abstract: 'Background Many countries worldwide have experienced reductions in

  provision of formal long-term care services amidst rising need for care.

  Provision of unpaid care, meanwhile, has grown. This includes care

  provided by young people. Care responsibilities can affect a young

  people''s health, education and employment. We aimed to investigate the

  impacts on the employment and health of young people aged 16 to 25 of

  providing care, and the associated individual and public expenditure

  costs. Methods We examined employment, earnings and health impacts for

  individuals, and a range of economic impacts for society, focusing on

  young people aged 16 to 25 providing unpaid care in England. We applied

  regression analysis to data from three waves of the UK Household

  Longitudinal Study (2013/2015, 2014/2016, and 2015/2017) to compare

  employment and health outcomes among carers and non-carers, and two-part

  Generalised Linear Models to estimate costs. To address potential

  selection bias, we then used propensity score matching methods to

  explore outcomes for a matched sub-sample of young adult carers who

  started providing care at baseline (2014/16). Results Young people aged

  16 to 25 who provided care at baseline (2014/16) were less likely to be

  in employment, had lower earnings from paid employment, and had poorer

  mental and physical health at follow-up (2015/17) compared to young

  people of the same age who were not providing care at baseline.. There

  were substantial costs to the state of young adults providing care from

  lower tax revenue, welfare benefit payments, and health service use. In

  aggregate, these costs amounted to 1048 pound million annually in 2017.

  Conclusions High individual impacts and costs to the state of providing

  unpaid care, and the potential of such impacts to compound existing

  inequalities, have many implications for policy and practice in the

  health, social care, employment and welfare benefits sectors. In

  particular, the findings reinforce the case for reducing the need for

  young people to provide unpaid care, for example through better

  provision of formal care services, and to provide ongoing support for

  those young people whodoprovide care. As impacts are seen in a number of

  domains, support needs to be multidimensional.'
affiliation: 'Brimblecombe, N (Corresponding Author), London Sch Econ \& Polit Sci,
  Dept Hlth Policy, Care Policy \& Evaluat Ctr, London, England.

  Brimblecombe, Nicola; Knapp, Martin; King, Derek; Stevens, Madeleine; Cartagena
  Farias, Javiera, London Sch Econ \& Polit Sci, Dept Hlth Policy, Care Policy \&
  Evaluat Ctr, London, England.'
article-number: '1115'
author: Brimblecombe, Nicola and Knapp, Martin and King, Derek and Stevens, Madeleine
  and Cartagena Farias, Javiera
author-email: n.s.brimblecombe@lse.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Brimblecombe
  given: Nicola
- family: Knapp
  given: Martin
- family: King
  given: Derek
- family: Stevens
  given: Madeleine
- family: Cartagena Farias
  given: Javiera
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09166-7
eissn: 1471-2458
files: []
journal: BMC PUBLIC HEALTH
keywords: 'UK; Unpaid; informal care; Long-term care; Young adult; Economic impact;

  Health; Employment; Inequalities'
keywords-plus: MODELS; PREVALENCE; ONSET; WORK
language: English
month: AUG 5
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '57'
orcid-numbers: 'Brimblecombe, Nicola/0000-0002-6147-5726

  Cartagena-Farias, Javiera/0000-0002-5984-0317

  Stevens, Madeleine/0000-0003-3540-3494

  Knapp, Martin/0000-0003-1427-0215'
papis_id: ee247b266207082dc96c972feb45c3df
ref: Brimblecombe2020highcost
researcherid-numbers: 'Knapp, Martin RJ/G-3011-2011

  '
times-cited: '19'
title: The high cost of unpaid care by young people:health and economic impacts of
  providing unpaid care
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000560163400001
usage-count-last-180-days: '5'
usage-count-since-2013: '25'
volume: '20'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2020'