abstract: 'The paper examines the level and changes in female and male

  participation rates, employment segregation and female relative to male

  wages across the world economy. It finds sufficient evidence to support

  the view that labor markets in developing countries are transformed

  relatively quickly in the sense that gender differentials in employment

  and pay are narrowing much faster than they did in industrialized

  countries. The paper evaluates the inefficiencies arising from

  persisting gender differentials in the labor market and finds them to be

  potentially significant. The estimates also indicate that the resulting

  deadweight losses are borne primarily by women while men gain mainly in

  relative terms - there are no real winners from discrimination. The

  paper concludes that growth benefits women at large, inequalities can

  have significantly adverse effects on welfare, and market-based

  development alone can be a weak instrument for reducing inequality

  between the sexes. To break the vicious circle of women''s low initial

  human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes compared to

  men''s, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of

  women to training, enforceable equal pay and equal employment

  opportunities legislation, a taxation and benefits structure that treats

  reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within

  households, and a better accounting of women''s work to include invisible

  production. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights

  reserved.'
affiliation: 'Tzannatos, Z (Corresponding Author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington,
  DC 20433 USA.

  World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA.'
author: Tzannatos, Z
author_list:
- family: Tzannatos
  given: Z
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00156-9
files: []
issn: 0305-750X
journal: WORLD DEVELOPMENT
keywords-plus: UNITED-STATES
language: English
month: MAR
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '35'
pages: 551-569
papis_id: c39d50f54ddbe9cd01c94a50ef3d8122
ref: Tzannatos1999womenlabor
times-cited: '111'
title: 'Women and labor market changes in the global economy: Growth helps, inequalities
  hurt and public policy matters'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000079844500009
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '35'
volume: '27'
web-of-science-categories: Development Studies; Economics
year: '1999'