abstract: 'We examine how taxes and transfers affect the incomes of men and women.

  Using micro simulation and intra-household income splitting rules, we

  measure the differences in the level and composition of individual

  disposable income by gender in eight European countries covering various

  welfare regime types. We quantify the extent to which taxes and

  transfers can counterbalance the gender gap in earnings, as well as

  which policy instruments contribute most to reducing the gender income

  gap. We find that with the exception of old-age public pensions, all

  taxes and transfers significantly reduce gender income inequality but

  cannot compensate for high gender earnings gaps. Our findings suggest

  that gender income equality is more likely to be achieved by promoting

  the universal/dual breadwinner model, whereby women''s labour force

  participation and wages are on a par with men. To achieve this, men will

  likely need to work less and care more.'
affiliation: 'Avram, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Essex, Inst Social \& Econ Res,
  Colchester, Essex, England.

  Avram, Silvia; Popova, Daria, Univ Essex, Inst Social \& Econ Res, Colchester, Essex,
  England.'
article-number: '102644'
author: Avram, Silvia and Popova, Daria
author-email: 'savram@essex.ac.uk

  dpopova@essex.ac.uk'
author_list:
- family: Avram
  given: Silvia
- family: Popova
  given: Daria
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102644
earlyaccessdate: JAN 2022
eissn: 1096-0317
files: []
issn: 0049-089X
journal: SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
keywords: 'Gender inequality; Income distribution; Welfare state; Social policy;

  Europe'
keywords-plus: 'WITHIN-HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTION; FAMILY; MOTHERHOOD; POLICIES; POVERTY;

  ALLOCATION; EARNINGS; REGIMES; MONEY'
language: English
month: FEB
number-of-cited-references: '54'
orcid-numbers: 'Avram, Silvia/0000-0003-3586-2842

  Popova, Daria/0000-0002-3055-0551'
papis_id: 5e0ba5c6e6abd8c447cafb4c8cd8319a
ref: Avram2022dotaxes
researcherid-numbers: Popova, Daria/L-9864-2015
times-cited: '5'
title: Do taxes and transfers reduce gender income inequality? Evidence from eight
  European welfare states
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000749413700009
usage-count-last-180-days: '4'
usage-count-since-2013: '23'
volume: '102'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology
year: '2022'