cite: Blumenberg2014 author: Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. year: 2014 title: A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program publisher: Journal of the American Planning Association uri: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 pubtype: article discipline: development country: United States period: 1994-2001 maxlength: 84 targeting: implicit group: poor women data: baseline and follow-up survey; design: experimental method: RCT; multinomial regression model sample: 3199 unit: household representativeness: subnational, metropolitan causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal theory: limitations: low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated observation: - intervention: subsidy (housing mobility) institutional: 0 structural: 1 agency: 0 inequality: spatial; gender; ethnicity type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative measures: employment rate findings: no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself channels: high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit direction: 0 # 0 = no relationship no direction significance: 0 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg - intervention: infrastructure (transport) institutional: 0 structural: 1 agency: 0 inequality: spatial; gender; ethnicity type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative measures: employment rate findings: increased employment probability for car ownership channels: better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network direction: 1 # 0 = no relationship no direction significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg notes: 98% of sample is female annotation: | A study looking at the effects of a housing mobility intervention in the United States on employment for disadvantaged households, and comparing its impacts to the ownership of a car for the same sample. It follows the 'Moving to Opportunity' programme which provided vouchers to randomized households for movement to a geographically unrestricted area or to specifically to a low-poverty area (treatment group), some of which are in areas with well-connected public transport opportunities. The sample for the study is made up predominantly of women (98%). No relationship between programme participation and increased employment probability could be established. However, a positive relationship exists between owning an automobile and improved employment outcomes for low-income households, as well as including those households that are located in 'transit-rich' areas. Access to better transit itself is related to employment probability but not gains in employment - the authors suggest this reflects individuals' strategic relocation to use public transit for their job. However, moving to a better transit area itself does not increase employment probability, perhaps pointing to a certain threshold required in transit extensiveness before it facilitates employment. Ultimately, the findings suggest the need to further individual acess to automobiles in disadvantaged households or for extensive transit network upgrade which have to cross an efficiency threshold. Some limitations of the study are its models low explanatory power for individual outcomes, more so among disadvantaged population groups, as well as some remaining possibility of endogeneity bias through unobserved factors such as individual motivation or ability.