi = {10.1177/0038040720919379},
    abstract = {Influential reports about the “learning crisis” in the global
                South generally pay insufficient attention to social inequalities
                in learning. In this study, we explore the association between
                family socioeconomic status and learning outcomes in 10
                francophone African countries using data from the Programme for
                the Analysis of Education Systems, a standardized assessment of
                pupils’ mathematics and reading competence at the end of primary
                school. We start by showing that learning outcomes among grade 6
                pupils are both poor and highly stratified. We then develop and
                test a conceptual framework that highlights three mechanisms
                through which family socioeconomic status might contribute to
                learning: (1) educational resources at home, (2) health and
                well-being, and (3) differences in school quality. We find that
                most of the effect of family background on learning outcomes
                operates through school quality, which results from a combination
                of the unequal distribution of resources (such as teachers and
                textbooks) across schools and high socioeconomic segregation
                between schools. On the basis of these results, we suggest that
                most countries in the region could improve equity as well as
                overall performance by “raising the floor” in school quality.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,inequality::education,status::skimmed,
                topic::education,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IL6LR44L/Gruijters2020_Learning
            Inequality in Francophone Africa.pdf},
}

@article{HoNgocSon2013Vart,
    title = {Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change in the Northern
             Mountainous Region of {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Son, Ngoc Ho},
    date = {2013},
    abstract = {Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate
                change in the world. Therefore, adaptation is increasingly seen
                as both a necessary and urgent response. However, little is known
                in terms of who are the most vulnerable and how adaptation will
                take place. This thesis examines vulnerability and resilience to
                climate variability and change among communities in the northern
                mountainous region (NMR) of Vietnam which have been identified as
                among the most vulnerable communities in Vietnam. The conceptual
                framework of this thesis draws on the linkage between
                vulnerability, adaptive capacity and resilience through which to
                gain a better understanding of vulnerability, adaptation and
                resilience to climate change in Vietnam's NMR. I adopt a
                participatory approach to vulnerability assessment using
                community villages as case studies and using drought, flood and
                cold weather snaps as study events. The case study of the
                human-natural system is located in the Ba Be district of Bac Kan
                province in the NMR of Vietnam. Data were collected in the field
                from July 2009 to February 2010. Primary data in the form of
                interviews, focus groups and community workshops, and field
                observations, as well as insights from local and regional
                decision-makers, resource managers, scientists and secondary data
                in the form of published and unpublished literature are used to
                investigate how communities manage and experience climate-related
                risks. This study found that households and communities in the
                NMR are vulnerable to multiple stresses. The main socio-econmic
                determinants of local vulnerability include poverty, inequality,
                environmental degradation, ethnicity and community. The
                interaction of climate risks and local vulnerability factors
                threatens to overwhelm their resilience. Therefore, this thesis
                argues that adaptation needs to be rooted in both reducing
                vulnerability and increasing resilience of communities. The
                central approach is to increase the adaptive capacity of
                communities to become resilient in the context of change and
                uncertainty. It will be more fruitful if policy interventions
                focus on improving adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities
                rather than providing specific solutions to uncertain future
                climates. Addressing fundamental livelihood and development
                problems and strengthening social, economic, and environmental
                resilience will make it easier for local communities to respond
                to climatic risks, whether they are droughts, floods or cold
                snaps. Another key conclusion is that communities that learn to
                live with change and uncertainty become resilient. The insights
                emphasize the importance of learning, information exchange,
                reflection, innovation, and anticipation, all of which are key
                elements of the adaptation process. Source: TROVE},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,topic::climate_change
                },
}

@article{HongVoDuc2021TDoG,
    title = {The Determinants of Gender Income Inequality in Vietnam: {{A}}
             Longitudinal Data Analysis},
    author = {Hong Vo, Duc and Van, Loan Thi-Hong and Tran, Dai Binh and Vu, Tan
              Ngoc and Ho, Chi Minh},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Emerging markets finance \& trade},
    volume = {57},
    number = {1},
    pages = {198--222},
    publisher = {{Routledge}},
    location = {{Abingdon}},
    issn = {1540-496X},
    abstract = {Despite a great effort from the Vietnamese government, women in
                Vietnam have generally been at the disadvantaged position to
                access education and development opportunities. As a result, the
                wage gaps between men and women exist. This study is conducted to
                investigate the gender income inequality in Vietnam in the
                2004-2016 period using data from Vietnam Household Living
                Standards Surveys (VHLSS). The results indicate that the gender
                pay gap in Vietnam has decreased during the research period.
                Empirical findings also indicate that education, ethnicity,
                economic sectors, and geographic areas are main determinants
                causing wage differentials in Vietnam. Additionally, the gender
                pay gap, with the focus on the so-called "Within inequality", is
                heterogeneous across the wage distribution using unconditional
                quantile regression approach. In particular, the gender pay gap
                is shown to be higher at the top and the bottom quantiles of the
                wage distribution, indicating that inequality is more severe
                among low-paid and high-paid wage earners. These findings suggest
                that the government's policies should focus on encouraging
                education and improving the national economy creating more jobs
                for women to reduce gender wage gap in Vietnam.},
    copyright = {Copyright © Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::gender},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EFB6LJVX/ContentServer.pdf},
}

@article{Hudson2021,
    title = {Self-Stated Recovery from Flooding: {{Empirical}} Results from a
             Survey in {{Central Vietnam}}},
    author = {Hudson, Paul and Pham, My and Hagedoorn, Liselotte and Thieken,
              Annegret H and Lasage, R and Bubeck, Philip},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Journal of flood risk management},
    volume = {14},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1--15},
    publisher = {{Blackwell Publishing Ltd}},
    location = {{Oxford, UK}},
    issn = {1753-318X},
    abstract = {Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across
                social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and
                understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these
                differences by investigating self-stated flood recovery across
                genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results
                from Germany. This study employs a regression-based analysis of 1
                ,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban
                community inThua Thien-Hue province. The results highlight an
                important set of recovery process-related variables. The set of
                relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of
                inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital,
                internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity
                of previous flood impacts, and the perception of
                stress-resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by
                flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be
                accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables
                perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore,
                conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women
                display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that
                psychological variables influence recovery rates more than
                adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the
                results' potentially robust nature due to the different
                socio-environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.},
    copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,
                topic::climate_change,topic::flooding},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AUV5KVF6/Hudson2021_Self-stated recovery
            from flooding.pdf},
}

@article{HuynhPhuongT.A.2014Wdva,
    title = {Women's Differentiated Vulnerability and Adaptations to
             Climate-Related Agricultural Water Scarcity in Rural {{Central
             Vietnam}}},
    author = {Huynh, Phuong T. A. and Resurreccion, Bernadette P.},
    date = {2014},
    journaltitle = {Climate and development},
    volume = {6},
    number = {3},
    pages = {226--237},
    publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
    issn = {1756-5529},
    abstract = {This field-based study applies a mixed methods approach that
                combines both qualitative and quantitative analyses to
                investigate the differences in women's vulnerability and
                adaptations to climate-related agricultural water scarcity in Ky
                Nam commune, Central Vietnam. The study highlights the
                heterogeneity of women as a group and their intersectional
                dynamics as they adapt to increasing agricultural water scarcity
                on their rural livelihoods. The findings show that social
                differences including gender, class, household headship, age and
                stage of life shape women's differentiated experiences in
                vulnerability in access to water, to forestland and credit; in
                turn mark their adaptation differentiation to climate-related
                agricultural water scarcity. It also stresses that existing
                development policies can cause inequality in resource access in
                practice, running the risk of further marginalizing certain
                groups of women, especially female heads of household. Meanwhile,
                the current National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change
                of Vietnam is blind to issues of women's differentiated
                vulnerability and adaptive capacity. This study suggests that if
                these current development and adaptation measures do not pay
                proper attention to differentiated gender experience, it is
                likely to exacerbate the vulnerabilities of those affected,
                particularly female heads of household, rather than help them. In
                addition, these development and climate programmes have to be
                redesigned to accommodate more context-specific policies instead
                of one-size-fits-all packages that will effectively address
                women's (and men's) differential needs and unequal relations and
                circumstances.},
    copyright = {2014 Taylor \& Francis 2014},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {inequality::environmental,inequality::gender,next,
                topic::climate_change,topic::river},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8GCHSZTY/Huynh2014_Women's differentiated
            vulnerability and adaptations to climate-related.pdf},
}

@article{Imai2011,
    title = {Poverty, Inequality and Ethnic Minorities in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Imai, Katsushi S. and Gaiha, Raghav and Kang, Woojin},
    date = {2011-05},
    journaltitle = {International Review of Applied Economics},
    shortjournal = {International Review of Applied Economics},
    volume = {25},
    number = {3},
    pages = {249--282},
    issn = {0269-2171, 1465-3486},
    doi = {10.1080/02692171.2010.483471},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,next},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4HH88HQY/Imai2011_Poverty, inequality and
            ethnic minorities in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Imbert2013,
    title = {Decomposing the {{Labor Market Earnings Inequality}}: {{The Public}
             } and {{Private Sectors}} in {{Vietnam}}, 1993–2006},
    shorttitle = {Decomposing the {{Labor Market Earnings Inequality}}},
    author = {Imbert, Clément},
    date = {2013-01-01},
    journaltitle = {The World Bank Economic Review},
    volume = {27},
    number = {1},
    pages = {55--79},
    issn = {1564-698X, 0258-6770},
    doi = {10.1093/wber/lhs009},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,status::skimmed,
                topic::modernization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FXT2NQW3/Imbert2013_Decomposing the Labor
            Market Earnings Inequality.pdf},
}

