abstract: 'Israeli society presents a unique context for studying motherhood''s

  impacts on employment and earnings: High fertility and marriage rates

  coincide with high rates of women''s education and employment. While past

  research finds low motherhood penalties in Israel, ethno-religious group

  differences in these penalties are unexplored. Ours is the first

  longitudinal study to examine simultaneously motherhood''s employment and

  wage penalties among Israeli ethno-religious groups. Using newly

  available panel data, we find that motherhood deters employment among

  Israeli-Palestinians more strongly than among Jews, and particularly

  among less-educated Israeli-Palestinians. Similarly, motherhood wage

  penalties and ethno-religious disparities are greatest among the

  least-educated women. For all groups, highly educated women incur

  smaller motherhood penalties in employment and earnings, and in some

  cases receive motherhood wage premiums. Public-sector employment,

  particularly for Muslims, is associated with higher postnatal

  employment, lower motherhood penalties, and motherhood premiums among

  the highly educated. The stronger enforcement of anti-discrimination and

  work-family policies in the public sector, along with its

  schoolteachers'' collective bargaining agreement that raises maternal

  earnings, may contribute to its more positive outcomes for

  Israeli-Palestinian mothers. Our findings suggest that increasing

  educational attainment and public-sector employment among

  Israeli-Palestinians may reduce ethno-religious inequality in

  motherhood''s impact on employment and earnings.'
affiliation: 'Budig, MJ (Corresponding Author), Univ Massachusetts Amherst, Off Provost,
  373 Whitmore Adm Bldg,181 Presidents Dr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.

  Budig, Michelle J., Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA.

  Kraus, Vered; Levanon, Asaf, Univ Haifa, Hefa, Israel.'
author: Budig, Michelle J. and Kraus, Vered and Levanon, Asaf
author-email: budig@umass.edu
author_list:
- family: Budig
  given: Michelle J.
- family: Kraus
  given: Vered
- family: Levanon
  given: Asaf
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1177/08912432231155913
earlyaccessdate: MAR 2023
eissn: 1552-3977
files: []
issn: 0891-2432
journal: GENDER \& SOCIETY
keywords: 'work-family; race; ethnicity; inequality; stratification and mobility;

  education; demography; population; religion'
keywords-plus: 'WOMENS EMPLOYMENT; WAGE PENALTY; GENDER; WORK; DISCRIMINATION;

  FERTILITY; POLICIES; GERMANY; DETERMINANTS; DISADVANTAGE'
language: English
month: APR
number: '2'
number-of-cited-references: '81'
pages: 208-239
papis_id: 530fd45eb0b960964486eba094e31faf
ref: Budig2023israeliethnoreligiou
times-cited: '0'
title: Israeli Ethno-Religious Differences in Motherhood Penalties on Employment and
  Earnings
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000941852800001
usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
usage-count-since-2013: '2'
volume: '37'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology; Women's Studies
year: '2023'