abstract: 'Objectives: The general aim of the article is to incorporate the

  stratification perspective into the study of (long-term) care systems.

  In particular, 3 issues are investigated: the extents to which (a)

  personal and family resources influence the likelihood of using formal

  care in later life; (b) the unequal access to formal care is mediated by

  differences in the availability of informal support; (c) the

  relationship between individuals'' resources and the use of formal care

  in old age varies across care regimes and is related to the

  institutional design of long-term care policies.

  Method: Data from Waves 1 and 2 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and

  Retirement in Europe for 4 countries: Denmark, Germany, France, and

  Italy, and population aged at least 65 (N = 9,824) were used.

  Population-averaged logit models were used.

  Results: Logit models revealed that in terms of access to formal care:

  an individual''s educational level plays a limited role; family networks

  function similarly across the countries studied; in general, financial

  wealth does not have a significant effect; there is a positive relation

  between income and the use of formal care in Germany and Italy, and no

  significant relation in France and Denmark; home ownership has a

  negative effect in Germany and Denmark. On accounting for informal care,

  inequality associated with individuals'' economic resources remains

  substantially unaltered.

  Discussion: The study shows that care systems based on services

  provision grant higher access to formal care and create lower

  inequalities. Moreover, countries where cash-for-care programs and

  family responsibilities are more important register inequalities in the

  use of formal care. Access to informal care does not mediate the

  distribution of formal care.'
affiliation: 'Albertini, M (Corresponding Author), Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna,
  Dipartimento Sci Polit \& Sociali, Str Maggiore 45, I-40125 Bologna, Italy.

  Albertini, Marco, Univ Bologna, Dept Polit \& Social Sci, Bologna, Italy.

  Pavolini, Emmanuele, Univ Macerata, Dept Polit Sci Commun \& Int Relat, Macerata,
  Italy.'
author: Albertini, Marco and Pavolini, Emmanuele
author-email: marco.albertini2@unibo.it
author_list:
- family: Albertini
  given: Marco
- family: Pavolini
  given: Emmanuele
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv038
eissn: 1758-5368
files: []
issn: 1079-5014
journal: 'JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL

  SCIENCES'
keywords: Aging; Care regimes; Europe; Formal care; Inequality; Long-term care
keywords-plus: ADULT CHILDREN; REGIMES; FAMILY; PARENTS; REFORMS; GENDER; WORK
language: English
month: MAY 1
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '44'
orcid-numbers: ALBERTINI, MARCO/0000-0003-0344-3002
pages: 510-521
papis_id: 44e99ebf45f74b135e1e6cf69671b6d3
ref: Albertini2017unequalinequalities
researcherid-numbers: 'Pavolini, Emmanuele/HJH-5328-2023

  '
times-cited: '43'
title: 'Unequal Inequalities: The Stratification of the Use of Formal Care Among Older
  Europeans'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000404121000017
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '26'
volume: '72'
web-of-science-categories: 'Geriatrics \& Gerontology; Gerontology; Psychology; Psychology,

  Multidisciplinary'
year: '2017'