@article{Jafino2021,
    title = {Accounting for Multisectoral Dynamics in Supporting Equitable
             Adaptation Planning: {{A}} Case Study on the Rice Agriculture in the
             Vietnam Mekong Delta},
    author = {Jafino, B.A and Kwakkel, J.H and Klijn, F and Dung, Nguyen Viet
              and van Delden, Hedwig and Haasnoot, Marjolijn and Sutanudjaja,
              Edwin H},
    options = {useprefix=true},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Earth's future},
    volume = {9},
    number = {5},
    publisher = {{Wiley}},
    issn = {2328-4277},
    abstract = {The need for explicitly considering equity in climate change
                adaptation planning is increasingly being recognized. However,
                evaluations of adaptation often adopt an aggregated perspective,
                while disaggregation of results is important to learn about who
                benefits when and where. A typical example is adaptation of rice
                agriculture in the Vietnam Mekong Delta (VMD). Efforts focused on
                flood protection have mainly benefitted large-scale farmers while
                harming small-scale farmers. To investigate the distributional
                consequences of adaptation policies in the VMD, we assess both
                aggregate total output and equity indicators, as well as
                disaggregated impacts in terms of district-level farming
                profitability. Doing so requires an adequate representation of
                the multisectoral dynamics between the human and biophysical
                systems which influence farming profitability. We develop a
                spatially explicit integrated assessment model that couples
                inundation, sedimentation, soil fertility and nutrient dynamics,
                and behavioral land-use change and farming profitability
                calculation. We find that inter-district inequality responds in a
                non-linear way to climatic and socio-economic changes and choices
                of adaptation policies. The patterns of who wins and who loses
                could change substantially when a different policy is implemented
                or if a slightly different uncertain future materializes. We also
                find that there is no simple ranking of alternative adaptation
                policies, so one should make trade-offs based on agreed
                preferences. Accounting for equity implies exploring the
                distribution of outcomes over different groups over a range of
                uncertain futures. Only by accounting for multisectoral dynamics
                can planners anticipate the equity consequences of adaptation and
                prepare additional measures to aid the worse-off actors.},
    copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,
                topic::agriculture,topic::climate_change,topic::river},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q9YPVAP2/Jafino2021_Accounting for
            multisectoral dynamics in supporting equitable adaptation.pdf},
}

@article{Jagger2012,
    title = {Environmental Income, Rural Livelihoods, and Income Inequality in
             Western {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Jagger, Pamela},
    date = {2012},
    journaltitle = {Forests, trees and livelihoods},
    volume = {21},
    number = {2},
    pages = {70--84},
    publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis Group}},
    issn = {1472-8028},
    doi = {10.1080/14728028.2012.698846},
    abstract = {The contribution of forest and wild products to the rural
                economy is typically undervalued in standard socioeconomic
                surveys. In this paper, we analyze the contribution of forests
                and other wild areas to the subsistence and cash incomes of rural
                households for a large sample of households in western Uganda (N
                = 521) and explore the role of these typically underestimated
                income sources in interhousehold measures of income inequality.
                We find that households in rural Uganda derive 26\% of total
                household income from forests and other wild areas including
                fallows, agricultural lands, wetlands, grasslands, and shrub
                land. In general, households in the lower income quartiles are
                more dependent on forest and wild products for subsistence income
                , whereas wealthier households are more engaged in the sale of
                higher value forest products for cash income. Forests, fallows,
                and agricultural lands are the most important sources of
                environmental income for households in western Uganda. Income
                from forest and wild products plays an important role in reducing
                income inequality between households. The loss of this income due
                to deforestation and environmental degradation has implications
                for rural livelihood portfolios and for the well-being of
                relatively poor households.},
    copyright = {Copyright Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC 2012},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JWE37R5N/Jagger2012_Environmental income,
            rural livelihoods, and income inequality in western Uganda.pdf},
}

@incollection{Jaglin2019,
    title = {Electricity Autonomy and Power Grids in {{Africa}}: From Rural
             Experiments to Urban Hybridizations},
    booktitle = {Local {{Energy Autonomy}}: {{Spaces}}, {{Scales}}, {{Politics}}
                 },
    author = {Jaglin, Sylvy},
    editor = {Lopez, F. and Pellgrino, M. and Coutard, O.},
    date = {2019},
    pages = {291--310},
    publisher = {{Wiley}},
    location = {{Hoboken, NJ}},
    keywords = {country::Benin,status::skimmed,topic::electricity,topic::rural,
                topic::urban},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MQ94YYD3/Jaglin2019_Electricity autonomy
            and power grids in Africa.pdf},
}

@article{Karpouzoglou2019,
    title = {Unearthing the Ripple Effects of Power and Resilience in Large
             River Deltas},
    author = {Karpouzoglou, Timos and Dang Tri, VAN Pham and Ahmed, Farhana and
              Warner, Jeroen and Hoang, Long and Nguyen, Thanh Binh and Dewulf,
              Art},
    date = {2019},
    journaltitle = {Environmental science \& policy},
    volume = {98},
    pages = {1--10},
    publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
    issn = {1462-9011},
    doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.011},
    abstract = {•Delta interventions to manage flood risk can amplify power and
                social inequalities.•The power dimensions of delta interventions
                tends to be overlooked.•Resilience in deltas needs to transition
                towards a situated and negotiated frame.•Power considerations
                need to inform a more holistic understanding of delta resilience.
                Historically, flood resilience in large river deltas has been
                strongly tied to institutional and infrastructural interventions
                to manage flood risk (such as building of embankments and
                drainage structures). However, the introduction of
                infrastructural works has inevitably brought unforeseen, major
                consequences, such as biodiversity and accelerated land
                subsidence, endangering the fertile characteristics that made
                them interesting places to live in in the first place. These
                ripple effects have sparked, a reconsideration of what deltas are
                , questioning the very separation and control between nature and
                culture, and how deltas are to be dealt with. These effects have
                further sparked changing modalities of power that tend to be
                overlooked by delta and resilience scholars alike. As a result,
                there is a real risk that future interventions to increase
                resilience, will in fact amplify unequal power relations in
                deltas as opposed to alleviating them. If the system as a whole
                has achieved some level of flood resilience (partly due to the
                flood defence mechanisms in place), does infrastructure have a
                differential effect on people’s mobility under flood conditions?
                Are some groups experiencing less rather than more security, as
                water accumulates in some places but not others? This paper
                presents theoretical insights on the relationship between power
                and resilience in delta regions supported by two case studies,
                the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta in Bangladesh and the Mekong
                delta in Vietnam.},
    copyright = {2019 The Authors},
    issue = {March 2018},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::,status::skimmed,topic::river},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/24YV5JI5/Karpouzoglou2019_Unearthing the
            ripple effects of power and resilience in large river deltas.pdf},
}

@report{Kozel2014,
    title = {Well {{Begun}} but {{Not Yet Done}}: {{Progress}} and {{Emerging
             Challenges}} for {{Poverty Reduction}} in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Kozel, Valerie J.},
    date = {2014},
    series = {Equity and {{Development}}},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20074},
    keywords = {inequality::ethnicity,inequality::income,inequality::regional,
                topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HBSGJ5K7/Kozel2014_Well Begun but Not Yet
            Done.pdf},
}

