abstract: 'BackgroundFirearm violence is a public health problem that disparately

  impacts areas of economic and social deprivation. Despite a growing

  literature on neighborhood characteristics and injury, few studies have

  examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and fatal and

  nonfatal firearm assault using data on injury location. We conducted an

  ecological Bayesian spatial analysis examining neighborhood disadvantage

  as a social determinant of firearm injury in Seattle,

  Washington.MethodsNeighborhood disadvantage was measured using the

  National Neighborhood Data Archive disadvantage index. The index

  includes proportion of female-headed households with children,

  proportion of households with public assistance income, proportion of

  people with income below poverty in the past 12months, and proportion of

  the civilian labor force aged 16 and older that are unemployed at the

  census tract level. Firearm injury counts included individuals with a

  documented assault-related gunshot wound identified from medical records

  and supplemented with the Gun Violence Archive between March 20, 2016

  and December 31, 2018. Available addresses were geocoded to identify

  their point locations and then aggregated to the census tract level.

  Besag-York-Mollie (BYM2) Bayesian Poisson models were fit to the data to

  estimate the association between the index of neighborhood disadvantage

  and firearm injury count with a population offset within each census

  tract.ResultsNeighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with

  the count of firearm injury in both non-spatial and spatial models. For

  two census tracts that differed by 1 decile of neighborhood

  disadvantage, the number of firearm injuries was higher by 21.0\% (95\%

  credible interval: 10.5, 32.8\%) in the group with higher neighborhood

  disadvantage. After accounting for spatial structure, there was still

  considerable residual spatial dependence with 53.3\% (95\% credible

  interval: 17.0, 87.3\%) of the model variance being spatial.

  Additionally, we observed census tracts with higher disadvantage and

  lower count of firearm injury in communities with proximity to

  employment opportunities and targeted redevelopment, suggesting other

  contextual protective factors.ConclusionsEven after adjusting for

  socioeconomic factors, firearm injury research should investigate

  spatial clustering as independence cannot be able to be assumed. Future

  research should continue to examine potential contextual and

  environmental neighborhood determinants that could impact firearm

  injuries in urban communities.'
affiliation: 'Dalve, K (Corresponding Author), Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept
  Epidemiol, Hans Rosling Ctr Populat Hlth, 3980 15th Ave NE,Box 351619, Seattle,
  WA 98195 USA.

  Dalve, K (Corresponding Author), Univ Washington, Firearm Injury \& Policy Res Program,
  Harborview Injury Prevent Res Ctr, 325 Ninth Ave,Box 359960, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.

  Dalve, Kimberly; Gause, Emma; Mills, Brianna; Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, Univ Washington,
  Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Hans Rosling Ctr Populat Hlth, 3980 15th Ave NE,Box
  351619, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.

  Dalve, Kimberly; Gause, Emma; Mills, Brianna; Rivara, Frederick P.; Rowhani-Rahbar,
  Ali, Univ Washington, Firearm Injury \& Policy Res Program, Harborview Injury Prevent
  Res Ctr, 325 Ninth Ave,Box 359960, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.

  Floyd, Anthony S., Univ Washington, Alcohol \& Drug Abuse Inst, 1107 NE 45th St,Suite
  120,Box 354805, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.'
article-number: '10'
author: Dalve, Kimberly and Gause, Emma and Mills, Brianna and Floyd, Anthony S. and
  Rivara, Frederick P. and Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali
author-email: kdalve@uw.edu
author_list:
- family: Dalve
  given: Kimberly
- family: Gause
  given: Emma
- family: Mills
  given: Brianna
- family: Floyd
  given: Anthony S.
- family: Rivara
  given: Frederick P.
- family: Rowhani-Rahbar
  given: Ali
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1186/s40621-021-00304-2
eissn: 2197-1714
files: []
journal: INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY
keywords: Firearm violence; Neighborhood disadvantage; Injury epidemiology
keywords-plus: VIOLENT CRIME; US; TRACT; RATES; CITY
language: English
month: MAR 8
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '42'
orcid-numbers: 'Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali/0000-0002-2705-4485

  Dalve, Kimberly/0000-0001-5289-4091'
papis_id: 1ab7e3c462559b1b10bcaeceb24f08b8
ref: Dalve2021neighborhooddisadvan
times-cited: '14'
title: 'Neighborhood disadvantage and firearm injury: does shooting location matter?'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000677638100001
usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
usage-count-since-2013: '6'
volume: '8'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2021'