author: Ferguson, J.-P. year: 2015 title: "The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation" publisher: American Journal of Sociology uri: https://doi.org/10.1086/683357 pubtype: article discipline: sociology country: United States period: maxlength: targeting: implicit group: women workers data: design: quasi-experimental method: sample: unit: representativeness: causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal theory: limitations: most of effects may be caused by unsobservables observation: - intervention: collective action (unionization) institutional: 0 structural: 1 agency: 1 inequality: gender; ethnicity type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative measures: employment findings: stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant channels: possible self-selection into unionization direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg notes: PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; annotation: | A study on the effects of a more unionized workforce in the United States, on the representation of women and minorities in the management of enterprises. It finds that while stronger unionization is associated both with more women and more minorities represented in the overall workforce and in management, this effect is only marginally significant. Additionally, there are drivers which may be based on unobservables and not a direct effect --- it may be a selection effect of more unionized enterprises. It uses union elections as its base of analysis, and thus can not exclude self-selection effects of people joining more heavily unionized enterprises rather than unionization increasing representation in its conclusions.