@article{Le2019,
    title = {Trade Liberalisation, Poverty, and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}: A
             Quantile Regression Approach},
    shorttitle = {Trade Liberalisation, Poverty, and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Le, Minh Son and Su, Jen-Je and Nguyen, Jeremy},
    date = {2019-08-02},
    journaltitle = {Applied Economics},
    shortjournal = {Applied Economics},
    volume = {51},
    number = {36},
    pages = {3971--3981},
    issn = {0003-6846, 1466-4283},
    doi = {10.1080/00036846.2019.1588943},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::modernization,
                topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3S5CUK6U/Le2019_Trade liberalisation,
            poverty, and inequality in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Le2021,
    title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Foreign Direct Investment}} on {{Income
             Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Le, Quoc Hoi and Do, Quynh Anh and Pham, Hong Chuong and Nguyen,
              Thanh Duong},
    date = {2021-03-01},
    journaltitle = {Economies},
    shortjournal = {Economies},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {27},
    issn = {2227-7099},
    doi = {10.3390/economies9010027},
    abstract = {Foreign direct investments (FDI) is an important determinant of
                economic growth. FDI does not only contribute to the growth and
                economic development but also affects income through contributing
                to economic development and the impact on employment and salary
                structure of developing countries. The aim of this paper is to
                analyze the impact of FDI on income inequality in Vietnam. This
                study is the first attempt to examine the impact of FDI on income
                inequality under the constraints of the institution and education
                levels. To address the potential endogeneity problem, this study
                adopts Genernalized Method of Moment (GMM) model to conduct the
                estimation. A two-step GMM model with robust standard errors is
                used in the study. Empirical results show that FDI tends to
                increase income inequality in Vietnam and the existence of a
                non-linearity relationship between FDI and income inequality is
                also validated. Moreover, the study finds that the effects of FDI
                on income inequality are different depending on the level of
                education and institutions of the host provinces in Vietnam. The
                results of this study imply that, in order to ensure sustainable
                development, Vietnam’s policies should focus on improving the
                quality of economic governance and the administrative reform
                efforts of the government of the provinces and cities. Besides,
                policies should focus on increasing investment in public
                education and improving human capital, which not only can reduce
                income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::FDI},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RJ3NP2U8/Le2021_The Impact of Foreign
            Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Le2021a,
    title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Foreign Direct Investment}} on {{Income
             Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Le, Quoc Hoi and Do, Quynh Anh and Pham, Hong Chuong and Nguyen,
              Thanh Duong},
    date = {2021-03-01},
    journaltitle = {Economies},
    shortjournal = {Economies},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    pages = {27},
    issn = {2227-7099},
    doi = {10.3390/economies9010027},
    abstract = {Foreign direct investments (FDI) is an important determinant of
                economic growth. FDI does not only contribute to the growth and
                economic development but also affects income through contributing
                to economic development and the impact on employment and salary
                structure of developing countries. The aim of this paper is to
                analyze the impact of FDI on income inequality in Vietnam. This
                study is the first attempt to examine the impact of FDI on income
                inequality under the constraints of the institution and education
                levels. To address the potential endogeneity problem, this study
                adopts Genernalized Method of Moment (GMM) model to conduct the
                estimation. A two-step GMM model with robust standard errors is
                used in the study. Empirical results show that FDI tends to
                increase income inequality in Vietnam and the existence of a
                non-linearity relationship between FDI and income inequality is
                also validated. Moreover, the study finds that the effects of FDI
                on income inequality are different depending on the level of
                education and institutions of the host provinces in Vietnam. The
                results of this study imply that, in order to ensure sustainable
                development, Vietnam’s policies should focus on improving the
                quality of economic governance and the administrative reform
                efforts of the government of the provinces and cities. Besides,
                policies should focus on increasing investment in public
                education and improving human capital, which not only can reduce
                income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows.},
    langid = {english},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DIRG96MR/Le2021_The Impact of Foreign
            Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Le2022,
    title = {Growth, Inequality and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}: {{How}} Did Trade
             Liberalisation Help the Poor, 2002–2008},
    shorttitle = {Growth, Inequality and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Le, Nga Van T. and Hoang, Trung Xuan and Tran, Tuyen Quang},
    date = {2022-01},
    journaltitle = {International Journal of Social Welfare},
    shortjournal = {Int J Soc Welfare},
    volume = {31},
    number = {1},
    pages = {86--99},
    issn = {1369-6866, 1468-2397},
    doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12482},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::modernization,
                topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L8HM9TCJ/Le2022_Growth, inequality and
            poverty in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@book{Lipton1977,
    title = {Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development},
    shorttitle = {Why Poor People Stay Poor},
    author = {Lipton, Michael},
    date = {1977},
    publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
    location = {{Cambridge}},
    isbn = {978-0-674-95238-6},
    pagetotal = {467},
    keywords = {topic::poverty,topic::urban},
    note = {Includes index},
}

@article{Lwanga-Ntale2014,
    title = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}: {{Issues}} for Discussion and Further
             Research},
    shorttitle = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Lwanga-Ntale, Charles},
    date = {2014-12},
    journaltitle = {Development},
    shortjournal = {Development},
    volume = {57},
    number = {3-4},
    pages = {601--617},
    issn = {1011-6370, 1461-7072},
    doi = {10.1057/dev.2015.44},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,index::Gini,inequality::income,status::skimmed,
                topic::consumption,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WRXL7XN9/Lwanga-Ntale2014_Inequality in
            Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{McCaig2011,
    title = {Exporting out of Poverty: {{Provincial}} Poverty in {{Vietnam}} and
             {{U}}.{{S}}. Market Access},
    shorttitle = {Exporting out of Poverty},
    author = {McCaig, Brian},
    date = {2011-09},
    journaltitle = {Journal of International Economics},
    shortjournal = {Journal of International Economics},
    volume = {85},
    number = {1},
    pages = {102--113},
    issn = {00221996},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.05.007},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {inequality::rural,topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/94NXHFS2/McCaig2011_Exporting out of
            poverty.pdf},
}

@report{McCaig2013,
    title = {Moving out of {{Agriculture}}: {{Structural Change}} in {{Vietnam}}
             },
    shorttitle = {Moving out of {{Agriculture}}},
    author = {McCaig, Brian and Pavcnik, Nina},
    date = {2013-11},
    number = {w19616},
    pages = {w19616},
    institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
    location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
    doi = {10.3386/w19616},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::modernization,
                topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/N6FT2KCY/McCaig2013_Moving out of
            Agriculture.pdf},
}

@report{McCaig2014,
    title = {Export {{Markets}} and {{Labor Allocation}} in a {{Low-income
             Country}}},
    author = {McCaig, Brian and Pavcnik, Nina},
    date = {2014-09},
    number = {w20455},
    pages = {w20455},
    institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
    location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
    doi = {10.3386/w20455},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::modernization,
                topic::trade_liberalization},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Y52395K2/McCaig2014_Export Markets and
            Labor Allocation in a Low-income Country.pdf},
}

@article{McCaig2015,
    title = {Informal {{Employment}} in a {{Growing}} and {{Globalizing
             Low-Income Country}}},
    author = {McCaig, Brian and Pavcnik, Nina},
    date = {2015-05-01},
    journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
    shortjournal = {American Economic Review},
    volume = {105},
    number = {5},
    pages = {545--550},
    issn = {0002-8282},
    doi = {10.1257/aer.p20151051},
    abstract = {We document several facts about workforce transitions from the
                informal to the formal sector in Vietnam, a fast growing,
                industrializing, and low-income country. First, younger workers,
                particularly migrants, are more likely to work in the formal
                sector and stay there permanently. Second, the decline in the
                aggregate share of informal employment occurs through changes
                between and within birth cohorts. Third, younger, educated, male,
                and urban workers are more likely to switch to the formal sector
                than other workers initially in the informal sector. Poorly
                educated, older, female, rural workers face little prospect of
                formalization. Fourth, formalization coincides with occupational
                upgrading.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::formality,
                topic::modernization},
    file = {
            /home/marty/Zotero/storage/B9PDGNH5/mccaig2015.pdf.pdf;/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WXU5WNWQ/zAppendix.pdf
            },
}

@article{McNabb2018,
    title = {Exploring Regional and Gender Disparities in {{Beninese}} Primary
             School Attendance: A Multilevel Approach},
    shorttitle = {Exploring Regional and Gender Disparities in {{Beninese}}
                  Primary School Attendance},
    author = {McNabb, Kyle},
    date = {2018-09-03},
    journaltitle = {Education Economics},
    shortjournal = {Education Economics},
    volume = {26},
    number = {5},
    pages = {534--556},
    issn = {0964-5292, 1469-5782},
    doi = {10.1080/09645292.2018.1426732},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,inequality::education,status::skimmed,
                topic::education,topic::rural},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GGSIGNY3/McNabb2018_Exploring regional
            and gender disparities in Beninese primary school attendance.pdf},
}

@article{MinhHo2021,
    title = {{{DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON EDUCATION AFFECT PROVINCIAL INCOME
             INEQUALITY IN VIETNAM}}?},
    author = {Minh Ho, Chi and Thai-Thuong Le, Quan and The Vo, Anh and Hong Vo,
              Duc and Thi-Thieu Ha, Dao},
    date = {2021-06-01},
    journaltitle = {The Singapore Economic Review},
    shortjournal = {Singapore Econ. Rev.},
    volume = {66},
    number = {04},
    pages = {1105--1123},
    issn = {0217-5908, 1793-6837},
    doi = {10.1142/S0217590820490065},
    abstract = {This study is conducted to examine the effect on income
                inequality of government spending on education across 63
                provinces in Vietnam. The generalized method of moments (GMM)
                regression technique is used to address potential endogeneity in
                the model caused by income inequality and inequality in
                government spending on education. Income inequality is proxied by
                both the Gini coefficient and the Theil index. Inequality in
                government spending on education in Vietnam is estimated using a
                novel entropic approach, which decomposes the inequality into two
                components: “within-province” inequality and “between-province”
                inequality. Data for the period from 2010 to 2016 are used. Our
                empirical findings are summarized as follows. First,
                “within-province” inequality accounts for a substantial portion
                of inequality in government spending on education. This means
                that although the Vietnamese national government has done well in
                terms of allocating spending on education across 63 provinces,
                inequality in education spending appears across districts within
                provinces. Second, both total inequality of government spending
                on education and its two components are positively associated
                with income inequality across provinces. As such, reducing
                differences in government spending on education across provinces
                and across districts within provinces is an effective mechanism
                for reducing income inequality across provinces and across
                districts within provinces in Vietnam.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::education},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EMUDX7L5/Minh Ho2021_DOES GOVERNMENT
            SPENDING ON EDUCATION AFFECT PROVINCIAL INCOME INEQUALITY IN.pdf},
}

