author: Elveren, A. Y. 
year: 2013
title: "A critical analysis of the pension system in Turkey from a gender equality perspective"
publisher: Womens Studies International Forum
uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.003
pubtype: article
discipline: gender studies

country: Turkey
period: 1983-2012
maxlength:
targeting: implicit
group: women
data: Turkstat 2013

design: qualitative
method:
sample:
unit: individual
representativeness: national
causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal

theory:
limitations: no new quantitative results; no robustness checks
observation:
  - intervention: social security (pensions)
    institutional: 1
    structural: 1
    agency: 0
    inequality: gender
    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
    measures: employment (female labour participation rate)
    findings: social security system excludes majority of women, seen as dependents of husbands/fathers (esp in case of house-wives)
    channels: lower access to private pension system; lower wage and shorter paid work life; women lose access to survivor's benefits/widow entitlement when starting work
    direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
    significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg

notes: reforms looked at include Civil Code (2001), Labor Law (2003), Penal Code (2004)
annotation: |
  A qualitative analysis of the impacts of social protection reforms, especially pensions, in Turkey on the gender equality and gender pay gap on in pensions and on the labour market.
  It finds that, while policy efforts are made in the Turkish system to strive toward gender 'neutralization' in law, the gender-blindness of the implementations obstructs genuine equality.
  The social security system still excludes the majority of women, especially those who are seen as dependents of their husbands or fathers (especially house-wives).
  Aside from lower access, women's generally lower wages and shorter paid work lives also lower benefits, especially those from pensions.
  Additionally, while men are subject to means-testing for receiving widowers' entitlements and only receive survivor's benefits until age 18,
  women receive the entitlement until they start working, or are married --- 
  another factor which may contribute to a skewed female labour market participation rate.