abstract: 'This paper analyses the relationship between country-level gender

  empowerment and individual-level divisions of housework. Pairing the

  2004 United Nations gender empowerment measure (GEM) with

  individual-level (n = 18,560) data from the 2004 European Social Survey,

  the author compares the relationship between a country''s GEM score, both

  as an index and as disaggregated measures, and respondents'' housework

  hours and housework proportions. The GEM index has a positive and linear

  relationship with men''s housework hours and a positive and non-linear

  relationship with men and women''s housework proportions and with women''s

  housework hours. For the disaggregated GEM measures, women''s

  representation in parliament is positively associated with men''s

  housework hours and proportions and women''s housework hours. Women''s

  labor market status, including the percent of women in professional

  positions and female-male wage ratios, is negatively associated with

  women''s housework hours and proportions. Finally, the cross-level

  interactions demonstrate theoretically important relationships to the

  housework literature. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.'
affiliation: 'Ruppanner, LE (Corresponding Author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Sociol, 200
  W Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.

  Univ Hawaii, Dept Sociol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.'
author: Ruppanner, Leah E.
author-email: lruppann@hawaii.edu
author_list:
- family: Ruppanner
  given: Leah E.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.04.002
eissn: 1096-0317
files: []
issn: 0049-089X
journal: SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
keywords: Housework; Gender empowerment measure; Comparative research
keywords-plus: 'DIVISION-OF-LABOR; HOUSEHOLD LABOR; CONTEXTUAL FACTORS; EMPLOYMENT;

  WOMEN; REPRESENTATION; PARTICIPATION; PARENTHOOD; INEQUALITY; ATTITUDES'
language: English
month: NOV
number: '6'
number-of-cited-references: '53'
orcid-numbers: Ruppanner, Leah/0000-0002-6111-1914
pages: 963-975
papis_id: 0b65ea87739eb93fc583d75077634e6d
ref: Ruppanner2010crossnationalreports
times-cited: '45'
title: 'Cross-national reports of housework: An investigation of the gender empowerment
  measure'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000283899400009
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '38'
volume: '39'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology
year: '2010'