abstract: 'Background In the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare

  states, policy innovation often takes the form of `social investment'', a

  contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social

  investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and

  job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and

  parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in

  the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on

  gender health equity.

  Methods Using age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global

  Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and

  mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models

  of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental

  leave with country fixed effects.

  Findings We found mixed effects of social investment for men versus

  women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and

  childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and

  women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more

  strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women.

  Additionally, government spending on public employment services was

  associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not

  significant for women, while government spending on employment training

  was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not

  significant for men. Conclusions Social investment policies were

  negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects

  of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these

  results for the European social investment policy turn and for future

  research on gender health equity.'
affiliation: 'Morris, KA (Corresponding Author), Harvard Univ, Dept Sociol, Cambridge,
  MA 02138 USA.

  Morris, Katherine Ann; Beckfield, Jason, Harvard Univ, Dept Sociol, Cambridge, MA
  02138 USA.

  Bambra, Clare, Newcastle Univ, Inst Hlth \& Soc, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne \& Wear,
  England.'
author: Morris, Katherine Ann and Beckfield, Jason and Bambra, Clare
author-email: kmorris@fas.harvard.edu
author_list:
- family: Morris
  given: Katherine Ann
- family: Beckfield
  given: Jason
- family: Bambra
  given: Clare
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1136/jech-2018-211283
eissn: 1470-2738
files: []
issn: 0143-005X
journal: JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH
keywords-plus: 'GLOBAL BURDEN; HEALTH INEQUALITIES; SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS; DISABILITY

  WEIGHTS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; UNEMPLOYMENT; STRATEGIES; INJURIES; SERVICES;

  OUTCOMES'
language: English
month: MAR
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '50'
orcid-numbers: Bambra, Clare l/0000-0002-1294-6851
pages: 206-213
papis_id: 44b73d7edf01814c004985f7950b6ec3
ref: Morris2019whobenefits
researcherid-numbers: Bambra, Clare l/C-1392-2010
times-cited: '12'
title: Who benefits from social investment? The gendered effects of family and employment
  policies on cardiovascular disease in Europe
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000471846800003
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '11'
volume: '73'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2019'