abstract: 'We studied the trends of height-for-age (HAZ) Z scores by socioeconomic

  status (SES) groups of Chilean boys and girls aged 5-18 born between

  1877 and 2001, by performing a meta-analysis of 53 studies reporting

  height-for-age sample data from which 1258 HAZ score datapoints were

  calculated using the 2000 reference growth charts for the US of the

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We found stagnant mean

  and median HAZ scores of about -1.55 to -1.75 for the general

  population, and -2.2 to -2.55 for lower SES groups up to cohorts born in

  the 1940s. However, we found an upwards structural change in cohorts

  born after the 1940s, a period in which HAZ scores grew at a pace of

  about 0.25 to 0.30 HAZ per decade. Since this change happened in a

  context of moderate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, high and

  persistent income inequality, and stagnant wages of the working class,

  we discuss the extent to which our findings are associated with the

  increase in public social spending and the implementation and expansion

  of a variety of social policies since the 1940s and early 1950s.</p>'
affiliation: 'Nunez, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Chile, Fac Econ \& Business, Econ
  Dept, Santiago 832000, Chile.

  Nunez, Javier, Univ Chile, Fac Econ \& Business, Econ Dept, Santiago 832000, Chile.

  Perez, Graciela, Interamer Dev Bank, Washington, DC 20577 USA.'
article-number: '10436'
author: Nunez, Javier and Perez, Graciela
author-email: 'jnunez@fen.uchile.cl

  grperez@fen.uchile.cl'
author_list:
- family: Nunez
  given: Javier
- family: Perez
  given: Graciela
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910436
eissn: 1660-4601
files: []
journal: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
keywords: secular trends; stunting; height; anthropometry; Chile
keywords-plus: 'NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; PHYSICAL STATURE; SECULAR TREND; ANTHROPOMETRIC

  HISTORY; SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS; INEQUALITY; GROWTH; CHILDREN; ARGENTINA;

  MEXICO'
language: English
month: OCT
number: '19'
number-of-cited-references: '130'
papis_id: 4e681b4ebefa0567e9b0c63ade6cf083
ref: Nunez2021escapemalnutrition
times-cited: '4'
title: 'The Escape from Malnutrition of Chilean Boys and Girls: Height-for-Age Z Scores
  in Late XIX and XX Centuries'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000707226800001
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '4'
volume: '18'
web-of-science-categories: Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental \& Occupational
  Health
year: '2021'