abstract: 'Although economists typically use efficiency gains to explain gender

  differences in time use and earnings, norms might also explain those

  differences. No study has attempted to quantify their relative

  influence, however. We use the American Community Survey and the

  American Time Use Survey to estimate an upper bound of the influence of

  efficiency gains relative to norms-broadly defined-using four groups of

  demographically matched individuals with relatively homogeneous

  within-group need for production. Results suggest that norms about work

  and home may explain 40\% of the gap in time allocation for work and

  household production and about 60\% of the wage gap. Norms about

  parenting may explain an additional 16 to 20\% of the time use gaps and

  25\% of the wage gap. These findings suggest that research and policy

  might benefit from a grounding in a broad framework that includes both

  norms and efficiency gains.'
affiliation: 'Maxwell, NL (Corresponding Author), Calif State Univ Hayward, 25800
  Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542 USA.

  Maxwell, Nan L., Calif State Univ Hayward, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542
  USA.

  Wozny, Nathan, US Air Force Acad, 2354 Fairchild Dr, Colorado Springs, CO 80840
  USA.'
author: Maxwell, Nan L. and Wozny, Nathan
author-email: 'nan.maxwell@csueastbay.edu

  nathan.wozny@usafa.edu'
author_list:
- family: Maxwell
  given: Nan L.
- family: Wozny
  given: Nathan
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s12122-020-09306-3
earlyaccessdate: AUG 2020
eissn: 1936-4768
files: []
issn: 0195-3613
journal: JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH
keywords: 'Norms; Earnings; Employment; Time use; Gender differentials; Gender

  disparities'
keywords-plus: 'DIVISION-OF-LABOR; ROLE ATTITUDES; SAMPLE SELECTION; HOUSEHOLD LABOR;

  EARNINGS; FAMILY; INCENTIVES; DISCRIMINATION; INSTITUTIONS; CONVERGENCE'
language: English
month: MAR
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '76'
orcid-numbers: Maxwell, Nan/0000-0003-4161-2399
pages: 56-77
papis_id: 18dc3973be6b985872075e28f60692a8
ref: Maxwell2021gendergaps
times-cited: '1'
title: 'Gender Gaps in Time Use and Labor Market Outcomes: What''s Norms Got to Do
  with it?'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000563712400001
usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
usage-count-since-2013: '10'
volume: '42'
web-of-science-categories: Industrial Relations \& Labor
year: '2021'