author: Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M. 
year: 2019
title: "Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy"
publisher: Panoeconomicus
uri: https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C
pubtype: article
discipline: economics

country: Italy
period:
maxlength:
targeting:
group:
data:

design:
method:
sample:
unit:
representativeness:
causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal

theory:
limitations:
observation:
  - intervention: collective action (collective bargaining)
    institutional: 1
    structural: 1
    agency: 0
    inequality: gender; income
    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
    measures: income shares
    findings: collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects
    channels: occupational segregation into feminized industries
    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
    significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg

notes:
annotation: |
  A study on the wage gap in the Italian labour market, looking especially at the effects of collective negotiation practices.
  It finds that the Italian labour market's wage gap exists primarily due to occupational segregation between the genders, with women often working in more 'feminized' industries, and not due to educational lag by women in Italy.
  It also finds that collective negotiation practices targeting especially managerial representation and wages do address the gender pay gap, but only marginally significantly.
  The primary channel for only marginal significance stems from internal heterogeneity in that only the median part of wage distributions is significantly affected by the measures.
  Instead, the authors recommend a stronger mix of policy approaches, also considering the human-capital aspects with for example active labour-market policies targeting it.