abstract: 'Objectives: In Chile, working after retirement age has grown

  substantially over the last years. This, in addition to the country''s

  current discussion about extending retirement age, motivates the need of

  generating evidence on the occupational health and safety of the working

  old, with a special focus on women, who are critically disadvantaged in

  Chile''s labour market. The objective of this paper is to describe and

  compare the ageing workforce of women and men in Chile in terms of

  labour market participation, employment and working conditions,

  work-life balance, and health.The social determinants of health and

  employment sustainability frameworks guide this study.

  Data Sources: Cross-sectional data from three publicly available

  sources: the Chilean Labour Force Survey, NENE (2010); the first Chilean

  Employment and working conditions survey, ENETS (20092010) and the

  second National Health Survey, ENS (2009).

  Methods: Participation rates and employment conditions (NENE and ENETS),

  working conditions, occupational health and work-life balance (ENETS)

  and chronic health conditions (ENS) were described by 5-year age groups

  separately for women and men. Descriptions cover all age groups in order

  to identify trends and patterns characteristic of older workers.

  Results: Rates of occupation decrease sharply after age 54 in women and

  59 in men. Ageing women and men who continue to work are more likely to

  be in own-account (self-employed) work than younger workers; in the case

  of women, in households as domestic workers, and men, in agriculture.

  Social protection and workplace rights are markedly reduced in older

  workers. Part-time work increases from the age of 50 onwards, especially

  among women, but average working hours do not decrease under 30 h a week

  for either women or men. Interestingly, between ages 60 and 64, there is

  a peak increase of day and night shift-work among women, which co-occurs

  with a peak in domestic work, possibly corresponding to women working as

  caretakers of elderly people. Several workplace risks continue to be

  high into old age: intensive work and demanding physical work,

  especially in men, and the combination of paid and unpaid care work in

  women, which continues to be high up to the age of 70 years. The health

  of older workers is better than that of non-working people of the same

  age, a gap which is markedly larger for women than men and tends to

  increase among women as they age.

  Conclusion: Results indicate that Chileans working into old age face

  precarious jobs with limited protection and several adverse working

  conditions. Noteworthy, women carry the double burden of paid and unpaid

  work into their late years. In addition, results suggest they are

  affected more profoundly by the healthy worker effect whereby the health

  condition determines the probability of finding and keeping a job-also

  known as a health selection mechanism-which increases as they age. These

  employment and working conditions indicate that working into old age is

  not yet sustainable in Chile and counts as evidence that needs to be

  taken into account in discussions about delaying the retirement age in

  the country, as well as incorporating support systems to alleviate the

  double work burden of ageing working women.'
affiliation: 'Vives, A (Corresponding Author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela
  Med, Dept Salud Publ, Diagonal Paraguay 362,2do Piso, Santiago 8330077, Chile.

  Vives, A (Corresponding Author), Conicyt Fondap 15110020, Ctr Sustainable Urban
  Dev CEDEUS, Los Navegantes 1963, Providencia 8330077, Santiago De Chi, Chile.

  Vives, A (Corresponding Author), Conicyt Fondap 15130011, Adv Ctr Chron Dis ACCDiS,
  Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia 8380492, Santiago De Chi, Chile.

  Vives, Alejandra, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Med, Dept Salud Publ,
  Diagonal Paraguay 362,2do Piso, Santiago 8330077, Chile.

  Vives, Alejandra, Conicyt Fondap 15110020, Ctr Sustainable Urban Dev CEDEUS, Los
  Navegantes 1963, Providencia 8330077, Santiago De Chi, Chile.

  Vives, Alejandra, Conicyt Fondap 15130011, Adv Ctr Chron Dis ACCDiS, Sergio Livingstone
  1007, Independencia 8380492, Santiago De Chi, Chile.

  Gray, Nora, Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Escuela Psicol, Vina Del Mar, Chile.

  Gray, Nora, Avda El Bosque 1290, Valparaiso 2530388, Chile.

  Gonzalez, Francisca, Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Dept Matemat, Av Espana 1680,
  Santiago 2390123, Chile.

  Molina, Agustin, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Psicol, Av Vicuna Mackenna
  4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago De Chi, Chile.'
author: Vives, Alejandra and Gray, Nora and Gonzalez, Francisca and Molina, Agustin
author-email: alejandra.vives@uc.cl
author_list:
- family: Vives
  given: Alejandra
- family: Gray
  given: Nora
- family: Gonzalez
  given: Francisca
- family: Molina
  given: Agustin
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxy021
eissn: 2398-7316
files: []
issn: 2398-7308
journal: ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH
keywords: 'ageing workforce; gender; employment conditions; occupational health;

  working conditions; work-life balance'
language: English
month: MAY
number: 4, SI
number-of-cited-references: '34'
orcid-numbers: 'Vives, Alejandra/0000-0001-5851-0693

  Molina, Agustin/0000-0001-8862-5715

  Gray-Gariazzo, Nora/0000-0002-4825-6908'
pages: 475-489
papis_id: 76d1a5b53f417b8f15467d4d964cbb86
ref: Vives2018genderageing
researcherid-numbers: 'Vives, Alejandra/AFB-2073-2022

  Gray-Gariazzo, Nora/HKV-2261-2023'
times-cited: '13'
title: 'Gender and Ageing at Work in Chile: Employment, Working Conditions, Work-Life
  Balance and Health of Men and Women in an Ageing Workforce'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000449419200009
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '36'
volume: '62'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2018'