@article{Mottet2009,
    title = {L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve
             rouge (Vietnam) : mise en perspective des forces et faiblesses de la
             gestion du risque d’inondation.},
    shorttitle = {L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du
                  fleuve rouge (Vietnam)},
    author = {Mottet, Éric and Roche, Yann},
    date = {2009-01-08},
    journaltitle = {VertigO},
    shortjournal = {vertigo},
    issn = {1492-8442},
    doi = {10.4000/vertigo.7782},
    issue = {Volume 8 Numéro 3},
    langid = {french},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::flooding,topic::river},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NAZTWGZW/Mottet2009_L’urbanisation de la
            ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam).pdf},
}

@article{Mulogo2018,
    title = {Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Availability at Rural Health
             Care Facilities in Southwestern {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Mulogo, Edgar Mugema and Matte, Micheal and Wesuta, Andrew and
              Bagenda, Fred and Apecu, Richard and Ntaro, Moses},
    date = {2018},
    journaltitle = {Journal of environmental and public health},
    volume = {2018},
    publisher = {{Hindawi}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P4LYXIC5/Mulogo2018_Water, sanitation,
            and hygiene service availability at rural health care.pdf},
}

@article{Nagasha2019,
    title = {Effect of Climate Variability on Gender Roles among Communities
             Surrounding {{Lake Mburo National Park}}, {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Nagasha, Judith Irene and Mugisha, Lawrence and Kaase-Bwanga,
              Elizabeth and Onyuth, Howard and Ocaido, Michael},
    date = {2019-02-18},
    journaltitle = {Emerald Open Research},
    shortjournal = {Emerald Open Res},
    volume = {1},
    pages = {7},
    issn = {2631-3952},
    doi = {10.12688/emeraldopenres.12953.1},
    abstract = {Background: Climate change has been increasingly recognized as a
                global crisis with effects on gender roles. Recently, communities
                surrounding Lake Mburo national park, Uganda have been
                experiencing frequent severe droughts. It was against this
                background that this study was designed to understand effect of
                climate change on gender roles. Methods: This cross sectional
                study reviewed the effect of climate change on men and women’s
                gender roles using a pragmatic research paradigm based on a
                thematic review model using participatory methods and a
                structured questionnaire. Results: The study found that men and
                women’s gender roles were altered during extreme dryness. Men
                played their roles sequentially focusing on one single productive
                role, while women played their roles simultaneously, balancing
                the demands of each role with their limited available time.
                Effect of climate change variability affected productive roles
                more in Kiruhura district than Isingiro district. There was
                migration of both men and women in search for water and pasture
                livestock in Kiruhura district which distorted gender roles of
                women. Consequently, women and children had a heavier load and
                were the most people affected by climate change effects.
                Conclusion: Gender roles of communities surrounding Lake Mburo
                National Park, Uganda were affected and altered by the effects of
                climate change variability. Therefore, institutions offering
                climate services to local communities should consider gender in
                decision making, access to resources, information and knowledge.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::gender,level::local,status::read,
                topic::climate_change,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VS54U4XB/Nagasha2019_Effect of climate
            variability on gender roles among communities surrounding.pdf},
}

@article{Naiga2015,
    title = {Challenging Pathways to Safe Water Access in Rural {{Uganda}}: {{
             From}} Supply to Demand-Driven Water Governance},
    author = {Naiga, Resty and Penker, Marianne and Hogl, Karl},
    date = {2015},
    journaltitle = {International Journal of the Commons},
    volume = {9},
    number = {1},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8MLNSETL/Naiga2015_Challenging pathways
            to safe water access in rural Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{Naiga2018,
    title = {Conditions for Successful Community-Based Water Management:
             Perspectives from Rural {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Naiga, Resty},
    date = {2018},
    journaltitle = {international journal of Rural management},
    volume = {14},
    number = {2},
    pages = {110--135},
    publisher = {{SAGE Publications Sage India: New Delhi, India}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::regional,level::local,
                status::skimmed,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4YUD22W9/Naiga2018_Conditions for
            successful community-based water management.pdf},
}

@thesis{Natuhwera2019,
    title = {Rights of Women to Property, a Case Study of {{Isingiro}} District,
             {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Natuhwera, Justus},
    date = {2019},
    institution = {{Kampala international University, School of Law}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::thesis,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9VNT58MW/Natuhwera2019_Rights of women to
            property, a case study of Isingiro district, Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{Nguyen2007,
    title = {A Quantile Regression Decomposition of Urban–Rural Inequality in {{
             Vietnam}}},
    author = {Nguyen, Binh T. and Albrecht, James W. and Vroman, Susan B. and
              Westbrook, M. Daniel},
    date = {2007-07},
    journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
    shortjournal = {Journal of Development Economics},
    volume = {83},
    number = {2},
    pages = {466--490},
    issn = {03043878},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.04.006},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::rural,
                status::skimmed,topic::education},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WN23U92I/Nguyen2007_A quantile regression
            decomposition of urban–rural inequality in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Nguyen2018,
    title = {Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}: {{Nguyen
             AND Pham}} - {{{\emph{ECONOMIC GROWTH}}}}{\emph{, }}{{{\emph{
             INEQUALITY}}}}{\emph{, }}{{{\emph{AND POVERTY IN VIETNAM}}}}},
    shorttitle = {Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Nguyen, Cuong V. and Pham, Nguyet M.},
    date = {2018-05},
    journaltitle = {Asian-Pacific Economic Literature},
    shortjournal = {Asia Pac Econ Lit.},
    volume = {32},
    number = {1},
    pages = {45--58},
    issn = {08189935},
    doi = {10.1111/apel.12219},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::modernization,
                topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7JLMIQA8/Asian-Pac Economic Lit - 2018 -
            Nguyen - Economic growth inequality and poverty in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Nguyen2019,
    title = {Energy Transition, Poverty and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Nguyen, Trung Thanh and Nguyen, Thanh-Tung and Hoang, Viet-Ngu and
              Wilson, Clevo and Managi, Shunsuke},
    date = {2019-09},
    journaltitle = {Energy Policy},
    shortjournal = {Energy Policy},
    volume = {132},
    pages = {536--548},
    issn = {03014215},
    doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.001},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::,topic::energy,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BS8J9JT6/Nguyen2019_Energy transition,
            poverty and inequality in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Nguyen2020,
    title = {Essays on Housing Affordability and Housing Quality Dilemmas in {{
             Vietnam}}},
    author = {Nguyen, Phuong},
    date = {2020},
    abstract = {The housing affordability problem is a profound and increasing
                challenge facing policy-makers in the developing world, where
                poor households are the most vulnerable to problems arising from
                a shortage of affordable and adequate housing. In Vietnam, the
                housing market has undergone fundamental changes driven by
                widening income inequality, increasing urbanisation and
                decreasing household size. The housing price-to-income ratio, a
                measure of housing affordability, is currently at an
                unprecedentedly high level. Vietnam's experience is impacted by a
                number of elements such as rapidly rising costs of housing,
                unequal income distribution, speculative activities, constraints
                in land supply and housing finance, housing market structure, and
                the regulatory environment. Over three studies, this thesis
                carries out the econometric analysis of secondary data to explore
                mechanisms underlying housing affordability in Vietnam and its
                flow-on effects on household well-being. Noticing that the
                distribution of income plays a crucial role in explaining the
                housing affordability problem, the first study analyses the
                influence of income inequality on a number of housing outcomes,
                including housing price-to-income ratio, housing values, and
                household choices of housing type and housing conditions in
                Vietnam's urban areas. It does so by employing data from the
                Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey as well as
                district-level data from the Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam from
                2010 to 2016. The estimated results demonstrate that rising
                income inequality, measured by the Gini coefficient at the
                district level, is associated with rising housing cost burden and
                a substitution effect towards consuming poor-quality housing
                resulting from a lack of housing affordability. The findings of
                this study provide deep insights into the long-lasting existence
                of informal and self-built housing in Vietnam, which is
                predominantly in sub-standard forms and frequently lack essential
                amenities. Next, the second study measures the effects of poor
                housing conditions on occupants' physical and mental health. This
                study employs the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey
                (VARHS) data from 2008 to 2016. Empirical findings from this
                chapter indicate that living in deprived housing conditions is
                associated with a higher number of sick days within a year,
                worsening mental well-being and a more inferior self-reported
                health status of the occupants. The estimated results also show
                that the intensity of deprived housing conditions, measured by an
                increase in the number of housing problems, tends to worsen all
                health outcomes considered. These results provide a better
                understanding of the role of a dwelling's structural and sanitary
                conditions on individuals' health and have important implications
                for public policies. The third study examines the role of housing
                conditions in enhancing households' resilience to natural
                disasters. This study separately looks at three of the most
                frequently occurring natural disasters in Vietnam, which include
                floods, droughts, and typhoons. This study also uses data from
                the VARHS. The findings from this chapter make a significant
                contribution to the literature on natural disasters by analysing
                the link between the physical attributes of housing and the
                probability of achieving full recovery post a disaster. In
                particular, the empirical findings suggest that those living in
                substandard houses are not only more vulnerable to disasters but
                take longer to recover. Source: TROVE},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::housing},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FD3NAYXR/NGUYEN2020_Essays on housing
            affordability and housing quality dilemmas in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{NguyenAnThinh2020Drtc,
    title = {Diversified Responses to Contemporary Pressures on Sloping
             Agricultural Land: {{Thai}} Farmer’s Perception of Mountainous
             Landscapes in Northern {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Nguyen, An Thinh and Hens, Luc},
    date = {2020},
    journaltitle = {Environment, development and sustainability},
    volume = {23},
    number = {4},
    pages = {5411--5429},
    publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
    location = {{Dordrecht}},
    issn = {1387-585X},
    doi = {10.1007/s10668-020-00822-x},
    abstract = {Mountains cover approximately three quarters of the Vietnam,
                mainly in the north, west, and central parts of the country.
                Among the 38 ethnic minorities inhabiting the northern mountains
                of Vietnam, the Thai population is the second largest. Cultural
                landscapes and traditional agricultural uplands shaped by the
                Thai have a long history and represent a mosaic of paddy and
                vegetable fields along rivers and springs, forests and
                plantations of trees on slopes. This pattern is now changing
                significantly, which results in a diversification of the fields
                shaped by Thai farmers. This study deals with understanding the
                pressures driving the changes, the new state of the upland
                agriculture, and the way the Thai of the Son Thinh mountain (Yen
                Bai, Vietnam) respond to sustain their upland farming systems.
                Land quality indicators (LQIs) are identified using the
                pressure–state–response (PSR) framework. Sixty completed
                questionnaires with 65 closed questions each using a five-point
                Likert scale were collected in 2016. The results show that Thai
                farmers nowadays apply a wider-scale solutions to deal with the
                sustainability of agricultural upland on the slopes as compared
                to a limited number of traditional farming techniques that were
                used in the past. Climate change hazards (floods, droughts,
                landslides, extreme cold, and flash floods), the scarcity of
                irrigation water, and agricultural land put pressure on the
                slopes. The most noticeable socioeconomic impacts are migration,
                population growth, and unstable input and output prices. The most
                considerable changes in the state of the land quality are soil
                erosion, land degradation, and local cultivation practices.
                Modifying cultivation options, applying soil conservation
                practices, improving indigenous techniques, and implementing
                agricultural land use policies are the most significant responses
                to modify land use and its pressures. Responses of the Thai
                farmers on sustainable sloping land use are put in a structural
                model with a horizontal diversification strategy. Recommendations
                concern mainstreaming the local indigenous knowledge on
                agricultural land use, land management policies, and implementing
                the LQIs based on PSR framework for sustainable land use planning
                on the slopes in Vietnam.},
    copyright = {Springer Nature B.V. 2020},
    langid = {english},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7A3JX6JC/Nguyen2020_Diversified responses
            to contemporary pressures on sloping agricultural land.pdf},
}

