abstract: 'In this paper, we analyze gender and socioeconomic differences in the

  length of working lives and pension income in Finland. Based on

  internationally unique data covering 50 years of recorded information on

  individual employment histories and first-year old-age pension income of

  a cohort retiring in 2011, we trace life-time work histories and their

  relation to pension income with greater precision than previous studies.

  While gender and socioeconomic income differences in the lengths of

  working lives are modest, differences in pension income are more

  pronounced. The residence-based national pension targeted at those with

  no or only low earning-related pension accrual plays an important role

  in cushioning old-age income differences. The results suggest that

  unequal life-time earnings and occupational segregation remain main

  challenges for equalizing pension income in old age.'
affiliation: 'Kuivalainen, S (Corresponding Author), Elaketurvakeskus, Res Dept, Helsinki,
  Finland.

  Kuivalainen, Susan; Nivalainen, Satu; Jarnefelt, Noora; Kuitto, Kati, Elaketurvakeskus,
  Res Dept, Helsinki, Finland.'
article-number: PII S1474747218000215
author: Kuivalainen, Susan and Nivalainen, Satu and Jarnefelt, Noora and Kuitto, Kati
author-email: 'susan.kuivalainen@etk.fi

  satu.nivalainen@etk.fi

  noora.jarnefelt@etk.fi

  kati.kuitto@etk.fi'
author_list:
- family: Kuivalainen
  given: Susan
- family: Nivalainen
  given: Satu
- family: Jarnefelt
  given: Noora
- family: Kuitto
  given: Kati
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1017/S1474747218000215
eissn: 1475-3022
files: []
issn: 1474-7472
journal: JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS \& FINANCE
keywords: 'Pension income; length of working life; gender inequality;

  earnings-related pensions; socioeconomic inequality'
keywords-plus: 'RETIREMENT; DETERMINANTS; INSTITUTIONS; INEQUALITY; EMPLOYMENT;

  HISTORIES; PATTERNS; HEALTH; SHIFT; STATE'
language: English
month: JAN
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '45'
orcid-numbers: 'Kuitto, Kati/0000-0002-2706-9951

  Kuivalainen, Susan/0000-0001-9621-3710'
pages: 126-146
papis_id: 5beade394550be557c7f30acacf1fa6e
ref: Kuivalainen2020lengthworking
times-cited: '8'
title: 'Length of working life and pension income: empirical evidence on gender and
  socioeconomic differences from Finland'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000500195400006
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '10'
volume: '19'
web-of-science-categories: Business, Finance; Economics
year: '2020'