abstract: 'Study Objectives: Chronic sleep restriction is prevalent in the U.S.

  population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The

  primary reasons for reduced sleep are unknown. Using population data on

  time use, we sought to identify individual characteristics and behaviors

  associated with short sleep that could be targeted for intervention

  programs.

  Design: Analysis of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS).

  Setting: Cross-sectional annual survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of

  Labor Statistics.

  Participants: Representative cohort (N = 124,517) of Americans 15 years

  and older surveyed between 2003 and 2011.

  Interventions: None.

  Measurements and Results: Telephone survey of activities over 24 hours.

  Relative to all other waking activities, paid work time was the primary

  waking activity exchanged for sleep. Time spent traveling, which

  included commuting to/from work, and immediate pre- and post-sleep

  activities (socializing, grooming, watching TV) were also reciprocally

  related to sleep duration. With every hour that work or educational

  training started later in the morning, sleep time increased by

  approximately 20 minutes. Working multiple jobs was associated with the

  highest odds for sleeping = 6 hours on weekdays (adjusted OR 1.61, 95\%

  CI 1.44; 1.81). Self-employed respondents were less likely to be short

  sleepers compared to private sector employees (OR 0.83, 95\% CI 0.72;

  0.95). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with paid work (age

  25-64, male sex, high income, and employment per se) were consistently

  associated with short sleep.

  Conclusions: U.S. population time use survey findings suggest that

  interventions to increase sleep time should concentrate on delaying the

  morning start time of work and educational activities (or making them

  more flexible), increasing sleep opportunities, and shortening morning

  and evening commute times. Reducing the need for multiple jobs may

  increase sleep time, but economic disincentives from working fewer hours

  will need to be offset. Raising awareness of the importance of

  sufficient sleep for health and safety may be necessary to positively

  influence discretionary behaviors that reduce sleep time, including

  television viewing and morning grooming.'
affiliation: 'Basner, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, 1019
  Blockley Hall,423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.

  Basner, Mathias; Dinges, David F., Univ Penn, Perelman Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Div
  Sleep \& Chronobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.

  Spaeth, Andrea M., Univ Penn, Dept Psychol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.'
author: Basner, Mathias and Spaeth, Andrea M. and Dinges, David F.
author-email: basner@upenn.edu
author_list:
- family: Basner
  given: Mathias
- family: Spaeth
  given: Andrea M.
- family: Dinges
  given: David F.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.5665/sleep.4238
eissn: 1550-9109
files: []
issn: 0161-8105
journal: SLEEP
keywords: 'time use; short sleep; sleep deprivation; work; health; sleep time; long

  sleep; travel; television; mortality; morbidity'
keywords-plus: 'UNITED-STATES; TIME; RISK; PREVALENCE; MORTALITY; METAANALYSIS;

  RESTRICTION; DISPARITIES; HEALTH; TRENDS'
language: English
month: DEC 1
number: '12'
number-of-cited-references: '48'
pages: 1889-U45
papis_id: c4246221b2441ecae57c47ac0e09c76f
ref: Basner2014sociodemographicchar
researcherid-numbers: Dinges, David/P-7183-2019
times-cited: '101'
title: Sociodemographic Characteristics and Waking Activities and their Role in the
  Timing and Duration of Sleep
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000345827600007
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '19'
volume: '37'
web-of-science-categories: Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences
year: '2014'