abstract: 'This paper examines the short-run and medium-run impact of spending in

  social infrastructure, defined as expenditure in education, childcare,

  health and social care, wages and gender pay gap on output and

  employment of men and women for the case of South Korea. Based on a

  gendered post-Kaleckian feminist macroeconomic theoretical model, we

  estimate the macroeconomic effects of social expenditure, wages and

  gender pay gap using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) analysis

  for the period of 1970-2012. The results show that an increase in the

  public social infrastructure significantly increases the total

  nonagricultural output and employment in South Korea both in the short

  and medium run. Moreover, we find that higher social infrastructure

  expenditure increases female employment more than male employment in the

  short run and raises both male and female employment in the medium run

  due to increasing output. Finally, the results show that South Korean

  economy is gender equality-led in the medium run, although the effects

  are economically small in comparison to the strong effects of increases

  social infrastructure spending. The results indicate that sustainable

  equitable development and a substantial increase in employment requires

  a mix of both labour market and fiscal policies. (C) 2022 The Author(s).

  Published by Elsevier Ltd.'
affiliation: 'Oyvat, C (Corresponding Author), Univ Greenwich, Econ \& Int Business
  Dept, Old Royal Naval Coll Pk Row, London SE10 9LS, England.

  Oyvat, Cem; Onaran, Ozlem, Univ Greenwich, Econ \& Int Business Dept, Old Royal
  Naval Coll Pk Row, London SE10 9LS, England.'
article-number: '105987'
author: Oyvat, Cem and Onaran, Ozlem
author-email: 'c.oyvat@greenwich.ac.uk

  o.onaran@gre.ac.uk'
author_list:
- family: Oyvat
  given: Cem
- family: Onaran
  given: Ozlem
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105987
earlyaccessdate: JUN 2022
eissn: 1873-5991
files: []
issn: 0305-750X
journal: WORLD DEVELOPMENT
keywords: 'Social infrastructure; Fiscal policy; Gender wage and employment gap;

  Feminist macroeconomic models; Post-Keynesian economics; South Korea'
keywords-plus: 'POLITICAL-ECONOMY; INCOME-DISTRIBUTION; INDUSTRIAL-POLICY; AGGREGATE

  DEMAND; GROWTH; CARE; INEQUALITY; WAGE; UNEMPLOYMENT; JAPAN'
language: English
month: OCT
number-of-cited-references: '94'
papis_id: c38d0f20e0c74a9affc2541973dd3672
ref: Oyvat2022effectssocial
researcherid-numbers: Peter, Serin/ITR-8938-2023
times-cited: '3'
title: 'The effects of social infrastructure and gender equality on output and employment:
  The case of South Korea'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000879788800018
usage-count-last-180-days: '7'
usage-count-since-2013: '8'
volume: '158'
web-of-science-categories: Development Studies; Economics
year: '2022'