abstract: 'Drawing on minority enclave theory and resilience theory in

  entrepreneurship, we test whether, with the onset of the COVID-19

  pandemic, the self-employed lost more hours than the employed and

  whether traditionally disadvantaged self-employed racial minorities

  faced harsher penalties in the form of reduced hours of work. Though

  spatially concentrated ethnic minority colocations could improve

  business outcomes in the non-crisis period, with the pandemic affecting

  all the members in the enclave, the very dependencies in minority

  enclaves could be a liability. Using a large-scale survey during the

  COVID-19 pandemic conducted by the Brazilian government, we draw on a

  one-to-one nearest neighbor matched pair sample of 19,626 employed

  (public or private sector) and self-employed individuals, and control

  for industry-sector-interview-location fixed effects. The results show

  that self-employed people, compared to employed, reported a greater loss

  of hours. At the sample level, black self-employed people on aggregate

  lost 9,051 hours per month, and mixed race self-employed people on

  aggregate lost 27,880 hours per month. The disproportionate loss of work

  hours by the self-employed from racial minority groups during the

  COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country context calls for a closer

  examination and assessment of the long-term impact of COVID-19 on racial

  minorities.

  Plain English Summary Large-scale evidence from Brazil: racial

  minorities lost more hours per month than other groups during the

  COVID-19 pandemic. Racial minorities face systemic discrimination in

  setting up and developing their businesses, especially in developing

  countries. We test whether during the COVID-19 pandemic self-employed

  racial minorities in Brazil lost more hours of work relative to employed

  racial minorities. We create a matched sample of employed and

  self-employed individuals based on age, sex, education categories,

  COVID-19 self-reported symptom index, income deciles, house ownership

  categories, week of the interview, state of the interview, and industry.

  We find that across racial minority groups, the hours lost by the

  self-employed were substantive during the pandemic, signaling that

  Brazilian policymakers should pay greater attention to the relief funds

  allocated to and policies geared towards self-employed racial

  minorities.'
affiliation: 'Patel, PC (Corresponding Author), Villanova Univ, Villanova Sch Business,
  800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 USA.

  Pereira, Igor, Florida State Univ, Coll Business, 821 Acad Way, Tallahassee, FL
  32306 USA.

  Patel, Pankaj C., Villanova Univ, Villanova Sch Business, 800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova,
  PA 19085 USA.'
author: Pereira, Igor and Patel, Pankaj C.
author-email: 'id19b@my.fsu.edu

  pankaj.patel@villanova.edu'
author_list:
- family: Pereira
  given: Igor
- family: Patel
  given: Pankaj C.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s11187-021-00529-x
earlyaccessdate: JUL 2021
eissn: 1573-0913
files: []
issn: 0921-898X
journal: SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS
keywords: Self-employed; Race; Minority; COVID-19; Brazil
keywords-plus: 'SKIN COLOR; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; PROPENSITY SCORE; ENTREPRENEURSHIP;

  RESILIENCE; DISCRIMINATION; CLASSIFICATION; INEQUALITY; IMMIGRANT;

  ETHNICITY'
language: English
month: FEB
number: 2, SI
number-of-cited-references: '134'
orcid-numbers: Richter, Jack/0000-0002-0922-1868
pages: 769-805
papis_id: 632b0cae15a3fc5acfd6180ca8dc901a
ref: Pereira2022impactcovid19
times-cited: '8'
title: 'Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hours lost by self-employed racial
  minorities: evidence from Brazil'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000671643500001
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '40'
volume: '58'
web-of-science-categories: Business; Economics; Management
year: '2022'