abstract: 'The concept of social exclusion has become a central rganizing, concept

  in social policy research. Indeed ``social exclusion{''''} has displaced

  many of the terms formerly in use, such as ``inequality{''''},

  ``deprivation{''''} and ``poverty{''''}. Social exclusion is a

  multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political

  deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity,

  culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some

  earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws

  our attention to how people can be ``shut out of society{''''} by their

  inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to

  participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods

  and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of

  Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption

  of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income.

  Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure

  participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that

  access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined

  by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender After

  controlling for working hours, household income has no significant

  effect on. available leisure time. A leisure-time poverty line, based on

  half-median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded

  from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a

  range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure

  participation.'
affiliation: 'Bittman, M (Corresponding Author), Univ New S Wales, Social Policy Res
  Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

  Univ New S Wales, Social Policy Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.'
author: Bittman, M
author_list:
- family: Bittman
  given: M
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1111/1467-9515.t01-1-00262
files: []
issn: 0144-5596
journal: SOCIAL POLICY \& ADMINISTRATION
keywords: leisure; social exclusion; Australia
keywords-plus: BUDGET
language: English
month: AUG
number: '4'
number-of-cited-references: '42'
orcid-numbers: Bittman, Michael/0000-0001-9137-5542
pages: 408-425
papis_id: 677292db8d86bd0e6305657abd79be0e
ref: Bittman2002socialparticipation
times-cited: '44'
title: 'Social participation and family welfare: The money and time costs of leisure
  in Australia'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000177213100007
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '24'
volume: '36'
web-of-science-categories: Development Studies; Public Administration; Social Issues;
  Social Work
year: '2002'