abstract: 'Over the past decades, Spain has seen a striking convergence between

  women''s and men''s participation in the labour market. However, this

  convergence has stalled since the early 2010s. We show that women still

  fare worse in several important labour market dimensions. Gender

  inequalities are further aggravated among people with children. Women

  with children under 16 are much more likely to be unemployed, work

  part-time or on temporary contracts than men with children of the same

  age. We show that it is unlikely that preferences alone can account for

  these gaps. A review of the evidence shows that family policies, such as

  paternity leave expansions, financial incentives in the form of tax

  credits for working mothers and subsidised or free childcare for very

  young children, could help reduce the motherhood penalty. However, such

  policies are likely to be more effective if combined with advances in

  breaking up traditional gender roles.'
affiliation: 'Hupkau, C (Corresponding Author), CUNEF Univ, Dept Econ, Madrid, Spain.

  Hupkau, C (Corresponding Author), London Sch Econ, Ctr Econ Performance, London,
  England.

  Hupkau, Claudia, CUNEF Univ, Dept Econ, Madrid, Spain.

  Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer, Univ Barcelona, Dept Econ, Barcelona, Spain.

  Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer, Barcelona Inst Econ IEB, Barcelona, Spain.

  Hupkau, Claudia; Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer, London Sch Econ, Ctr Econ Performance,
  London, England.'
author: Hupkau, Claudia and Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer
author-email: 'claudia.hupkau@cunef.edu

  j.ruiz-valenzuela@lse.ac.uk'
author_list:
- family: Hupkau
  given: Claudia
- family: Ruiz-Valenzuela
  given: Jenifer
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s13209-021-00243-7
earlyaccessdate: OCT 2021
eissn: 1869-4195
files: []
issn: 1869-4187
journal: SERIES-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
keywords: Gender gaps; Inequality; Family policy; Motherhood penalty
keywords-plus: 'LABOR-MARKET OUTCOMES; PARENTAL LEAVE; FINANCIAL INCENTIVES; GENDER

  GAPS; CARE; MOTHERS; CONSEQUENCES; POLICIES; INCOME; TIME'
language: English
month: MAY
number: 1-2, SI
number-of-cited-references: '60'
orcid-numbers: 'Hupkau, Claudia/0000-0002-7545-3835

  Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer/0000-0002-7238-2074'
pages: 243-268
papis_id: a173a0b474ce02bd5120b4fea289100f
ref: Hupkau2022workchildren
researcherid-numbers: 'Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer/AAD-4954-2022

  Hupkau, Claudia/R-5005-2018

  '
times-cited: '5'
title: 'Work and children in Spain: challenges and opportunities for equality between
  men and women'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000703366900001
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '6'
volume: '13'
web-of-science-categories: Economics
year: '2022'