abstract: 'Background: Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer

  life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic

  illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender

  distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in

  general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a

  Southern European population.

  Methods: Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25-64,

  using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n =

  5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor

  SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of

  variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the

  reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were

  stratified by social class (non-manual and manual).

  Results: SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95\%

  CI 1.09-1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95\% CI 1.20-1.56).

  Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association

  between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95\% CI

  0.85-1.19; among non-manual 1.19, 0.92-1.54). The association was also

  reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes,

  and household material and economic situation, time in household chores

  and residential environment among non-manual classes.

  Discussion: Gender inequalities in individual income appear to

  contribute largely to women''s poorer health. Individual income may

  indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of

  access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence

  and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women''s labour

  market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise

  non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women''s health.'
affiliation: 'Malmusi, D (Corresponding Author), Agcy Salut Publ Barcelona, Pl Lesseps
  1, ES-08023 Barcelona, Spain.

  Malmusi, Davide; Borrell, Carme, CIBERESP, Ctr Biomed Network Res Epidemiol \& Publ
  Hlth, Madrid, Spain.

  Malmusi, Davide; Borrell, Carme, IIB Sant Pau, Agcy Salut Publ Barcelona, Barcelona,
  Spain.

  Malmusi, Davide, PSMAR UPF ASPB, Unitat Docent Med Prevent \& Salut Publ, Barcelona,
  Spain.

  Vives, Alejandra; Benach, Joan, Univ Pompeu Fabra, GREDS EMCONET, Hlth Inequal Res
  Grp, Employment Condit Network, Barcelona, Spain.

  Vives, Alejandra, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Med, Dept Salud Publ,
  Santiago, Chile.

  Borrell, Carme, Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Expt \& Hlth Sci, Barcelona, Spain.'
article-number: '23189'
author: Malmusi, Davide and Vives, Alejandra and Benach, Joan and Borrell, Carme
author-email: dmalmusi@aspb.cat
author_list:
- family: Malmusi
  given: Davide
- family: Vives
  given: Alejandra
- family: Benach
  given: Joan
- family: Borrell
  given: Carme
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.3402/gha.v7.23189
eissn: 1654-9880
files: []
journal: GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION
keywords: 'gender; health inequalities; self-rated health; intersectionality;

  material resources; social class'
keywords-plus: 'SELF-RATED HEALTH; DETERMINANTS; EXPLANATION; ILLNESS; STATES; WOMEN;

  LIFE; MENS'
language: English
number-of-cited-references: '35'
orcid-numbers: 'Benach, Joan/0000-0003-2285-742X

  Vives, Alejandra/0000-0001-5851-0693

  Borrell, Carme/0000-0002-1170-2505

  Malmusi, Davide/0000-0003-1877-3581'
pages: 1-9
papis_id: 2022100821c673227eeaefdf7a703a37
ref: Malmusi2014genderinequalities
researcherid-numbers: 'Benach, Joan/H-2519-2013

  Vives, Alejandra/AFB-2073-2022

  '
times-cited: '43'
title: 'Gender inequalities in health: exploring the contribution of living conditions
  in the intersection of social class'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000331880000001
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '34'
volume: '7'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2014'