@book{OECD2013,
    title = {Co-Operation {{Report}} 2013 : Ending Poverty.},
    author = {OECD},
    date = {2013},
    publisher = {{OECD Publishing}},
    location = {{Paris}},
    url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/dcr-2013-en},
    abstract = {The Development Co-operation Report (DCR) 2013 explores what
                needs to be done to achieve rapid and sustainable progress in the
                global fight to reduce poverty. The world is on track to achieve
                the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving the
                proportion of people whose income is less than USD 1.25 a day.
                Nonetheless, we are far from achieving the overarching MDG goal
                of eradicating extreme poverty. While we have learned much about
                what works in terms of reducing poverty, ""getting to zero""
                remains a challenge in the face of the intractable difficulties
                of reaching those mired in extr},
    isbn = {92-64-20101-7},
    langid = {english},
    organization = {{Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
                    (OECD) Staff Corporate Author}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AN7SU5YY/OECD2013_Co-operation Report
            2013.pdf},
}

@book{OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment2013,
    title = {Global Food Security: Challenges for the Food and Agricultural
             System},
    shorttitle = {Global Food Security},
    editor = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation {and} Development},
    date = {2013},
    location = {{Paris}},
    isbn = {978-92-64-19536-3 978-92-64-19534-9},
    langid = {english},
    pagetotal = {162},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,topic::agriculture,topic::food},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KKZDH3D8/Organisation for Economic
            Co-operation and Development2013_Global food security.pdf},
}

@book{Osabuohien2020,
    title = {The {{Palgrave}} Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in
             {{Africa}}},
    editor = {Osabuohien, Evans},
    date = {2020},
    publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
    location = {{Cham, Switzerland}},
    doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6},
    isbn = {978-3-030-41513-6 978-3-030-41512-9 978-3-030-41515-0},
    langid = {english},
    pagetotal = {649},
}

@article{PhamNgaThanhThi2021Nhea,
    title = {Natural Hazard's Effect and Farmers' Perception: {{Perspectives}}
             from Flash Floods and Landslides in Remotely Mountainous Regions of
             {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Pham, Nga Thanh Thi and Nong, Duy and Garschagen, Matthias},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {The Science of the total environment},
    volume = {759},
    pages = {142656--142656},
    publisher = {{Elsevier B.V}},
    location = {{Netherlands}},
    issn = {0048-9697},
    doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142656},
    abstract = {Understanding perceptions of indigenous people toward natural
                disasters is essential in social and environmental research to
                facilitate further studies in investigating the impacts of the
                events, as well as in examining the adaptive strategies and
                having implications for policymakers and relevant institutional
                bodies. We took this essential feature to study the perceptions
                of local people toward the two common natural disasters: flash
                floods and landslides. We selected the case study in three
                communes (An Binh, An Thinh, and Dai Son) in Van Yen district,
                Yen Bai province in Vietnam. This is because flash floods and
                landslides are two frequent natural disasters that highly
                adversely affect these areas where major poor ethnic minority
                communities reside. We conducted six Focus Group Discussions
                (FGDs) and household surveys (405 households) in 2016. The
                results showed that a decline in productivity, a decrease in
                income, more hard-working conditions, and an increase in daily
                expenses were the most observed impacts of these natural
                disasters in the communes. The analysis also revealed that almost
                45\% of farmers perceived an increasing trend in the frequency
                and impacts of flash floods and landslides over the past 15
                years. A Multinomial Logit (MNL) model was used to analyze the
                determinants of farmers' awareness of flash floods and landslides
                , which indicated that farmers' perceptions of flash floods and
                landslides are associated with socio-economic characteristics,
                such as gender, agricultural experience, ethnic groups, climate
                information, and household income conditions. We suggested that
                local governments should pay more attention to strengthen
                farmers' awareness to help improve perceptions of local people
                toward common natural disasters so that they would gain better
                adaptive capacities and become more sustainable, which are in
                line with the Sustainable Development Goals. [Display omitted]
                •Farmers' cognition on flash floods and landslides in Vietnam is
                examined.•Multinomial Logit models are used for investigating
                indigenous farmers' perceptions.•Local farmers' awareness varies
                across different agro-ecological areas.•Socioeconomic features
                are determining forces in explaining farmers' awareness.•Findings
                can be the references for policy-making in regions with similar
                conditions.},
    copyright = {2020 Elsevier B.V.},
    langid = {english},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TLWQQZEI/Pham2021_Natural hazard's effect
            and farmers' perception.pdf},
}

@article{Rateau2022,
    title = {Electrifying Urban {{Africa}}: Energy Access, City-Making and
             Globalisation in {{Nigeria}} and {{Benin}}},
    shorttitle = {Electrifying Urban {{Africa}}},
    author = {Rateau, Mélanie and Choplin, Armelle},
    date = {2022-01-01},
    journaltitle = {International Development Planning Review},
    shortjournal = {International Development Planning Review},
    volume = {44},
    number = {1},
    pages = {55--80},
    issn = {1478-3401, 1474-6743},
    doi = {10.3828/idpr.2021.4},
    abstract = {Electricity access has become a crucial issue in global South
                cities. While demand is growing, conventional grids are failing
                or insufficient, especially in Africa. Urban dwellers therefore
                have to develop a wide range of (in)formal infrastructures to
                meet their daily electricity needs. Building on recent studies on
                urban electricity in the global South, this paper aims to
                contribute to the debates on hybrid forms of electricity
                provision by analysing the diffusion of solar panels and
                generators in two cities, Ibadan in Nigeria and Cotonou in Benin.
                Although neighbouring and relatively similar, these two cities
                illustrate distinct daily electrical lives. In Nigeria, an
                electricity-exporting country, people face daily power outages.
                In Benin, a country that depends on Nigeria for its supply, there
                is electricity but it is difficult to connect to the grid because
                of connection costs. Based on an empirical study, the article
                shows that Ibadan’s inhabitants use generators as a complement to
                a conventional grid that is almost universal but unreliable. In
                Cotonou, solar energy is an alternative until they can connect to
                the grid. Generators and solar panels have become the material
                markers of urban Africa, providing information on inequalities in
                access to electricity.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,country::Nigeria,status::read,topic::electricity,
                topic::urban},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MDMADPTM/Rateau2022_Electrifying urban
            Africa.pdf},
}

