abstract: 'Study objective: To examine the effect of family welfare index ( FWI)

  and maternal education on the probability of infant death.

  Design: A population based multistage stratified clustered survey.

  Setting: Women of reproductive age in Indonesia between 1983 - 1997.

  Data sources: The 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey.

  Main results: Infant mortality was associated with FWI and maternal

  education. Relative to families of high FWI, the risk of infant death

  was almost twice among families of low FWI ( aOR= 1.7, 95\% CI= 0.9 to

  3.3), and three times for families of medium FWI ( aOR= 3.3,95\% CI= 1.7

  to 6.5). Also, the risk of infant death was threefold higher ( aOR= 3.4,

  95\% CI= 1.6 to 7.1) among mothers who had fewer than seven years of

  formal education compared with mothers with more than seven years of

  education. Fertility related indicators such as young maternal age,

  absence from contraception, birth intervals, and prenatal care, seem to

  exert significant effect on the increased probability of infant death.

  Conclusions: The increased probability of infant mortality attributable

  to family income inequality and low maternal education seems to work

  through pathways of material deprivation and chronic psychological

  stress that affect a person''s health damaging behaviours. The policies

  that are likely to significantly reduce the family''s socioeconomic

  inequality in infant mortality are implicated.'
affiliation: 'Poerwanto, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Western Australia, Sch Populat
  Hlth, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

  Univ Western Australia, Sch Populat Hlth, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

  Univ Western Australia, TVW Telethon Inst Child Hlth Res, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.'
author: Poerwanto, S and Stevenson, M and de Klerk, N
author-email: siswop@dph.uwa.edu.au
author_list:
- family: Poerwanto
  given: S
- family: Stevenson
  given: M
- family: de Klerk
  given: N
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1136/jech.57.7.493
eissn: 1470-2738
files: []
issn: 0143-005X
journal: JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH
keywords-plus: 'INCOME INEQUALITY; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH;

  RATES; DETERMINANTS; EDUCATION; PATHWAYS; IMPACT'
language: English
month: JUL
number: '7'
number-of-cited-references: '51'
orcid-numbers: 'de Klerk, Nicholas H/0000-0001-9223-0767

  stevenson, mark/0000-0003-3166-5876

  Poerwanto, Siswo/0000-0003-4487-460X'
pages: 493-498
papis_id: c9f98c7adabf9f957a94c60e28887c1d
ref: Poerwanto2003infantmortality
researcherid-numbers: 'de Klerk, Nicholas H/D-8388-2016

  stevenson, mark/AAE-9706-2019

  Poerwanto, Siswo/Q-2585-2018'
times-cited: '19'
title: 'Infant mortality and family welfare: policy implications for Indonesia'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000183698700008
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '4'
volume: '57'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2003'