abstract: 'The typical U.S. workplace has adapted little to changes in the family

  and remains bound to norms of a workweek of 40 or more hours. How jobs

  are structured and remunerated within occupations shapes gender

  inequality in the labor market, and this may be particularly true at the

  critical juncture of parenthood. This study provides novel evidence

  showing how the inflexibility of occupational work hours shapes new

  mothers'' employment. We use a fixed-effects approach and individual

  -level data from nationally representative panels of the Survey of

  Income and Program Participation (N=2,239 women) merged with

  occupational characteristics from the American Community Survey. We find

  that women in pre-birth occupations with higher shares working 40 or

  more hours per week and higher wage premiums to longer work hours are

  significantly less likely to be employed post-birth. These associations

  are small in magnitude and not statistically significant for men, and

  placebo regressions with childless women show no associations between

  occupational inflexibility and subsequent employment. Results illustrate

  how individual employment decisions are jointly constrained by the

  structure of the labor market and persistent gendered cultural norms

  about breadwinning and caregiving.'
affiliation: 'Ishizuka, P (Corresponding Author), Washington Univ, Dept Sociol, St
  Louis, MO 63110 USA.

  Ishizuka, Patrick, Washington Univ, Dept Sociol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.

  Musick, Kelly, Cornell Univ, Dept Policy Anal \& Management, Ithaca, NY USA.'
author: Ishizuka, Patrick and Musick, Kelly
author-email: ishizuka@wustl.edu
author_list:
- family: Ishizuka
  given: Patrick
- family: Musick
  given: Kelly
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1215/00703370-9373598
eissn: 1533-7790
files: []
issn: 0070-3370
journal: DEMOGRAPHY
keywords: Gender; Parenthood; Occupations; Employment
keywords-plus: 'GENDER-GAP; FAMILY POLICIES; UNITED-STATES; WAGE PENALTY; WORK; TIME;

  LABOR; MOTHERS; FATHERS; OVERWORK'
language: English
month: AUG
number: '4'
number-of-cited-references: '87'
orcid-numbers: 'Musick, Kelly/0000-0003-0329-5134

  Ishizuka, Patrick/0000-0002-7780-0976'
pages: 1249-1274
papis_id: 02e6006d798bd9fcb1495e140700952e
ref: Ishizuka2021occupationalinflexib
times-cited: '7'
title: Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to
  Parenthood
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000681217000004
usage-count-last-180-days: '4'
usage-count-since-2013: '37'
volume: '58'
web-of-science-categories: Demography
year: '2021'