@article{Rietveld2022,
    title = {Predictable Patterns of Unsustainable Intensification},
    author = {Rietveld, Anne M and Groot, Jeroen CJ and van der Burg, Margreet},
    options = {useprefix=true},
    date = {2022},
    journaltitle = {International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability},
    volume = {20},
    number = {4},
    pages = {461--477},
    publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZHCW8S4D/Rietveld2022_Predictable
            patterns of unsustainable intensification.pdf},
}

@article{Sempewo2021,
    title = {Assessing Willingness to Pay for Water during the {{COVID-19}}
             Crisis in {{Ugandan}} Households},
    author = {Sempewo, Jotham Ivan and Kisaakye, Peter and Mushomi, John and
              Tumutungire, Martin Dahlin and Ekyalimpa, Ronald},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Social Sciences \& Humanities Open},
    volume = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {100230},
    publisher = {{Elsevier}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::health,status::skimmed,
                topic::covid19,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZJVIT5DE/Sempewo2021_Assessing
            willingness to pay for water during the COVID-19 crisis in
            Ugandan.pdf},
}

@article{Sempewo2021a,
    title = {The Impact of {{COVID-19}} on Households’ Water Use in {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Sempewo, Jotham Ivan and Mushomi, John and Tumutungire, Martin
              Dahlin and Ekyalimpa, Ronald and Kisaakye, Peter},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Water Supply},
    volume = {21},
    number = {5},
    pages = {2489--2504},
    publisher = {{IWA Publishing}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::covid19,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CHMK2BB6/Sempewo2021_The impact of
            COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{Sen2021,
    title = {Farmers’ Barriers to the Access and Use of Climate Information in
             the Mountainous Regions of {{Thừa Thiên Huế}} Province, {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Sen, Le Thi Hoa and Bond, Jennifer and Dung, Nguyen Tien and Hung,
              Hoang Gia and Mai, Nguyen Thi Hong and Phuong, Huynh Thi Anh},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {Climate services},
    volume = {24},
    pages = {100267-},
    publisher = {{Elsevier B.V}},
    issn = {2405-8807},
    doi = {10.1016/j.cliser.2021.100267},
    abstract = {Climate change is a major challenge to rural livelihoods in
                Vietnam, particularly in remote and mountainous areas. Access and
                use of climate information is considered vital to households’ and
                communities’ adaptive capacity. This research employed a survey
                to investigate barriers to the access, and use of, formal climate
                change information among two groups of farmers (ethnic minority
                and Kinh) in mountainous areas of Thừa Thiên Huế province,
                Vietnam. Adopting a logit model, the results show that the main
                barriers were: 1) farmers’ lack of trust of formal
                climate-related services; 2) farmers’ lack of perceived risk from
                climate change; and 3) difficulties in balancing climate
                adaptation and economic benefits of new interventions. Ethnicity
                was not a barrier, as all farmers looked for climate information
                from informal channels (friends, neighbors, market actors) rather
                than from formal channels (agricultural departments, television,
                radio), although cultural issues such as language did act as a
                barrier. This research recommends strengthening the networks and
                interactions between market actors and government staff with
                local people, through direct communication and adaptation
                demonstrations. Formal and informal climate information channels
                should be integrated to effectively combine local resources and
                indigenous knowledge with advanced technologies, to support
                farmers’ sustainable and robust climate adaptation responses.
                Further, the research found that while farmers have access to
                devices, such as smart phones, they prefer to use these for
                entertainment rather than climate information. The implications
                of the study therefore are that any future network or
                communication activities should be in local languages and note
                the limitations of using devices for information dissemination.},
    copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::agriculture,
                topic::climate_change},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TE5D79FK/Sen2021_Farmers’ barriers to the
            access and use of climate information in the.pdf},
}

@article{Son2020,
    title = {Community Adaptation and Climate Change in the {{Northern
             Mountainous Region}} of {{Vietnam}}: {{A}} Case Study of Ethnic
             Minority People in {{Bac Kan Province}}},
    shorttitle = {Community Adaptation and Climate Change in the {{Northern
                  Mountainous Region}} of {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Son, Ho and Kingsbury, Aaron},
    date = {2020-01-02},
    journaltitle = {Asian Geographer},
    shortjournal = {Asian Geographer},
    volume = {37},
    number = {1},
    pages = {33--51},
    issn = {1022-5706, 2158-1762},
    doi = {10.1080/10225706.2019.1701507},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,
                topic::climate_change},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CBYPLX4P/Son2020_Community adaptation and
            climate change in the Northern Mountainous Region of.pdf},
}

@article{Ssewanyana2012,
    title = {Poverty and Inequality Dynamics in {{Uganda}}: {{Insights}} from
             the {{Uganda}} National {{Panel Surveys}} 2005/6 and 2009/10},
    shorttitle = {Poverty and Inequality Dynamics in {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Ssewanyana, Sarah and Kasirye, Ibrahim},
    date = {2012},
    publisher = {{Unknown}},
    doi = {10.22004/AG.ECON.148953},
    abstract = {While Uganda has made significant efforts in reducing the
                proportion of individuals and households living below the
                absolute poverty line, nearly 10 percent of the households
                continue to live in persistent or chronic poverty with
                significant differences across geographical areas. Of all
                households classified aspoor in 2009/10, nearly 49 percent were
                chronically poor households and as such the poor are not a
                homogenous group. Compared to 1992-99 period, households in
                Uganda were found to be more vulnerable to poverty in the period
                2005/6-2009/10. These observed changes in the nature and patterns
                of poverty dynamics in Uganda require government to move away
                from universal poverty reduction interventions that continue to
                treat the poor as a homogenous group. Otherwise, Uganda’s
                achievement of the first millennium development goal of halving
                extreme income poverty earlier than 2015 might not be
                sustainable.The paper also examines the drivers of income
                inequality and finds that education remains the key determinant
                of income inequality. At the same time, income differences
                between regions are narrowing suggesting an indication of
                regional convergence on average income. While government’s fiscal
                targeting of the lagging areas and rural areas might explain the
                observed convergence in average income across geographical areas,
                there are other emerging development challenges that require
                further refinement for the current targeting. Access to public
                extension programs such as the National Agricultural Advisory
                Services (NAADS), which are intended to enhance agricultural
                production and productivity is skewed to well-to-do households
                and not evenly distributed across region. Similar observations
                are noted in terms of access to community infrastructure. There
                is also need to ensure that the benefit of economic growth reach
                the poorest in a way that expands their opportunities.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,index::Gini,index::Theil,inequality::education,
                inequality::income,status::skimmed},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B4AJQX4A/Ssewanyana2012_Poverty and
            inequality dynamics in Uganda.pdf},
}

@report{Takahashi2007,
    title = {Sources of Regional Income Disparity in Rural {{Vietnam}}: {{
             Oaxaca-blinder}} Decomposition},
    author = {Takahashi, Kazushi},
    date = {2007},
    series = {{{IDE Discussion Papers}}},
    number = {95},
    institution = {{Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade
                   Organization}},
    abstract = {This paper investigates determinants of regional income
                disparity in rural Vietnam, with special emphasis placed on the
                roles of human capital and land. We apply a decomposition method,
                suggested by Oaxaca and Blinder. We found that returns to assets
                rather than endowments, especially those of human capital, are
                one of the leading factors to account for income differences
                across regions. We also found that substantial improvements of
                returns to human capital in the Red River delta region are a
                driving force to catch up with Mekong River delta region.
                Unexpectedly, differences in land endowment do not strongly
                correlate with regional income disparity because better access to
                land in a region was partially offset by lower returns.},
    keywords = {inequality::environmental,inequality::regional,status::skimmed,
                topic::education,topic::river},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KFCNGEDE/TakahashiSources of regional
            income disparity in rural Vietnam.pdf},
}

@book{Taylor2004,
    title = {Social Inequality in {{Vietnam}} and the Challenges to Reform},
    editor = {Taylor, Philip},
    date = {2004},
    series = {Vietnam Update Series},
    publisher = {{Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}},
    location = {{Singapore}},
    abstract = {Social inequalities have grown during Vietnam's transition to a
                market-based economy, even as average incomes have increased and
                the number of people living in poverty has lessened. Do widening
                social rifts - between rich and poor, urban and rural communities
                and along regional, gender and ethnic lines - have the potential
                to undermine Vietnam's liberal reforms and its integration with
                its region? How has the socialist state responded to these
                challenges? Based on research and analysis of recent conditions,
                Social Inequality in Vietnam and the Challenges to Reform offers
                detailed descriptions of disparities in income, spatial access,
                gender, ethnicity and status, addressing their causes and
                consequences. The eleven chapters in this book illustrate the
                changing ways in which people have accumulated wealth, social and
                cultural capital in Vietnam's move from a socialist to a
                market-oriented society. They assemble data from the Northern
                Uplands to the Mekong delta to explore geographic variability in
                patterns of social differentiation. Offering critical insights
                into state policy, the chapters assess the adequacy of government
                responses and outline local responses and informal solutions to
                social disadvantage. This book features a diverse mix of
                theoretical and methodological approaches and bridges some of the
                disciplinary and institutional divides that have impeded
                understanding of inequality in Vietnam. The wide range of themes
                it covers will make it a sought-after resource for those
                interested in contemporary Vietnam and the effects of liberal
                reforms, globalization and post-socialist development strategies.
                },
    eventtitle = {Vietnam {{Update Conference}}},
    isbn = {978-981-230-275-5 978-981-230-254-0},
    pagetotal = {392},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::},
}

