abstract: 'Several studies have documented that older workers who live in areas

  with higher unemployment rates are more likely to leave work for health

  and non-health reasons. Due to tracking of area disadvantage over the

  life course, and because negative individual health and socioeconomic

  factors are more likely to develop in individuals from disadvantaged

  areas, we do not know at what specific ages, and through which specific

  pathways, area unemployment may be influencing retirement age.

  Using data from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, we

  use structural equation modelling to investigate pathways linking local

  authority unemployment at three ages (4y, 26y and 53y) to age of

  retirement (right-censored). We explored five hypothesized pathways: (1)

  residential tracking, (2) health, (3) employment status, (4)

  occupational class, and (5) education. Initially, pathways between life

  course area unemployment, each pathway and retirement age were assessed

  individually. Mediation pathways were tested in the full model.

  Our results showed that area unemployment tracked across the life

  course. Higher area unemployment at ages 4 and 53 were independently

  associated with earlier retirement age {[}1\% increase = mean -0.64

  (95\% CI: -1.12, -0.16) and -0.25 (95\% CI: -0.43, -0.06) years]. Both

  were explained by adjustment for individual employment status at ages 26

  and 53 years. Higher area unemployment at age 26 was associated with

  poorer health and lower likelihood of employment at aged 53; and these 2

  individual pathways were identified as the key mediators between area

  unemployment and retirement age.

  In conclusion, these results suggest that interventions designed to

  create local employment opportunities for young adults should lead to

  extended working through improved employment and health at mid-life.'
affiliation: 'Murray, ET (Corresponding Author), UCL, Dept Epidemiol \& Publ Hlth,
  1-19 Torrington Pl, London WC1E 7HB, England.

  Murray, Emily T.; Zaninotto, Paola; Fleischmann, Maria; Carr, Ewan; Shelton, Nicola;
  Head, Jenny, UCL, Dept Epidemiol \& Publ Hlth, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London WC1E 7HB,
  England.

  Stafford, Mai; Kuh, Diana, UCL, MRC, Unit Lifelong Hlth \& Ageing, London, England.

  Carr, Ewan, Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat Psychol \& Neurosci, Dept Biostat \&
  Hlth Informat, London, England.

  Stansfeld, Stephen, Queen Mary Univ London, Wolfson Inst Prevent Med, Ctr Psychiat,
  London, England.'
author: Murray, Emily T. and Zaninotto, Paola and Fleischmann, Maria and Stafford,
  Mai and Carr, Ewan and Shelton, Nicola and Stansfeld, Stephen and Kuh, Diana and
  Head, Jenny
author-email: emily.murray@ucl.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Murray
  given: Emily T.
- family: Zaninotto
  given: Paola
- family: Fleischmann
  given: Maria
- family: Stafford
  given: Mai
- family: Carr
  given: Ewan
- family: Shelton
  given: Nicola
- family: Stansfeld
  given: Stephen
- family: Kuh
  given: Diana
- family: Head
  given: Jenny
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.038
eissn: 1873-5347
files: []
issn: 0277-9536
journal: SOCIAL SCIENCE \& MEDICINE
keywords: 'UK; Cohort; Life; Retirement; Neighbourhood/place; Health inequality;

  Employment; Socioeconomic factors'
keywords-plus: 'PAID EMPLOYMENT; POOR HEALTH; PHYSICAL CAPABILITY; MIDLIFE FINDINGS;

  SOCIAL-CLASS; UNEMPLOYMENT; NEIGHBORHOOD; AREA; EXIT; DETERMINANTS'
language: English
month: APR
number-of-cited-references: '54'
orcid-numbers: 'Kuh, Diana/0000-0001-7386-2857

  SHELTON, NICOLA/0000-0002-4939-1036

  Stansfeld, Stephen/0000-0001-8716-3897

  Zaninotto, Paola/0000-0003-3036-0499

  Fleischmann, Maria/0000-0001-9023-5150

  Murray, Emily/0000-0001-6297-6920

  Head, Jennifer/0000-0002-6054-0872'
pages: 113-122
papis_id: 8ab408bcf7957c4b890852e12cadc8a4
ref: Murray2019linkinglocal
researcherid-numbers: 'Kuh, Diana/L-6019-2014

  Head, Jenny/GYA-2625-2022

  '
times-cited: '7'
title: 'Linking local labour market conditions across the life course to retirement
  age: Pathways of health, employment status, occupational class and educational achievement,
  using 60 years of the 1946 British Birth Cohort'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000466251700014
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '14'
volume: '226'
web-of-science-categories: 'Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health; Social Sciences,

  Biomedical'
year: '2019'