abstract: 'The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning

  or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid

  (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work)

  along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure

  among men and women and according to different social groups to

  establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated

  by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the

  differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm

  activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment

  and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses

  high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the

  factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender.

  The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work

  at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income

  gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more

  hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into

  consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly

  domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social

  identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The

  segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men

  shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and

  continued dependence on women''s farm activities. Enhancing the ownership

  of land and other assets, encouraging women''s participation particularly

  among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy

  recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in

  employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.'
affiliation: 'Reddy, AA (Corresponding Author), Indian Council Agr Res, Cent Res Inst
  Dryland Agr, Hyderabad 500059, Telangana, India.

  Reddy, A. Amarender, Indian Council Agr Res, Cent Res Inst Dryland Agr, Hyderabad
  500059, Telangana, India.

  Mittal, Surabhi, Agr Econ Res Assoc AERA, New Delhi 110012, India.

  Singha Roy, Namrata, Christ Univ, Dept Econ, Bengaluru 560029, India.

  Kanjilal-Bhaduri, Sanghamitra, Univ Algarve, Dept Econ, P-8005139 Faro, Portugal.'
article-number: '2671'
author: Reddy, A. Amarender and Mittal, Surabhi and Singha Roy, Namrata and Kanjilal-Bhaduri,
  Sanghamitra
author-email: 'amarender.reddy@icar.gov.in

  surabhimittal@gmail.com

  namrata.singharoy@christuniversity.in

  sbhaduri@ualg.pt'
author_list:
- family: Reddy
  given: A. Amarender
- family: Mittal
  given: Surabhi
- family: Singha Roy
  given: Namrata
- family: Kanjilal-Bhaduri
  given: Sanghamitra
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.3390/su13052671
eissn: 2071-1050
files: []
journal: SUSTAINABILITY
keywords: 'employment; occupation; paid\&\#8211; unpaid work; time allocation;

  gender; wage structure; agricultural labour markets; India'
language: English
month: MAR
number: '5'
number-of-cited-references: '50'
orcid-numbers: 'Reddy, A Amarender/0000-0003-0615-0520

  Mittal, Surabhi/0000-0002-2179-4714

  Roy, Namrata Singha/0000-0002-5639-522X'
papis_id: cfc61ea1baa6d19731042dabeb8ca027
ref: Reddy2021timeallocation
researcherid-numbers: 'Reddy, A Amarender/O-1832-2018

  Mittal, Surabhi/U-7248-2019

  Roy, Namrata Singha/AAQ-5725-2020'
times-cited: '5'
title: 'Time Allocation between Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women: An Empirical
  Study of Indian Villages'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000628622000001
usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
usage-count-since-2013: '13'
volume: '13'
web-of-science-categories: 'Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology; Environmental
  Sciences;

  Environmental Studies'
year: '2021'