abstract: 'As the largest scale payment for ecosystem services program in the

  developing world, one of the key objectives of the Sloping Land

  Conversion Program (the SLCP) is to increase rural households'' income

  and to reallocate their employments. This paper estimates the effects of

  the SLCP on rural households'' income and employment changes using the

  unique panel dataset of 1001 rural households in six provinces from 1995

  to 2014. Following a strict parallel trend and other econometrics tests,

  the Propensity score matching-Difference-in-differences (PSM-DID)

  estimation technique was used. Based on the unique panel dataset, this

  paper expands upon existing studies by estimating the effects of

  mid-to-long-term and subsidy scheme adjustment of the SLCP on rural

  households'' income and employment. Our empirical results indicate that

  1) the SLCP has no significant effect on rural households'' total income,

  while it has a negative effect on farm income. 2) The SLCP has a

  positive effect on forestry labor input. 3) Half reduction subsidy of

  the SLCP has caused different effects on rural households'' income and

  employment compared with that before policy adjustment. 4) The income

  effects of the SLCP are indifferent by income, location, demographic or

  resource endowment sub groups. Policy decision-makers should pay more

  attention to create more off-farm opportunities for rural households

  enrolled in the SLCP to maintain the achievements of the SLCP.'
affiliation: 'Cheng, BD (Corresponding Author), Beijing Forestry Univ, Sch Econ \&
  Management, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.

  Cheng, BD (Corresponding Author), Beijing Forestry Univ, Natl Acad Econ \& Trade
  Forestry \& Grassland, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.

  Li, Lingchao; Cheng, Baodong, Beijing Forestry Univ, Sch Econ \& Management, Beijing
  100083, Peoples R China.

  Li, Lingchao; Cheng, Baodong, Beijing Forestry Univ, Natl Acad Econ \& Trade Forestry
  \& Grassland, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.

  Liu, Can, China Natl Forestry \& Grassland Econ \& Dev Res Ct, Beijing 100714, Peoples
  R China.

  Liu, Jinlong, Renmin Univ China, Sch Agr Econ \& Rural Dev, Beijing 100872, Peoples
  R China.'
article-number: '105648'
author: Li, Lingchao and Liu, Can and Liu, Jinlong and Cheng, Baodong
author-email: baodongcheng@163.com
author_list:
- family: Li
  given: Lingchao
- family: Liu
  given: Can
- family: Liu
  given: Jinlong
- family: Cheng
  given: Baodong
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105648
eissn: 1873-5754
files: []
issn: 0264-8377
journal: LAND USE POLICY
keywords: 'Difference-in-differences (DID); Rural households'' income; Off-farm

  employment; Propensity score matching (PSM); The Sloping Land Conversion

  Program; Sustainable livelihood'
keywords-plus: 'PROPENSITY SCORE; GREEN; GRAIN; POVERTY; POLICY; IMPLEMENTATION;

  CONSTRAINTS; ENVIRONMENT; INEQUALITY; PAYMENTS'
language: English
month: OCT
number-of-cited-references: '63'
orcid-numbers: 'Li, Lingchao/0000-0002-2921-493X

  Liu, Jinlong/0000-0002-0228-0865'
papis_id: 569a5951d99e98eb06baf38e5d57a27a
ref: Li2021hassloping
times-cited: '10'
title: Has the Sloping Land Conversion Program in China impacted the income and employment
  of rural households?
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000704007200007
usage-count-last-180-days: '9'
usage-count-since-2013: '43'
volume: '109'
web-of-science-categories: Environmental Studies
year: '2021'