abstract: 'BACKGROUND

  Recent trends show an unprecedented feminisation of migration in China,

  triggered by the increasing demand for cheap labour in big cities and

  the availability of women in the labour market. These trends corroborate

  the evidence that non-agricultural work and remittance from urban labour

  migrants have become the major sources of rural household income.

  OBJECTIVE

  This paper investigates the extent of gender inequalities in job

  participation and wage earning among internal labour migrants in China.

  We hypothesize that female migrants in cities are economically more

  disadvantaged than male migrants in the job market.

  METHODS

  We use data from the 2010 National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey

  conducted in 106 cities representing all 31 provinces and geographic

  regions. The study applies the standard Heckman two-step Probit-OLS

  method to model job participation and wage-earning, separately for

  59,225 males and 41,546 females aged 16-59 years, adjusting for

  demographic and social characteristics and potential selection effects.

  RESULTS

  Female migrants have much lower job-participation and wage-earning

  potential than male migrants. Male migrants earn 26\% higher hourly

  wages than their female counterparts. Decomposition analysis confirms

  potential gender discrimination, suggesting that 88\% of the gender

  difference in wages (or 12\% of female migrant wage) is due to

  discriminatory treatment of female migrants in the Chinese job market.

  Migrants with rural hukou status have a smaller chance of participation

  in the job market and they earn lower wages than those with urban hukou,

  regardless of education advantage.

  CONCLUSIONS

  There is evidence of significant female disadvantage among internal

  labour migrants in the job market in Chinese cities. Household

  registration by urban and rural areas, as controlled by the hukou

  status, partly explains the differing job participation and wage earning

  among female labour migrants in urban China.'
affiliation: 'Padmadas, SS (Corresponding Author), Univ Southampton, Ctr Global Hlth
  Populat Poverty \& Policy, China Res Ctr, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.

  Padmadas, SS (Corresponding Author), Univ Southampton, Dept Social Stat \& Demog,
  Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.

  Qin, Min; Li, Bohua; Qi, Jianan, China Populat \& Dev Res Ctr Beijing, Beijing,
  Peoples R China.

  Qin, Min, Univ Southampton, China Res Ctr, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.

  Brown, James J., Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Math \& Phys Sci, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.

  Padmadas, Sabu S., Univ Southampton, Ctr Global Hlth Populat Poverty \& Policy,
  China Res Ctr, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.

  Padmadas, Sabu S., Univ Southampton, Dept Social Stat \& Demog, Southampton SO9
  5NH, Hants, England.

  Falkingham, Jane, Univ Southampton, ESRC Ctr Populat Change, Southampton SO9 5NH,
  Hants, England.

  Falkingham, Jane, Univ Southampton, China Res Ctr, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.'
article-number: '6'
author: Qin, Min and Brown, James J. and Padmadas, Sabu S. and Li, Bohua and Qi, Jianan
  and Falkingham, Jane
author-email: S.Padmadas@soton.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Qin
  given: Min
- family: Brown
  given: James J.
- family: Padmadas
  given: Sabu S.
- family: Li
  given: Bohua
- family: Qi
  given: Jianan
- family: Falkingham
  given: Jane
da: '2023-09-28'
files: []
issn: 1435-9871
journal: DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
keywords-plus: 'DISCRIMINATION; MIGRATION; BIAS; DIFFERENTIALS; TRANSITION; SELECTION;

  WOMEN; GAP'
language: English
month: JAN 22
number-of-cited-references: '53'
orcid-numbers: 'Li, Bo/0000-0002-7294-6888

  Brown, James J/0000-0002-7535-2874

  Padmadas, Sabu/0000-0002-6538-9374

  Falkingham, Jane/0000-0002-7135-5875'
pages: 175-202
papis_id: cebf13a80a83ce846eeeb3eb8feee5c7
ref: Qin2016genderinequalities
researcherid-numbers: 'Li, bo/IWL-9318-2023

  Li, Bo/AAA-8968-2020

  Brown, James J/D-7195-2014

  '
times-cited: '10'
title: Gender inequalities in employment and wage-earning among internal labour migrants
  in Chinese cities
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000368521000001
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '53'
volume: '34'
web-of-science-categories: Demography
year: '2016'