abstract: 'Accessibility measures have been extensively used to explore the

  outcomes of the spatial distribution of transport, jobs, and population

  groups in cities. Despite its wide use, identifying the population

  groups that most benefit from accessibility is not straightforward and

  different metrics might result in different conclusions. The present

  work aims to analyze the potential bias of using gravity-based measures

  based on revealed mobilities to identify job accessibility inequalities.

  By looking at two large and very different regions, the municipality of

  Sa similar to o Paulo (SP) and the Greater London Area (GLA), we argue

  that distance decay functions built from current trip behaviors should

  be carefully used in evaluations of accessibility inequalities because

  it may underestimate disparities between socio-occupational groups and

  also result in a misleading interpretation of impedance factors. Two

  distinct approaches were implemented to support those claims. We first

  estimate group-specific distance decay functions, considering only

  travel time. Secondly, we consider both travel time and travel cost

  relative to income to estimate zone-specific and city-specific distance

  decay functions for each one of the study areas. The population of both

  cases studies was stratified according to the NS-SEC standard to select

  the highest and the lowest socio-occupational groups and to explore job

  accessibility inequalities. It was found that higherlevel and

  lower-level socio-occupational groups of SP and GLA present striking

  differences in terms of travel times and relative travel costs, with SP

  being more unequal. By applying the distance decay function of the

  lowest level socio-occupational group to the calculations of the job

  accessibility of the highest level group, and by adding travel cost to

  the analysis, we highlight inconsistencies between gravity-based

  accessibility calculations and theory, as trips taken by different

  groups can be mistakenly associated with willingness to travel. From a

  policy perspective, our findings emphasize that accessibility

  inequalities in large urban centers, especially in the Global South, can

  be underestimated if revealed mobilities are considered to represent the

  willingness to travel and by not taking into account the relative cost

  of travel.'
affiliation: 'Giannotti, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Metropolitan
  Studies, Lab Geospatial Anal Polytech Sch, BR-05508070 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.

  Giannotti, Mariana; Tomasiello, Diego B.; Bittencourt, Taina A., Univ Sao Paulo,
  Ctr Metropolitan Studies, Lab Geospatial Anal Polytech Sch, BR-05508070 Sao Paulo,
  SP, Brazil.'
article-number: '103337'
author: Giannotti, Mariana and Tomasiello, Diego B. and Bittencourt, Taina A.
author-email: mariana.giannotti@usp.br
author_list:
- family: Giannotti
  given: Mariana
- family: Tomasiello
  given: Diego B.
- family: Bittencourt
  given: Taina A.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103337
earlyaccessdate: APR 2022
eissn: 1873-1236
files: []
issn: 0966-6923
journal: JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY
keywords: Accessibility measures; Inequalities; Public transport
keywords-plus: 'JOB ACCESSIBILITY; TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY; SPATIAL EQUITY; SAO-PAULO;

  EDUCATION; COST; TIME; CITY; CARE'
language: English
month: MAY
number-of-cited-references: '44'
papis_id: c241d793289e08478922023534db352b
ref: Giannotti2022biasestimating
times-cited: '6'
title: The bias in estimating accessibility inequalities using gravity-based metrics
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000798115800003
usage-count-last-180-days: '7'
usage-count-since-2013: '13'
volume: '101'
web-of-science-categories: Economics; Geography; Transportation
year: '2022'