@article{ThanhThiPham2020,
    title = {Vulnerability Assessment of Households to Flash Floods and
             Landslides in the Poor Upland Regions of {{Vietnam}}},
    author = {Thanh Thi Pham, Nga and Nong, Duy and Raghavan Sathyan, Archana
              and Garschagen, Matthias},
    date = {2020},
    journaltitle = {Climate Risk Management},
    shortjournal = {Climate Risk Management},
    volume = {28},
    pages = {100215},
    issn = {22120963},
    doi = {10.1016/j.crm.2020.100215},
    langid = {english},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VZJ2IRQK/Thanh Thi Pham2020_Vulnerability
            assessment of households to flash floods and landslides in the.pdf},
}

@article{ThuLe2014,
    title = {Inequality in {{Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards}},
             1993-2006},
    author = {Thu Le, Huong and Booth, Alison L.},
    date = {2014},
    journaltitle = {Review of Income and Wealth},
    shortjournal = {Review of Income and Wealth},
    volume = {60},
    number = {4},
    issn = {00346586},
    doi = {10.1111/roiw.12051},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {inequality::rural,status::skimmed,topic::education},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VYQT833H/Thu Le2014_Inequality in
            Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006.pdf},
}

@incollection{Tolo2014,
    title = {Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Subsistence Agriculture,
             Climate Risk Management, and Mitigation of Community Vulnerability
             in Changing Climate, Lake {{Victoria}} Basin: A Case Study of {{
             Rakai}} and {{Isingiro}} Districts, {{Uganda}}},
    booktitle = {Nile River Basin},
    author = {Tolo, Casim Umba and Majule, Enock Amos and Lejju, Julius Bunny},
    date = {2014},
    pages = {451--473},
    publisher = {{Springer}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::abstract,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/U472PGND/Tolo2014_Local and indigenous
            knowledge systems in subsistence agriculture, climate risk.pdf},
}

@article{Twongyirwe2019,
    title = {Perceived Effects of Drought on Household Food Security in {{
             South-western Uganda}}: {{Coping}} Responses and Determinants},
    shorttitle = {Perceived Effects of Drought on Household Food Security in {{
                  South-western Uganda}}},
    author = {Twongyirwe, Ronald and Mfitumukiza, David and Barasa, Bernard and
              Naggayi, Barbara R. and Odongo, Hannington and Nyakato, Viola and
              Mutoni, Grace},
    date = {2019-06},
    journaltitle = {Weather and Climate Extremes},
    shortjournal = {Weather and Climate Extremes},
    volume = {24},
    pages = {100201},
    issn = {22120947},
    doi = {10.1016/j.wace.2019.100201},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,level::local,status::skimmed,topic::agriculture,
                topic::climate_change,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KLIPN9XR/Twongyirwe2019_Perceived effects
            of drought on household food security in South-western Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{VanDePoel2009,
    title = {What Explains the Rural-Urban Gap in Infant Mortality: {{Household}
             } or Community Characteristics?},
    shorttitle = {What Explains the Rural-Urban Gap in Infant Mortality},
    author = {Van De Poel, Ellen and O'donnell, Owen and Van Doorslaer, Eddy},
    date = {2009-11-01},
    journaltitle = {Demography},
    volume = {46},
    number = {4},
    pages = {827--850},
    issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
    doi = {10.1353/dem.0.0074},
    abstract = {Abstract The rural-urban gap in infant mortality rates is
                explained by using a new decomposition method that permits
                identification of the contribution of unobserved heterogeneity at
                the household and the community level. Using Demographic and
                Health Survey data for six Francophone countries in Central and
                West sub-Saharan Africa, we find that differences in the
                distributions of factors that determine mortality-not differences
                in their effects-explain almost the entire gap. Higher infant
                mortality rates in rural areas mainly derive from the rural
                disadvantage in household characteristics, both observed and
                unobserved, which explain two-thirds of the gap. Among the
                observed characteristics, environmental factors-a safe source of
                drinking water, electricity, and quality of housing materials-are
                the most important contributors. Community characteristics
                explain less than onequarter of the gap, with about two-thirds of
                this coming from community unobserved heterogeneity and one-third
                from the existence of a health facility within the community. The
                effect of disadvantageous environmental conditions-such as
                limited electricity and water supply-derives both from a lack of
                community-level infrastructure and from the inability of some
                households to exploit it when available. Policy needs to operate
                at both the community and household levels to correct such
                deficiencies.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Benin,status::skimmed,topic::electricity,topic::health,
                topic::rural,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T48RNP2K/Van De Poel2009_What explains
            the rural-urban gap in infant mortality.pdf},
}

@article{vandeVen2021,
    title = {Living Income Benchmarking of Rural Households in Low-Income
             Countries},
    author = {van de Ven, Gerrie W. J. and de Valenca, Anne and Marinus, Wytze
              and de Jager, Ilse and Descheemaeker, Katrien K. E. and Hekman,
              Willem and Mellisse, Beyene Teklu and Baijukya, Frederick and Omari
              , Mwantumu and Giller, Ken E.},
    options = {useprefix=true},
    date = {2021-06},
    journaltitle = {FOOD SECURITY},
    volume = {13},
    number = {3},
    pages = {729--749},
    issn = {1876-4517},
    doi = {10.1007/s12571-020-01099-8},
    abstract = {The extreme poverty line is the most commonly used benchmark for
                poverty, set at US\$ 1.90 by the World Bank. Another benchmark,
                based on the Anker living wage methodology, is the remuneration
                received for a standard work week necessary for a worker to meet
                his/her family's basic needs in a particular place. The living
                wage concept has been used extensively to address incomes of
                plantation workers producing agricultural commodities for
                international markets. More recently intense discussion has
                emerged concerning the `living income' of smallholder farmers who
                produce commodities for international supply chains on their own
                land. In this article we propose a simple method that can be used
                in all types of development projects to benchmark a rural `living
                income'. We launch the Living Income Methodology, as adapted from
                the Living Wage Methodology, to estimate the living income for
                rural households. In any given location this requires about one
                week of fieldwork. We express it per adult equivalent per day
                (AE/day) and data collection is focused on rural households and
                their immediate surroundings. Our three case studies showed that
                in 2017 in Lushoto District, rural Tanzania, the living income
                was US\$ PPP 4.04/AE/day, in Isingiro District, rural Uganda,
                3.82 and in Sidama Zone, rural Ethiopia, 3.60. In all cases, the
                extreme poverty line of US\$ PPP 1.90 per capita per day is
                insufficient to meet the basic human rights for a decent living
                in low-income countries. The Living Income Methodology provides a
                transparent local benchmark that can be used to assess
                development opportunities of rural households, by employers in
                rural areas, including farmers hiring in labour, while respecting
                basic human rights on a decent living. It can be used to reflect
                on progress of rural households in low-income countries on their
                aspired path out of poverty. It further provides a meaningful
                benchmark to measure progress on Sustainable Development Goal 1,
                eliminating poverty, and 2, zero hunger and sustainable food
                systems, allowing for consideration of the local context.},
    earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2020},
    eissn = {1876-4525},
    orcid-numbers = {Giller, Ken E/0000-0002-5998-4652 Mellisse, Beyene
                     Teklu/0000-0001-5779-0742 van de Ven,
                     Gerrie/0000-0001-5693-0280 Descheemaeker,
                     Katrien/0000-0003-0184-2034},
    researcherid-numbers = {Mellisse, Beyene/AHB-8424-2022 Giller, Ken
                            E/K-2799-2012 Descheemaeker, Katrien/F-3041-2010},
    unique-id = {WOS:000573406200001},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,level::local,status::skimmed,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WWZJBHZB/van de Ven2021_Living income
            benchmarking of rural households in low-income countries.pdf},
}

@article{vandeWalle2001,
    title = {Sources of Ethnic Inequality in {{Viet Nam}}},
    author = {van de Walle, Dominique and Gunewardena, Dileni},
    options = {useprefix=true},
    date = {2001-06},
    journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
    shortjournal = {Journal of Development Economics},
    volume = {65},
    number = {1},
    pages = {177--207},
    issn = {03043878},
    doi = {10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00133-X},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,status::skimmed,
                topic::rural},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LDMZ9SGR/van de Walle2001_Sources of
            ethnic inequality in Viet Nam.pdf},
}

@article{vandeWalle2004,
    title = {Is the Emerging Non-Farm Market Economy the Route out of Poverty in
             {{Vietnam}}?},
    author = {van de Walle, Dominique and Cratty, Dorothyjean},
    options = {useprefix=true},
    date = {2004-06},
    journaltitle = {The Economics of Transition},
    shortjournal = {Economics of Transition},
    volume = {12},
    number = {2},
    pages = {237--274},
    issn = {0967-0750, 1468-0351},
    doi = {10.1111/j.0967-0750.2004.00178.x},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,status::skimmed,
                topic::modernization,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GHYIGV7U/van de Walle2004_Is the emerging
            non-farm market economy the route out of poverty in Vietnam.pdf},
}

