# Summary of study findings written into 02-data/supplementary/findings-*.csv tables ## Institutional ### Labour laws / regulatory systems policies: - universal paid leave (maternal) [@Broadway2020] - paid leave (maternal) [@Dustmann2012] - paid leave (maternal) [@Mun2018] - contract formality regulation [@Davies2022] findings: - universal paid leave can significantly increase rtw [@Broadway2020] - positive rtw effects often show with medium-/long-term time-delay [@Broadway2020] - long-term leave periods (36months) may decrease positive wage,rtw,children's educational outcomes [@Dustmann2012] - paid leave does not increase female hiring pattern discrimination [@Mun2018] - short-term/fixed contracts can significantly decrease female rtw after maternity [@Davies2022] = for equality? channels: - disadvantaged mothers benefit through supplanting employer-funded leave [@Broadway2020] - maternal leave programs can reinforce existing household labor gender divisions [@Mun2018] - fixed-term contracts can have insufficient cover for otherwise applicable laws [@Davies2022] inequalities: - gender Broadway2020 Dustmann2012 Mun2018 Davies2022 number: Broadway2020 + national Dustmann2012 - national Mun2018 + Japanese Davies2022 + UK-high ED ### Protective environmental policies policies: energy sector sustainability work [@Kuriyama2021] findings: - emphasis on sustainable industries can decrease spatial inequality especially for rural regions [@Kuriyama2021] - targeting important to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities [@Stock2021] channels: - additional employment probability through rural energy projects [@Kuriyama2021] - social exclusion through elite capture of policies [@Stock2021] inequalities: - spatial Kuriyama2021 - gender Stock2021 number: Kuriyama2021 + Japanese-EnergySector Stock2021 - India-case-study ### Minimum wage laws policies: - minimum wage introduction [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] - minimum wage increase [@Alinaghi2020] [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019] [@Sotomayor2021] findings: - short-term decreased income inequality [@Sotomayor2021] - long-term decreased wage inequality [@Chao2022] [@SilveriaNeto2011] - negligible impact on wage inequality [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@Sotomayor2021] - larger impacts for single parents [@Alinaghi2020] - larger impacts for rural/disadvantaged areas [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] - specifically targeting disadvanteged/low-earner households important for positive equality effects [@Alinaghi2020] - can lead to income-compression at high-earner end [@Wong2019] - may reinforce gender wage gap [@Wong2019] - may decrease gender wage gap [@Militaru2019] channels: - exit from urban manufacturing, reinforcing rural agricultural sectors [@Chao2022] - reaching many low-wage earners as secondary high-income household earners, but often low-wage households no wage earners at all -> bad targeting [@Alinaghi2020] - many women make up lower-earners, larger effect [@Militaru2019] - have negative effect on women's hours worked depending on household care/waged work division [@Wong2019] - job loss offset through higher wages [@Sotomayor2021] inequalities: - income [@Chao2022] [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] [@Wong2019] [@Sotomayor2021] [@Militaru2019] - spatial [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] - gender [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019] number: Chao2022 - global Alinaghi2020 + national Wong2019 + national(economicgrowth) Gilbert2001 + national(specific to Britain) SilveriaNeto2011 + national Militaru2019 - national Sotomayor2021 + national ### Collective bargaining policies: - unionisation [@Alexiou2023] [@Ferguson2015] - collective negotiation practices [@Cardinaleschi2015] findings: - strong unionisation strongly related to decreasing income inequality [@Alexiou2023] - marginally positive relation to increased representation of women & minorities [@Ferguson2015] - marginally positive relation to closing gender pay gap [@Cardinaleschi2015] channels: - redistribution of political power through collective mobilisation [@Alexiou2023] - reciprocal relationship with distribution of political power [@Ahumada2023] - fostering more vertically equal redistributive policies [@Alexiou2023] - possible self-selection of minorities into more unionised enterprises [@Ferguson2015] - predominantly median part of wage distribution affected by collective negotiation [@Cardinaleschi2015] inequalities: - income [@Alexiou2023] [@Cardinaleschi2015] [@Ahumada2023] - gender [@Ferguson2015] [@Cardinaleschi2015] - racial [@Ferguson2015] number: Alexiou2023 - national Ferguson2015 - national Cardinaleschi2015 - national Ahumada2023 - national (less generalizable) ### Workfare programmes policies: - workfare programme [@Whitworth2021] [@Li2022] findings: - workfare programmes can engender vertical inequality reduction while worsening spatial inequalities [@Whitworth2021] - higher job-provision outcomes may be achieved in contexts of lower prior material inequalities [@Li2022] channels: - job-deprived areas can experience further deprivations if not specifically targeted - land-ownership inequalities can increase inequality of political power, lead to political capture inequalities: - spatial [@Whitworth2021] - income [@Li2022] number: Whitworth2021 - subnational, rural Li2022 - national census ### Social protection policies: - social assistance [@Wang2016] - conditional cash transfer [@Debowicz2014] - childcare subsidies [@Hardoy2015] - healthcare subsidy [@Carstens2018] findings: - real social income benefit levels generally rising [@Wang2016] - stagnating/decreasing income replacement rates may exacerbate existing inequalities [@Wang2016] - conditional cash transfers can produce both short-term and long-term positive income equality effects [@Debowicz2014] - evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities and increasing female labour force participation [@Hardoy2015] - healthcare subsidies impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting [@Carstens2018] channels: - benefit levels not being linked to wages can widen schisms between income groups [@Wang2016] - cash-influx lifts credit constraint effects in short-term [@Debowicz2014] - conditioning transfers on school attendance can generate decreased educational inequalities in long-term [@Debowicz2014] - childcare subsidy correct targeting can especially affect lower-income households through lifting credit constraints [@Hardoy2015] - subsidies which depend on not being able to participate in labour market may generate benefit trap [@Carstens2018] inequalities: - income [@Wang2016] [@Debowicz2014] - gender [@Hardoy2015] number: Wang2016 - regional (national census-constructed datasets) Debowicz2014 - national (survey) Hardoy2015 + (DID) national (census) Carstens2018 policies: findings: channels: inequalities: number: ### Identified limitations/missing - regional distribution? - causal/correlational