abstract: 'Motivation: In the analysis of the relationship between the labour

  market and crime, the variable that comes from the labour market is

  generally the unemployment rate. However, there are labour market

  characteristics that are more significant than unemployment, such as

  labour informality, in the context of violent crime in low-income and

  middle-income countries.

  Purpose: This article aims to estimate the spatial and economic

  relationship between homicides and labour informality by neighbourhood

  in Cali, the city with the highest homicide rate currently and

  historically in Colombia.

  Methods and approach: Using administrative data and a unique survey of

  formal and informal labour market conditions, we estimate a Spatial

  Durbin Model to capture the spatial endogeneity of the relationship

  between homicides and the labour market in the city''s neighbourhoods.

  Findings: The main results show evidence of the positive spatial and

  economic relationship between labour informality and homicides in the

  city''s neighbourhoods. In addition, the bulk of this effect occurs in

  some hillside settlement neighbourhoods with characteristics associated

  with acute labour informality.

  Policy implications: We propose a social and economic development

  programme to improve the conditions of the informal labour market and

  therefore achieve a reduction in homicides in specific areas, such as

  city hot spots found in our spatial results.'
affiliation: 'Espitia, CGG (Corresponding Author), Univ Icesi, Dept Econ, Cali, Colombia.

  Giraldo, Magaly Faride Herrera; Espitia, Carlos Giovanni Gonzalez; Diaz, Hector
  Ochoa, Univ Icesi, Dept Econ, Cali, Colombia.'
article-number: e12709
author: Giraldo, Magaly Faride Herrera and Espitia, Carlos Giovanni Gonzalez and Diaz,
  Hector Ochoa
author-email: cggonzalez@icesi.edu.co
author_list:
- family: Giraldo
  given: Magaly Faride Herrera
- family: Espitia
  given: Carlos Giovanni Gonzalez
- family: Diaz
  given: Hector Ochoa
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1111/dpr.12709
earlyaccessdate: JUN 2023
eissn: 1467-7679
files: []
issn: 0950-6764
journal: DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW
keywords: 'crime; emerging hot spot; hillside settlements; homicides; labour

  informality'
keywords-plus: 'DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; UNITED-STATES; CRIME RATES; UNEMPLOYMENT;

  INEQUALITY; MARKET; POVERTY; YOUTH; EMPLOYMENT; WAGES'
language: English
month: SEP
number: '5'
number-of-cited-references: '69'
orcid-numbers: Herrera Giraldo, Magaly Faride/0000-0002-7377-1450
papis_id: d247ff71d62f61296eda080224a62690
ref: Giraldo2023spatialeconomic
times-cited: '0'
title: The spatial and economic relationship between labour informality and homicides
  in Cali, Colombia
type: article
unique-id: WOS:001007464600001
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '1'
volume: '41'
web-of-science-categories: Development Studies
year: '2023'