@report{VASS2006,
    title = {Vietnam {{Poverty Update Report}} 2006: {{Poverty}} and {{Poverty
             Reduction}} in {{Vietnam}} 1993-2004},
    author = {VASS},
    date = {2006},
    institution = {{Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences}},
    location = {{Hanoi}},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,topic::poverty},
}

@report{VASS2011,
    title = {Poverty {{Reduction}} in {{Vietnam}}: {{Achievements}} and {{
             Challenges}}},
    author = {VASS},
    date = {2011},
    institution = {{Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences}},
    location = {{Hanoi}},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TMVA9NCG/VASS2011_Poverty Reduction in
            Vietnam.pdf},
}

@article{Walker2021,
    title = {Role of Women in Economic Development: {{A}} Comparison of the
             Development Trajectories in Ethiopia and Uganda},
    author = {Walker, Ally and Kulkarni, Kishore G},
    date = {2021},
    journaltitle = {The Journal of developing areas},
    volume = {55},
    number = {2},
    pages = {387--396},
    publisher = {{Tennessee State University}},
    location = {{Nashville}},
    issn = {1548-2278},
    doi = {10.1353/jda.2021.0026},
    abstract = {Historically, women's contributions to the economic, political,
                and social well-being of a society have been dramatically
                devalued. It is only in the last fifty years that the thinking
                towards the role of women has shifted. Today, there is general
                global consensus that female empowerment is "smart economics" and
                that gender equality has a positive effect on economic growth and
                human development. The inverse relationship, that economic growth
                has a positive effect on advancing gender equality is more
                controversial and understudied. To gain a broader picture of the
                role of women in economic development, as well as a more nuanced
                understanding of the relationship between economic growth and
                gender equality, this paper situates women within the human
                development paradigm and first explores the notion of economic
                empowerment. A discussion of the importance of women's
                empowerment to economic development follows. With this framework
                laid, the context of economic development and gender equity in
                East Africa is explored, followed by two specific case studies of
                Ethiopia and Uganda. This paper draws several conclusions about
                the role of women in the economic development trajectories of
                Ethiopia and Uganda, namely that discrimination and
                marginalization of women in Ethiopia and Uganda has limited both
                women's roles economic development and impeded their human
                development. In the Ethiopian and Ugandan economies, women do not
                participate in high growth sectors and a majority of women, if
                employed, work in the agriculture sector with substantially
                unequal access and control over productive resources. In both
                nations, girls are expected to attend less school than boys,
                resulting in lower literacy compared with their male
                counterparts. In health, life expectancy has improved
                substantially in both Ethiopia and Uganda and girls have a higher
                life expectancy than boys at birth. Despite said advances,
                fertility rates remain astronomically high in both Ethiopia and
                Uganda, which curbs (sustained) economic growth potential and
                women's empowerment. This evidence suggests that if Ethiopia and
                Uganda significantly increase economic and educational
                opportunities for women, while maintaining gains in healthcare,
                fertility rates will decrease and more sustained economic growth
                can occur, which will ultimately have positive gains for women's
                empowerment and for development.},
    copyright = {COPYRIGHT 2021 Tennessee State University},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Uganda},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7AQXA3SR/Walker2021_Role of women in
            economic development.pdf},
}

@report{WorldBank2012,
    title = {Vietnam Poverty Assessment: Well Begun, Not yet Done - {{Vietnam}}
             's Remarkable Progress on Poverty Reduction and the Emerging
             Challenges ({{English}}).},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2012},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {
           http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/563561468329654096/2012-Vietnam-poverty-assessment-well-begun-not-yet-done-Vietnams-remarkable-progress-on-poverty-reduction-and-the-emerging-challenges
           },
    editora = {Badiani-Magnusson, Reena C. and Baulch, Bob and Brandt, Loren and
               Vu, Dat Hoang and Nguyen, Giang Tam and Gibson, John and Giles,
               John T. and Hinsdale, Ian Palmer and Hung, Pham Manh and Kozel,
               Valerie J. and Lanjouw, Peter F. and Marra, Marleen and Ngoc, Vu
               Van and Phuong, Nguyen Thi and Schuler, Paul Joseph and Thang,
               Nguyen Chien and Hoang, Thanh Xuan and Le, Trung Dang and Tung,
               Phung Duc and Cuong, Nguyen Viet and Vu, Linh Hoang and Wells Dang
               , Andrew},
    editoratype = {collaborator},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KC72ZFUP/Badiani-Magnusson2012_Vietnam
            poverty assessment.pdf},
}

@report{WorldBank2016,
    title = {Uganda {{Poverty Assessment Report}} 2016},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2016},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {
           https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/381951474255092375-0010022016/Uganda-Poverty-Assessment-Report-2016
           },
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NUGTKD2Y/WorldBank2016_Uganda Poverty
            Assessment Report 2016.pdf},
}

@report{WorldBank2021,
    title = {Tracking {{SDG}} 7: {{The Energy Progress}} {{Report}}},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2021},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    editora = {World Bank and IEA and IRENA and UNSD and WHO},
    editoratype = {collaborator},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F8CBQJZA/World Bank2021_Tracking SDG
            7.pdf},
}

@report{WorldBank2022,
    title = {Uganda - {{Learning Poverty Brief}}},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2022},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {
           http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099021407212243534/IDU01dbf45100704f046410bb6f03c4c1cb85588
           },
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::education,status::read,
                topic::education},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ILZVZJLF/WorldBank2022_Uganda - Learning
            Poverty Brief.pdf},
}

@report{WorldBank2022a,
    title = {Benin - {{Learning Poverty Brief}}},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2022},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {
           http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099021407212243534/IDU01dbf45100704f046410bb6f03c4c1cb85588
           },
    keywords = {country::Benin,inequality::education,status::read,
                topic::education},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LY2GR4JD/WorldBank2022_Benin - Learning
            Poverty Brief.pdf},
}

@report{WorldBank2022b,
    title = {Macro {{Poverty Outlook}} for {{Benin}} : {{April}} 2022},
    author = {{World Bank}},
    date = {2022},
    institution = {{World Bank}},
    location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
    url = {
           http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099930404182210208/IDU0ef8057e509b5f0432c0b50d00f85b54deb33
           },
    keywords = {country::Benin,status::read,topic::poverty},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EWU6G456/WorldBank2022_Macro Poverty
            Outlook for Benin.pdf},
}

@article{Yikii2017,
    title = {Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity in Wetland Adjacent Areas
             of {{Uganda}}},
    author = {Yikii, Fred and Turyahabwe, Nelson and Bashaasha, Bernard},
    date = {2017},
    journaltitle = {Agriculture \& food security},
    volume = {6},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1--12},
    publisher = {{BioMed Central}},
    keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::education,inequality::health,
                status::skimmed,topic::climate_change,topic::poverty,topic::rural
                ,topic::water},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/43YUJHEM/Yikii2017_Prevalence of
            household food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas of Uganda.pdf},
}

@article{Ylipaa2019,
    title = {Climate Change Adaptation and Gender Inequality: {{Insights}} from
             Rural Vietnam},
    author = {Ylipaa, Josephine and Gabrielsson, Sara and Jerneck, Anne},
    date = {2019},
    journaltitle = {Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland)},
    volume = {11},
    number = {10},
    pages = {2805-},
    publisher = {{MDPI AG}},
    location = {{Basel}},
    issn = {2071-1050},
    doi = {10.3390/su11102805},
    abstract = {Vietnam is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate
                change impacts, especially from extreme weather events such as
                storms and floods. Thus, climate change adaptation is crucial,
                especially for natural resource-dependent farmers. Based on a
                qualitative research approach using a feminist political ecology
                lens, this article investigates gendered patterns of rural
                agrarian livelihoods and climate adaptation in the province of
                Thái Bình. In doing so, we identify differentiated rights and
                responsibilities between female and male farmers, leading to
                unequal opportunities and immobility for females, making them
                more vulnerable to climate impacts and threatening to reduce
                their capacity to adapt. This research also shows that demands on
                farmers to contribute to perpetual increases in agricultural
                output by the state poses a challenge, since farming livelihoods
                in Vietnam are increasingly becoming feminised, as a result of
                urbanisation and devaluation of farming. Past and present
                national strategies and provincial implementation plans linked to
                climate change do not consider the burden affecting rural female
                farmers, instead the focus lies on addressing technical solutions
                to adaptation. With little attention being paid to an
                increasingly female workforce, existing gender inequalities may
                be exacerbated, threatening the future existence of rural
                livelihoods and the viability of Vietnam’s expansion into global
                markets.},
    copyright = {2019. This work is licensed under
                 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”).
                 Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use
                 this content in accordance with the terms of the License.},
    langid = {english},
    keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::gender,status::skimmed,
                topic::climate_change},
    file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5RH9PBTL/Ylipaa2019_Climate change
            adaptation and gender inequality.pdf},
}